Sociology Inquisitive

Form a hypothesis that will be tested through observation.

Make the research problem precise.

Which item represents a difficulty in social science that is normally not encountered in natural science?

Outcomes are affected by the presence of the observer.

How does pop singer Taylor Swift think social media encourages people, especially young women, to feel bad about themselves?

People compare their own lives, which they know from the inside, to idealized versions of other people's lives.

norm

Race-based job discrimination is illegal.

Identify the term that describes social scientists' recognition of their own social position influencing the results of their research.

Reflexivity

pioneered observational fieldwork in Chicago

Robert Park

Determine whether each item is or is not an example of a social construction.

Social Constructs: Green paper rectangles can be used to buy things. ; People shake hands to signal friendly intentions. Not Social Constructs: Heavy foot traffic eventually damages grass. ; Yellow skin is an indicator of liver disease.

ethnocentrism

Teenagers probably use smartphones so much because they are rude and selfish.

cultural relativism

Teenagers say they use smartphones because it is their main tool for staying connected with friends.

What is the common theme of the many different strands of feminist theory?

The goal of explaining and eliminating gender inequalities.

What central thesis did Karl Marx have in mind when he talked about "the materialist conception of history"?

The main sources of social changes are economic influences.

Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. According to functionalism, the idea that every social activity has a function is best understood by analogy to __________.

The purpose of an organ in the human body.

What is France's national policy on wearing face-covering veils in public?

There is a ban on wearing veils in public.

neither

There is no inherent difference between different races.

What did Robert Park and William Ogburn do in the 1920s to usher in a new era in sociology that demanded more than mere theoretical speculation?

They grounded theory in data and facts.

Identify the following as advantages of experiments.

They have the ability to control variables. They are the best type of study for determining causality.

The Internet has in some ways counteracted the forces of cultural globalization.

True

Which quote comes from W. E. B. Du Bois?

"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line."

Which two American sociologists were part of the functionalist tradition?

Correct Answer(s) Talcott Parsons Robert K. Merton Incorrect Answer(s) George Herbert Mead Jean Baudrillard

When we view the world through the prism of the sociological imagination, in which ways are we affected?

Incorrect: We appreciate the importance of a neutral, impartial perspective about all social issues. Correct: We are better able to assess the results of public policy initiatives. ; We see the social world from many perspectives. ; We gain in self-understanding.

Which of the following are characteristics of traditional civilizations?

1. At least part of the population was concentrated in cities. 2. They were expansionist empires. 3. Art and science flourished in these societies.

Which locations still have hunting and gathering societies?

1. Australia 2. India

Which of the following revolutions did Theda Skocpol examine for her landmark 1979 work, States and Social Revolutions?

1. China's 1949 Communist Revolution 2. Russia's 1917 Communist Revolution 3. The French Revolution of 1789

Which of the following measurement methods would yield results that could be generalized to the student population of a large university?

1. Comprehensive school records are used to randomly select a sample group of one hundred students, who will fill out a short questionnaire. 2. School records are used to select one hundred students from different categories (male and female, white and non-white, etc.) in numbers that mirror the overall student population. These students will fill out a short questionnaire.

When research is carried out, difficulties may arise that could force the researcher to rethink his or her initial strategy. Which of the following are examples of such difficulties?

1. Interview subjects may be unexpectedly hard to contact. 2. A government agency may not cooperate as expected.

Which statements align with the main ideas of sociobiology?

1. Much of human social life can be explained by reproductive strategies. 2. Men are dominant in most societies because of genetics that make males strong and aggressive.

Identify the ways in which nation-states differ from earlier state-like societies.

1. Nation-states have national cultures. 2. Nation-states have well defined national borders.

Which statements about Internet use in Saudi Arabia are true?

1. Saudi women are allowed to use the Internet to discuss women's health issues. 2. Authorities use the Internet to disseminate official propaganda.

Which of the following are among the conclusions Theda Skocpol reached through her well-known study of national revolutions?

1. State structures are as important as class structures for deciding whether a revolution succeeds. 2. State structures can be strengthened or weakened by international events.

Which of the following are among the basic standards sociological research must meet in order to be considered scientific?

1. The findings must be reproducible by other researchers. 2. The research must reach conclusions that go beyond what was observed.

Identify the following as advantages of surveys

1. They can efficiently collect data on large numbers of individuals. 2. They have specialized agencies collect data and researchers who perform careful analysis.

Which questions would be asked by someone studying semiotics?

1. Why do high buildings represent prestige? 2. How do various cultures give meaning to the color pink?

In a social science context, which results would generally indicate a strong correlation between two variables?

1. a correlation coefficient of 0.8 2. a correlation coefficient of -0.8

Which challenges has China faced in its efforts to become a major player in the global market for consumer electronics and other tech sector products?

1. a culture that does not value unconventional thinking 2. inflexible college admission policies based solely on test results

Which behaviors would an evolutionary biologist like Edward O. Wilson most likely say are genetically programmed?

1. an infant's "rooting" to find the mother's breast nipple 2. a mother's attachment to her children 3. the widespread pattern of men having more power than women 4. a tendency in men toward sexual promiscuity

Place the steps for conducting a survey in order from first to last.

1. create a preliminary draft of survey questions 2. conduct a pilot study 3. identify problems with the survey questions 4. revise and finalize the survey questions 5.collect data from the main survey sample

Place the steps of the research process in order from first to last.

1. define the research problem 2. review the literature 3. make the problem precise 4. work out a design 5. carry out the research 6. interpret the results 7. report the findings

Historically, which were common characteristics of hunting and gathering societies?

1. extreme poverty by modern standards 2. highly developed religious rituals

Which obstacles would a field researcher engaged in participant observation encounter?

1. feelings of isolation 2. dishonest interview subjects 3. physical danger

Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared

1. hunting and gathering societies 2. pastoral societies 3. traditional societies 4. industrialized societies

Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared.

1. hunting and gathering societies 2. pastoral societies 3. traditional societies 4. industrialized societies

Relative to American culture today, which of the following could be considered a subculture?

1. hunting enthusiasts 2. skateboarders

Suppose a sociologist wanted to study a global community of online gamers who all play the same multiplayer game. Which of the following activities could realistically be part of the research?

1. online interviews 2. analyzing player statistics, such as time played and level achieved 3. becoming a player and observing interactions in real time

Which of the following are examples of material culture?

1. smartphones 2. paved roads and associated signage

Which items are among the forces that contribute to a globalization of culture?

1. the proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations 2. the emergence of a class of "global citizens"

After Robert Park's earlier experience in philosophy in Europe, which of the following did he later tell his students?

1. to wear out their shoe leather gathering data 2. to get the seat of their pants dirty doing real research

Which items represent proof of the emergence of humanlike culture?

1. toolmaking 2. the deliberate use of fire 3. planned hunting in groups

Which two areas of study did Robert Park believe were proper subjects for sociology?

1. urban life 2. immigration

In their writings, Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf suggested that our shapes our : We tend to notice things we Thus, someone with a is more likely to notice whether snow is powdery, granular, or slushy. This person sees snow differently than someone for whom snow is a novelty.

1.language 2.thoughts: 3.have words for 4.large snow vocabulary

emphasized quantitative methods in sociology

William Ogburn

Choose a suitable method of data collection.

Work out a design.

Karl Marx

a classless society in which everyone prospers

Émile Durkheim

a growing division of labor in which people play specialized roles

What is the main factor in deciding which university a Chinese student will attend?

a grueling two- or three-day examination

Max Weber

a highly efficient bureaucracy that stifles human freedom

Which item is an example of comparative research, as defined in this chapter?

a study comparing gender roles during the 1950s in the United States to gender roles in present-day Japan

neither a measure of central tendency nor a measure of degree of dispersal

correlation coefficient

a website for people interested in fine food and drink

development of a non-geographic subculture

Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?

ethnocentrism and cultural relativism

Generalizability is limited; findings might only apply to the group or community studied.

ethnography

Responses of those studied may be affected by the laboratory setting.

experiment

an open-access information site such as Wikipedia

global spread of one culture or kind of culture

American

household pet, treated fondly

a system of symbols used by people to communicate

language

measure of central tendency

mean

Which phrase did Émile Durkheim use to describe industrial societies held together by functional interdependence of their members on one another?

organic solidarity

a fundraising website for a county historical society

preservation of a local culture

Guatemalan Indian

scavenger, useful as guard animal

What is the name for the form of colonialism in which citizens of the colonial power take up residence in large numbers in the occupied nation?

settler colonialism

any vehicle of meaning and communication

signifier

Akha (northern Thailand)

source of meat

measure of degree of dispersal

standard deviation

Max Weber divided all human behavior into four categories based on the object of its orientation. Identify the orientation of each of the four examples.

studying to become a member of the clergy Correct label: toward higher values cheating on one's income tax returns Correct label: toward self-interest plotting revenge against a disloyal friend Correct label: toward emotions getting the mail out of the mailbox Correct label: toward habit

There may be a very large sample size, but material gathered may be superficial.

survey

one item used to stand for another, such as a flag

symbol

Which organization did W. E. B. Du Bois help found?

the NAACP

What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "global north" and the "global south"?

the distinction between industrialized nations and nations that are less industrialized

Which of the following represent cultural universals?

the institution of marriage religious rituals the practice of gift-giving

What is the definition of rationalization, according to Max Weber?

the organization of public life according to principles of efficiency

Which phrase best represents the meaning of the Latin root of the word society?

the ties that bind people together

What, according to William Ogburn, is the goal of sociology?

to discover new knowledge

a website advocating violence against police

undermining of an existing dominant culture

For a group of people with distinctive values and behaviors to be considered a subculture, it must reject most of the norms and values of the dominant culture.

False

If there is a correlation between two variables A and B, it may be because A causes B, or because B causes A, but it cannot be both.

False

The following items represent three of the seven steps in the research process. Match each step to the correct description.

.Form a hypothesis that will be tested through observation: -Make the research problem precise. Choose a suitable method of data collection: -Work out a design. Identify a puzzle that the research could help to solve:- Define the research problem.

Which items are examples of nationalism?

1, A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value. 2. An ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence.

Which of the following are examples of an experimental study?

1. A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training video. One video is narrated by a male voice, and the other, by a female voice. 2. A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby.

According to social science research, which of the following are effects of social media, such as Facebook?

1. Among young adults, use of Facebook leads to a slightly less sense of well being in comparison to those who reported increased direct contact with friends. 2.In the United States, people who use Facebook have slightly more close friendships than people who don't.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about an experiment involving the effects of people changing neighborhoods.

A 1994 study compared people who were given vouchers for new apartments to people 1. who had applied but were not selected. The study found that although those who moved did not 2. do better in the labor market, they did 3. report being happier and also lost weight.

What percentage of people living in poverty in the United States in 2016 were immigrants?

About 25 percent

What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies?

Agrarian societies grow crops for food, while pastoral societies raise livestock.

wrote about living with a group of boys on the run from the law

Alice Goffman

value

All people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps."

What makes a social fact a social constraint?

Any person who ignores the social fact will encounter difficulty.

Identify a puzzle that the research could help to solve.

Define the research problem.

interviewed people about their romantic breakups

Diane Vaughan

Because it relies on empirical investigation, sociology is, for the most part, the same as natural science.

False