Sociology Exam 2
democracy
(a:) "government by the people; especially : rule of the majority (b:) "a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections."
15 native arrests
1 immigrant arrest
220 native rapists
1 immigrant rapist
three basic goals of education
1) make good and effective citizens 2) encourage and provide a way to gain upward social mobility or increase quality of life 3) increase the personal development of intelligence
in order for an undocumented immigrant to become documented
1) must leave voluntarily without detection for 10-15 years 2) then they must apply someway with a temporary visa to come back to the united states and then takes 10 years for the application to come up and then will cost you 530,000
process of socialization
1) process by which a society, culture, or group teaches individuals to become functioning members 2) the process by which individuals learn and internalize values and norms of a group (twofold process)
what are the arguments about whether war is nature or created by society? how do sociologists view this social issue? (1)
1) sociobiology and social darwinism -survival of the fittest, instinct to protect, forge, and reproduce, fight or flight, aggression is innate, thus war is the collective representation (testosterone v. estrogen) problems - ignores the unintended products of human action, social structure, culture, and ideology- the why's of going to war or using violence, war is actually the opposite of the innate nature of "flight" or surviving. we plan war unlike any other "social" animal.
how many gun incidence were in 2016?
11,246
1st and 2nd waves of immigration in the U.S.
1820-1930- 27 million immigrants entered the u.s. , 20 million go through ellis island, over 90% from europe (ireland, italy, germany, france, poland, austria, etc), no clear records of undocumented immigration. median ages in mid twenties with families, language fluency- less than 30% speak English but by the 3rd generation, 80% english only, education somewhat, acculturation- within two to three generations
3rd wave
1965 to present- about 35 million foreign born individuals in the U.S. , browning trend of immigrant population- asian and latino populations, wild estimates of undocumented immigration (from 10 to 27 million). median ages in low twenties without families, language fluency- less than 20% speak english but by 3rd generation over 60% english only, less educated (less than HS diploma), acculturation- within three generations
One of the fears expressed by Americans concerning immigration is that immigrants increase the rates of crime in the U.S. However, when comparing native-born to foreign-born rates of comparing crime rates, native-born citizens commit ___ crimes to every one committed by immigrants
32
of the gun incidence in 2016, how many were mass shootings?
55
Which of the following theorists suggests that social problems should be defined based on the impact and concern they create for more than just one person?
C. Wright Mills
Based on research discussed in class, which of the following best describes the impact of immigration on American jobs.
The arrival of immigrants actually encourages job growth in the public sector for native-born citizens, Immigrants are offered jobs by companies that would normally go to native-born citizens with the same education and skill levels; thus, depressing native-born wages, Immigrants take jobs that Americans don't want to do so it props up the American economy, Corporations and businesses give jobs to immigrants because they are cheaper labor than native-born citizens
When considering if women should participate in combat, which of the following statements were not made by politicians and military officials to keep women out of these roles?
Women will become too "butch" if they are in combat and not be able to be real women again
social institution
a complex, integrated set of social norms organized around the preservation of a basic societal value. Primary and Secondary. systems and structures within a society that shape values, norms, and behaviors of groups and individuals. formal and informal, responsible for dictating and controlling everyday behaviors, interrelated.
subcultures
a group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle (trekkies)
countercultures
a group within society that openly rejects and/or opposes society's values and norms (militia)
folkways
a loosely enforced norm involving common costume, practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance (dress code)
structural functionalism (view on religion)
a necessary institution that provides values and norms to connect people. provides meaning and purpose to be a functioning societal member
mores
a norm that carries great moral significance, is closely related to the core values of a cultural group, and often involves severe repercussions for violators (murder)
multiculturalism
a policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within society rather than assimilation
social conflict (view on education)
a primary institution of creating/perpetuating social inequality and stratification, social control mechanism that requires mainstream cultural adaptation
structural functionalism (view on education)
a primary socialization mechanism that socially integrates and represents a cultural motivator, trains folks for labor force and serves childcare for the working
power elite
a relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political, and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in American Society- when making those decisions, these individuals first cover their interests and often ignore the people's interests.
social problem defined by social conflict
a result of inequality and conflict over resources, a struggle between the "haves" and "have nots"
norms
a rule or guideline regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a culture
language
a system of communication using vocal sounds, gestures of written symbols; the basis of symbolic culture and the primary means through which we communicate with one another and perpetuate our culture
pluralism
a system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power
religion
a system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane. belief - idea held on the basis for faith, ritual - practice based on religious beliefs, sacred - holy, divine, or supernatural, profane - the ordinary mundane, or everyday (5 major religions of the world: christianity, islam, judaism, buddhism, hinduism). religiosity is the regular practice of religious beliefs measured by: frequency of attendance, importance of beliefs, participating in rituals - extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity. the growth of fundamentalism (emphasizing the literal interpretation of texts and return to a time of greater religious purity. terrorism) The separation of church and state (political divides)
how much does USA spend on military?
about 600 billion dollars
dramaturgy
an approach pioneers by erving goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance- we are like actors on stage who performance strategies aid in impression management
total institution
an institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated for the purpose of systematically stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones (goffman) - severed from previous relations with society, former identities stripped away and reformed, must discard previous values, beliefs, and behaviors
social problem defined by textbook
an issue that negatively affects a person's state of being in society- exists when an influential group defines a social condition as threatening its values; when the condition affects a large number of people, and when the condition can be remedied by collective action, when most people in a society agree that a condition exists that threatens the quality of their lives and their most cherished values, and they also agree that something should be done to remedy that condition, most people think of a social problem as any condition that is harmful to society, a condition that undermines the well being of some or all members of a society and that is usually a matter of public controversy
insurrection
an organized action by some group to rebel against the existing gov't and to replace it with new political forms
A derogatory term used to describe a child born to documented or undocumented immigrant parents in the U.S.
anchor baby
distance education/online schooling at all levels
any education course or program in which the teacher and the student meet via the internet, rather than meeting physically in a classroom
immigration today
based on APS 11.7% of the U.S. population is foreign born, 53.3% are latin american, 25% are asian, majority are mexican (20 to 30%), about 90% live in or around metropolitan areas, education and backgrounds are widely different based on the particular group identified. new gateway states and cities located in south, not in the NE or West as in past generations, N carolina, gerogia, sc, and arkansas, see almost 300% increases i latino populations, 1 in 5 individuals in many southern counties are hispanic/latino and represent the largest minority, economically most fill service, manufacturing, and the construction jobs, largely young and undereducated.
symbolic interactionism (view on education)
based on cultural views, important in shaping the meanings of various items and defining appropriate social relations/behaviors. critiques issues of credentials, "academic success," or the overall purpose of education
what are the arguments about whether war is nature or created by society? how do sociologists view this social issue? (2)
biopsychological responses- it feels innate to protect one's home and hearth, participation is pleasurable, can be addictive, increases testosterone and adrenaline production, produces serious biological and psychological damage to participants, fear, self preservation, are actually greater responses than aggressions, environments may induce physical/psychological reactions, there is agency (the ability of the individual to act freely and independently) in our war
the "self" is reflection of what we imagine other people's judgment of us
charles cooley
thomas theorem
classic formulation of the way individuals define situations, whereby "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" we encounter ambiguous situations every day, many meanings are possible. the way we define each situation, then, becomes its reality
magnitude
consider the number of concerned individuals, the amount of concern, and the extent of their reactions
do gun laws reduce crime/violence?
correlation not causation, crime rates have historically decreased since the 1970s, gun control does decrease certain types of gun violence, "carry laws" seem to decrease property crimes but not violent crimes
cultural lag
cultural elements change more quickly than others, which may disrupt a cultural system
Other countries around the world are becoming inundated with American media representations of beauty, wealth, and privilege, taking over other cultural ideas and values. Which of the following concepts best explains this situation?
cultural imperialism
primacy
determine the importance the problem and whether it is the cause of others (primary, secondary, tertiary)
public v. private schooling
diploma varieties, early college programs, vouchers
social problem defined by symbolic interaction
due to disagreement of meanings- learning theory- we learn from our surroundings and those surroundings may encourage deviant behavior versus normative behavior. labeling theory- problems come about based on collective definition
social problem defined by structural functionalism
due to problems of relation among the system/society structures - a pathology-social darwinism, disorganization, dysfunction (versus manifest and latent functions)
reasons for moving
economic opportunities, political asylum, escaping war and genocide, environment disaster, reuniting with family
homeschooling
education of children of their parents, at home
what sort of status would a physical disability be?
embodied status
What do sociologists class it when an individual's job requires her to manage her feelings as part of her official duties?
emotion work
Which of the following is not a primary reason for explaining immigration around the globe?
encourage terrorism and insurgency
the development of the "self" is a con game in which each individual works to control impressions others have of her/him
erving goffman
Stephanie travels to India and sees that Indian families use cow dung instead of wood or gas to heat their homes and cook their food. She thinks to herself, "that is totally disgusting. They should think about a cleaner heating source." Which of the following terms best describe Stephanie's response?
ethnocentrism
symbolic interaction (view on politics)
everyday interaction often create the informal natures of institutions in society
A counterculture is a culture within a culture that often carries some of the same values and norms as the mainstream culture.
false
According to sociologists, an individual's genetic makeup will determine what kind of personality and character traits he develops in life.
false
Americans fear immigration today more than immigration that occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries
false
Since 1945, Genocide around the world has decreased
false
immigration is a primary social problem
false
socialization ends after a person becomes an adult
false
Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?
family
socializing forces that have the most significant impact on our lives
family, peers, schools, religion, mass media, workplace, the state (politics)
authoritarianism
form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms
monarchy
form of government in which sovereignty is actually or nominally embodied in one individual reigning until death or abdication. They are called monarchs
mass shooting
four or more people
crisis of american education
funding issues, race/class segregation, within schools: tracking, hidden curriculum, race and gender matters, problems of academic performance, no child left behind, violence, higher ed = less jobs and more debt
theorized that self has a dual nature; one side that's spontaneous and one side that's norm-abiding
george herbert mead
political disenfranchisement/political attitudes
gerrymandering and redistricting-To deprive of a privilege, immunity, or right of citizenship, especially the right to vote
factors causing recent U.S. immigration
hart cellar act of 1965, north american free trade agreement, u.s. economic boom, GI's bring home wartime brides
pop culture
hip hop, common
values
ideas about what is desirable or contemptible and right or wrong in a particular group; they articulate the essence of everything that a cultural group cherishes and honors (beauty standards)
curvilinear relationship
immigrants can't take certain jobs (doctor, lawyer, professor) that natives can and vice versa
Which of the following is an example of a taboo in American society?
incest
early college high schools
institutions in which students earn a high school diploma and two years of credit towards a bachelor's degree
immigration today
jobs- direct competition with undereducated and under skilled native borns, largest percentage in construction and manufacturing, hospitality third largest industry. paying taxes-fewer pay income tax because of undocumented status and employers pay under the table. pay sales tax- anyone who buys gas, groceries, or services pay a tax of some sort, no way to measure the amount paid in. education- many end up in special education programs to deal with language deficiencies even though they meet educational requirements, southern latino immigrant population score higher tan blacks in achievement testing, more likely to drop out school than any other racial/ethnic group, more likely to earn a GED to avoid discrimination, school officials report little need for investing in immigrant education because they think they will go back to their home countries. public services- cannot receive welfare without citizenship, children can receive public assistance and attend public schools if they are U.S. citizens, most undocumented immigrants receive public assistance through private organizations
Based on the study conducted in North Carolina, what are the economic benefits and risks associated with Latino immigration to the state
latino population around 600,913 or 7% of the total population, average household-3.7 people, median earnings around $33,000, which is higher than black earnings at $28,000 and whites at $45,000, remittance at about $1.6 billion, latino's after tax income totaled $8.3 billion, latino contributions to the state- $756 million to taxes, while costing $817 million for public education, $299 million healthcare, $51 million for corrections, net cost:$61 million or $102 per latino
charles cooley
looking glass self. believed that we all act like mirrors to each other, reflecting back to one another an image of ourselves 1) we imagine how we look to others 2) we imagine other people's judgement of us 3) we experience some kind of feeling about ourselves based on our perception of other people's judgments. it's these perspectives and not reality that determine the feelings we ultimately have about ourselves
Which of the following is not an indicator of today's trend of "total war?"
lower rates of civilian casualties
politics
methods and tactics that formally and informally shape attitudes and behaviors related to gov't policy and activities. formal institution in the form of a gov't. vested with power and authority to represent political interests to make laws and enforce them. various forms used to match societal values and norms often made up of various pieces including political parties, organizations, secondary institutions, and policies, informal institutions in the form of political attitudes and political activities (voting, protests, etc)
top senders in 2002 (immigration)
mexico, china, tanzania, congo, phillippines
thomas hobbes
nature- argue that behavioral traits can be explained by genetics
structural functionalism (nature v. nurture)
necessary to transmit knowledge to help individuals function properly in their roles in society. social institutions are the key to transmitting formal knowledge and standardizing it across cultures and groups
social problem defined by C. Wright Mills
not about individual character flaws, impacts a large number of people, is a condition of a social structure due to: history
jean-jacques rousseau
nurture- argue that human behavior is learned and shaped through social interaction
high culture
opera, class
voucher system
payments from the gov't to parents whose children attend failing public schools; the money helps parents pay private school tuition
informal institution
political attitudes, political reactions
structural functionalism (view on politics)
politics (gov't) is necessary for society to function, it provides the laws necessary to maintain order and unity
social conflict (view on politics)
politics represent an important institution as a way to socially control views and social outcomes. those in charge are often the "elite" and thus use the political system to support and protect their systemic advantages over other groups or individuals
social costs of immigration
poor law reform, economic, political, and social challenges, insufficient services, growing anti-immigrant sentiment/racism, poor health and death (1998-2007- 1,954 recorded deaths)
sanctions
positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for violations (incarceration)
primary social problem
poverty, racism
claims making
process of convincing the public that a particular issue or situation should be defined as a social problem
symbolic interaction
provides meaning and particularly explains situations not otherwise defined by other institutions (death), wants to explain symbolism and how that impacts interactions
A collective group response to frustration that leads to aggression
psychological approach
charter and magnet schools
public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education
subjective reality
refers to the reality inside your mind. It is the meaning you assign to things and events. All objects, dreams ideas and "truths" are different for each person
Which of the following is not a predominant agent of socialization in the 21st century?
religion
social conflict (view on religion)
religion can promote inequality and injustices, it can encourage a call for social justice and political change, it can subjugate and oppress people as well
A traffic cop has pulled over a speeder, only to discover that she has stopped a close friend. The police officer is torn, because her professional obligations demand that she punish the speeder, but her personal obligations suggest that she should give a friend a break. Which of the following terms best explains this situation?
role conflict
When determining the importance of a social problem, one should consider the varying impact or degree of damage a particular social phenomenon causes. This is called measuring the...
severity of the social problem
erogenous zones matter in our development of "self"
sigmund freud
Since the Vietnam War, Veterans have seen significant increases in which of the following?
significant increases in poverty, homeless, and mental health issues
Groups use war to protect their interests or to obtain more resources
social conflict
eight assertions to approach SPs
social problems result from the ways in which society operates, social problems are not caused by bad people, social problems are socially constructed as people define a condition as harmful and in need of change, people see problems differently, definitions of problems change over time, problems involve subjective values as well as objective facts, many but not all problems can be solved, various social problems are related
what are the arguments about whether war is nature or created by society? how do sociologists view this social issue? (3)
socialization (nurture) is another building block of society. important in understanding how human learn and transmit knowledge/society from one generation to another. inherited traits due to social interaction and not solely due to genetics. the ways humans know how to behave in various social setting through active participation and mirroring others' behaviors. textbook definition: the process of learning and internalizing values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society
social conflict (nature v. nurture)
socialization can be social dominance and controlling mechanisms. critical of social institutions and how they perpetuate values, norms, and behaviors that create privilege and oppression, favoring dominant socialization over other contexts
symbolic interactionism (nature v. nurture)
socialization is key to the transmission of social meanings. we learn cultures and how to behave
tenants of socialization
socialization- occurs through observation and participation, differs based on the context, is private and public, is a lifelong process, without it we are "normless," isolated, and "feral."
What are the agents of socialization in American culture and why is it important to understand their impact on our lives?
socializing forces that have the most significant impact on our lives - family, peers, schools, religion, mass media, workplace, the state (politics). five basic institutions are the family, gov't, economy, and education, and religion. sociologists often reserve the term "institution" to describe normative systems that operate in five basic areas of life, which may be designated as the primary institutions 1) in determining kinship 2) in providing for the legitimate use of power 3) in regulating the distribution of goods and services 4) in transmitting knowledge from one generation to the next 5) in regulating our relation to the supernatural
collective violence
societal organization and bureaucratization of war
War is due to innate drives derived from biological increases of testosterone and adrenaline that leads to aggression
sociobiology
who sells most funs to people not living in their state
south carolina
civil disorder
strife or conflict that is threatening to the public order and that involves the gov't in some fashion, either as a party to the conflict or as a guardian of the public interest
War is the result of social disorganization which leads to frustration that encourages armed conflict to resolve the problem(s)
structural functionalism
highest to lowest
suicide, gang, self defense, murder, mass shooting (we hear the most about)
War is culturally defined as a necessity to resolve conflict when nothing else works (aka diplomacy)
symbolic interactionism
erving goffman
symbolic interactionists who see micro level, face to face interaction as the building block of every other aspect of society. he believes that all meaning, as well as our individual selves, is constructed through interaction. thomas theorem, definition of the situation, expressions
co-opting culture
taking and claiming cultural artifacts and ideas as one's own cultural creation
total war
targeting both population centers and military targets- increased rates of child soldiers, increased rates of rape, murder, and abuse of women, high rates of military and civilian deaths, increased rates of orphans
cultural hegemony
term developed by Antonio Gramsci to describe the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society
gun violence
tertiary problem (just became problem bc of recent mass shootings). violence committed with the use of a gun.
lobbying
the act of attempting to influence decisions made by officials in a government, most often legislators or members of regulatory agencies
objective reality
the collection of things that we are sure exist independently of us
genocide
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
impression management
the effort to control the impression we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation; the use of self presentation and performance tactics
culture
the entire way of life of a group of people (including both material and symbolic elements) that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next
sapir-whorf hypothesis
the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language
nonmaterial (symbolic) culture
the ideas associated with a cultural associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication)
cultural imperialism
the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through mass media and consumer products rather than by military force
immigration
the movement of groups from one country to another country
migration
the movement of groups from one place to another within towns, states, or countries, regardless of boarders
undocumented/illegal immigration
the movement of one group from one country to the next without following the laws or guidelines concerning immigration
looking-glass self
the notion that the self develops through our perception of others' evaluations and appraisals of us
material culture
the objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork; any physical object to which we give social meaning
how does sociology fit into the nature v nurture argument?
the ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits. heredity gives us basic potential but it's primarily our social environment that determines whether we will realize or fall short of that potential or develop new ones
cultural relativism
the principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one's own culture
ethnocentrism
the principle of using one's own culture as a mean for standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior
socialization
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society
resocialization
the process replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition in life. happens when life circumstances change- new job, marriage/divorce/children, moving to a new community, higher education
religiosity
the regular practice of religious beliefs, often measured in terms of frequency of attendance at worship services and the importance of religious beliefs an individual
education
the system that transmits formal and informal knowledge and expectations that help members of society functionally effectively. basic facts, life skills, job skills, cultural norms. history of american public education. up until late 19th century, formal education is for the wealthy. around 1850, the discussion of mass public education begins due to: increase in immigration, high rate of illiteracy, industrial revolution, child labor laws. by 1918, every state enacted a mandatory education law (compulsory attendance and standards of education)
c. wright mills' view on power elite
the top leaders (corporate, political military), the middle level (congress, other legislators, interest group leaders, local opinion leaders) the masses of people- unorganized, exploited, and mostly uninterested
dominant culture
the values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful (in terms of wealth, prestige, status, influence, etc)
gestures
the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate without words; actions that have symbolic meaning
Which of the following do social scientists argue is the biggest difference in immigration to the U.S. in comparison to the 1st and 2nd waves experienced in the 19th and 20th centuries?
there has been a significant browning of the immigration population
Young women and men arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following socialization scenes?
total institution
A social cost of immigration is the strain an increase of a population can have on already-strained public services such as the public education system
true
Culture is the total way of life of a group of people.
true
Gestures, language, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, and mores are all examples of symbolic (nonmaterial) culture.
true
Immigrants in the U.S. pay taxes through various sources including income tax, sales tax, and property tax.
true
Pizza, Elvis Presley, Rock n' Roll, and blue jeans are all examples of American material culture.
true
Since 1965, the largest sender of immigrants to the U.S. is Mexico.
true
Social conflict theory suggests that terrorism is a desperate attempt to address political, economic and social grievances
true
The United States spends more on its military budget than the other 9 countries listed in the top 10 countries with high military expenditures
true
The raise of social media and digital interfaces have threatened social interactions that occur in copresence.
true
When people move from one place, job, or life situation to another, they often undergo resocialization.
true
most guns go from person to person
true
social problems can positively and negatively impact groups
true
formal institution
two party system, three part gov't, voting and majority rule, creation of laws and policy
top receivers in 2002
united states, afghanistan, canada, germany, russia
conflict theory
values and norms are part of the dominant culture and tend to represent and protect the interests of the most powerful groups in society
symbolic interactionism
values and norms are social constructions; meaning is created, maintained, and changed through ongoing social interaction
structural functionalism
values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon; they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior
severity
varying impact, the degree of damage, harshness, or impairment
anti-war movements
vietnam anti war movement, iraq anti war movement, passivism, isolationism, neutrality
When sociologists suggest that war is collective violence, they are suggesting...
war is socially organized through social institutions to address a social conflict
