Sociology Inquisitive
A researcher lives full time with homeless persons for one month and takes notes based on observations and conversations. Correct label: Preparations for a space mission include having a simulated crew of five people live in a confined environment for three months. Correct label: A polling firm calls randomly chosen households and conducts scripted phone interviews with whomever answers. Correct label:
ethnography, experiments, surveys
Responses of those studied may be affected by the laboratory setting.
experiment
Which of the three main sociological research methods is used least today?
experiments
For a group of people with distinctive values and behaviors to be considered a subculture, it must reject most of the norms and values of the dominant culture.
false
If there is a correlation between two variables A and B, it may be because A causes B, or because B causes A, but it cannot be both.
false
In the United States, standardized testing was introduced into the university admissions process to limit the number of Jewish students entering Ivy League schools.
false
an open-access information site such as Wikipedia
global spread of one culture or kind of culture
an open-access information site such as Wikipedia Correct label: Correct label: Correct label: development of a non-geographic subculture a fundraising website for a county historical society Correct label:
global spread of one culture or kind of culture a website advocating violence against police, undermining of an existing dominant culture a website for people interested in fine food and drink, development of a non-geographic subculture a fundraising website for a county historical society, preservation of a local culture
What is the central message of postmodernism?
history follows no overarching plot or narrative
When Alice Goffman studied the role of home and work in the lives of young, black men prone to running afoul of the law, what did she find?
home and work provided police with the means to track down the young men
What physiological fact explains why human children spend more time being cared for by their parents than the young of most other mammal species?
human beings need extra time outside of the womb for their brains to develop
Place the items in order from first to last, according to when each type of culture first appeared.
hunting and gathering societies, pastoral societies, traditional societies, industrialized societies
Ideas developed to increase the power of a social group and to overcome resistance are called __________.
ideologies
Type the term that best completes the sentence. Ideas developed to increase the power of a social group and to overcome resistance are called __________.
ideologies
Which sociological concept describes ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups?
ideologies
Although Weber was ________ by Karl Marx, he ________ some of Marx's doctrines. Weber agreed that __________ factors matter, but he rejected Marx's__________ conception of history.
influenced, rejected, economic, materialist
In Max Weber's view, what is the problem with bureaucracy?
it's a threat to democracy
the expansion of capitalism Correct label: the rationalization of social and economic life Correct label: the division of labor Correct label:
karl marx, max weber, Émile Durkheim
a system of symbols used by people to communicate
language
In their writings, Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf suggested that our ______ shapes our thoughts: We tend to notice things _________. Thus, someone with a ___________ is more likely to notice whether snow is powdery, granular, or slushy. This person sees snow differently than someone for whom snow is a novelty.
language, thoughts, we have words for, large snow vocabulary
What is the main difference between microsociology and macrosociology?
level of analysis
measure of central tendency
mean
measure of central tendency Correct label: measure of degree of dispersal Correct label: neither a measure of central tendency nor a measure of degree of dispersal Correct label:
mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient
According to Émile Durkheim, a society can only endure over time if its specialized institutions function as an integrated whole—a form of social cohesion that Durkheim called __________ solidarity.
organic
Which phrase did Émile Durkheim use to describe industrial societies held together by functional interdependence of their members on one another?
organic solidarity
Which item represents a difficulty in social science that is normally not encountered in natural science?
outcomes are affected by the presence of the observer
People have been taught to feel uncomfortable when they fail to conform.
people are socialized to conform
The social order embodies or promotes values people sincerely hold.
people believe in the social order
What is the meaning of the Latin word societas, from which we get the word society?
people bound together by relationships
How does pop singer Taylor Swift think social media encourages people, especially young women, to feel bad about themselves?
people compare their own lives, which they know from the inside, to idealized versions of other people
a fundraising website for a county historical society
preservation of a local culture
Some people think that a field of study must use __________methods rather than __________ ones to count as scientific. That is incorrect. What makes a discipline a science is a set of________ that can be deployed in ________, not a particular choice of _______.
quantitative, qualitative, values, research, methods
A homeowner chases away intruders by brandishing a double-barreled shotgun. Correct label: A hiker wades into a rain-swollen river to rescue someone else's dog. Correct label: A store clerk responds to an angry customer by suggesting they "take this outside." Correct label:
rationally self-interested, altruistic, neither rationally self-interested nor altruistic
Place the steps for reading a table in order from first to last.
read the title, read any explanatory notes, read the row and column headings, identify units, consider possible conclusions
What was probably the earliest regular use of written language?
recordkeeping
Type the term that describes social scientists' recognition of their own social position influencing the results of their research.
reflexivity
In most societies, those hardest hit by poverty live in _____ areas. Also, _________ tend to be more disadvantaged than ______. But while economic growth tends to raise the lower-income classes out of poverty, paradoxically it does not automatically improve people's _____________.
rural, women, men, sense of well-being
Guatemalan Indian
scavenger, useful as guard animal
Type the term that refers to the analysis of nonverbal cultural meanings.
semiotics
What is the name for the form of colonialism in which citizens of the colonial power take up residence in large numbers in the occupied nation?
settler colonialism
any vehicle of meaning and communication
signifier
the underlying regularities in how people behave toward one another Correct label: an idea or practice that continues to exist because people take it for granted Correct label: an aspect of social life that shapes the actions of individuals Correct label:
social structure, social construction, social fact
Type the term that refers to the use of biological principles to explain the social activities of human beings and other animals.
sociobiology
measure of degree of dispersal
standard deviation
Place the events of Philip Zimbardo's prison experiment in chronological order.
students volunteered for the study, some students were assigned to play guards, others prisoners, tensions between "guards" and "prisoners" grew to unexpected levels, the experiment halted soon after
Max Weber divided all human behavior into four categories based on the object of its orientation. Identify the orientation of each of the four examples.
studying to become a member of the clergy Correct label: toward higher values cheating on one's income tax returns Correct label: toward self-interest plotting revenge against a disloyal friend Correct label: toward emotions getting the mail out of the mailbox Correct label: toward habit
There may be a very large sample size, but material gathered may be superficial.
survey
Miles changed jobs because the new job would look good on his resume. Correct label: Mikhail changed jobs because the new one paid more and had better benefits. Correct label: Sonia changed jobs because there was a greater demand for workers in the new job. Correct label:
symbolic interactionism, rational choice theory, functionalism
Which organization did W. E. B. Du Bois help found?
the NAACP
What do sociologists mean when they refer to the "global north" and the "global south"?
the distinction between industrialized nations and nations that are less industrialized
What do sociologists mean when they refer to the global north and the global south?
the distinction between industrialized nations and nations that are less industrialized
What did Andreas Wimmer determine was the best sociological predictor of war within a geographic territory in the twentieth century?
the existence of nationalist organizations
What is a common theme of the many different strands of feminist theory?
the goal of explaining and eliminating gender inequalities
What is the common theme of the many different strands of feminist theory?
the goal of explaining and eliminating gender inequalities
Which of the following represent cultural universals?
the institution of marriage religious rituals the practice of gift-giving
What is the main difference between microsociology and macrosociology?
the level of analysis
What central thesis did Karl Marx have in mind when he talked about "the materialist conception of history"?
the main sources of social change are economic influences
In a study of more than 1 million Facebook users in romantic relationships, which factor was a good predictor of whether the relationship would last?
the number of other facebook friends the couple have in common
What is the definition of rationalization, according to Max Weber?
the organization of public life according to the principles of efficiency
According to functionalism, the idea that every social activity has a function is best understood by analogy to __________.
the purpose of an organ in the human body
Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. According to functionalism, the idea that every social activity has a function is best understood by analogy to __________.
the purpose of an organ in the human body
Which phrase refers to culture shock?
the shock a person from one culture experiences when immersed in another one
Why is there typically more disagreement among professional sociologists than among professional scientists?
the subject matter is more difficult to quantify
Which phrase best represents the meaning of the Latin root of the word society?
the ties that bind people together
What is France's national policy on wearing face-covering veils in public?
there is a ban on wearing veils in public
What did Robert Park and William Ogburn do in the 1920s to usher in a new era in sociology that demanded more than mere theoretical speculation?
they grounded theory in data and facts
What, according to William Ogburn, is the goal of sociology?
to discover new knowledge
According to Auguste Comte, what is the proper role of sociology?
to study human society scientifically
What, according to C. Wright Mills, is the function of the sociological imagination?
to understand our personal experiences as part of a large framework of events
What is the function of the sociological imagination, according to C. Wright Mills?
to understand our personal experiences as part of a larger framework of events
studying to become a member of the clergy Correct label: plotting revenge against a disloyal friend Correct label: getting the mail out of the mailbox Correct label: cheating on one's income tax returns Correct label:
toward higher values, toward emotions, toward habit, toward self-interest
A 2002 study determined that for applicants admitted to Ivy League schools, the difference in later earnings between those who got an Ivy League education and those who opted to attend less prestigious schools instead was very small.
true
Empathy with one's study subjects makes it harder for a sociologist to be objective.
true
The Internet has in some ways counteracted the forces of cultural globalization.
true
Match each researcher to his or her correct method and work.
used quantitative techniques to investigate the causes of war Andreas Wimmer used case studies to investigate the causes of revolutionary social change Theda Skocpol used an experiment to investigate social aspects of power relationships Philip Zimbardo
choose a suitable method of data collection Correct label: identify a puzzle that the research could help to solve Correct label: form a hypothesis that will be tested through observation Correct label:
work out a design, define the research problem, make the research problem precise
Match each researcher to his or her correct work.
wrote about living with a group of boys on the run from the law Correct label: Alice Goffman emphasized quantitative methods in sociology Correct label: William Ogburn interviewed people about their romantic breakups Correct label: Diane Vaughan pioneered observational fieldwork in Chicago Correct label: Robert Park
The Division of Labor in Society Correct label: Capital Correct label: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Correct label: Positive Philosophy Correct label:
Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber,Auguste Comte
Which obstacles would a field researcher engaged in participant observation encounter?
1. feelings of isolation 2. dishonest interview subjects 3. physical danger
Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared
1. hunting and gathering societies 2. pastoral societies 3. traditional societies 4. industrialized societies
Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared.
1. hunting and gathering societies 2. pastoral societies 3. traditional societies 4. industrialized societies
Relative to American culture today, which of the following could be considered a subculture?
1. hunting enthusiasts 2. skateboarders
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Max Weber.
1. influenced 2. rejected 3. economic 4. materialist
Suppose a sociologist wanted to study a global community of online gamers who all play the same multiplayer game. Which of the following activities could realistically be part of the research?
1. online interviews 2. analyzing player statistics, such as time played and level achieved 3. becoming a player and observing interactions in real time
Which of the following are examples of material culture?
1. smartphones 2. paved roads and associated signage
Identify the themes that are important in Émile Durkheim's thought.
1. the division of labor 2. the social factors that lead to suicide
Which items are among the forces that contribute to a globalization of culture?
1. the proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations 2. the emergence of a class of "global citizens"
After Robert Park's earlier experience in philosophy in Europe, which of the following did he later tell his students?
1. to wear out their shoe leather gathering data 2. to get the seat of their pants dirty doing real research
Which items represent proof of the emergence of humanlike culture?
1. toolmaking 2. the deliberate use of fire 3. planned hunting in groups
When we view the world through the prism of the sociological imagination, in which ways are we affected
1.We gain in self-understanding. 2.We see the social world from many perspectives. 3.We are better able to assess the results of public policy initiatives.
Which of the following are involved in the process of socialization during childhood?
1.achieving a distinct sense of self 2.developing an awareness of social norms and values
In their writings, Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf suggested that our shapes our : We tend to notice things we Thus, someone with a is more likely to notice whether snow is powdery, granular, or slushy. This person sees snow differently than someone for whom snow is a novelty.
1.language 2.thoughts: 3.have words for 4.large snow vocabulary
Alexis de Tocqueville, visiting the United States in ________, sought to understand how _________ worked. He observed that Americans were more likely than Europeans to engage in ____________.
1831, democracy, civic activities
What percentage of people living in poverty in the United States in 2010 were immigrants?
25.8%
The table shows the changing car ownership rates for five different nations over time. What is the percentage drop in cars per 1,000 people in the United States between 2001 and 2011? Type your answer as a positive number, rounded to the nearest whole percent.
49%
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about an experiment involving the effects of people changing neighborhoods.
A 1994 study compared people who were given vouchers for new apartments to people 1. who had applied but were not selected. The study found that although those who moved did not 2. do better in the labor market, they did 3. report being happier and also lost weight.
Emile Durkheim uses the word anomie to refer to a very specific condition. What is that condition?
A feeling of aimlessness or despair, due to the constant change typical of modern life
Match each description to the appropriate behavior.
A store clerk responds to an angry customer by suggesting they "take this outside." Correct label: neither rationally self-interested nor altruistic A hiker wades into a rain-swollen river to rescue someone else's dog. Correct label: altruistic A homeowner chases away intruders by brandishing a double-barreled shotgun. Correct label: rationally self-interested
What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies?
Agrarian societies grow crops for food, while pastoral societies raise livestock.
source of meat Correct label: household pet, treated fondly Correct label: scavenger, useful as guard animal Correct label:
Akha (northern Thailand), American, Guatemalan Indian
Fill in Blank
Alexis de Tocqueville, visiting the United States in 1831, sought to understand how democracy worked. He observed that Americans were more likely than Europeans to engage in civic activities.
value
All people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps."
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about Max Weber.
Although Weber was influenced by Karl Marx, he rejected some of Marx's doctrines. Weber agreed that economic factors matter, but he rejected Marx's materialist conception of history.
After reviewing data from the General Social Survey for the years 1985-2004, what conclusion about Americans' social ties did one team of researchers reach?
Americans have fewer closer friends than they did in the past
What makes a social fact a social constraint?
Any person who ignores the social fact will encounter difficulty.
Which challenges has China faced in its efforts to become a major player in the global market for consumer electronics and other tech sector products
Challenge(s) a culture that does not value unconventional thinking inflexible college admission policies based solely on test results Not Challenge(s) a culture that does not value hard work lack of government funding for innovative research poor-quality, pre-university education
Which of the following are characteristics of traditional civilizations?
Characteristic(s) Art and science flourished in these societies. They were expansionist empires. At least part of the population was concentrated in cities. Not Characteristic(s) Their economy of food production was predominantly pastoral.
Historically, which of the following were common characteristics of hunting and gathering societies?
Common Characteristic(s) extreme poverty by modern standards highly developed religious rituals Not Common Characteristic(s) relatively high levels of social inequality stable membership within social groups
Which of the following are among the conclusions Theda Skocpol reached through her well-known study of national revolutions?
Conclusion(s) State structures are as important as class structures for deciding whether a revolution succeeds. State structures can be strengthened or weakened by international events. Not Conclusion(s) The success of a revolution depends mainly on the strength of the social movement behind it. Revolutions can be predicted, based on events unfolding months prior.
When research is carried out, difficulties may arise that could force the researcher to rethink his or her initial strategy. Which of the following are examples of such difficulties?
Correct Answer(s) A government agency may not cooperate as expected. Interview subjects may be unexpectedly hard to contact. Incorrect Answer(s) The research hypothesis may turn out to be mistaken. Computational analysis of the data may be prohibitively difficult.
Which items represent a proper use, in a sociological context, of the word signifier?
Correct Answer(s) Adjusting one's hair is a signifier of romantic interest. A word is a signifier of meaning. Incorrect Answer(s) A lion in the street is a signifier that the circus has come to town. A dream about water is a signifier for death.
Which locations still have hunting and gathering societies?
Correct Answer(s) Australia India Incorrect Answer(s) Antarctica mainland Southeast Asia
Which nations are considered emerging economies?
Correct Answer(s) China Mexico Incorrect Answer(s) Italy North Korea
Which three revolutions did Theda Skocpol examine for her landmark 1979 work, States and Social Revolutions?
Correct Answer(s) China's 1949 Communist Revolution The French Revolution of 1789 Russia's 1917 Communist Revolution Incorrect Answer(s)
Which of the following measurement methods would yield results that can be generalized to the student population of a large university?
Correct Answer(s) Comprehensive school records are used to randomly select a sample group of one hundred students, who will fill out a short questionnaire. School records are used to select one hundred students from different categories (male and female, white and non-white, etc.) in numbers that mirror the overall student population. These students will fill out a short questionnaire. Incorrect Answer(s) Five students are randomly selected for in-depth interviews, each lasting half an hour. Students passing by a campus booth are invited to fill out a questionnaire. Several hundred students do so.
Identify which reasons apply to why sociologists would take part in efforts to achieve social change and which do not.
Correct Answer(s) It only makes sense, in attacking a social problem, to involve someone with expertise. It would be odd if, having studied a social problem, a sociologist had no opinion on the solution. Incorrect Answer(s) Sociology aims to be rigorously scientific in its account of human group behavior. The study of what is best for society is a question only sociology can address.
Identify which reasons apply to why sociologists would take part in efforts to achieve social change and which do not.
Correct Answer(s) It would be odd if, having studied a social problem, a sociologist had no opinion on the solution. It only makes sense, in attacking a social problem, to involve someone with expertise. Incorrect Answer(s) The study of what is best for society is a question only sociology can address. Sociology aims to be rigorously scientific in its account of human group behavior.
Identify the ways in which nation-states differ from earlier state-like societies.
Correct Answer(s) Nation-states have well defined national borders. Nation-states have national cultures. Incorrect Answer(s) Nation-states cover a much larger geographic area. Nation-states maintain standing armies.
Which two American sociologists were part of the functionalist tradition?
Correct Answer(s) Robert K. Merton Talcott Parsons Incorrect Answer(s) George Herbert Mead Jean Baudrillard
Which items are among Harriet Martineau's methodological insights and are significant for sociologists today?
Correct Answer(s) Sociologists should seek to benefit society, not just to observe. An analysis of a society must include all its members. Incorrect Answer(s) An analysis of society should focus on the most influential institutions. Sociology should not try to model itself on the natural sciences.
Which items are among Harriet Martineau's methodological insights and are significant for sociologists today?
Correct Answer(s) Sociologists should seek to benefit society, not just to observe. An analysis of a society must include all its members. Incorrect Answer(s) Sociology should not try to model itself on the natural sciences. An analysis of society should focus on the most influential institutions.
Which two American sociologists were part of the functionalist tradition?
Correct Answer(s) Talcott Parsons Robert K. Merton Incorrect Answer(s) George Herbert Mead Jean Baudrillard
Which of the following are among the basic standards sociological research must meet in order to be considered scientific?
Correct Answer(s) The research must reach conclusions that go beyond what was observed. The findings must be reproducible by other researchers. Incorrect Answer(s) The investigation must be done from an unbiased perspective. Data collection should involve both an experimental and a control group.
When we view the world through the prism of the sociological imagination, in which ways are we affected?
Correct Answer(s) We see the social world from many perspectives. We gain in self-understanding. We are better able to assess the results of public policy initiatives. Incorrect Answer(s) We appreciate the importance of a neutral, impartial perspective about social issues.
To which disciplines, beside sociology, did Max Weber contribute in his writings?
Correct Answer(s) comparative religion economics Incorrect Answer(s) evolutionary biology literary criticism
To which disciplines, beside sociology, did Max Weber contribute in his writings?
Correct Answer(s) comparative religion economics Incorrect Answer(s) literary criticism evolutionary biology
What is the process of socialization about during childhood?
Correct Answer(s) developing an awareness of social norms and values achieving a distinct sense of self Incorrect Answer(s) learning how to communicate with other people learning how to look after one's self-interest in a social setting
Which two areas of study did Robert Park believe were proper subjects for sociology?
Correct Answer(s) immigration urban life Incorrect Answer(s) economic class struggle child raising
Suppose a sociologist wanted to study a global community of online gamers who all play the same multiplayer game. Which of the following activities could realistically be part of the research?
Correct Answer(s) online interviews analyzing player statistics, such as time played and level achieved becoming a player and observing interactions in real time Incorrect Answer(s) in-person interviews
Which obstacles would a field researcher engaged in participant observation encounter?
Correct Answer(s) physical danger feelings of isolation dishonest interview subjects Incorrect Answer(s) insufficiently rich data
Which items are among the forces that contribute to a globalization of culture?
Correct Answer(s) the emergence of a class of "global citizens" the proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations Incorrect Answer(s) national policies such as the "Great Firewall of China" the increasing economic clout of small-scale producers, such as microbreweries
After Robert Park's earlier experience in philosophy in Europe, which of the following did he later tell his students?
Correct Answer(s) to get the seat of their pants dirty doing real research to wear out their shoe leather gathering data Incorrect Answer(s) to be reflexive as they developed strong theories about how people lived to only use data that could be precisely quantified
Identify each statement about cultural conformity as correct or incorrect.
Correct Statement(s) Non-conformity can itself become a kind of conformity. Conformity is obtained through the teaching of norms and through social control. Incorrect Statement(s) All cultures demand a high degree of conformity from individual members. Cultural norms tend to be obeyed unquestioningly.
Which items represent cultural "scripts" in contemporary America?
Cultural Script(s) Someone sneezes and someone else says, "Bless you." A restaurant dining room host smiles at an arriving party of diners, picks up some menus, and leads the group to a table. Not Cultural Script(s) A pedestrian jumps out of the way of a bicyclist driving recklessly. Someone getting ready for bed habitually brushes his teeth, dons pajamas, and feeds the dog—always in the same order.
Which of the following represent cultural universals?
Cultural Universal(s) the institution of marriage religious rituals the practice of gift-giving Not Cultural Universal(s) written language
Identify a puzzle that the research could help to solve.
Define the research problem.
interviewed people about their romantic breakups
Diane Vaughan
According to social science research, which of the following are effects of social media, such as Facebook?
Effect(s) In the United States, people who use Facebook have slightly more close friendships than people who don't. Among young adults, use of Facebook leads to a slightly less sense of well being in comparison to those who reported increased direct contact with friends. Not Effect(s) Among Chinese youth, the use of Facebook leads to lowered self-esteem. Women typically get a small boost in self-esteem from using Facebook.
Which of the following are examples of an experimental study?
Example(s) A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby. A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training video. One video is narrated by a male voice, and the other, by a female voice. Not Example(s) A researcher sifts through data about divorce rates and gas prices, looking for a correlation. A researcher poses as a store clerk and documents several varieties of shoplifting behavior over a period of time.
Which items are examples of nationalism?
Example(s) of Nationalism An ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence. A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value. Not Example(s) of Nationalism One country invades another country to seize its natural resources. A nation with a weak central government is torn by civil strife.
Because it relies on empirical investigation, sociology is, for the most part, the same as natural science.
False
For a group of people with distinctive values and behaviors to be considered a subculture, it must reject most of the norms and values of the dominant culture.
False
If there is a correlation between two variables A and B, it may be because A causes B, or because B causes A, but it cannot be both.
False
In the United States, standardized testing was introduced into the university admissions process to limit the number of Jewish students entering Ivy League schools.
False
Which of the following have the advantage of either a field experiment or laboratory experiment?
Field Experiment size of study groups naturalness of setting generalizability Laboratory Experiment ability to control variables
Classify each example of social control as formal or informal.
Formal A social worker explains to a child that the law requires kids to attend some form of school. A police officer directs traffic near the venue of a major sporting event. Informal An adult scowls and shakes her head at a child, not hers, playing roughly in a store aisle with toys pulled off the shelves. A paramedic shouts at a patient to slow down in the hospital parking lot.
Which behaviors would an evolutionary biologist like Edward O. Wilson most likely say are genetically programmed?
Genetically Programmed an infant's "rooting" to find the mother's breast nipple the widespread pattern of men having more power than women a tendency in men toward sexual promiscuity a mother's attachment to her children
Which major roles does Apple Corporation play in China's economy?
Major Role(s) Its factories in China are a major source of jobs. It sells a lot of products in China. Not Major Role(s) It has brought about major changes in China's workplace culture. It competes with Chinese technology companies selling similar products.
Form a hypothesis that will be tested through observation.
Make the research problem precise.
A small country elects a new president who publicly poses as a self-made maverick and promises to shake things up and make the rest of the world take notice. Behind the scenes, however, he is known both locally and internationally as a skilled and well-connected dealmaker. Using Robert K. Merton's categories, identify each function of the popular vote as either manifest or latent.
Manifest The election results advance the country's interests. Latent The election results distract people from pressing social problems. The election results ensure that the status quo will be maintained. The election results make voters feel good about their country.
According to sociological research, what was one unintended consequence of public policy initiatives that led to large public-housing blocks built in city centers following World War II?
Many people who moved to the large apartment blocks felt isolated and unhappy.
Place the sociological theories in order from broadest to narrowest scope.
Marx's theory of class struggle the theory of relative deprivation a theory of the moral development of children a symbolic-interactionist theory of dating
Place the sociological theories in order from broadest to narrowest scope.
Marx's theory of class struggle, the theory of relative deprivation, the theory of moral development of children, a symbolic-interactionist theory of dating
a concern with the effects of wealth inequality Correct label: a focus on the evolving nature of media consumption Correct label: a concern for the rights of transgender persons Correct label: feminism
Marxism postmodernism feminism
Which of the following are examples of material culture?
Material Culture smartphones paved roads and associated signage Not Material Culture "do not feed the trolls" as a norm in online discussion forums the use of slang and trendy phrases
a highly efficient bureaucracy that stifles human freedom Correct label: a growing division of labor in which people play specialized roles Correct label: a classless society in which everyone prospers Correct label:
Max Weber, Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx
Identify each question as a topic in either microsociology or macrosociology.
Micro: 1. How do two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop? 2. How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? Macro: 1. How does the officer-enlisted relationship differ between a country's army and its navy? 2. How do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others?
Identify each question as a topic in either microsociology or in macrosociology.
Microsociology How do two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop? How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? Macrosociology How does the officer-enlisted relationship differ between a country's army and its navy? How do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others?
Identify each question as a topic in either microsociology or in macrosociology.
Microsociology How do two drivers decide who goes first at a four-way stop? How does a family conversation escalate into a shouting match? Macrosociology How do some immigrant groups assimilate faster than others? How does the officer-enlisted relationship differ between a country's army and its navy?
Match each term to its definition.
Mikhail changed jobs because the new one paid more and had better benefits. Correct label: rational choice theory Miles changed jobs because the new job would look good on his resume. Correct label: symbolic interactionism Sonia changed jobs because there was a greater demand for workers in the new job. Correct label: functionalism
According to Émile Durkheim, a society can only endure over time if its specialized institutions function as an integrated whole—a form of social cohesion that Durkheim called __________ solidarity.
Organic
Which item represents a difficulty in social science that is normally not encountered in natural science?
Outcomes are affected by the presence of the observer.
How does pop singer Taylor Swift think social media encourages people, especially young women, to feel bad about themselves?
People compare their own lives, which they know from the inside, to idealized versions of other people's lives.
Sociologists have offered different explanations for the continued existence of social order—that is, for people's conformity to social rules. Match each behavioral explanation to the corresponding definition.
People have been taught to feel uncomfortable when they fail to conform: -People are socialized to conform. The social order embodies or promotes values people sincerely hold: -People believe in the social order. People conform because it serves their self-interest: -Conformity is rational and prudent.
Which items represent proof of the emergence of humanlike culture?
Proof of Humanlike Culture toolmaking the deliberate use of fire planned hunting in groups Not Proof of Humanlike Culture brains larger than those of other primates walking upright for long distances
Identify each research method as either qualitative or quantitative.
Qualitative An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials. Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about his or her political views. Quantitative Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a U.S. citizen or a citizen of another country. The number of people in a large gathering is recorded.
Which of the following describe a random sampling method?
Random Sampling A health insurer uses a computer-generated random list of plan members to conduct a quality-control review. A store gives every twentieth customer a gift card in exchange for filling out a customer satisfaction questionnaire. Not Random Sampling A focus group, made up of volunteers, is asked what they think of three videos promoting water conservation. A journalist approaches a table at a political event and asks everyone at the table their opinion of the host organization.
Using Karl Marx's theory, identify each item as a characteristic of either the ruling class or the working class.
Ruling Class Collectively, they are "the rich." They own capital, that is, the means of production. Working Class Collectively, they are "the poor." Their income consists of wages earned from employment.
Place the events in order from first to last according to how Karl Marx explains the global spread of Western industry.
Several producers sell products in the same market, competition motivates producers to manufacture their goods more cheaply and sell them more cheaply, producers seek new cheaper sources of labor and materials, and new markets where their products will command higher prices when producers enter a new market, the cycle repeats
Place the events in order from first to last according to how Karl Marx explains the global spread of Western industry.
Several producers sell products in the same market. Competition motivates producers to manufacture their goods more cheaply and sell them more cheaply. Producers seek new, cheaper sources of labor and materials, and new markets where their products will command higher prices. When several producers have entered a new market, the cycle repeats.
Identify each item as an aspect of either sex or gender.
Sex Some people can grow beards, while others cannot. Some people's voices deepen significantly during puberty, while others' voices do not. Gender Some people are referred to as "he," others as "she." Some people can wear skirts and dresses without standing out, while others cannot.
Identify each item as an aspect of either sex or gender
Sex Some people's voices deepen significantly during puberty, while others' voices do not. Some people can grow beards, while others cannot. Gender Some people are referred to as "he," others as "she." Some people can wear skirts and dresses without standing out, while others cannot.
Determine whether each item is or is not an example of a social construction.
Social Construction(s) People shake hands to signal friendly intentions. Green paper rectangles can be used to buy things. Not Social Construction(s) Yellow skin is an indicator of liver disease. Heavy foot traffic eventually damages grass.
Determine whether each item is or is not an example of a social construction.
Social Constructs: Green paper rectangles can be used to buy things. ; People shake hands to signal friendly intentions. Not Social Constructs: Heavy foot traffic eventually damages grass. ; Yellow skin is an indicator of liver disease.
Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about sociological theory.
Sociologist 1. Émile Durkheim described how a society can endure over time only if its specialized institutions function as an integrated whole. This form of social cohesion is called 2. organic solidarity.
Match each theory to the appropriate scenario.
Sonia changed jobs because there was a greater demand for workers in the new job. -Functionalism Mikhail changed jobs because the new one paid more and had better benefits. -rational choice theory. Miles changed jobs because the new job would look good on his resume. -symbolic interactionism
In a social science context, which correlation results would generally indicate a strong degree of connection between two variables?
Strong Correlation(s) a correlation coefficient of 0.8 a correlation coefficient of -0.8 Not Strong Correlation(s) a correlation coefficient of 0 a correlation coefficient of -0.4 a correlation coefficient of 0.5
Relative to American culture today, which of the following could be considered a subculture?
Subculture(s) skateboarders hunting enthusiasts Not Subculture(s) incompetent doctors litterbugs
Which American sociologists were part of the functionalist tradition
Talcott Parsons Robert K. Merton
cultural relativism
Teenagers say they use smartphones because it is their main tool for staying connected with friends.
Match each author to the title of one of his most important works.
The Divison of Labor in a Society Correct label: Émile Durkheim Capital Correct label: Karl Marx Positive Philosophy Correct label: Auguste Comte The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Correct label: Max Weber
What central thesis did Karl Marx have in mind when he talked about "the materialist conception of history"?
The main sources of social changes are economic influences.
Choose the phrase that best completes the sentence. According to functionalism, the idea that every social activity has a function is best understood by analogy to __________.
The purpose of an organ in the human body.
Why is there typically more disagreement among professional sociologists than among professional scientists?
The subject matter is more difficult to quantify
Why is it impossible that most college rejections are due to affirmative action?
There are far fewer affirmative action admissions than college rejections
Why is it impossible that most college rejections are due to affirmative action?
There are far fewer affirmative action admissions than college rejections.
What is France's national policy on wearing face-covering veils in public?
There is a ban on wearing veils in public.
neither
There is no inherent difference between different races.
What did Robert Park and William Ogburn do in the 1920s to usher in a new era in sociology that demanded more than mere theoretical speculation?
They grounded theory in data and facts.
A 2002 study determined that for applicants admitted to Ivy League schools, the difference in later earnings between those who got an Ivy League education and those who opted to attend less prestigious schools instead was very small.
True
The Internet has in some ways counteracted the forces of cultural globalization.
True
Which statements about Internet use in Saudi Arabia are true?
True Authorities use the Internet to disseminate official propaganda. Saudi women are allowed to use the Internet to discuss women's health issues. False The Internet provides a forum for debates about the merits of traditional religious beliefs. Anti-government protesters use the Internet to coordinate their activities.
emphasized quantitative methods in sociology
William Ogburn
Choose a suitable method of data collection.
Work out a design.
Karl Marx
a classless society in which everyone prospers
Durkheim uses the word anomie to refer to a very specific condition. What is that condition?
a feeling of aimlessness or despair, due to the constant change typical of modern life
Which factor makes something not only a problem but also a puzzle?
a gap in our understanding
Émile Durkheim
a growing division of labor in which people play specialized roles
What is the main factor in deciding which university a Chinese student will attend?
a grueling two- or three-day examination
Max Weber
a highly efficient bureaucracy that stifles human freedom
Which item is an example of comparative research as it is defined in Chapter 2?
a study comparing gender roles during the 1950s in the United States to gender roles in present-day Japan
Which item is an example of comparative research, as defined in this chapter?
a study comparing gender roles during the 1950s in the United States to gender roles in present-day Japan
What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies?
agarian societies grow crops for food, while pastoral societies raise livestock
Match each term to its definition.
an aspect of social life that shapes the actions of individuals Correct label: social fact the underlying regularities in how people behave toward one another Correct label: social structure an idea or practice that continues to exist because people take it for granted Correct label: social construction
What makes a social fact a social constraint?
any person who ignores the social fact will encounter difficulty
A 1994 study compared people who were given vouchers for new apartments to people who had___________. The study found that although those who moved ____________t, they did ____________ and also lost weight.
applied but were not selected, did not do better in the labor market, report being happier
Colonialism may involve either large-scale immigration and settlement by the colonizing population or only a small-scale influx of administrators who govern the native population for the benefit of the colonizing power. Historically, what has been the relation between the type of colonialism and the eventual industrialization of the colonized nation?
colonization by large-scale settlement leads to greater industrializations
people conform because it serves their self-interest
conformity is rational and prudent
neither a measure of central tendency nor a measure of degree of dispersal
correlation coefficient
Place the steps for conducting a survey in order from first to last.
create a preliminary draft of survey questions, conduct a pilot study, identify problems with the survey questions, revise and finalize the survey questions, collect data from the main survey sample
a website for people interested in fine food and drink
development of a non-geographic subculture
In science, __________ investigation may be done through observation (for example, fieldwork), experiment, or a review of statistics compiled by others. The common thread is a search for the facts as they are, as opposed to what we would like them to be or what a theory predicts they ought to be.
empirical
Type the term that refers to people's practice of judging other cultures by the standards of their own culture.
ethnocentrism
Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?
ethnocentrism and cultural relativism
Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?
ethnocentrism, cultural relativism
"It is genital mutilation, a primitive practice. Those people need to join the modern world." Correct label: "Clitoridectomies done in the traditional manner run the risk of infection." Correct label: "It is okay in countries where it is established practice, but it is also okay to ban it elsewhere." Correct label:
ethnocentrism, neither relativism nor ethnocentrism, cultural relativism
norm
Race-based job discrimination is illegal.
Identify the term that describes social scientists' recognition of their own social position influencing the results of their research.
Reflexivity
pioneered observational fieldwork in Chicago
Robert Park
ethnocentrism
Teenagers probably use smartphones so much because they are rude and selfish.
What is the common theme of the many different strands of feminist theory?
The goal of explaining and eliminating gender inequalities.
Identify the following as advantages of experiments.
They have the ability to control variables. They are the best type of study for determining causality.
Which quote comes from W. E. B. Du Bois?
"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line."
Which two areas of study did Robert Park believe were proper subjects for sociology?
1. urban life 2. immigration
Generalizability is limited; findings might only apply to the group or community studied.
ethnography
American
household pet, treated fondly
Akha (northern Thailand)
source of meat
one item used to stand for another, such as a flag
symbol
What is the definition of rationalization, according to Max Weber?
the organization of public life according to principles of efficiency
a website advocating violence against police
undermining of an existing dominant culture
Which quote comes from W. E. B. Du Bois?
"the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line"
The following items represent three of the seven steps in the research process. Match each step to the correct description.
.Form a hypothesis that will be tested through observation: -Make the research problem precise. Choose a suitable method of data collection: -Work out a design. Identify a puzzle that the research could help to solve:- Define the research problem.
Which items are examples of nationalism?
1, A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value. 2. An ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence.
Which of the following are examples of an experimental study?
1. A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training video. One video is narrated by a male voice, and the other, by a female voice. 2. A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passersby.
According to social science research, which of the following are effects of social media, such as Facebook?
1. Among young adults, use of Facebook leads to a slightly less sense of well being in comparison to those who reported increased direct contact with friends. 2.In the United States, people who use Facebook have slightly more close friendships than people who don't.
What percentage of people living in poverty in the United States in 2016 were immigrants?
About 25 percent
wrote about living with a group of boys on the run from the law
Alice Goffman
In Max Weber's view, what is the problem with bureaucracy?
It is a threat to democracy.
Which of the following are characteristics of traditional civilizations?
1. At least part of the population was concentrated in cities. 2. They were expansionist empires. 3. Art and science flourished in these societies.
Which locations still have hunting and gathering societies?
1. Australia 2. India
Which of the following revolutions did Theda Skocpol examine for her landmark 1979 work, States and Social Revolutions?
1. China's 1949 Communist Revolution 2. Russia's 1917 Communist Revolution 3. The French Revolution of 1789
Which of the following measurement methods would yield results that could be generalized to the student population of a large university?
1. Comprehensive school records are used to randomly select a sample group of one hundred students, who will fill out a short questionnaire. 2. School records are used to select one hundred students from different categories (male and female, white and non-white, etc.) in numbers that mirror the overall student population. These students will fill out a short questionnaire.
When research is carried out, difficulties may arise that could force the researcher to rethink his or her initial strategy. Which of the following are examples of such difficulties?
1. Interview subjects may be unexpectedly hard to contact. 2. A government agency may not cooperate as expected.
Which statements align with the main ideas of sociobiology?
1. Much of human social life can be explained by reproductive strategies. 2. Men are dominant in most societies because of genetics that make males strong and aggressive.
Identify the ways in which nation-states differ from earlier state-like societies.
1. Nation-states have national cultures. 2. Nation-states have well defined national borders.
Determine whether each item is an example of a social construction.
1. People shake hands to signal friendly intentions. 2. Green paper rectangles can be used to buy things.
Which statements about Internet use in Saudi Arabia are true?
1. Saudi women are allowed to use the Internet to discuss women's health issues. 2. Authorities use the Internet to disseminate official propaganda.
According to how Karl Marx explains the global spread of Western industry, place the events in chronological order.
1. Several producers sell products in the same market. 2. Competition motivates producers to manufacture their goods more cheaply and sell them more cheaply. 3. Producers seek new, cheaper sources of labor and materials, and new markets where their products will command higher prices. 4. When several producers have entered a new market, the cycle repeats.
Which of the following are among the conclusions Theda Skocpol reached through her well-known study of national revolutions?
1. State structures are as important as class structures for deciding whether a revolution succeeds. 2. State structures can be strengthened or weakened by international events.
Which of the following are among the basic standards sociological research must meet in order to be considered scientific?
1. The findings must be reproducible by other researchers. 2. The research must reach conclusions that go beyond what was observed.
Identify the following as advantages of surveys
1. They can efficiently collect data on large numbers of individuals. 2. They have specialized agencies collect data and researchers who perform careful analysis.
Which questions would be asked by someone studying semiotics?
1. Why do high buildings represent prestige? 2. How do various cultures give meaning to the color pink?
In a social science context, which results would generally indicate a strong correlation between two variables?
1. a correlation coefficient of 0.8 2. a correlation coefficient of -0.8
Which challenges has China faced in its efforts to become a major player in the global market for consumer electronics and other tech sector products?
1. a culture that does not value unconventional thinking 2. inflexible college admission policies based solely on test results
Place the steps for conducting a survey in order from first to last.
1. create a preliminary draft of survey questions 2. conduct a pilot study 3. identify problems with the survey questions 4. revise and finalize the survey questions 5.collect data from the main survey sample
Place the steps of the research process in order from first to last.
1. define the research problem 2. review the literature 3. make the problem precise 4. work out a design 5. carry out the research 6. interpret the results 7. report the findings
Which behaviors would an evolutionary biologist like Edward O. Wilson most likely say are genetically programmed?
1. an infant's "rooting" to find the mother's breast nipple 2. a mother's attachment to her children 3. the widespread pattern of men having more power than women 4. a tendency in men toward sexual promiscuity
Historically, which were common characteristics of hunting and gathering societies?
1. extreme poverty by modern standards 2. highly developed religious rituals
What is the central message of postmodernism?
History follows no overarching plot or narrative.
Identify the themes that are important in Émile Durkheim's thought.
Important the division of labor the social factors that lead to suicide Not Important the importance of individual freedom rejection of the ideas of Auguste Comte
Identify the themes that are important in Émile Durkheim's thought.
Important the social factors that lead to suicide the division of labor Not Important the importance of individual freedom rejection of the ideas of Auguste Comte
When we view the world through the prism of the sociological imagination, in which ways are we affected?
Incorrect: We appreciate the importance of a neutral, impartial perspective about all social issues. Correct: We are better able to assess the results of public policy initiatives. ; We see the social world from many perspectives. ; We gain in self-understanding.
