Sociology Quiz 3

The average person is exposed to __________ commercials a year.

200,000

What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care? As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was stronger between mother and child. As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child. The mother-child bond was based on the social class of the mother and not the hours the child spent in day care. There was no relationship between mother-child bond and the hours a child spent in day care.

As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.

Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing? Freud's psychoanalytic theory Cooley's looking-glass self Mead's "I" and "me" concept Piaget's theory of moral reasoning

Cooley

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public? primary group generalized others secondary group significant other

Generalized others

In developing his theory on moral development, when did Kohlberg claim most people reach the postconventional stage? Most people reach this stage shortly after birth. Most people reach this stage after passing through puberty. Most people reach this stage during the "midlife crisis." Most people do not reach this stage.

Most people do not reach this stage.

What conclusion did psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis make after observing the interactions of mothers and their children? Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent. Mothers tended to treat their children the same, regardless of sex. Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent. Mothers felt their sons needed greater supervision when they played.

Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent.

A young woman is contemplating a particular behavior, in this case, dropping out of college. She is also considering an awareness of the self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment. This is referred to as her ________. socialized self as subject self-actualized stage social mirror reality principle

Social Mirror

Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid explanation for human behavior? Sociologists reject the notion that personality develops in stages. Sociologists disagree on the influence of the super ego as a balancing force of behavior. Sociologists argue that Freud failed to study a wide range of subjects before developing his theory. Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in a "good" orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an institution for mentally retarded women? The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 25 points lower than those raised by trained professionals. The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 58 points higher than those raised by trained professionals. There was no difference in the scores of the orphans raised by the mentally impaired compared to those raised by trained professionals. The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 47 points lower than those raised by trained professionals.

The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 58 points higher than those raised by trained professionals.

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course? The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth. The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6. The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death. The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.

The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.

What is the proposed source of the six specific emotions that Paul Ekman identified as being present in all cultures? They are based on the social environment. They are a product of our genes. They are based on common cultural values held worldwide. They are based on intellectual capability.

They are a product of our genes.

People and groups that influence our orientation to life - our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors - are called ________. total institutions generalized others agents of socialization out-groups

agents of socialization

Frankie and Johnnie are both above-average students, but they feel that they learn much more about life, success, and relationships with others from other students outside of the classroom. In this sense, Frankie and Johnnie are relying on the ________ for their education. hidden curriculum corridor curriculum manifest function latent function

corridor curriculum

Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the frat house, and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of what Harold Garfinkel termed ________. learning conformity a personal identity kit anticipatory socialization a degradation ceremony

degradation ceremony

According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract thinking, they have reached the level of development called the ________. sensorimotor stage formal operational stage preoperational stage concrete operational stage

formal operational stage

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public? primary group generalized others secondary group significant others

generalized others

In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?

id

What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to infant-mother bonding? peer socialization feeding and grooming intimate social contact intellectual development

inmate social contract

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted? biological makeup basic intelligence intimate early social interaction strict discipline

intimate early social interaction

In developing his theory on moral development, when did Kohlberg claim most people reach the postconventional stage? Most people reach this stage shortly after birth. Most people reach this stage after passing through puberty. Most people reach this stage during the "midlife crisis." Most people do not reach this stage.

never

Based on the research of Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly? They would probably use physical punishment. They would rely on reasoning with the child. They would probably deny privileges and "ground" the child. They would offer verbal encouragement.

physical punishment

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________. resocialization socialization the "looking-glass self" anticipatory socialization

resocialization

According to Piaget, the stage of development that is dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause and effect is the ________ stage. formal operational preoperational sensorimotor concrete operational

sensorimotor

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________. generalized others significant others primary group members reference group members

significant other

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________. 1.significant others 2.the person's reference group 3.the person's in-group 4.generalized others

significant others

Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the family car without permission last night, returning home at 3 AM with the smell of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely, based on the research of Kohn, that the next day Frank's parents will ________. call the police and have their son arrested to impress upon him the error of his ways buy him his own car and hold him to a higher standard of responsibility physically punish their son using a culturally approved method suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving

suspend Frank's driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be a full-fledged member of society? the ability to take the role of another an average or above-average IQ a well-developed id the influence of positive peers

the ability to take the roles of another

Video games have begun to portray women in changing gender roles, such as Lara Croft, the adventure-seeking archaeologist, and Xena, Warrior Princess. This change in roles may also serve as ________. an example of pornography a way to confuse children about their sexuality a way to motivate young women to play video games the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males

the creation of stereotypes

John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________. social institution agent of socialization social location total institution

total institution

The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is called ________. transitional adulthood puberty adolescence the middle years

transitional adulthood

Which of the following traits is least likely to be linked to "nature" (heredity) and most likely linked to "nurture" (the social environment)? 1. vocational choice 2.temperament 3.ability at sports 4.aptitude for mathematics

vocational choice