sociology test 4 ADAMS

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11. As increasing percentages of women work full time, even those with children under age 6, men have taken on relatively equal amounts of domestic chores. a. True b. False

False: Even when married women work full time, they are still largely responsible for household chores and child care. When men do help, they spend much less time than do their wives working at the same tasks.

1. Sexual expression and parent-child relationships are not necessarily part of all family relationships. a. True b. False

True

41. __________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state. a. Recreational b. Chronic c. Therapeutic d. Acute

46. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. etiquette d. cultural toolkit

50. Which of the following is used to treat syphilis? a. penicillin b. holistic medicine c. warfarin d. antiretroviral therapy

53. __________ descent is used in the United States for the purpose of determining kinship and inheritance rights; however, children typically take the father's last name. a. Bilateral b. Duo-lateral c. Matrilineal d. Neolateral

54. A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father). a. patriarchal b. matriarchal c. egalitarian d. homogamous

55. Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. theoretical explanations d. critical reasoning

79. Political __________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior. a. socialization b. participation c. conformity d. persuasion

80. A __________ is a document stating the person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated. a. living will b. medical contract c. personal pact d. living covenant

94. __________ theorists focus on the socially constructed nature of "health" and "illness" and how both should be treated. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Functionalist c. Postmodernist d. Conflict

94. __________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention. a. Capitalism b. Socialism c. Imperialism d. Authoritarianism

105. The work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a catalyst for social change. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel

105. The term __________ refers to the process of converting resources from state ownership to private ownership. a. monopolization b. privatization c. centralized decision making d. the pursuit of collective goals

29. Education serves five major manifest functions in society, including __________. a. providing childcare b. transmitting culture c. matchmaking and social networking d. organizing athletic events

60. __________ means that patients are billed separately for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses. a. Third-party provider b. Fee-for-service c. Health maintenance organization d. Managed care

64. In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives. a. fee-for-service program b. third-party provider program c. health maintenance organization program d. managed care program

64. According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Robert Merton d. Herbert Spencer

69. In a stereotypically conventional family, the wife/mother runs the household, cares for children, and meets the emotional needs of family members. Talcott Parsons termed this the __________. a. authoritarian role b. expressive role c. instrumental role d. egalitarian role

78. Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that beyond the ordinary. a. profane b. sacred c. spiritual d. magical

84. In the United States, there is a strong cultural belief that __________ should be the basis of an intimate relationship. a. tradition b. romantic love c. economic security d. convenience

86. Sociologists note that women and men in the United States may have very different ideas about and perceptions of love. One of the differences is that men, more than women,______________. a. express their feelings verbally b. tend to express their love through nonverbal actions c. fall in love very quickly d. are very nurturing and emotionally supportive of loved ones

87. __________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. a. Education b. The economy c. Politics d. The mass media

48. In __________ monarchies, a powerful figure claims a hereditary right to rule based on membership in a noble family or a divine right to rule considered God-given and therefore legitimate. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

50. __________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria. a. Age grading b. Intelligence grouping c. Tracking d. Ability segregation

63. The pluralist model is rooted in a __________ perspective, which assumes that people in a nation share a consensus on central concerns and that the government provides services that no other institution can fulfill. a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. postmodernist

88. Most workers in preindustrial economies (such as hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, and agrarian societies) engage in __________ production, which is the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment. a. secondary sector b. tertiary sector c. primary sector d. quartiary sector

________ reflects a "proper" attitude toward education, socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture.

cultural capital

107. What percentage of new marriages in the United States ends in divorce? a. between 5 and 10 percent b. between 15 and 20 percent c. between 25 and 33 percent d. between 40 and 50 percent

21. __________ are responsible primarily for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for members. a. Preindustrial families b. Agricultural families c. Hunting and gathering families d. Contemporary families

23. __________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health. a. Curing b. Healing c. Medicine d. Health care

44. Chronic heavy drinking has been linked to __________. a. high caloric consumption and high nutritional intake b. low caloric consumption and high nutritional intake c. low caloric consumption and low nutritional intake d. high caloric consumption and low nutritional intake

45. Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class. a. symbolic interactionists b. functionalists c. postmodernist d. conflict theorists

70. A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual. a. personality b. emotional c. developmental d. intelligence

70. __________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later. a. Third-party payer programs b. Federally funded programs c. Fee-for-service d. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

75. Which of these groups has the highest uninsured rate? a. white non-Hispanic b. Asian American c. African American d. Hispanic/Latino/a

85. __________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses instead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects. a. Theism b. Transcendent idealism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism

2. Sociologists all share the same perspective on the role of education in society. a. True b. False

false: Functionalists believe that education contributes to the maintenance of society and provides people with an opportunity for self-enhancement and upward social mobility. Conflict theorists argue that education perpetuates social inequality and benefits the dominant class at the expense of all others.

18. Periods of national financial recession are always periods of increased rates of divorce. a. True b. False

false: Some couples remain together during financial hard times for reasons of economic survival, to wait to sell a house, and the like. Sometimes couples remain together because they have gained a deeper commitment through weathering adversity together.

7. Male students have a higher rate of graduation from high school and college than their female peers. a. True b. False

false: After years of lagging behind, females now outpace their male peers in rates of graduation from high school and college.

15. Great Britain has a system of socialized medicine. a. True b. False

true

16. In the United States, the separation of church and state prevents the direct religious legitimation of political power. a. True b. False

true

16. Many practitioners of alternative medicine take a holistic approach. a. True b. False

true

16. The United States was the first nation to formally address the issue of equality in employment for persons with a disability. a. True b. False

true

101. Companies such as Time Warner and Viacom have extensive holdings in radio and television stations, cable television companies, book publishing firms, and film production and distribution companies. These companies are referred to as __________. a. oligopolies b. interlocking corporate directorates c. shared monopolies d. conglomerates

102. In addition to direct merger, competition is reduced over the long run by __________, where members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the board(s) of other corporations. a. monopolies b. shared monopolies c. conglomerates d. interlocking corporate directorates

103. Children in single-parent households are at greater risk of lower standards of living primarily due to_________________________. a. lack of attention from a single parent b. lower moral standards that are held by single parents c. lack of role models and a positive reference group d. having fewer economic resources than two-parent households

106. Which of these statements illustrates the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion? a. Religion is an "opiate" that soothes distress and prevents social uprising. b. A religious belief system may be more compatible with and help to strengthen capitalism. c. The teachers of many religions are male, as are the leaders of religious institutions. d. Religion provides reference groups that help individuals to define their own identity.

107. Rational choice theory of religion suggests that_______________________. a. each person has a natural affinity for one particular religion b. older religions are more authentic and have belief systems that are better c. some sets of religious beliefs are more rational than others d. religion is a competitive marketplace in which people shop around for the best fit for them

24. In the absence of a constitutional amendment, issues relating to the separation of church and state, including religious instruction in public schools, are ultimately constitutional issues that are decided by __________. a. the President of the United States b. state governors c. Congress d. the U.S. Supreme Court

25. __________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for selfenhancement and upward social mobility. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Conflict c. Postmodern d. Functionalist

26. Which of these countries has the highest life expectancy? a. Malawi b. United States c. Sweden d. Monaco

27. Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution. a. latent functions b. intrinsic functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions

27. People are not likely to accept authority as legitimate__________________________. a. when they are economically dependent on those in power b. when they are politically dependent on those who hold power c. when it reflects their own beliefs and values d. when they are threatened with physical force

30. British kings and queens historically traced their authority from God. Weber called this __________. a. coercive authority b. rational-legal authority c. charismatic authority d. traditional authority

33. Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________. a. change and innovation b. transmission of culture c. social control d. social placement

33. In horticultural and agricultural societies, __________ are extremely important. Having alarge number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival. a. nuclear families b. blended families c. conventional families d. extended families

34. Which of these is an example of an acute disease? a. diabetes b. lung cancer c. multiple sclerosis d. dysentery or diarrhea

34. In Weber's work on authority, the term ___________ authority refers to power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations. a. charismatic b. traditional c. coercive d. rational-legal

35. Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________. a. stroke and infectious disease b. AIDS and heart disease c. heart disease and accidents d. tobacco use and alcohol abuse

37. A child born in the United States in 2013 has a life expectancy of __________. a. 63.5 years b. 69.3 years c. 75.1 years d. 78.7 years

40. Taking an aspirin to reduce a fever is an example of __________ drug use. a. recreational b. chronic c. pleasure d. therapeutic

41. Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________. a. social placement b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. restricting some activities d. creation of a generation gap

42. Someone smoking cigarettes is an example of __________ drug use. a. therapeutic b. chronic c. acute d. recreational

43. A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations. a. city-state b. metropolis c. commonwealth d. nation-state

49. The most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease, in terms of number of cases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is __________. a. gonorrhea b. syphilis c. HIV/AIDS d. chlamydia

52. Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes. a. regular classes b. mixed-tracking c. untracked d. detracking

56. The __________ is widely considered the catalyst for the emergence of modern medical education. a. Coleman Report b. Landsteiner Report c. Ford Foundation d. Flexner Report

57. All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________. a. medical education should be full-time b. medical colleges should be research facilities c. medical education should be focused on teaching and research d. medical colleges should provide the best medical care

57. Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems. a. lower-income students b. middle-class students c. developmentally challenged students d. affluent students

62. The U.S. Constitution requires that each state have __________ senators and a minimum of __________ member(s) in the House of Representatives. The current size of the House of Representatives has not changed since the apportionment following the 1910 census. a. four; one b. one; three c. three; two d. two; one

63. __________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant). a. Prophecizing b. Stigmatizing c. Stereotyping d. Labeling

65. Which of these is not one of the four main functions of government? a. maintaining law and order b. planning and directing society c. handling international relations, including warfare d. ensuring positive family relationships

66. In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________. a. have an incentive to limit their visits to doctors, but not to hospitals b. usually seek a second opinion on recommended medical procedures c. usually pay for their own services d. have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits

71. __________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients. a. Fee-for-service programs b. Health maintenance organizations c. Third-party providers d. Managed care

72. Sociologist __________ applied the term power elite to the most powerful in society, who are those at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military. a. Karl Marx b. Robert Merton c. Emile Durkheim d. C. Wright Mills

76. Today, about __________ of U.S. undergraduates are educated in community colleges. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

77. __________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians. a. Universal health care b. Health maintenance organizations c. A fee-for-service system d. Socialized medicine

79. Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing. a. magical b. profane c. spiritual d. sacred

79. __________ analyze family influence on an individual's self-concept and identity. From this perspective, what people think, as well as what they say and do, is very important in understanding family dynamics. a. Functionalists b. Postmodern theorists c. Conflict theorists d. Symbolic interactionists

82. Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________. a. dogma b. magic c. secular ceremonies d. rituals

82. __________ is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person—body and mind—rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur. a. Traditional medicine b. Preventive medicine c. Conventional medicine d. Holistic medicine

83. Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years. a. 10,000 b. 25,000 c. 50,000 d. 100,000

83. The U.S. government employs about __________ people, excluding the U.S. Postal Service. a. 100,000 b. 500,000 c. 1 million d. 2.1 million

84. If all forms of alternative medicine (including chiropractic, massage, and spiritual) are taken into account, people spend __________ money on unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations. a. much less b. about the same amount of c. less d. more

88. A category of religion, __________ refers to a belief in a god or gods. a. animism b. simple supernaturalism c. transcendent idealism d. theism

91. spiritual forces, such as sacred principles of thought and conduct, rather than a god or gods. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism

93. From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system? a. physicians b. pharmaceutical companies c. insurance companies d. patients

97. __________ is the world's largest corporation. a. Walmart b. Phillip Morris c. General Motors d. Exxon/Mobil

99. Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of __________. a. relieving the individual of responsibility for decision making b. giving meaning and purpose to life c. promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging d. maintaining social control and support for the government

11. Medicaid is a federal health care program that provides the same services for all low-income people throughout the United States. a. True b. False

false: Although Medicaid is a federal health care program, it is paid for with federal-state-local monies, and each state has its own rules about who may be covered.

6. Women have always had longer life expectancy than men. a. True b. False

false: Prior to the twentieth century, women had shorter life expectancy due to mortality rates during pregnancy and childbirth.

3. Most U.S. family households are made up of a married couple with one or more children under the age of 18. a. True b. False

false: According to U.S. Census data, this type of household has been declining, whereas single-woman and single-man heads of households are increasing.

1. The research clearly indicates that social media has a significant influence on voters decisions about candidates and political issues. a. True b. False

false: Although media outlets have expanded on the political scene, the extent and nature of the influence of new forms of media are questions that have not been fully explored by research and remain unanswered.

7. Longer life expectancy is a reflection of women's better health status than men's. a. True b. False

false: Although men have higher rates of fatal illnesses, women have higher rates of chronic disease.

20. Modernity always leads to the secularization of a society. a. True b. False

false: Berger and others have noted that in some cases the opposite is true. Modernity is sometimes accompanied by increases in religious commitment and religiosity, despite the decline in the membership of mainline churches and denominations.

2. Although the family of orientation is based exclusively on blood ties, the family of procreation may be based on both blood and legal ties a. True b. False

false: Both family of procreation and family of orientation may involve both blood and legal relationships. Adopted children are legally part of a family of orientation; a married couple may be a legal relationship within a family of procreation.

3. Charismatic authority is more stable than traditional or rational-legal authority. a. True b. False

false: Charismatic authority tends to be temporary and fairly unstable. Both rational-legal and traditional authority are more stable.

19. All forms of unemployment tend to be only temporary. a. True b. False

false: Cyclical and seasonal unemployment tend to be temporary, but structural unemployment tends to be permanent due to changes in the location and composition of jobs and the workforce.

18. Social scientists are now in agreement that mental illness is essentially a myth. a. True b. False

false: Despite decades of debate, social scientists are still not in agreement as to whether or not mental illness is a myth. Many argue it is a reality with social, biological, environmental, psychological, and other contributing factors.

14. When computing statistics on the composition of U.S. households, foster parents and children are considered relatives. a. True b. False

false: Foster parents are considered nonrelatives.

9. Marijuana is widely used on a daily basis because, although it is illegal, it has no negative effects on health. a. True b. False

false: High doses of marijuana used during pregnancy can disrupt the development of the fetus and result in congenital abnormalities and neurological disturbances of the fetus. Some studies indicate that marijuana smokers are at greater risk of lung cancer because they inhale more deeply than tobacco smokers.

15. An ideal capitalist economy requires government regulation in order to work properly. a. True b. False

false: Ideally, a capitalist system works best without government intervention. Classic economist Adam Smith advocated the policy of laissez-faire—leave alone.

17. Alternative medicine is less expensive than conventional Western medicine. a. True b. False

false: If all forms of alternative medicine are taken into account, people spend more on these unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations.

8. There is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys. a. True b. False

false: If girls' success has come at the expense of boys, we would expect corresponding decreases in males' educational achievement. This has not been the case.

13. In the United States, all full-time workers must receive health insurance as part of their benefits package. a. True b. False

false: In 2012, 15 percent of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance.

14. The Canadian health care system is an example of socialized medicine. a. True b. False

false: In a system of socialized medicine, the government runs and controls the health care system. Physicians in Canada are not governmental employees and have greater autonomy than they would in a socialized system.

2. Life expectancy has increased since 1980 in all countries. a. True b. False

false: Life expectancy has decreased in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa due to the prevalence of AIDS.

4. Standardized tests are an effective means of testing student intelligence and ability. a. True b. False

false: Many argue that standardized tests measure students' amount of cultural capital more than their aptitude or intelligence.

5. Most social scientists believe that tracking is an effective means of giving students of color and those from low-income families an opportunity to excel academically and thus enable future success. a. True b. False

false: Many believe that tracking is an obvious means through which students of color and those from low-income families receive a lower-quality education, which makes it likely that they will lag behind their white, middle-class counterparts in the future.

10. Most school funding comes from the federal government, and a small percentage comes from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes. a. True b. False

false: Most educational funds come from state legislative appropriations (45.8 percent) and local sources (44.1 percent); and the federal government pays the remaining (10.1 percent).

15. Today, most domestic violence is reported to the police, so we have more accurate statistics about violence in the home. a. True b. False

false: Much domestic violence is not reported to the police. For example, it is estimated that only about half of intimate partner violence against women is reported.

12. The United States is the only nation that has a purely capitalist economic system. a. True b. False

false: No society has a purely socialist or capitalist economic system.

7. Representative democracies have governments that are all organized in the same way. a. True b. False

false: Not all Western democratic elections are "winner takes all" as in the United States. In Europe most governments are formed from coalitions based on the percentages candidates won in elections.

5. All true nation-states have the same type of government. a. True b. False

false: Not all nation-states have the same type of government. There are four main types of political systems found in nation-states: monarchy; authoritarianism; totalitarianism; and democracy.

17. Contingent work is found only at the lower end of occupations in the United States. a. True b. False

false: Rejoinder: Contingent or temporary and part-time work is found in every segment of the workforce.

14. China is the only country in the world today with a purely socialist economic system. a. True b. False

false: Rejoinder: Like pure capitalism, a purely socialist economic system does not exist in reality.

19. In any given religion, men and women will hold the same beliefs. a. True b. False

false: Religious beliefs are subject to interpretation, and many religions promote subordinate roles for women. It is probable that women's interpretations of any given religion will be different from those of men.

12. Students using voucher programs to attend school outperform public students on standardized tests. a. True b. False

false: Studies in a few states found that public school students outperformed those attending using a voucher program. However, neither group of students met state proficiency standards.

17. The divorce rate in the United States has been steadily increasing since the early twentieth century. a. True b. False

false: The U.S. divorce rate increased from 0.7 per 1,000 population in 1900 to 5.3 in 1981. However, since then it has declined to a rate of 3.6 per 1,000 population in 2009.

4. The United States spends a larger percentage of its gross domestic product on health care than other countries; this high percentage if spending ensures that the U.S. population is among the healthiest in the world. a. True b. False

false: The United States spends over 17 percent of its gross domestic product on health care, and this is one of the largest percentages of GDP in the Western world. However, the health status of the U.S. population is not correspondingly high.

14. The functions of religion (providing meaning and purpose, promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging, and providing social control and support for the government) can only be fulfilled by beliefs and practices that are supernatural in nature. a. True b. False

false: The history and values of a society or a nation may be made sacred by rituals, symbols, and beliefs that form a type of civil religion.

21. Religious fundamentalism now only appeals to people who have lower incomes, live in rural areas, and have lower levels of educational attainment. a. True b. False

false: This was more true in the past. Today, newer fundamentalist movements appeal to people from all socioeconomic levels, regional areas, and occupations in the United States. Globally, fundamentalism has expanded as a reaction to secularization and modernization.

9. Party loyalties are becoming increasingly strong among American voters. a. True b. False

false: Voters demonstrate decreasing party loyalty, voting split ticket or one party in the primary and another in the election. Also, the media are replacing the party as the source of political communication.

15. All types of religions have some type of all-powerful supernatural being at the center of the belief system. a. True b. False

false: In preindustrial societies, religion often takes the form of simple supernaturalism, which has no specific supernatural beings or animism (the belief that supernatural forces may exist in people or natural objects). Transcendent idealism is also a nontheistic type of religion.

1. Illness is a social construction; definitions may change over time and between cultures. a. True b. False

true

1. Both religion and education are responsible for teaching knowledge, cultural values, and beliefs. a. True b. False

true

10. Until the 1960s and 1970s, most doctors in the United States were white, upper-middle or upper-class men. a. True b. False

true

10. The U.S. federal bureaucracy is part of the iron triangle of power. a. True b. False

true

11. A majority of U.S. jobs are in tertiary sector employment. a. True b. False

true

11. Efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic segregation in public education have failed in many districts throughout the United States. a. True b. False

true

12. Research shows that although preventive health care is good for an individual's health, it does not necessarily decrease the overall total costs of health care. a. True b. False

true

13. Community colleges are one of the fastest growing segments of higher education. a. True b. False

true

13. Over the last fifty years in the United States, the number of households comprised of single men and single women living alone has been increasing. a. True b. False

true

13. Most citizens of the United States are not actual capitalists. a. True b. False

true

16. The majority of elder abuse occurs in the home, not in institutions. a. True b. False

true

17. Civil religion in the United States is not necessarily the same thing as Christianity. a. True b. False

true

18. Lawful jobs are often part of the underground or shadow economy. a. True b. False

true

18. Religion may be a source of social solidarity as well as social conflict. a. True b. False

true

19. The social and physical environments in which people live are a significant factor in the extent to which they may be considered disabled. a. True b. False

true

19. There is no evidence to support the assumption that children are better off living with a same-sex parent after a divorce. a. True b. False

true

2. In contemporary societies, the government is the primary political system. a. True b. False

true

20. From a conflict perspective, people with disabilities are members of a subordinate group. a. True b. False

true

20. Most people who get divorced also get remarried. a. True b. False

true

3. One of the most important factors in improving life expectancy is improved access to safe water. a. True b. False

true

3. Not all analysts or functionalists agree on what the functions of education should be in contemporary societies. a. True b. False

true

4. The U.S. Constitution grants authority to the person who occupies the office of the presidency; any particular president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office. a. True b. False

true

5. Rates of illness are highest among the old and the young. a. True b. False

true

6. All students are subject to the hidden curriculum in education. a. True b. False

true

6. All rulers need the support of the military and the backing of business elites to maintain their position. a. True b. False

true

8. Although rural Americans make up 20 percent of the U.S. population, only 10 percent of the nation's physicians practice in rural areas. a. True b. False

true

8. The U.S. political system is made up of both formal and informal components. a. True b. False

true

9. There are large differences in scores on academic tests between white students and African American and Hispanic/Latino students. a. True b. False

true

12. Not all people without children consider themselves childfree. a. True b. False

ture

10. Despite the wide variety of reasons people have for getting married, the choice of who they will marry is fairly predictable. a. True b. False

True

7. Kissing is not a culturally universal demonstration of intimacy and affection. a. True b. False

True

8. Research suggests that those people in sustained relationships such as marriage and cohabitation find sexual activity to be the most satisfying emotionally and physically. a. True b. False

True

102. Research suggests that __________ of American children live in a single-parent household at any given time. a. one-fourth b. almost one-third c. more than half d. only a very few

103. A person who is on the board of a bank also sits on the board of a computer manufacturing company that borrows money from that bank. This is an example of an __________. a. interlocking corporate directorate b. professional conglomeration c. shared directorate d. oligopoly director

104. The famous quote stating that religion is an "opiate of the masses" comes from the work of __________. a. Karl Marx b. Max Weber c. Emile Durkheim d. George Simmel

104. __________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making. a. Socialism b. Capitalism c. Communism d. A mixed economy

105. __________ have the highest rate of people who have never married. a. African Americans b. Hispanic/Latino/a c. Asian American d. white non-Hispanic

106. Sweden, Great Britain, and France have economic systems that are forms of __________. a. democratic socialism b. pure socialism c. democratic capitalism d. oligopoly

108. A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

109. Lisa works as a nanny and is paid in cash by the family she works for. She does not declare her earnings to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). She is a part of the_______________. a. underground economy b. legitimate economy c. contingent economy d. marginal economy

111. New religious movement is the term that refers to groups that were formerly termed __________. a. a cult b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

21. At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________. a. state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being b. absence of infection c. absence of sickness, viruses, and physical pains d. state of equilibrium, with all the parts in balance

21. __________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between that society and those outside its borders. a. Government b. Economics c. Politics d. The military

22. Both religion and education___________________________. a. impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered to the social reproduction of society and the individual b. are provided publically by state and federal governments c. deal with issues of governance and social movements d. are relatively new social institutions

23. Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure. a. knowledge, skills, and cultural values b. cultural values and beliefs c. technical skills and training d. information or knowledge

25. __________ is a measure of the estimated average lifetime of people born in a specific year. a. Life expectancy b. Life cycle c. Life span d. Life longevity

26. Early sociologist __________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society. a. Emile Durkheim b. Robert Merton c. Max Weber d. Karl Marx

26. The __________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place. a. family of orientation b. nuclear family c. family of procreation d. extended family

28. The ideal types of authority identified by Max Weber includes___________. a. charismatic authority b. familial authority c. coercive authority d. relational authority

30. From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. This is one of the manifest functions of education: __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. social placement d. change and innovation

30. Today, most sociologists would consider two gay men and their adopted children, sharing the same household, to be a __________ family. a. nuclear b. extended c. patrilineal d. blended

31. Social epidemiologists investigate_______________. a. the human host b. the social atmosphere c. health coefficients d. microscopic carriers

31. Gender, race, and class are closely intertwined with traditional authority. Political scientist Zillah Eisenstein applied the term __________ to the interplay of race and gender that reinforces traditional structures of power in contemporary societies. a. racialized patriarchy b. patriarchal colonization c. ethnic genderization d. gendered ethnicity

32. Which of these is an example of a chronic disease? a. diabetes b. stroke c. infection d. dysentery or diarrhea

32. Weber applied the term __________ to power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers. a. charismatic authority b. traditional authority c. coercive authority d. rational-legal authority

35. Rational-legal authority is also known as __________ authority, which is based on an organizational structure that includes a clearly defined division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, and impersonality a. bureaucratic b. routinized c. democratic d. capitalistic

36. Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that require children to_______________________________. a. attend school until they reach a certain age or complete a minimum level of education b. pass a number of proficiency exams before leaving the eighth and twelfth grades c. spend at least nine months of the year in school d. learn a foreign language and basic mathematic skills

37. Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________. a. restricting some activities b. matchmaking and production of social networks c. creation of a generation gap d. social placement

42. How does a city-state differ from a nation-state? a. A city-state is made up of a central city exercising control over the surrounding area. b. Nation-states are older, having been around hundreds of years before city-states. c. A city-state has geographical borders; a nation-state does not. d. There is no difference between a city-state and a nation-state.

44. A __________ has specific geographic territories and borders within which a citizenry shares language and culture, as well as rights and obligations. a. nation-state b. commonwealth c. metropolis d. city-state

45. Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States? a. tobacco use b. alcohol use c. automobile use d. sun tanning and tanning booth use

46. __________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance. a. Monarchy b. Totalitarianism c. Communism d. Democracy

48. socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture; some people have more of these attitudes and knowledge than others. a. Cultural capital b. Social wealth c. Etiquette d. Cultural toolkit

49. According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude. a. cultural capital b. social wealth c. prestige d. cultural toolkit

50. In __________ monarchies, the royalty serve as symbolic rulers or heads of state whereas actual authority is held by elected officials in the national parliaments. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

52. __________ is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government. a. Authoritarianism b. Totalitarianism c. Monarchy d. Democracy

57. One example of a(n) __________ regime was the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany during World War II; military leaders there sought to control all aspects of national life, not just government operations. a. totalitarian b. democratic c. monarchy d. coalition

58. __________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status. a. Credentialism b. Tracking c. The hidden curriculum d. Ability grouping

59. Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________. a. on a fee-for-service basis b. through a third-party provider c. taken care of by health maintenance organizations d. through the federal government

64. Sherona is very good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________. a. labeling b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking d. educational dysfunction

65. Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. the hidden curriculum c. tracking or ability testing d. a dysfunction of the educational system

66. In a __________ model, the needs and interests of widely divergent groups are met by the government through a process of accommodation and negotiation. Power in political systems is widely dispersed and shared among many competing interest groups. a. pluralist b. elite c. distributive d. ruling class

67. __________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling. a. Symbolic interactionists b. Postmodernists c. Functionalists d. Conflict theorists

68. Citizen groups such as the American Conservative Union and Zero Population Growth are examples of __________. a. special interest groups b. power elites c. ruling class d. political action committees

68. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor. a. Medicaid b. Medicare c. Social Security d. Social Supplementary Income

69. The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. learning disability c. defeating perception d. fallacy of reasoning

69. __________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates who share their stances on specific issues. a. Political action committees b. Pressure groups c. Lobby groups d. Power elites

73. The __________ make(s) up the middle level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite. a. legislative branch, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders b. corporate rich c. unorganized masses of the citizenry d. executive branch of government

74. Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools. a. Latinos/as (Hispanics) b. African Americans c. Native Americans d. non-Hispanic Whites

76. Canada has a(n) __________ system, which is a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues. In Canada, these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens. a. universal health care b. health maintenance organization c. fee-for-service medical care d. managed care

76. Conflict theory explains family problems, such as divorce and overall family instability, by pointing out_____________________________. a. how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes tofamily problems b. the relationship between family troubles and changes in other social institutions, such as the economy, religion, and law c. that definitions of the family are socially constructed and impact family life d. the diversity and fragmentation of families

76. The corporate rich influence the political system by______________. a. helping to finance campaigns and grant favors to political candidates b. working with grassroots community groups to end voter apathy c. widening participation on special commissions and advisory committees d. employing people to reduce social unrest

80. The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations. a. profane b. anti-spiritual c. sacred d. mundane

81. David Elkind describes the postmodern family as __________, meaning capable of being diffused or invaded in such a manner that its original purpose is modified or changed. a. permeable b. disappearing c. becoming weaker d. becoming less autonomous

84. In very simple preindustrial societies, religions often take the form of __________, which is the belief in impersonal supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively. a. simple supernaturalism b. animism c. theism d. transcendent idealism

85. The Iron Triangle is also called the __________. a. military-industrial complex b. ruling class c. power elite d. Communist Party

89. Portions of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high foreign direct investment in mineral extraction, which is an example of __________ production. a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. quartiary sector

90. __________ theorists are most likely to be concerned with unequal access to health care, power relationships in the health care system, and the role of profit in maintaining human health. a. Conflict b. Symbolic interactionist c. Functionalist d. Postmodernist

91. General support for same-sex marriage in the United States is __________ a. increasing overall b. decreasing overall c. increasing on the East Coast d. decreasing in the South

92. __________ focuses on principles such as truth, justice, affirmation of life, and tolerance for others, and its adherents seek an elevated state of consciousness in which they can fulfill their true potential. a. Transcendent idealism b. Simple supernaturalism c. Animism d. Theism

95. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild coined the term __________ to refer to the work that many employed women perform after they complete their workday on the job. a. second shift b. maintenance shift c. household shift d. domestic shift

95. The term __________ refers to the process through which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders. a. medicalization b. demedicalization c. nonmedicalization d. remedicalization

95. __________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society. a. Functionalism b. Symbolic interactionism c. Conflict theory d. Postmodernism

95. Large-scale organizations that have their own legal powers as an organization separate from the individual owners, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, are termed __________. a. corporations b. economic concentrations c. conglomerates d. interlocking directorates

96. The Census Bureau defines the term __________ as two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married. a. cohabitation b. assimilation c. accommodation d. matrimony

96. __________, one of the first sociologists to emphasize that religion is essential to the maintenance of society, suggested that religion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Talcott Parsons d. Robert Merton

98. Sometimes a corporation has virtually no competitors; this is termed a(n) __________. A(n) __________ exists when just a few companies have virtual control of an entire industry. a. monopoly; oligopoly b. oligopoly; monopoly c. oligarchy; monopology d. monarchy; oligopoly

99. In the United States, adults with mental illness are most likely to receive treatment __________. a. from primary care health providers b. in psychiatric hospitals c. from licensed therapists and psychiatrists d. in total institutions

100. From the __________ perspective, disability is viewed as a form of deviance. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

100. The informal relationship between religion and the state that takes the form of rituals and beliefs that create a feeling of sacredness around society or a nation is termed __________. a. the spiritualization of politics b. civil religion c. political religion d. affirmational politics

100. Corporations with control both within and across industries are formed by a series of mergers and acquisitions across industries. These corporations are referred to as __________; they combine businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company. a. monopolies b. conglomerates c. shared monopolies d. interlocking corporate directorates

101. July Fourth (Independence Day), Memorial Day, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Pledge of Allegiance would all be considered examples that correspond to __________. a. the spiritualization of politics in America b. American civil religion c. political religion in America d. American denominational politics

106. The term __________ refers to any intentional act or actions by one or both partners in an intimate relationship that causes injury to either person. a. child abuse b. domestic violence c. wife abuse d. family violence

108. One of the factors that increases the risk of divorce is________________________. a. earning less than $50,000 annually b. graduating from college c. having a baby prior to marriage d. getting married young (before 25)

109. A large bureaucratic organization that seeks accommodation with the larger society and also attempts to influence it is termed __________. a. an ecclesia b. a church c. a denomination d. a sect

110. The unemployment rate takes into account ________________________. a. all people who do not work for pay b. only people who are actively looking for a job c. all people between the ages of 18 and 65 d. only males with a high school degree or higher level of education

22. In contemporary societies the government is called __________ and is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory. a. autocracy b. state c. bureaucracy d. executive branch

24. __________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness. a. Health care b. Medicine c. Scientific medicine d. Holistic medicine

24. __________ is the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. Through the use of persuasion, authority, or force, some people are able to get others to submit to their demands. a. Authority b. Power c. Control d. Leverage

25. According to William Domhoff, what is the role of the media in politics? a. The media are neutral in news coverage of events and candidates. b. Media tend to reflect the biases of those with the greatest ability to access the media. c. The media are more powerful than government officials. d. Journalists are more powerful than corporate leaders.

27. The __________ is equal to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. a. child mortality rate b. infant mortality rate c. first year of life rate d. baby mortality

28. A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English. a. extrinsic b. manifest c. intrinsic d. latent

28. An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been __________. a. improved medical technologies b. a safer water supply c. healthier diets d. increased exercise programs

29. Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents, all in the same household. Sociologists would say that Rachael lives in a(n) __________ family. a. nuclear b. extended c. patrilineal d. blended

29. __________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population. a. Sociology of medicine b. Social epidemiology c. Social health d. Social medicine

29. Weber used the term __________ authority for power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom. a. charismatic b. traditional c. coercive d. rational-legal

31. Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation

32. __________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources. a. Blended families b. Extended families c. Conventional families d. Nuclear families

35. According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________. a. intrinsic functions b. latent functions c. extrinsic functions d. manifest functions

36. In a system of rational-legal authority, the authority is invested in the __________. a. person holding the office b. office c. political party the person in office belongs to d. administrative personnel working for the office-holder

38. Although the U.S. Constitution grants __________ authority to the office of the presidency, a president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office. a. traditional b. rational-legal c. charismatic d. coercive

39. Studies reveal that nearly __________ of U.S. students admit to bullying others with some frequency. a. one-tenth b. one-fifth c. one-fourth d. one-third

39. When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial affect, this is termed __________ use. a. standard b. therapeutic c. chronic d. recreational

39. Weber believed that __________ authority was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law. a. traditional b. rational-legal c. charismatic d. coercive

40. Individuals such as Hitler and Martin Luther King, Jr. are examples of __________ leaders. a. traditional b. charismatic c. rational-legal d. coercive

41. Bubba married his high school sweetheart, and they have been faithful to each other for 30 years. Their marriage is considered to be __________. a. polygamous b. monogamous c. homogamous d. polyandrous

45. Today, the U.S. State Department recognizes ___________ independent nation-states throughout the world. a. 150 b. 195 c. 250 d. 295

47. According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture. a. Karl Marx b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Emile Durkheim d. Max Weber

47. __________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States. a. Tobacco b. Marijuana c. Heroin d. Alcohol

49. In __________ monarchies, rulers depend on powerful members of the nobility to help them retain their thrones and are not considered to be above the law. a. constitutional b. limited c. absolute d. total

51. AIDS is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world face today. a. human immunity virus b. human immunodeficiency virus c. high-level immunity virus d. acquired human virus

51. Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. __________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. Postmodern

52. What is the world's leading infectious killer? a. cancer b. HIV c. Ebola d. SARS

53. In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural value; routines and regulations also and shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization

54. Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States,________________. a. obesity will be in decline among the population b. obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years c. obesity will cease to be a problem d. obesity will be curable using medications

54. Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining. a. tracking system b. hidden curriculum c. manifest function of education d. resocialization process

54. __________ result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti. a. Absolute monarchies b. Military juntas c. Dictatorships d. Direct participatory democracies

55. During the nineteenth century in the United States, which of the following was not one of the ways a person could become a medical doctor? a. going to medical school b. taking medical licensure exams c. being an apprentice, graduating high school, and attending lectures d. purchasing a mail-order diploma

55. In a __________ political system, the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives. a. democracy b. totalitarianism c. monarchy d. authoritarianism

56. Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize __________. a. procedures and rote memorization b. decision making and choice c. creative self-expression d. critical reasoning

58. According to the text, with professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment in the United States. a. the American Medical Association b. licensed medical doctors c. insurance companies d. medical schools

59. __________ is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives. a. Totalitarianism b. Democracy c. Monarchy d. Authoritarianism

61. In the United States, the political system is a __________ in which people have a voice in the government elected representatives who serve as bridges between themselves and the government. a. direct participatory democracy b. representative democracy c. symbolic democracy d. independent involvement democracy

62. After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is __________. a. Obama Health Care Reform Bill of 2010 b. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 c. U.S. Health Maintenance Act of 2010 d. The Patient Right to Health Care Bill of 2010

71. Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________. a. the iron law of oligarchy b. the labeling process c. tracking d. the hidden curriculum

72. In regards to unequal funding as a source of unequal education, the text notes that____________________. a. an influx of federal funds has largely ended the problem by equalizing funding b. most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes c. the property tax base for central city schools has continued to grow in most regions d. recent redistribution of funds has made many schools' resources more equitable than in the past

74. The __________ make(s) up the top level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite. a. legislative branch, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders b. corporate rich c. unorganized masses of the citizenry d. executive branch of government

75. William Domhoff used the term __________ to refer to a small, fixed, privileged group of people with the power to constrain the political system and serve the interests of capitalism. a. power elite b. ruling class c. special interest group d. political action committee

80. What percentage of the U.S. voting-age population is involved in the political process beyond simply voting? a. 2 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 50 percent

81. Stem cells are important medically because_____________________. a. they are the foundation of in vitro fertilization b. they can be used to generate any specialized cell in the human body c. they are essential to various types of preventive medical approaches d. they are the only area of research that all sides can agree on politically

81. Even in Presidential election years, voter turnout can be low. For example, in the 2012 presidential election, approximately __________ of eligible voters cast ballots. a. 30 percent b. 60 percent c. 75 percent d. 90 percent

82. When did the scope of government influence in people's daily lives in the United States expand considerably for the first time? a. during the Civil War b. during Depression in the 1930s c. during World War II d. during the 1960s Vietnam War

86. __________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society. a. Theism b. Animism c. Simple supernaturalism d. Transcendent idealism

89. According to the text, __________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world. a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural c. agricultural d. industrial

89. The __________ theory emphasizes the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodernist

90. In industrial economies, __________ refers to the processing of raw materials into finished goods. a. primary sector production b. secondary sector production c. tertiary sector production d. quartiary sector production

92. Conflict theorists use the term __________ for the system of local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies. a. health care-organizational complex b. medical-industrial complex c. organizational-medical complex d. medical-corporate complex

93. __________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture. a. Sacreligion b. Secularization c. Detheification d. Religious reductionism

97. Homosexuality has been removed from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association. This is an example of __________. a. medicalization b. demedicalization c. nonmedicalization d. remedicalization

98. According to functionalists, religion_____________________. a. provides a sense of false consciousness b. promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging c. provides a mechanism for racial/ethnic integration d. prevents anarchy while relieving the individual of responsibility

101. From a labeling perspective, three different factors play a role in how people with disabilities are labeled. Which of these is not one of those three factors? a. the degree to which the individual is responsible for the impairment b. the apparent seriousness of the condition c. the recentness of the impairment d. the perceived legitimacy of the condition

101. Which of these would not be considered a microlevel reason for high rates of teenage pregnancy? a. Many sexually active teenagers do not use contraceptives. b. Some teenage males (due to a double standard) believe that females should be responsible for contraception. c. Lack of education and employment opportunities in urban and rural areas discourage aspirations in teenagers. d. Many teenagers do not receive accurate information about contraception use.

102. According to the text's discussion of civil religion,_____________________. a. civil religion is tied to the most popular religious group in a society b. because of the separation of church and state, all civil ceremonies in the United States lack any religious quality c. the United States flag is a sacred object within the nation's civil religion d. there is public consensus about the importance of civil religion

103. From the perspective of __________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change. a. functionalism b. symbolic interactionism c. conflict theory d. postmodernism

104. According to some marriage and family analysts, individuals who prefer to remain single typically_________________________. a. value work and professional growth b. hold less individualistic values c. are less family oriented d. do not like children

107. How do professions differ from occupations? a. Occupations have greater autonomy than professions. b. Professions are only found in the primary sector, unlike occupations, which span all sectors of employment. c. Professions are characterized as having more self-regulation than occupations. d. There is no difference between professions and occupations.

108. A contract worker, or someone working temporarily, is doing__________________. a. occupational labor b. marginal work c. contingent work d. blue collar labor

109. A(n) __________ family has a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally. a. matriarchal b. homogeneous c. egalitarian d. patriarchal

110. In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious __________. a. ecclesiasticism b. gnosticism c. pluralism d. fundamentalism

112. __________ are people of whatever religious faith who are most fearful about secularization and who believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity. a. Gnostics b. Ecclesiastics c. Fundamentalists d. Cosmopolitanists

113. Over the five-year period from 2007 to 2012, the number of people who consider themselves religiously unaffiliated in the United States_______________. a. declined to less than 10 percent b. rose from 1 percent to nearly 12 percent c. rose to about 20 percent d. stayed the same

20. __________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by various groups and individuals. a. Government b. Economics c. Politics d. Religion

22. Sociologists use the term __________ for socially defined and culturally variable states of interference with health. a. disease b. disorder c. illness d. addiction

23. The subfield within sociology that focuses on the social circumstances of politics and explores how the political arena and its actors are intertwined with social institutions is called __________. a. governmental sociology b. institutional sociology c. political sociology d. cultural sociology

26. Although the most basic form of power is physical violence or force, most political leaders prefer to legitimize their power and then have what sociologists call __________. a. control b. leverage c. authority d. political influence

30. Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease. a. hosts b. environmental factors c. disease agents d. health coefficients

32. An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality. a. social placement b. transmission of culture c. social control d. change and innovation

33. Older people (over age 65) are more likely to have __________ diseases. a. acute b. epidemic c. chronic d. infectious

33. The __________ of charisma occurs when charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority. a. traditionalization b. bureaucratization c. routinization d. modernization

34. Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called __________. a. socialization b. transmission of culture c. change and innovation d. social placement

36. Researchers have identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality? a. access to transportation, education, and good jobs b. availability of safe areas to exercise c. relative number of traffic accidents d. availability of grocery stores with nutritious foods

37. __________ authority is held by elected or appointed government officials, but authority is invested in the office, not in the person who holds the office. a. Charismatic b. Traditional c. Rational-legal d. Coercive

38. Although character education has been suggested for reducing bullying, an alternative approach is to focus on __________. a. affirmative action programs b. cultural diversity c. the social environment of the school d. stronger penalties for bullies

38. What is a drug? a. any substance that may be ingested and has no nutritional value b. a substance that is habit forming or addictive c. any substance other than food and water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way d. a pharmaceutical substance that is manufactured in a laboratory

40. Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________. a. the creation of a generation gap b. the transmission of culture c. matchmaking and the production of social networks d. restricting some activities

40. In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is __________, which refers to a marriage between two partners, usually a woman and a man. a. homogamy b. polygamy c. monogamy d. polyandry

41. Political institutions first emerged in __________ societies as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position. a. hunting and gathering b. horticultural and pastoral c. agrarian d. industrialized

42. Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a __________. a. latent function b. manifest function c. dysfunction d. instrumental function

43. Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems. a. conflict b. postmodern c. functionalist d. symbolic interactionist

43. Which of these is not a condition that has been attributed to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism? a. nutritional deficiencies b. cardiovascular problems c. hearing impairment d. alcoholic cirrhosis

44. The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________. a. polyandry b. homogamy c. polygyny d. endogamy

44. __________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others. a. Functionalist b. Symbolic interactionist c. Conflict d. Postmodern

46. Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking) __________. a. affects smokers more so than nonsmokers b. affects female smokers more than it does male smokers c. is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work with heavy smokers d. is not as dangerous as once assumed

47. Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies, and are associated with __________ authority. a. agrarian; rational-legal b. industrial; charismatic c. agrarian; traditional d. postindustrial; rational-legal

48. Both ascribed and achieved characteristics are correlated with various health risks. Which of these is an achieved characteristic related to health status? a. age b. sex c. drug use d. race/ethnicity

51. In __________ systems, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle (mother's brother) to his nephew (mother's son). In some cases, mothers may pass on their property to daughters. a. matricentric b. matrilocal c. matrilineal d. matriarchal

51. The royal families in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands are present-day examples of __________. a. absolute monarchies b. limited monarchies c. constitutional monarchies d. total monarchies

53. The largest percentage of people with HIV/AIDS live in __________. a. the United States b. Europe c. sub-Saharan Africa d. South America

53. Authoritarian governments_______________________. a. are monarchies b. are pure dictatorships c. can occur when officers seize power from the government military d. that are pure dictatorships are rare

55. In a(n) __________, the male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males. a. matriarchal family b. homogamous family c. patriarchal family d. egalitarian family

56. __________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions. a. Monarchy b. Authoritarianism c. Totalitarianism d. Democracy

58. In a __________ system, governments enforce conformity, deny citizens the right to assemble for political purposes, restrict access to information, and employ secret police to create an environment of fear and suspicion. a. authoritarian b. monarchy c. totalitarian d. democratic

59. The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort. a. tracking b. credentialism c. meritocracy d. educational bureaucracy

60. According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle- and upper classes. a. tracking b. equal opportunity c. meritocracy d. bureaucracy

60. __________ requires that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day. a. Representative democracy b. Symbolic democracy c. Direct participatory democracy d. Independent involvement democracy

61. Until recently, the only high-income nation without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens was __________. a. New Zealand b. Sweden c. the United States d. Japan

61. With regard to gender in education,_____________________________. a. there is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys b. there is a growing concern about gender bias in schools disadvantaging female students and hurting their self-esteem c. women today are enrolling in and graduating from college in higher numbers than men d. boys and girls are now equal across all subjects in exam scores

62. The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations. a. conflict b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern

63. A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________. a. deregulation of medical doctors and services provided b. fee-for-service payments c. affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace d. a single-payer nationalized health care system

65. Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services. a. health maintenance organization b. managed care c. third-party fee-for-service d. Medicare

66. According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to_______________. a. the innate or natural ability of students b. the role of the education system is creating stability in society c. the relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled d. the need for social control in society

67. __________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance within the political system. a. Political action committees b. Power elites c. Special interest groups d. Classes

67. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium. a. Medicaid b. AARP c. Medicare d. Social Supplementary Income

68. Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________. a. the smooth functioning of the classroom b. the perpetuation of the system of social class in society c. labeling individual students d. the dysfunctions of education

69. In 2010, public health insurance accounted for __________ of the federal budget. a. 5 percent b. 14 percent c. 21 percent d. 35 percent

70. Although __________ theorists acknowledge that there are many purposes of government, they also believe that government primarily works in the interests of the wealthy or politically powerful elites in society. a. postmodern b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict d. functionalist

70. Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members and thus ensure that reproduction takes place within specific boundaries. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the __________. a. mesolevel b. microlevel c. macrolevel d. metalevel

71. Within the conflict perspective, the __________ model highlights how power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group and the masses are relatively powerless. a. pluralist b. ruling class c. elite d. dominant group

72. A preferred provider organization is a form of __________ . a. fee-for-service b. health maintenance organizations c. managed care d. third-party provider

73. In 2012, __________ of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance. a. 2 percent b. 9 percent c. 15 percent d. one-half

73. Status dropout rates are a measure of __________. a. the number of students enrolled in school at any given time b. the percent of people in the general population who have earned a high school degree or its equivalent c. the percentage of people in an age group who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school degree or its equivalent d. the percentage of the local population that is currently enrolled in and attending school

74. In the United States, the age group with the highest rate of uninsurance in 2012 was __________. a. children under 5 b. children under 18 c. young adults ages 19 to 25 d. older middle-age adults ages 45 to 65

75. In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal. a. Frager v. the Board of Education of Houston, Texas b. Jordan v. the Board of Education of Montgomery, Alabama c. Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas d. Bollinger v. the Board of Education of Lansing, Michigan

77. Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community. a. secularization b. spirituality c. religion d. liberation theology

77. A __________ is an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government; it is usually composed of people with similar attitudes, interests, and socioeconomic status. a. ruling class b. political action committee c. political party d. special interest group

78. In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a(n) __________. a. universal health care system b. fee-for-service health care system c. socialized medicine system d. managed care system

78. Political parties create a __________, which is a formal statement of the party's political positions on various social and economic issues. a. policy b. regulation c. platform d. principle

79. In the China, the health care system is __________. a. socialized and managed care b. managed care and universal care c. a mix of capitalism, communism, and government-funded care d. universal care and communist funded

80. Symbolic interactionists Berger and Kellner highlight the importance of __________ for a arital relationship. a. joint finances b. children c. constructing a shared reality d. roles of power and authority

81. Clifford Geertz notes that religion is___________________________. a. a set of beliefs that give people moral direction b. doctrine or written text that comes from sources like the Bible or Koran c. a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations and that give meaning to people's behavior d. the belief in a single, all-powerful, supernatural being that creates and guides human life

83. The perspective of __________ emphasizes the importance of health-promoting behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy self-image. a. traditional medicine b. conventional medicine c. holistic medicine d. preventive medicine

84. The central ingredient in the U.S. governmental bureaucracy is __________. a. Congress b. the office of the President c. the federal budget d. the Supreme Court

85. According to the __________ approach, if society is to operate as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society. Consequently, sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society. a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. postmodernist

86. Who identified the sick role as a pattern of interaction in modern society? a. Karl Marx b. C. Wright Mills c. Talcott Parsons d. Max Weber

86. The Iron Triangle is also referred to as the __________, which results in the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors. a. military economy b. permanent war economy c. military-industrial complex d. arms industry

87. The sick role, as identified by Talcott Parsons, suggests that_____________________. a. people who get sick must take responsibility for their condition b. people in the sick role are required to go on with their normal lives c. people who are sick must want to get well d. people who are sick must do everything they can to get well on their own before seeking medical intervention

87. __________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world. a. Transcendent idealism b. Theism c. Animism d. Simple supernaturalism

88. According to some analysts, a major weakness of sociologist Talcott Parson's sick-role model is that it __________. a. does not acknowledge the role of physicians in illness b. does not explain society's role in defining sickness c. does not take into account racial/ethnic, class, and gender variations d. is too microlevel and does not provide for a societal explanation of illness-related behavior

90. The term for the belief in more than one god is __________. a. multitheism b. masstheism c. polytheism d. unitesim

91. According to many __________ theorists, problems in U.S. health care delivery are rooted in the capitalist economy, which views medicine as a commodity that is produced and sold by the medical-industrial complex. a. symbolic interactionist b. functionalist c. conflict d. postmodernist

91. Steel workers who process metal ore and autoworkers who then convert the ore into automobiles, trucks, and buses are engaged in __________ production. a. quartiary sector b. tertiary sector c. secondary sector d. primary sector

92. A postindustrial economy is based on __________ production, which is the provision of services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders. a. primary sector b. secondary sector c. tertiary sector d. quartiary sector

93. __________ includes a wide range of activities, such as fast food service, transportation, communication, education, real estate, advertising, sports, and entertainment. a. Primary sector production b. Secondary sector production c. Tertiary sector production d. Quartiary sector production

94. __________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life. a. Detheification b. Religious reductionism c. Secularization d. Anti-religiosity

96. There is a subjective component to how some conditions such as childhood obesity, drug addiction, and alcoholism have come to be considered as diseases. This subjective process is called __________. a. blaming the victim b. social symbolism c. medicalization d. professionalization

96. __________ are large companies that are headquartered in one country but produce and goods and services across many different national boundaries. a. Interlocking directorates b. Economic concentrations c. Transnational corporations d. Capitalist intermonopolies

97. Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________ that express or represent something important about the group itself. a. core beliefs b. universal representations c. collective representations d. standard practices

98. Sociologist __________ applied labeling theory to mental health disorders and argued that mental illnesses are actually traits and behaviors that society finds immoral, deviant, or unacceptable. a. Michel Foucault b. Emile Durkheim c. Thomas Szasz d. Erving Goffman

99. An example of __________ is the music industry, in which a few giant companies are behind many of the labels and artists known to consumers. a. monopoly b. conglomerate c. oligopoly d. shared monopoly

24. In preindustrial societies, __________ provides the primary basis for social organization. a. subsistence b. lineage c. kinship d. heritage

9. Studies over the past decade have supported the proposition that couples who cohabit before marriage have a more stable relationship following marriage. a. True b. False

False: In fact, couples who cohabit before marriage are less likely to stay married than couples that do not cohabit before marriage. However, if a couple is engaged before cohabiting, chances for a successful marriage increase, probably due to the greater commitment to marriage among these couples.

6. Sociologists find that men and women are equally likely to express their feelings of love verbally. a. True b. False

False: Men tend to express their feelings through nonverbal actions, such as running an errand for someone or fixing something.

5. Researchers find that married couples construct a shared reality that reflects the perspective of both partners. a. True b. False

False: Research supports Bernard's concept of "his" and "her" marriages. Husbands and wives give very different accounts of the same events, and their perspectives on their shared reality often do not coincide.

4. The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is egalitarian—which is a family structure where partners share power and authority a. True b. False

False: The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is patriarchy—a family structure where authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father). The male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males. Across cultures, men are the primary (and often sole) decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family.

52. Kinship in industrial societies is usually traced through both parents (bilineally). The most common form is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family. a. lateral descent b. bilateral descent c. matrilocal descent d. neolocal descent

56. A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother). a. patriarchal b. matriarchal c. egalitarian d. homogamous

59. Residential patterns are interrelated with the authority structure and method of tracing descent in families. __________ residence refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's family. a. Matrilocal b. Patrilocal c. Multilocal d. Neolocall

61. Few societies have residential patterns known as __________ residence, which refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents. a. neolocal b. matrilocal c. patrilocal d. multilocal

100. Adoption is a legal process through which the rights and duties of parenting are transferred from a child's biological parents and/or legal parents to new legal parents. According to the text's discussion of adoption, __________. a. a new birth certificate is issued in most adoptions b. matching adoptable children with prospective adoptive parents is a straightforward process c. more infants are available for adoption today than in the past d. today very few U.S. parents seek to adopt children from developing nations

35. __________ refers to family units composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives. a. Nuclear family b. Conventional family c. Extended family d. Blended family

39. __________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity. a. Marriage b. Cohabitation c. Trial separation d. Monogamous experimentation

47. __________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide. a. Polyandry b. Homogamy c. Endogamy d. Polygyny

49. __________ systems are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death. a. Patrilineal b. Patrilocal c. Patricentric d. Patriarchal

62. In industrialized nations such as the United States, most couples hope to live in a/an __________, which is the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents. a. neolocal residence b. multilocal residence c. patrilocal residence d. matrilocal residence

65. The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed __________. a. exogamy b. homogamy c. heterogamy d. endogamy

71. The __________ perspective places important emphasis on the role of parents and other relatives of teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in society. a. functionalist b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict d. postmodern

73. Functionalist theorists recognize that the function of the family is sometimes different in preindustrial and industrial societies. In preindustrial societies, families are units for__________; in industrial societies, families provide economic security through the workplace and the larger economic system. a. economic production b. emotional support c. financial security d. dysfunctions

22. What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________. a. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption b. a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children c. a group of people that consists of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage d. a social network of people into which a person is born, composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household

34. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the __________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the __________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society. a. blended; extended b. extended; nuclear c. nuclear; conventional d. nuclear; extended

42. Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________—a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time. a. sequential coupling b. serial monogamy c. marriage seriation d. polygamy

46. __________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men. a. Endogamy b. Polyandry c. Homogamy d. Polygyny

48. In preindustrial societies, kinship is usually traced through one parent (unilineally). The most common pattern of unilineal descent is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family. a. patriarchal descent b. patrilineal descent c. patrilocal descent d. patricentric descent

74. Although their perspectives are very different, functionalists and conflict theorists would likely agree that___________________________. a. the family is the source of emotional support b. a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family c. families socialize children to be productive members of society d. most families are extremely dysfunctional

78. Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight into the family roles, and these are modified or adapted to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the__________ perspective on the family. a. postmodern b. symbolic interactionist c. conflict theory d. functionalist

83. In the postmodern family, the boundaries between the public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This characteristic of the family is termed __________. a. homogamy b. urbanity c. endogamy d. polyandry

90. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is __________. a. constitutional b. unconstitutional c. to be phased out within 10 years d. inconsistent with the First Amendment

23. To more accurately reflect the changes in family life, the text provides a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is:__________________________. a. a social network of people into which a person is born, composed of relatives, parents, and children who live in the same household b. a group of people that consists of a husband and wife, children from previous marriages, and children (if any) from the new marriage c. a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group d. a social network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

25. The term __________ refers to a network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption. a. subsistence b. lineage c. kinship d. heritage

28. According to sociologist Judy Root Aulette, "families we choose" include blood ties and legal ties, but they also include __________, persons who are not actually related by blood but who are accepted as family members. a. informal kin b. secondary kin c. fictive kin d. generalized kin

31. The __________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household. a. blended family b. conventional family c. extended family d. nuclear family

36. A comparison of Census Bureau data from 1970 to 2012 shows that there has been __________ in the percentage of U.S. households comprised of a married couple with their own children under eighteen years of age. a. a significant increase b. a very minor increase c. a significant decline d. basically no change

37. Comparing 1970 data with 2012 data, the Census Bureau identified a noticeable decline in the number of married-couple households with their own children living with them. This type of household decreased from about 40 percent in 1970 to about __________ in 2011. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 20 percent d. 35 percent

57. Although there has been a great deal of discussion about __________, scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true types of this familial power and authority ever existed. a. patriarchal families b. egalitarian families c. matriarchal families d. homogamous families

63. The cultural practice of marrying within one's own group is called __________. a. exogamy b. homogamy c. endogamy d. heterogamy

66. __________ theorists emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals. a. Symbolic interactionist b. Conflict c. Functionalist d. Postmodern

67. Emile Durkheim saw the family as a microcosm of society. He argued that, much like in society generally,____________________________. a. marriage life is a shared reality created through the interaction of marital partners b. females are socialized to be passive and males are socialized to be aggressive c. a division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in marriages and families d. men's domination over women existed long before private ownership of property and capitalism

75. A significant difference between conflict and feminist perspectives on the family and functionalist perspectives on the family is that___________________. a. functionalists do not recognize the role that the family plays in regulating reproduction b. functionalists are much more realistic than the others about the potential for problems in the family c. conflict and feminist theorists view the functionalist perspective as unrealistic in its emphasis on support and harmony within the family d. conflict and feminist theory does not address the family and functionalism does

82. Elkind argues that the postmodern family illustrates the postmodern assumptions of difference and irregularity. He supports his perspective with the example that_______________. a. people are returning to embrace the idea of romantic and forever love b. concern about the future of marriage is resulting in stronger commitments c. men and women have sexual relations with others whom they have no intention of marrying d. single motherhood has strengthened the belief in maternal love

85. The idea of the home as a place of love and emotional support, separate from the stresses of work, emerged __________. a. in the Middle Ages b. during the Enlightenment in Europe c. with industrialization d. in the twentieth century

87. The National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago has replaced the Kinsey Report as the respected source of information on American sexual behavior. Which of these is not a finding of the survey reported in the text? a. Nine percent of the men said they had at least one homosexual encounter resulting in orgasm. b. Only 2.8 percent of the men and 1.4 percent of the women in this investigation identified themselves as gay or lesbian. c. Overall Americans seem to be challenging what were previously considered significant dominant sexual ideologies. d. Persons in sustained relationships such as marriage or cohabitation found sexual activity to be the most satisfying emotionally and physically.

89. Most people in the United States tend to choose marriage partners who are similar to themselves. __________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class. a. Monogamy b. Exogamy c. Homogamy d. Polygamy

93. __________ of all marriages with children in the United States are dual-earner marriages, in which both spouses are in the labor force. a. Less than 10 percent b. About one-fourth c. Just over half d. Nearly 75 percent

97. In regard to housework, Hochschild (2003) reports that_____________________. a. domestic work is now shared equally by both husbands and wives b. the different tasks men and women do in the home have the same deadlines c. when husbands share some household responsibilities, they typically spend much less time in these activities than do their wives d. women's income and education level have no impact on the amount of help they get with household tasks

98. Couples with more ________ ideas about women's and men's roles tend to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and child care. a. individualistic b. patriarchal c. egalitarian d. traditional

99. The difference in the terms "childfree" and "childless" indicate_________________. a. whether or not couples are infertile b. whether infertility was due to problems with the man or the woman c. whether or not a child was desired in the first place d. regional differences in language

27. The __________ is the family that a person forms by having or adopting children of his or her own. a. blended family b. family of orientation c. extended family d. family of procreation

38. In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is __________. a. secular b. heterosexual c. polygamous d. monogamous

43. __________ is the term for concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex. a. Monogamy b. Homogamy c. Endogamy d. Polygamy

45. __________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women. a. Endogamy b. Polyandry c. Homogamy d. Polygyny

50. Even with the less common pattern of __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family, women may not control property. a. matriarchal descent b. matricentric descent c. matrilocal descent d. matrilineal descent

58. The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is __________. Across cultures, men are the primary decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family. a. oligarchy b. matriarchy c. egalitarianism d. patriarchy

60. Across cultures, __________ is the most common residential pattern. a. matrilocal residence b. multilocal residence c. neolocal residence d. patrilocal residence

64. In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial/ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group. a. exogamy b. polygamy c. heterogamy d. endogamy

68. In a stereotypically conventional marriage, the husband/father meets the family's economic needs, makes important decisions, and provides leadership. Talcott Parsons termed this the __________. a. egalitarian role b. expressive role c. authoritarian role d. instrumental role

72. Which of these is not considered a function of the family in advanced industrial societies? a. sexual regulation b. economic and psychological support c. provision of social status d. guaranteed reproduction

77. Feminist explanations of family problems, such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability, focus on __________. a. how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems b. the relationship between family troubles and changes in other social institutions, such as the economy, religion, and law c. the way that definitions of the family are socially constructed and impact family life d. patriarchy and how men's domination over women contributes to inequalities in families

88. __________ refers to household arrangements in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples. a. Secular marriage b. Permanent cohabitation c. Legal cohabitation d. Domestic partnership

92. The changing attitudes about same-sex marriage are being driven by __________. a. baby boomers b. the elderly c. generation X d. millennials

94. In 2014, approximately __________ of employed mothers with children under age 6 worked full-time. a. 10 percent b. one-fourth c. half d. two-thirds

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