Sped test for state test
Omission
"cool" for "school"
Addition
"hamber" for "hammer"
What terms did IDEA change?
"handicapped" to "disabilities"
Characteristics of a Learning Disability (LD)
Hyperactivity, perceptual difficulties, motor-impairments, disorders in memory/thinking, impulsiveness, academic problems, language based impairments. LD also include dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalcula.
Benchmark assessment
Type of assessment that evaluates student progress at periodic intervals to allow teachers to adapt instruction toward long-term goals; can predict performance on summative assessments.
Summative assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's achievement at the end of instruction. Used to determine mastery at the end of a unit.
defines children with a disability mentally retarded, hard of hearing, speech impaired, visually impaired, seriously emotionally disturbed
What is defined in statute 300.53.0300.5?
special ed and related services are provided at public expense; meet standards of state education agency; include preschool, elementary and secondary education; conforms to IEP
What is provided by FAPE?
*signed same year as IDEA by President Bush *gives protection to all people on basis of race, sex, national origin and religion * = opportunities to persons with disabilities in employment, public accommodations,transportation, government services & telecommunication
What is provided by the ADA?
require modification in classroom instruction
What is required by a student with mild learning and behavioral disability?
A student must have a permanent or fluctuating hearing loss that affects the student's educational performance but is not included under the definition of deafness.
What is the IDEA definition of hearing impairment?
No Child Left Behind
2001 Called for schools to be accountable for academic performance of all students, whether or not they had disabilities The act requires schools in every state to develop routine assessments of students' academic skills Provides incentives for schools to demonstrate progress in students with special needs
P, m, h, n, w sounds should be mastered by age
3
How many days after an evaluation does a school have to hold an ARD meeting?
30 calendar days
B, k, g, d, y sounds should be mastered by age
4
Dysphagia
A medical condition that hampers swallowing
student's functional capabilities and entry level skills
What is assessed by criterion referenced measures?
present level of academic and functioning
What is assessed in an IEP?
Maze test
related to Cloze test// supplies a number of possible answers and the reader must select the correct one
Step 5 of SPED Process
Program Monitoring
child study team
What is a CST?
self-expression
Which language skills involve encoding?
T, ng, r, l, s sounds should be mastered by age
6
How many days after the initial referral does a school have to complete the evaluation of a student?
60 calendar days
Ch, sh, j, th sounds should be mastered by age
7
S, z, v, th sounds should be mastered by age
8
IDEA requires what if a child's (SPED student) placement is modified for disciplinary reasons ...
A Functional Behavioral Analysis (FBA)
What are the criteria for eligibility for special education under the OHI category due to ADHD?
In order for a student to qualify for special education under the OHI category, the following criteria must be met: a. the student must be diagnosed with ADHD by the school district, or qualified professional, b the ADHD must result in limited alertness to academic tasks, due to heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, c. the effects of the ADHD must be chronic (long-lasting), must result in an adverse effect on educational performance d. the student must require special education services in order to address its impact.
Evaluation materials used to assess a child must be in native language or other mode of communication
In order to prevent bias and discrimination in assessment, what must be provided?
D. provide technology software for home use
In order to promote successful use of assistive technology, teachers should try to _____________ whenever possible. A. provide homework that utilizes the technology B. limit work that does not use the technology C. allow the entire class to use the same technology D. provide technology software for home use
institutional setting
In terms of special education, what would be the MOST restrictive environment?
CDD - Childhood Disintegration Disorder
A PDD (Pervasive Development Disorder) also called Heller's Syndrome or dementia infantillis. It could be described as premature Alzheimer's or early onset of dementia. A rare condition characterized by developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills. A child affected with childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) shows normal development and he/she acquires "normal development of age-appropriate verbal and nonverbal communication, social relationships, motor, play and self-care skills" comparable to other children of the same age. However, from between the age of 2 through the age of 10, skills acquired are lost almost completely in at least two of the following six functional areas: expressive language skills (being able to produce speech and communicate a message), receptive language skills (comprehension of language - listening and understanding what is communicated), social skills and self care skills, control over bowel and bladder, play skills and motor skills.
Response cost
A behavior management procedure in which reinforcers are withdrawn as a consequence for inappropriate behavior in an attempt to decrease the behavior. This system is often used with a token economy and needs to be tied to the occurrence of specific, observable behavior.
A child is said to have a specific learning disorder (SLD) when?
A behavior occurs frequently and to a degree that impacts the learning and safety of themselves and others
Syntactic Structures
A book written by Noam Chomsky (1957) in which he argued that educational psychologists treated human language in terms of conditioned responses to outside stimuli and reinforcement. Chomsky argued that humans produce language using separate syntactic and semantic components inside the mind. Syntactic Structures is the study of language development and acquisition by humans. Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Anticipatory set (also called an initial activity)
A brief portion of a lesson given at the very beginning to get students' attention, activate prior knowledge, and prepare them for the day's learning.
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PL 93-113)
A civil rights law (PL 93-113) that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Under section 504, students may receive modifications and accommodations. The Rehabilitation Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in programs conducted by federal agencies, in programs receiving federal financial assistance. Each Federal agency has its own set of Section 504 regulations. Requirements common to these regulations include reasonable accommodation for employees with disabilities; program accessibility; effective communication with people who have hearing or vision disabilities; and accessible new construction and alterations. Each agency is responsible for enforcing its own regulations. Section 504 may also be enforced through private lawsuits.
Scripted reading instruction
A commercial reading program where the program, not the classroom teacher, determines what the teacher says during instruction and/or the particular lessons and the instructional pace.
Speech Impairment defined by IDEA
A communication disorder such as; stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment or a voice impairment that affects education.
According to IDEA, what are emotional and behavioral disorders?
A condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance: *Inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors *An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers *Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances *A general mood of depression or unhappiness *A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with school or personal problems
The Adult Performance Level
A curriculum that has been adapted for teaching for secondary level SPED students; blends practice, academic development with applications to the various demands of community living in adulthood.
According to IDEA, what is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?
A developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and non-verbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before the age of 3 that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
Autism defined by IDEA
A developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and non-verbal communication, generally evident before 3 years of age and that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
According to IDEA, what is a Specific Learning Disability?
A disorder in psychological processes involved in understanding or using language which may be manifested in problems with listening, thinking, speaking, or doing calculations.
Learning Disability (LD) defined by IDEA (1990/2004)
A disorder in which one or more basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written; which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or do math.
Vertical Alignment (VI)
A document developed by TEA for TAKS-ALT. It list TEKS curriculum knowledge and skill statements for reading, writing, math and science from pre-k to exit. A useful document for developing goals and objectives for students who may require modified curriculum for SPED.
Authentic assessment
A form of assessment in which students are asked to perform real-world tasks that demonstrate meaningful application of essential knowledge and skills.
Due Process Hearing
A formal legal procedure used to resolve disagreements regarding the education of SPED services and is conducted by TEA appointed impartial hearing officer.
Define: Intelligence
A general concept of an individual's ability to function effectively within various settings, usually defined by IQ tests
Muscular dystrophy
A group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
IDEA
A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. This law governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities.
Curriculum-Based Assessment
A method of monitoring student educational progress through direct assessment of academic skills.
Stanine (STAndard NINE)
A method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.
Providing auditory signals immediately before the student must transition between activities Showing the student a map of the school Allowing the student to sit next to the door and watch the other students changing classes ->Giving the student a schedule with pictures of clocks that show what time classes change
A middle school special education teacher has been assigned a new student with a diagnosis of autism. The student has a history of having difficulty with transitions because the student does not clearly anticipate what is coming next. Which of the following strategies would help the student anticipate transitions?
Response to Intervention
A multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. Used to provide extra support for struggling learners and potentially determine whether a student qualifies for special education.
Cerebral palsy
A nondegenerative disorder that affects motor function as a result of brain injury that occurred before, during, or shortly after birth.
C. Modeling effective strategies to support students during collaborative conferences (Not A because it's the teacher's responsibility to show a paraprofessional how to help their students. Not B because a teacher does not have the authority to fire staff. Not D because modeling is more immediate and direct.)
A paraprofessional struggles to support a student adequately in a special education classroom. Which of following is the most appropriate action for the classroom teacher to take? A. Reporting the situation to the supervising administrator B. Replacing the paraprofessional with one who is better trained to support students in the classroom C. Modeling effective strategies to support students during collaborative conferences D. Providing articles on research-based strategies and techniques
What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
A pervasive pattern of inattention, impulsivity, and or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.
Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)
A plan for special services for young children with developmental delays from birth to three years of age that includes plans for transitioning to preschool. Once a child turns 3 years old, an Individualized Education Program (IEP) is put into place instead.
Behavioral Chaining
A procedure where an individual response is reinforced for occurring in sequence to form a more complex behavior.
Cystic fibrosis
A progressive, genetic disease that causes persistent lung infections and limits the ability to breathe over time.
an individual's self-concept learned inappropriate behaviors neurological abnormalities ->early traumatic experiences
A psychoanalytic approach to evaluating behavior disorders is most likely to explain such disorders as resulting from
counseling a high school student with learning disabilities about applying to college ->teaching a student with muscular dystrophy how to paint with a brush talking to parents about their genetic risk of having a seriously ill infant arranging a play-therapy group for young students with disabilities
A resource room teacher is most likely to ask an occupational therapist for help wit
Schemata
A schema is the mental framework that is created as children interact with their physical and social environments. For example, many 3-year-olds insist that the sun is alive because it comes up in the morning and goes down at night. According to Piaget, these children are operating based on a simple cognitive schema that things that move are alive. At any age, children rely on their current cognitive structures to understand the world around them.
criterion related
A scholastic aptitude test checked against predictive success in academic endeavors, which type of validity is one attempting to establish?
Discipline - Special Circumstances
A school may remove a SPED student to an IAES (interim alternative educational setting) for not more than 45 days without regard to whether the behavior was manifested for the following offenses; the student carried or possessed a weapon, knowingly sold, used or distributed drugs or inflicted serious bodily injury.
Standard Score
A score that indicates how far a particular score is from the average score on a test.
B. Modeling problems using concrete manipulatives
A second-grade student with a specific learning disability in mathematics is having difficulty understanding the concept of regrouping when subtracting two-digit numbers. Which of the following is the best strategy the special education teacher can use to support the student's learning? A. Assigning extra practice problems for homework B. Modeling problems using concrete manipulatives C. Providing fewer math problems per work sheet D. Allowing the student to use a calculator to solve problems
Heightened sensitivity to smells ->Delayed gross motor skills Improper phonetic pronunciation Poor sleeping habits
A severe visual impairment is most likely to affect a child's development in which of the following ways?
FACES
A six module approach to teaching functional age-appropriate skills within an integrated school settings and non-school settings. Step 1 - Engage, Step 2 - Develop safe communities, Step 3 - Develop Awareness, Step 4 - Embrace choice and accountability, Step - 5 Become congruent, Step - 6 Develop Integrity. This program engages youth using nature as a tool to enhance their lives and develop social skills. (http://www.faceseducation.com/)
D. Student readiness
A special education teacher who notices that some students are easily completing group tasks and others are struggling decides to regroup the students. Which of the following criteria for regrouping is most appropriate for the teacher to use? A. Learner profiles B. Student interests C. Peer relationships D. Student readiness
Current vision and hearing tests must be on file prior to?
A student can be evaluated for SPED services.
programmed materials allow student to chart his progress as he achieves each goal & he can monitor himself and take responsibility for his successes
A student needs continuous feedback in order to experience small, incremental achievements. What type of instructional material would best meet this need?
visual impairment ->hearing impairment traumatic brain injury (TBI) intellectual disability
A student with a cochlear implant most likely has a primary classification of
Definition of syntax
A system of orderly arrangement or The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. Syntax and syntactic structures of language was analyzed and studied by Noam Chomsky (Syntactic Structures) in the 1950s.
achievement
A test which measure students' skill development in academic content areas, is classified as what type of test?
Which of the following behaviors demonstrated by a two-year-old would be the clearest indicator that the motor development of a child may be impaired?
A. Difficulty coordinating hands and eyes. B. Inability to climb stairs with alternating feet. C. Falling frequently while running. D. Making involuntary hand movements. TExES released - Answer D
Which of the following would be most effective for providing job training to a student with mental retardation for work as a food server in a fast-food restaurant?
A. Pair the student with an employee who can work beside him or her and model the required tasks. B.. Make a list of job tasks for the student to refer to as necessary throughout the shift. C. Explain the steps of the job to the student carefully and check on him or her at regular intervals. D. Simulate the work environment and practice the job sequence in the classroom. TExES released - Answer A
M. Smith stops the class just after a few minutes of mathematics instruction, which is taking place at the board. She asks two questions requiring simple student responses on 3x5 cards, returns to instructing at the board. Which type of assessment is being used by this teacher?
A. Summative B. Formal C. Formative D. Alternate TExES released - Answer C
Which of the following activities, performed by young children while a story is being read to them, would most likely encourage them to listen for meaning?
A. Tapping their feet to the rhythm of the words. B. Miming the action of the story. C. Raising their hands when they hear the main character's name. D. Making a clay sculpture or their favorite character. TExES Released - Answer B
How many students have multiple disabilities?
In the 2002-2003 school year, the states reported to the U.S. Department of Education that they were providing services to 140,209 students with multiple disabilities (Twenty-sixth Annual Report to Congress, U.S. Department of Education, 2006)
A 6th grader with a learning disability immigrated with his family to the United States a year ago. Although the student speaks English well, he never speaks to his classroom teacher unless spoken to. Concerned about this behavior, the teacher suggests to the SPED teacher that the student may need social skills instruction. Which of the following factors would be most important for the SPED teacher to take into account when considering this suggestion?
A. Teachers can misperceive and misunderstand student's behaviors by interpreting them from one perspective. B. Self-confidence with regard to schoolwork depends primarily on a student's belief in his ability to succeed through effort. C. Low self-esteem can be a sign of abuse or neglect, and it is a teacher's responsibility to report all instances of suspected child abuse. D. General education teachers are often unclear about the SPED teacher's role and make unfounded demands for assistance. TExES Released - Answer A
Which of the following statements best describes how the objectives in a student's Individual Education Program (IEP) should relate to the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS)?
A. The IEP objectives should be identical to the TEKS with modifications in grade level only. B. The IEP objectives should be developed independently and then correlated with the TEKS. C. The IEP objectives for any given student should reflect the TEKS as closely as possible. D. The IEP objectives should be developed to meet student needs with no reference to the TEKS. TExES released - Answer C
Of the following, the most effective means of providing program continuity for children making the transition from preschool to kindergarten is to provide
A. a preschool program that stresses the development of independent work habits and the ability to follow directions. B. a developmentally appropriate program in both preschool and kindergarten that is responsive to individual differences. C. a preschool environment that strongly emphasizes the development of literacy skills. D. an environment in both preschool and kindergarten that engages children in collaborative planning and problem solving. TExES Released - Answer B
Ms. Ortiz is a SPED teacher who teaches in a middle school resource room. At the beginning of each school year, she has each student complete an interest inventory such as; what is your favorite animal, game, sport, school, subject, famous person, and place to visit. In planning reading instruction for students with disabilities, Ms. Ortiz could best use the information from this informal assessment to ...
A. determine student's instructional reading levels. B. suggest themes for units to the students' ELA teachers. C. help students select books for independent reading. D. determine gaps in students' vocabulary and concept development. TExES Released - Answer C
IDEA: PL 10- 476 (1990)
Incorporates the concept of "normalization". Persons with disabilities are allowed access to everyday patterns and conditions of life that are are close as possible or equal to those of their non-disabled peers. It has seven fundamental provisions.
Treatment of Receptive Language Disorder
Individuals benefit from a regular schedule of speech therapy with a speech-language pathologist. Parent and teacher involvement in the use of strategies learned in therapy provides maximum benefit. Treatment for a receptive language disorder is tailored to each child's needs. Areas of treatment can include: - Strategies to improve the child's ability to follow directions. - Techniques to improve receptive comprehension of questions (e.g. who, what, where, when), age-appropriate vocabulary, and sequencing - Strategies for practice using language appropriately in social situations, such as taking turns in conversation. - Helping the child use other ways to communicate when needed. This may include simple gestures, picture boards, or computers that say words out loud. This is also called augmentative and alternative communication, or AAC.
->have an obsessive interest in a single object or topic have delayed fine motor skills and difficulty with written assignments be unable to sit still for long periods of time be unable to walk unassisted
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are most likely to
Tourette syndrome
Individuals with tourette syndrome are rarely aggressive nor are they reluctant to make eye contact or otherwise engage others. Often coupled with OCD. Characterized by explosive sounds (inappropriate words, meaningless syllables), muscular twitches of the face or elsewhere in the body and the complete inability to control the spasms.
Early in the school year, the students in a fifth-grade class have been demonstrating exclusionary behavior. There are two dominant cliques and there are several children, including two with disabilities, who are generally treated as outcasts. When considering how to respond, the classroom teacher should be aware that ...
A. in such situations, it is generally best to let the students work issues out among themselves rather than to intervene in their social relationships. B. the most effective response would be to ask the parents of the students in the cliques to apply disciplinary measures if their children continue exclusionary behavior. C. his or her response should be aimed primarily at bolstering the resilience and self-assertiveness of the children with the lowest social status. D. it is imperative to institute a program specifically designed to build a learning community in which all students feel safe and accepted. TExES Released - Answer D
A middle school SPED teacher has been teaching students with learning disabilities how to use chapter heading, subheadings, indexes, glossaries in their textbooks when doing content-area reading. The greatest benefit of this approach is that it ...
A. promotes student's use of critical-thinking skills. B. enables students to synthesize new information more quickly. C. encourages students to relate new information to prior knowledge. D. gives students the tools for taking control of their own learning. TExES released - Answer D
A SPED teacher prepares a group of students to listen to a story about a whale by asking them what they know about whales and writing the students responses on the board. This activity is likely to facilitate comprehension of the story primarily because it will ...
A. prompt students to learn more about the topic. B. encourage the students to use metacognitive strategies. C. integrate oral and written vocabulary skills. D. connect new information to background knowledge TExES Released - Answer D
Ten months ago, 16-year old Andrew suffered a head injury in an automobile accident and was left legally blind. Since the accident, Andrew seldom leaves the house. A few friends occasionally come over to listen to music, but Andrew fears that they will get bored and stop visiting. Of the following, Andrew's special educators' best response would be to ...
A. suggest a variety of new and interesting activities that can be done at home and that his friends would likely enjoy. B. help Andrew develop proficiency with electronic media that will both entertain him and allow interactions with others at home. C. ask Andrew what social activities he would like to participate in outside the home and help develop the skills for doing so. D. arrange for Andrew to begin socializing with peers who are blind or visually impaired. TExES Released - Answer C
A special educator is teaching Monica, a 12 year old with multiple disabilities, how to identify pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. Every day, the teacher gives Monica 20 coins to identify. With the help of a chart showing each coin and its name. Monica is asked to use her speech-generating device to identify each coin. The result after one week are as follows; Monday - 5 coins, Tuesday - 6 coins, Wed. - 4 coins, Thurs. - 3 coins, Fri. - 4 coins. Based upon these assessment results, the SPED teacher's next step should be to ...
A. try a different instructional approach B. repeat the same activity with Monica the following week. C. state the value of the 20 coins. D. give Monica a reward every time she identifies a coin correctly. TExES Released - Answer A
Disability
ADA defines (1) A person that has a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more life activities. (2) Individual has a record of impairment. (3) Individual regraded as having an impairment
Oral Reading Fluency assessment (ORF)
AKA Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) One-minute assessment in which a student reads a grade-level text aloud. Test supervisor notes errors the reader doesn't self-correct and the number of words read correctly.
diabetic hypoglycemia
AKA insulin reaction or insulin shock Occurs when blood sugar falls to a very low level (failure to take insulin or eat often enough). It is important to treat it quickly or the diabetic could faint, in which case an injection of glucagon is administered.
APA - The American Psychological Association
APA is a scientific and professional society working to improve mental health services and to advocate for legislation and programs that will promote mental health, research and development. It was founded at Clark University in 1892 for the advancement of psychology as a science. Some early pioneers or professionals in educational psychology include; Thomas Galluadet, Samuel Gridley Howe, Edward Sequin, Louis Terman, Maria Montessori, John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.
List SPED accommodations
Ability grouping, photocopied notes, graphic organizers, organization tips, de-cluttered classroom, time management, tracking sheets, assistive technology, chunking, color coding, highlight ideas, study guide, extra time on tests, books-on-tape, visual aids etc.
fluency delayed speech onset ->articulation voice
About 80% of all speech disorders are characterized by difficulties with
Characteristics of family with ED child
Abusive, lack of supervision, neglect, high rates of negative interaction, negative role models.
teacher selects members of each learning group, teacher directly teaches cooperative group skills, teacher assigns cooperative group activities, teacher evaluates group efforts
According to Henley, Ramsey & Algozzine, what are the steps to establishing cooperative learning groups?
What are the four steps of cooperative learning?
According to Henley; (1) Teacher selects members of each learning group (2) Teacher directly teaches cooperative group skills (3) Teacher assigns cooperative group activities (4) Teacher evaluates the group efforts
The Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
According to IDEA 2004, schools are required to provide a free and appropriate education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment that is appropriate to the individual student's needs. LRE supports the principle of mainstreaming.
give consent for initial evaluation recommend a change of placement develop a functional behavior assessment ->consider postsecondary goals and transition services
According to IDEA, a student must be included as a member of the IEP team to
60 days
According to IDEA, a student who is referred for special education services must be evaluated within how many days of the referral date?
->a change is proposed in the student's individualized education program (IEP) the student is failing an academic subject the student is frequently late to class alternative assessments are used to evaluate student performance
According to federal law, school districts must give written notice to parents when
C. parents desire another source of information (either to confirm or challenge the results of testing reported by the school district)
According to federal safeguards, an outside evaluation of a student to confirm whether the student has a disability may be approved by a school district if the: A. school district does not provide one when requested B. student has had at least one recent evaluation C. parents desire another source of information D. IEP team requires more data to develop a program
How many students are emotionally disturbed?
According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), approximately 8.3 million children (14.5%) aged 4-17 years have parents who've talked with a health care provider or school staff about the child's emotional or behavioral difficulties. Nearly 2.9 million children have been prescribed medication for these difficulties.
->Hearing impairment Neurological impairment Down syndrome Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which of the following is one of the major disability categories?
Differences in experiential background.
Acculturation
Adaptive Skills
Adaptive skills. Many children with intellectual disabilities need help with adaptive skills, which are skills needed to live, work, and play in the community. Teachers and parents can help a child work on these skills at both school and home. Some of these skills include: •communicating with others; •taking care of personal needs (dressing, bathing, going to the bathroom); •health and safety; •home living (helping to set the table, cleaning the house, or cooking dinner); •social skills (manners, knowing the rules of conversation, getting along in a group, playing a game); •reading, writing, and basic math; and •as they get older, skills thatwill help them in the workplace.
Age at which Autism identified
Age 3
Writing a five-paragraph essay with no more than six grammatical errors ->Using correct end-point punctuation when writing sentences Correctly multiplying two fractions with different denominators four out of five times Identifying major economic factors affecting the United States economy
Alan is an eighth-grade student classified with an intellectual disability. Testing shows that Alan is functioning at a third-grade level in all academic areas. He receives instruction in the resource room. Which of the following is an appropriate goal for Alan?
Child Find
All children with disabilities residing in the state, who are in need of special education services must be identified and evaluated. This process is called Child Find.
Sight Words
Also called high frequency sight words, are commonly used words that young children are encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight, so that they can automatically recognize these words in print without having to use any strategies to decode. Sight words account for a large percentage (up to 75%) of the words used in beginning children's print materials. Advocates of whole-word instruction believe that being able to recognize a large number of sight words gives students a better start to learning to read.
Characteristics of Epilepsy
Although the symptoms listed below do not necessarily mean that a person has epilepsy, it is wise to consult a doctor if you or a member of your family experiences one or more of them: • "Blackouts" or periods of confused memory; • Episodes of staring or unexplained periods of unresponsiveness; • Involuntary movement of arms and legs; • "Fainting spells" with incontinence or followed by excessive fatigue; or • Odd sounds, distorted perceptions, or episodic feelings of fear that cannot be explained. Doctors have described more than 30 different types of seizures. These are divided into two major categories (1) generalized seizures and (2) partial seizures (also known as focal seizures).
AAIDD
American Association on Intellectual and Developmetal Disabilites. They define ID as <70 IQ Stanford-Binet, social skills, self-esteem, problem solving, and daily living skills
transition based ->standards based an initial IEP based on reevaluation
An IEP that ensures a student is working on goals and objectives that are aligned with state benchmarks and that promotes participation in the general curriculum is considered to be
E. Both A & D
An Individualized Education Program (IEP) must include which of the following components? A. The present levels of academic achievement and functional performance B. A record of past student performance C. A description of the student's intellectual functioning D. Annual educational goals E. Both A & D F. Both D & C
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) defined by IDEA
An acquired injury to the brain caused by an external force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychological impairment; such as brain damage due to a car accident.
RTI - Response to Intervention
An early intervention model for addressing the learning needs of all students through a continuum of services which provide; high quality instruction, tiered intervention strategies, frequent monitoring, data-based school improvement, and the application of student response date to important education decisions (placement, intervention, curriculum). Under IDEA, at-risk students should/must receive RTI before SPED can be considered.
When will or must an evaluation occur at public expense?
An evaluation will occur at public expense, if a public agency's or school's evaluation was deemed inappropriate. This may be the result of a due process hearing supervised by the state educational agency; such as the TEA.
Expressive Language Disorder
An expressive language disorder is an impairment or set of impairments associated with difficulty speaking, writing, and/or using other symbol systems (i.e. sign language). Characteristics: Limited vocabulary use, Use of non-specific vocabulary (i.e. thing, stuff), Difficulty defining or describing, Unable to recall the appropriate word to use, Poor grammar, Short or incomplete sentences, Difficulty telling stories, Unable to clearly convey a concept or idea, Problems putting sentences together coherently
Nephritis
An imflammation of the kidneys ... caused by infections, toxins and autoimmune diseases. 8th highest cause of human death. Prevents blood from clotting
Auditory impairment defined by IDEA
An impairment in hearing that adversely affects a child's educational performance. This designation must include an Otological exam in order to become valid.
According to IDEA, what is a Visual Impairment?
An impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child's educational performance. **Includes both partial sight and blindness
Norm-Referenced Tests
An individual's performance is compared to the group that was used to calculate the performance standards.
Criterion Reference Test
An individual's performance is measured against mastery of curriculum rather than other students.
Multiple sclerosis
An unpredictable, degenerative, often disabling disease of the central nervous system that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body, as the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves.
No Child Left Behind (2001)
An updated version of the 1965 ESEA. This version increased school accountability and standardized testing, and it introduced adequate yearly progress and resulting consequences.
Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)
An updated version of the 2001 NCLB. This version maintained NCLB's standardized testing requirements, but it leaves significantly more control in the hands of the states/districts.
Pervasive Spectrum Disorders (PSD)
Another name for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). PSD causes disabilities in language, thought, emotion, and empathy.
What percentage of epileptics can control seizures with medication?
Anti-epileptic medication is the most common treatment for epilepsy. It's effective in stopping seizures in 70% of patients.
How common are intellectual disabilities?
Approximately 6.5 million people in the United States have an intellectual disability. More than 545,000 children (ages 6-21) have some level of intellectual disability and receive special education services in public school under this category in IDEA, the nation's special education law. In fact, 1 in every 10 children who need special education have some form of intellectual disability.
->A physical therapist A speech-language pathologist An occupational therapist An audiologist
Ari is a 6 year old with an orthopedic impairment. Although he currently uses a wheelchair, his IEP goals include related services to help him strengthen his legs in preparation for using a walker. Which of the following individuals will most likely be responsible for providing these services?
How Common is AD/HD?
As many as 5 out of every 100 children in school may have AD/HD. Boys are three times more likely than girls to have AD/HD.
According to the IDEA how much time should a student with disabilities spend in a general education classroom?
As much time as possible so long as it benefits the student.
Asperger's Syndrome
Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger disorder (AD) or simply Asperger's, is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation of linguistic and cognitive development. Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and atypical use of language are frequently reported. The diagnosis of Asperger's was eliminated in the 2013 fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and replaced by a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder on a severity scale.
criterion-referenced assessment summative assessment ->formative assessment standardized assessment
Assessment that is ongoing, provides the teacher with information regarding a student's or class's progress, and allows the teacher to modify instruction and learning is known as
Impairments listed under OHI (IDEA 2004)
Asthma, ADD/ADHD, Diabetes, Epilepsy, FAS, Heart conditions, Hemophilia, and Tourette's Syndrome
What are the Eligibility Categories under IDEIA?
Autism (ASD) Deaf/Blind Deaf/Hard of Hearing (D/HH) Emotional and Behavioral Disorder (EBD) Mild Intellectual Disability Moderate, Severe, Profound Intellectual Disability Orthopedic Impairment Other Health Impairment (OHI) Significant Developmental Delay (SDD) Specific Learning Disability (SLD or LD) Speech-Language Impairment Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Visual Impairment and Blindness
Autism and memory
Autism is a spectrum disorder (ASD), which presents many challenges to the study of autism and memory function; and at one time called developmental amnesia. Children with autism do not use organizational strategies or context to support memory. Compared to other children, those with autism use fewer strategies spontaneously in order to retrieve information. Children with autism have much more difficulties with memory for complex material - for instance, for young children, recall of digits was easiest, of sentences more difficult, and of stories the most difficult. Visual memory for some types of material is an area of strength, but also here children with autism show certain difficulties with complex material.
Disabilities listed under IDEA ...
Autism, deaf-blindness, deafness, developmental delay, emotional disturbance, intellectual disability, orthopedic impairment, OHI (other health impairment - ADHD) SLD - specific learning disability, speech impairment or TBI - Tramatic Brain Injury.
Thomas Barrett's Taxonomy of Reading Comprehension
Barrett's taxonomy of reading comprehension 5. Appreciation (Highest) Students give an emotional/affective response. 4. Evaluation Students make judgments in light of the material. 3. Inference Students respond to information implied but not directly stated. 2.Reorganization Students organize or order the information a different way than it was presented. 1. Literal (Lowest) Students identify information directly stated.
ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) ... public access
Bars discrimination in employment, transportation, public accommodations and telecommunications in all aspects of life, not just those receiving federal funding. Title II and Title III are applicable to SPED ... require public access for the handicapped. ADA also protects individuals with contagious diseases such as AIDS from discrimination.
Cognitive Learning Theory - Stages of Learning (Famous Cognitivist -Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner, Ausubel)
Based on the work of Mercer and Mercer (2001) the basic components of Cognitive learning theory include the following: 1. Acquisition 2. Proficiency 3. Maintenance 4. Generalization 5. Adaptation
What is included in an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP)?
Information about the child's level of functioning The goals/outcomes for the child The services the child and family will recieve Transition plan for entering preschool
What are the areas to be addressed in a Transition Statement?
Instruction, related services, development of employment, community experiences, activities of daily living and functional vocational evaluation.
Compensatory approach
Instructional approach that looks for ways to build on a student's strengths and work around weaknesses when remedial instruction has not made the desired progress.
Metacognitive strategy
Instructional approach used to help students understand the way they learn and allow students to think about their thinking.
Mental Retardation (ID) defined by IDEA
Intellectual Disability. Intellectual functioning two standard deviations below the mean and exhibits deficits in at least two areas of adaptive functioning. Ex. communication, self-care, interpersonal skills etc.
How are intellectual disabilities diagnosed?
Intellectual disabilities are diagnosed by looking at two main things. These are: • the ability of a person's brain to learn, think, solve problems, and make sense of the world (called IQ or intellectual functioning); and • whether the person has the skills he or she needs to live independently (called adaptive behavior or adaptive functioning). Intellectual functioning, or IQ, is usually measured by a test called an IQ test. The average score is 100. People scoring below 70 to 75 are thought to have an intellectual disability.
Define: Phonemic Awareness
Involves the skills of recognizing, seperating, blending, and manipulating phonemes
Behavioral intervention plan
Is applied behavior analysis part of a student's behavioral intervention plan or individualized education program?
No Child Left Behind (2002)
It addresses accountability of school personnel for student achievement with the expectation that every child will demonstrate proficiency in reading, math, and science. This affects ALL students.
Jean Piaget (founder of Constructivism)
Jean Piaget (French: [ʒɑ̃ pjaʒɛ]; 9 August 1896 - 16 September 1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology". Piaget placed great importance on the education of children. As the Director of the International Bureau of Education, he declared in 1934 that "only education is capable of saving our societies from possible collapse, whether violent, or gradual." Piaget created the International Center for Genetic Epistemology in Geneva in 1955. Jean Piaget was "the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing."However, his ideas did not become widely popularized until the 1960s. This then led to the emergence of the study of development as a major sub-discipline in psychology. The four development stages are described in Piaget's theory as: 1. Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age two, 2. Preoperational stage: starts when the child begins to learn to speak at age two and lasts up until the age of seven, 3.Concrete operational stage: from ages seven to eleven. Children can now conserve and think logically, and 4.Formal operational stage: from age eleven to sixteen and onwards.
Jerome Seymour Bruner (scaffolding)
Jerome Seymour Bruner (born October 1, 1915) is a psychologist who has made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology, as well as to history and to the general philosophy of education. Bruner is currently a senior research fellow at the New York University School of Law. He received a B.A. in 1937 from Duke University and a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1941. Beginning around 1967, Bruner turned his attention toward the subject of developmental psychology. Bruner studied the way children learned and coined the term "scaffolding", to describe the way children often build on the information they have already mastered.
Transition planning Applied behavior analysis (ABA) ->Early intervention Response to intervention (RTI)
Jerome is a 2 year old who has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP). He is eligible for which of the following services?
C. A full-time general education placement with speech and language services
Jodeen is a 7-year-old who has been evaluated and found to have a mild-expressive language delay. Her hearing is normal, and her functioning in all areas other than expressive language is age appropriate. Which of the following placements would be most appropriate for Jodeen? A. A self-contained special education class with speech and language services B. A part-time placement in a resource room for developmental and oral reading C. A full-time general education placement with speech and language services D. A full-time general education placement with an emphasis on reading support
Teach the class what a seizure is and describe expectations for student behavior if John has another seizure Have the classroom assistant walk John to the school nurse to be checked ->Document the seizure and inform the necessary school personnel and the student's family Encourage the student to go to physical education now that the seizure is over
John is a new second-grade student in a special education class. He has a Section 504 accommodation plan because he frequently has seizures. John just had a tonic-clonic seizure in the classroom. Which of the following steps should the special education teacher take first?
Her teacher A private medical doctor ->The school psychologist The school guidance counselor
Kayla is a third-grade student who has been struggling academically and has started acting defiantly and refusing to complete assignments. Her parents suspect that she has a learning disability. Which of the following professionals is most likely to administer the assessments to evaluate Kayla?
Define: Phonics
Knowing how specific spoken sounds relate to particular written letters
Define: Syntax
Knowing the rules of a language.
Fragile X Syndrome
Known as Martin-Bell or Escalante's Syndrome. Most widespread single gene (X) cause of Autism. Physical characteristics include; long face, large ears, large testicals, flapping hands, low muscle tone, excessive shyness. No effective treatment. Meds used to control ADHD, anxiety and aggression.
Characteristics of children with mild LD
Lack of interest in school work, preference for concrete over abstract lessons, weak listening skills, low achievement, possess areas of talent often overlooked, high drop-out rate.
B. Reinforcing Leila's behavior every time she successfully approximates the goal of remaining seated for a targeted amount of time
Leila is a 9-year-old fourth-grader who currently receives special education services under the category of other health impaired. She often acts impulsively and frequently leaves her seat to roam around the classroom. Which of the following best describes a shaping technique a teacher should use to help Leila control her impulse to wander around the classroom? A. Allowing Leila to move freely around the classroom for one minute every half hour B. Reinforcing Leila's behavior every time she successfully approximates the goal of remaining seated for a targeted amount of time C. Reminding Leila that she will lose a classroom privilege whenever she leaves her seat to walk around D. Removing tokens from Leila's class bank account each time she gets out of her seat without permission
Backward design model
Lesson planning method of beginning with the end goal or objective in mind and then building backwards to ensure that all activities, instruction, and practices align to meet the final product or outcome.
A life space interview would be used for?
Life space interviews are given in a here-and-now fashion. They are often employ role playing to increase awareness of misunderstandings, and can be used to prepare a student for mediation.
Refers to the way a person perceives the relation between his efforts and outcome of an event.
Locus of control
Characteristics of Emotionally Disturbed (ED) Children
Lower academic performance, social skill deficits, disruptive classroom behavior, aggressive behavior, delinquency, withdrawal behaviors.
Mental Retardation (MR) or Intellectual Disability or Impairment as defined by IDEA
MR is defined as any significant sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period that adversely effects a child's educational performance.
Specific learning disability (ex: dyslexia, dysgraphia, discalculia, nonverbal learning disability, etc.)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that affects a child's ability to read, write, listen, speak, reason or do math.
Speech or language impairment
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers a number of communication problems. Those include stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment or voice impairment.
Emotional disturbance
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers a number of mental disorders. They include anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression.
Intellectual disability (ex: Down syndrome)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers children with below-average intellectual ability. They may also have poor communication, self-care and social skills.
Other health impairments (ex: ADHD)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers conditions that limit a child's strength, energy or alertness.
Multiple disabilities
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers students with more than one of the conditions from the other major categories.
Deafness
Major disability category covered by IDEA that covers students with severe loss of hearing that affects their ability to process language through hearing.
Orthopedic impairment (ex: cerebral palsy)
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes any impairment to a child's body, no matter what the cause.
Visual impairment / blindness
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes both partial sight and blindness. If eyewear can correct a vision problem, then it doesn't qualify.
Deaf-blindness
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes children that have both hearing and visual impairments. Their communication and other needs are so great that programs for the deaf or blind can't meet them.
Traumatic brain injury
Major disability category covered by IDEA that includes individuals with a brain injury caused by an accident or some kind of physical force.
Autism spectrum disorder
Major disability category covered by IDEA that is a developmental disability. It covers a wide range of symptoms and skills, but mainly affects a child's social and communication skills. It can also impact behavior.
Hearing impairment
Major disability category covered by IDEA that refers to a hearing loss not covered by the definition of deafness. This type of loss can change or fluctuate over time.
Teaching Maria to sign her name so she can cash her paychecks Discussing the limitations of her disability ->Teaching Maria to read a transportation schedule Getting Maria a cell phone
Maria is a 17-year-old with a physical disability. She also has speech and vision problems. She has applied for a part-time job that would require her to take the public bus to and from work. Which of the following is the first step for the teacher to take in helping Maria prepare for this job?
Marta has difficulty with arithmetic procedures because she does not pay attention to directions. Marta will outgrow her difficulties and learn to solve arithmetic problems as she matures. Marta requires mathematics instruction twice a week in a resource room setting. ->Marta needs direct instruction in specific strategies for solving mathematical problems.
Marta is a second grader with a specific learning disability (SLD) in mathematics who uses immature problem-solving procedures for simple arithmetic problems. Which of the following statements is most likely to be included in her IEP?
Allowing Martha to use a laptop computer to take notes Requiring Martha to learn less material for mastery Providing Martha raised-line paper to improve her handwriting ->Providing Martha copies of notes to limit her need for writing
Martha is an eleventh-grade student with spina bifida. She uses a motorized wheelchair and has limited fine motor skills. Her testing indicates her cognitive and language skills are on grade level. Which of the following accommodations is most likely to benefit the student in her inclusive history class?
Continuum of Services
Matches the needs of the student with the appropriate placement on a individual basis. Enables students with disabilities to be educated with non-disabled students to the maximum extent appropriate, specially designed instruction and supplementary services may be provided in the regular class, including, as appropriate, providing related services, resource room programs and special class programs within the regular education classroom.
Multiple Baseline Design
Measure of behavior, apply intervention and measure again, take away intervention and remeasure. This ensures that change of behavior is relate to the intervention.
Reliability
Measure of how consistently a test assesses over time.
Inter-rater reliability
Measure of how similarly an assessment can be scored by two different raters.
Test-retest reliability
Measure of how stable an assessment's results are from one attempt to another (i.e. whether the same person will have the same results when they take the test two different times)
Validity
Measure of how well an assessment tests what it is supposed to test.
Parallel forms reliability
Measure of how well two different versions of the same assessment yield equivalent results.
Internal consistency
Measure of reliability that determines how steadily different test items measure the same construct (i.e. whether different questions related to the same material yield steady results about the test taker's knowledge of the target material)
PL 88-164
Mental Retardation Facilities Act (1963)
By law a child with a disability is defined as one with:
Mental retardation, hearing, speech, language, visual, orthopedic, or other health impairments, emotional disturbance, autism, brain injury caused by trauma or specific learning disabilities and need special education or related services. Children with one or more of these conditions are legally entitled to services and programs designed to help them achieve their highest ability.
Mild Cognitive Impairment (50-70)
Mild CI (IQ of 50 to 70) (1) Delays in most areas such as communication, motor and academic. (2) Often not distinguished from normal children until of school age. (3) can acquire both academic and vocational skills.
What level of Intellectual Disability has an IQ score in the 70-50 range?
Mild Intellectual Disability
Error Analysis
Mistakes on an individuals assessment that are noted and categorized by type.
Moderate Cognitive Impairment (35-50)
Moderate CI (IQ of 35-50) (1) Only fair motor development;clumsy. (2) Poor social awareness. (3) Can be taught to communicate. (4) Can profit from training in social and vocational skills; needs supervision, but can perform semiskilled labor as an adult.
What level of Intellectual Disability has an IQ score in the 50-35 range?
Moderate Intellectual Disability
Pair the students with regular education students who will act as peer tutors. Give the students another math worksheet the next day to see if they improve after doing their homework. ->Reteach the lesson another way to see if the students can improve their understanding of the topic. Go on to the next lesson in the book because time is limited.
Ms. Brown taught a lesson on multiplying two-digit numbers to her students in a self-contained classroom. Then the students completed a math worksheet. Ms. Brown notes that most of the students had more than half the problems incorrect. Which of the following should Ms. Brown do next?
A physical therapist An adapted physical education teacher ->An occupational therapist A case manager
Ms. Jones teaches students with severe and multiple disabilities. She is teaching some of her students to feed themselves and is teaching others self-help skills. Which of the following professionals should she contact for assistance?
The ARD committee must ...
Must at least once a year to review a child's IEP and determine if goals are being met. The ARD may meet to revise/review ... any lack of expected progress ... the results of a reevaluation ... information about the child provided by parents ... anticipated needs of the child Teachers may request an ARD (at a mutually agreeable time) to discuss concerns such as placement, IEP goals & objectives or services provided. The school must grant such request or proceed with TEA mediation.
Prior Written Notice
Must be given to parents, whenever the LEA (local educational agency) proposes to initiate, change or refuses to initiate, the identification, evaluation or educational placement of a child/student or the provision of a FAPE to the child. TEA defines reasonable time as 5 days prior notice.
ED (Emotional Disturbance) defined by IDEA
Must exhibit one or more defined characteristics for a prolonged period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child's educational performance.
IEP section 504
NON-IEP STUDENTS--- have other disabilities, i.e. physical, ADHD, ADD, etc. Requires schools to supply accommodations for all students with disabilities even if they don't have IEPs
Formal operational stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - 11+ years - abstract thought - ability to logically test hypotheses
Preoperational stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - 2 to 7 years - symbolic thinking - egocentric perspective
Concrete operational stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - 7 to 11 years - turning point: logical thought - conservation
Sensorimotor stage
Name Piaget's stage of development that corresponds with the following characteristics: - birth to 2 years - object permanence - mental representations of objects
Reauthorization of IDEA (2004)
Name changed to Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA). Adds transition plan for students after they reach adulthood. Also added a requirement for special education teachers to be more qualified.
NDCCD
National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilites.
What is the incidence of Down Syndrome in the US?
Nearly 5,000 babies are born with Down syndrome in the United States each year. This means that 1 in every 733 babies are born with this condition. Although parents of any age may have a child with Down syndrome, 80% are born to women under the age of 35.
RETT Syndrome
Neurodevelopmental disorder of the grey matter of the brain. Almost exclusive to females. Symptoms - small hands, small feet, microencephaly, repetitive hand movements, wringing or putting hands in mouth, 80% have seizures, no verbal skills. Easily confused with Cerebral Palsy or Autism. Proposed removal from DSM-5
Does a student have to be blind to fall into the category of visually impaired?
No. A student with partial sight could be included in this category.
Does Deaf-Blindness fall under multiple disabilities?
No. Deaf-Blindness is a category in itself
Can blind/deaf be defined as a multiple disability?
No. Deaf-blind is a separate category on the IDEA classification list, so inclusion in Multiple Disability would be redundant.
PL 99-457 (1986) ... Amendments to EHA (1975) ... requires IFSP
Beginning 1991-92, SPED services were required for children ages 3 - 5 years old. In place of or in addition to an yearly IEP, the entire family's needs are to be addressed with an IFSP to reviewed every 6 months.
BIP
Behavior Intervention Plan
Shaping
Behavior management technique that involves choosing close approximations and reinforcing successive approximations to the target each time the desired behavior occurs.
Characteristics of students with a Behavioral Disorder (BD)
Behavioral Disorder. Overt behaviors such as fighting, obscenities and ADD. Covert behaviors such as depression, shyness, phobias. General characteristics include lower academic performance, social skill deficits, class misbehaviors, withdrawal behaviors, schizophrenia, psychotic behaviors. Female may display bulimia, anorexia. Male - ADHD. Family Characteristics; abuse, neglect and malnutrition.
4 types of Bilingual Special Education Instructional Delivery Models
Bilingual Support model, Coordinated services model, integrated bilingual special education, bilingual special education model. Bilingual assistant gives instruction in areas specified in the IEP.
According to IDEA, what is Significant Developmental Delay?
Term used for children ages 3-9 to allow them to recieve SPED and related services without being labeled according to a specific disability category.
SPED history timeline ...
Brown V Board (1954) ESEA (1968) PARC and MILLS (1971-72) Rehab Act of 1973 (504 and public access) Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1975 (FAPE, SLD) ADA (1990) IDEA (1990, 1997) (Mainstreaming, ITP, ADHD) NCLB (2004) (Highly Qualified)
Nondiscriminatory Evaluation
Testing must be in student's native language; must use more than one test; use culturally appropriate tests
syntax
Carrow Elicited Language Inventory test assesses which type of language component?
the child's expressive grammatical competence
Carrow Elicited Language Inventory test is designed to give the examiner what type of info about a child
Tourette's Syndrome
Causes a person to make repeated quick movements and sounds. Inherited neuropsychiatric disorder. In children causes eye blinking, throat clearing, sniffling and facial movements. Does not affect intelligence.
->prereferral screening and in-class observation formal testing and evaluation for learning disabilities having the parents meet with the principal to discourage them from seeking special education services ordering audio books for all of Cedric's fourth-grade texts
Cedric is a fourth grader who is having difficulty keeping up with reading tasks. His parents want to know more about possible special education services. They have made an appointment with Cedric's teacher and the special education teacher who works with fourth-grade students. The likely first step the school will take is
Accommodation are ...
Changes that allow a person with a disability to participate fully in an activity. Examples include, extended time, different test format, and alterations to a classroom.
Behavior Intervention Plan or BIP
Changes that allow a person with a disability to participate fully in an activity. Examples include, extended time, different test format, and alterations to a classroom.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Children and adults with OCD typically engage in a series of highly ritualized behaviors that are rigidly performed when they feel stressed. Behaviors include tapping, snapping fingers, blinking, counting and so forth.
Children with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (ODD) often ...
Children and adults with ODD often engage in a series of highly ritualized behaviors that are rigidly performed when they feel stressed. Behaviors include tapping, snapping fingers, blinking, counting and so forth.
Common signs of Asperger's Syndrome
Children with Asperger's syndrome may have speech marked by a lack of rhythm, an odd inflection, or a monotone pitch. They often lack the ability to modulate the volume of their voice to match their surroundings. Unlike the severe withdrawal from the rest of the world that is characteristic of autism, children with Asperger's syndrome are isolated because of their poor social skills and narrow interests. Children with the disorder will gather enormous amounts of factual information about their favorite subject and will talk incessantly about it, but the conversation may seem like a random collection of facts or statistics, with no point or conclusion. They may approach other people, but make normal conversation difficult by eccentric behaviors or by wanting only to talk about their singular interest. Many children with AS are highly active in early childhood, but some may not reach milestones as early as other children regarding motor skills such as pedaling a bike, catching a ball, or climbing outdoor play equipment. They are often awkward and poorly coordinated with a walk that can appear either stilted or bouncy. Some children with AS may develop anxiety or depression in young adulthood. Other conditions that often co-exist with Asperger's syndrome are Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), tic disorders (such as Tourette syndrome), depression, anxiety disorders, and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
Examples of disabilities that usually fall under Section 504, instead of IDEA:
Children with a normal ability to learn academically, but who have a mobility impairment, use a wheelchair, have a neurological disorder, or are missing a limb. Children with a normal ability to learn academically but who have a medical condition such as epilepsy, hemophilia, diabetes, AIDS, arthritis, allergies, asthma, tuberculosis, ADHD, cancer, spinal bifida and cerebral palsy. A child who has frequent referrals for behavioral problems or is under a doctor's care for a psychological condition such as anxiety or depression.
Receptive Language Disorder
Children with receptive language problems can have great difficulty understanding what is said to them. Most children with a receptive language disorder will also have an expressive language disorder (difficulty using language to express ideas). Children with a receptive language disorder can have difficulty with any of the following: Understanding what gestures mean, Following directions, Understanding questions, Identifying objects and pictures, Taking turns when talking with others, Understanding the order of words in a sentence, Understanding plurals and verb tenses, Understanding age-appropriate vocabulary and knowledge about objects and sequence of events, Knowledge of the goals or functions of language (e.g. to obtain a desired object, tell a story, ask questions, comment), Knowledge of how to use language to achieve goals (e.g. appropriately using language to get a desired object,) and Carrying out cooperative conversations (e.g. perspective-taking and turn-taking)
Sane Messages
Classroom behavior intervention that describe and model appropriate behaviors. Ex. Talking during silent reading, "you are disturbing everyone in the class".
IDEA required members of an IEP team
Classroom teacher, special education teacher, parent/guardian, representative of local education agency knowledgeable about specialized instruction, someone to interpret instructional implication, student if appropriate and other people invited by the parents or school.
Collaborative teaching
Classrooms have a lead teacher and a specialized teacher to listen to the lesson then work with special needs children. Other methods include: learning centers/stations in which collaborative teachers are responsible for different areas, assigning special needs students into a resource room, team teaching and/or consultation by the special education teacher to the classroom teacher.
Piaget studied
Cognitive Development
self-instructional training
Cognitive modeling is an essential component of which self-training approach?
Deaf-Blindness defined by IDEA
Concomitant hearing and visual impairment that cannot be accommodated in SPED programs solely for children with blindness
Multiple Disabilities defined by IDEA
Concomitant impairments that cannot be accommodated by the modifications that applied to a disability on its own.
Types of Conduct Disorder addressed in IDEA
Conduct disorder refers to a group of behavioral and emotional problems in youngsters. Children and adolescents with this disorder have great difficulty following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way. This may include some of the following behaviors: • aggression to people and animals; • destruction of property; • deceitfulness, lying, or stealing; or • truancy or other serious violations of rules.
Rico is a seventh grade student with a learning disability. Which of the following is a reasonable accommodation for his history teacher to make? a. Provide a partially completed outline of the lecture notes for Rico to fill in during class. b. Construct a separate history lesson for Rico. c. Tape Rico's history book for him. d. Bring Rico in after school for an extra hour of tutoring in history.
Correct answer: A. Provide a partially completed outline of the lecture notes for Rico to fill in during class. Rationale: This option gives Rico some support, involves minimal time for the teacher, and still allows Rico to be active in the learning process. He does not need a separate lesson, and a book on tape would require much of the teacher's time. While tutoring might be helpful, it would require the teacher and Rico to give up time after school and would not give Rico any additional support during class.
Which of the following best utilizes assistive technology for a child with a learning disability in written expression? a . A tape recorder to use for teacher lectures b. A word processing program on a computer c. A voice output device d. A scientific calculator
Correct answer: B. A word processing program on a computer. Rationale: The student has difficulty producing written work, so a word processing program would be the most effective choice. The other choices would not provide as much support as this piece of assistive technology.
Joey, a first grade student, is constantly out of his seat. He has difficulty staying on task and rarely completes his work. Which of the following suggestions would be a good first step for Joey's teacher? a. Bring Joey in for an hour of tutoring after school to help him catch up. b. Call Joey's parents and see if they will put him on medication. c. Send Joey to the principal's office for discipline. d. Document the instances of Joey's behavior to see if any patterns emerge.
Correct answer: D. Document the instances of Joey's behavior to see if any patterns emerge. Rationale: Before beginning any behavioral intervention, it is important to observe and document the occurrences of the behavior. This gives the teacher a 'baseline', and can also help reveal any patterns of behavior. Tutoring is probably not the best 'first step', and teachers should never tell parents to put their child on medication. Sending Joey to the principal's office won't fix the problem, either.
Hudson v. Rowley (1982)
Court case that defined the term "free and appropriate education" in the "least restrictive environment"
Which type of assessment provides information on student performance with respect to test items and NOT other students?
Criterion-Referenced Assessments
What type of test compares student performance to a specific domain?
Criterion-Referenced Test
ASD - Autism Spectrum Disorder
DSM-5. All autism disorders were merged into one umbrella diagnosis of ASD. Previously, they were recognized as distinct subtypes, including (1) autistic disorder, (2) childhood disintegrative disorder,(3) pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), (4) Asperger's syndrome and RETT syndrome. ASD can be associated with intellectual disability, difficulties in motor coordination and attention and physical health issues such as sleep and gastrointestinal disturbances. Some persons with ASD excel in visual skills, music, math and art. Autism appears to have its roots in very early brain development. However, the most obvious signs of autism and symptoms of autism tend to emerge between 2 and 3 years of age.
Danny's diagnosis requires an Individualized Education Program (IEP). Danny requires a paraprofessional to assist him in his course work. ->Danny is covered under Section 504 because he does not require special education services. Danny should be placed in inclusive classes for all academic courses.
Danny is a twelfth-grade student who has been diagnosed with Tourette syndrome and epilepsy. Both conditions are controlled with medication. Danny is functioning at grade level with his peers. Which of the following statements best describes the most appropriate services for Danny?
When presented with a list of 50 second-grade-level sight words, David will read 45 of the words accurately. When presented with a second-grade-level nonfiction text, David will identify three of the typical features of nonfiction texts. When presented with a second-grade-level fiction text, David will summarize the events of the story in sequential order. ->When presented with a second-grade-level fiction text, David will read at a rate of 120 words per minute.
David is a fourth-grade student with a specific learning disability in reading. David has just completed a set of reading assessments, and his scores indicate that he is reading at an end-of-first-grade level. He demonstrates strengths in comprehension skills and uses context clues to help him decode text. His reading fluency is determined to be his primary reading weakness. Based on these assessment results, which of the following objectives will best meet David's current learning needs in reading?
discrepancy between achievement and potential
Define learning disabled
opportunity for persons with disability to live as close to normal as possible
Define normalization
Which court case ruled that IQ tests were no longer able to be the sole measure of assessment for SPED placement?
Diana V. Board of Education
Which court case ruled that students must be assessed in their home language?
Diana V. Board of Education
1970, resulted in the decision that all children must be tested in their native language.
Diana v. State Board of Education
zero reject expulsions -> non-discriminatory assessment out-of-state schooling
Diana v. State Board of Education (1970), Larry P. v. Riles (1972), and Lau v. Nichols (1974), influenced the drafting of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and addressed the issue of zero reject
yes
Do self managed student stay in a regular class?
TExES SPED Domain I, Competency 002
Domain I - Understanding Individuals with disabilities and evaluating their needs. Competency 002 - SPED teacher understands Formal and Informal assessment and evaluation procedures and knows how to evaluate student competencies to make instructional decisions.
TExES SPED Domain II, Competency 003
Domain II - Promoting student learning and development. Competency 003 - SPED teacher understands and applies knowledge of procedures for planning and instruction for individuals with disabilities.
TExES SPED Domain II, Competency 004
Domain II - Promoting student learning and development. Competency 004 - The SPED teacher understands and applies knowledge of procedures for managing the teaching and learning environment; including the use of assistive technology.
TExES SPED Domain II, Competency 006
Domain II - Promoting student learning and development. Competency 006 - The SPED teacher will understand and apply knowledge of issues and procedures for teaching appropriate student behavior and social skills.
TExES SPED Domain II, Competency 007
Domain II - Promoting student learning and development. Competency 007 - The SPED teacher will understand and apply knowledge of transitional issues and procedures across the life span.
TExES SPED Domain II, Competency 005
Domain II - Promoting student learning and development. Competency 005 - The SPED teacher knows how to promote student educational performance in all content areas by facilitating achievement in a variety of settings and situations.
TExES SPED Domain III, Competency 009
Domain III - Promoting student achievement in English Language Arts (ELA), Reading and Math Competency 009 - The SPED teacher will promote student performance in Math.
TExES SPED Domain III, Competency 008
Domain III - Promoting student achievement in English Language Arts (ELA), Reading and Math. Competency 008 - The SPED teacher will promote the student performance in ELA and Reading
TExES SPED Domain IV, Competency 010
Domain IV - Foundations, Professional Roles and Responsibilities. Competency 010 - The SPED teacher will understand the philosophical, historical and legal foundations for SPED.
TExES SPED Domain IV, Competency 011
Domain IV - Foundations, Professional Roles and Responsibilities. Competency 011 - The SPED teacher will apply knowledge of professional roles and adheres to the legal and ethical requirements of the profession.
TExES SPED Domain IV, Competency 012
Domain IV - Foundations, Professional Roles and Responsibilities. Competency 012 - The SPED teacher will communicate and collaborate effectively in a variety of professional settings.
What is the definition of Down Syndrome?
Down syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable chromosomal condition associated with intellectual disabilities. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality: for some un-known reason, an accident in cell development results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chro-mosomes. This extra chromo-some changes the orderly development of the body and brain. In most cases, the diagnosis of Down syndrome is made according to results from a chromosome test administered shortly after birth.
PARC and MILLS (1970s) led to ... (EHA)
During the early 1970s, two cases were catalysts for change: Pennsylvania Assn. for Retarded Children v.Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (PARC)and Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia. PARC dealt with the exclusion of children with mental retardation from public schools. In the subsequent settlement, it was agreed that educational placement decisions must include a process of parental participation and a means to resolve disputes. Mills involved the practice of suspending, expelling and excluding children with disabilities from the District of Columbia public schools. The school district's primary defense in Mills was the high cost of educating children with disabilities. The genesis of this case is found (1) in the failure of the District of Columbia to provide publicly supported education and training to plaintiffs and other "exceptional" children, members of their class, and (2) the excluding, suspending, expelling, reassigning and transferring of "exceptional" children from regular public school classes without affording them due process of law.
How does EHA differ from IDEA, ADA and RE of 1973?
EHA (The Education for All Handicapped Children Act or Public Law (PL) 94-142) was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975) is the precursor of IDEA (1990/2004) and the ADA. The RE of 1973 and the ADA of 1990 were created legal as legal guidelines for all citizens; whereas ESEA of 1968, EHA and IDEA are specifically written as federal educational codes for schools. Nevertheless, the ADA (PL 101-336), or the American with Disabilities Act (1990), gives civil rights protection to all individuals with disabilities in private sector employment, all public services, public accommodations, transportation and telecommunications. It was patterned after the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The ADA (1990) is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits, under certain circumstances, such as discrimination based on disability. IDEA (1997/2004) provides civil rights protection for students in public schools and addresses disciplinary issues related to SPED students.
How common is hearing loss in the US?
Each year in the United States, more than 12,000 babies are born with a hearing loss; often, the cause is unknown. Profound deafness occurs in 4-11 per 10,000 children; in at least 50% of these cases, the cause is genetic. Through the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening program, many states now mandate that all newborns be screened for hearing loss within hours of birth.
Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)
Early intervention services for an infant, toddler up the ages of 3 years, which include behavior modifications for the whole family. An IFSP is a component that may be legally required for SPED under IDEA 2004.
Education for All Handicapped Children Act: PL 94-142 (1975)
Education must be provided to all children 6-18 who meet age eligibility requirements.
Self-Advocacy.
Effectively communicating one's own rights, needs and desires. In addition, to taking responsibility for decision making that impacts one's life.
What is the formal name of the No Child Left Behind law?
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
PL 89-10
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965)
Step 3 of SPED Process
Eligibility Conference
Honig v. Doe (1988)
Essentially, students may not be denied education or exclusion from school when their misbehavior is due to their disability.
Sort if elation or release of anxiety
Eustress
Step 2 of SPED Process
Evaluation
true factor that affects reliability of the test
Even if guessing results in a correct response, it introduces error into a test score into interpretation of the results. What does this represent?
How frequently do re-evaluations occur?
Every 3 years
->ability and achievement test scores, with ability being greater than what is indicated by achievement test scores ability and achievement test scores, with achievement test scores being greater than demonstrated ability curriculum-based assessment (CBA) and achievement test scores, with CBA results being greater than achievement test scores curriculum-based assessment (CBA) and achievement test scores, with achievement test scores being greater than CBA results
Examiners attempting to identify a student with learning disabilities tend to focus on the discrepancy between
congenital conditions, like spina bifida, deafness, blindness or profound mental retardation, kids who contract diseases like polio/meningitis and are left in an incapacitating functional state
Examples of developmental disabilities
Section 504, Rehabilitation Act of 1973
Expands an older law by extending its protection to other areas that receive federal assistance, such as education. Individuals must: have a physical or mental impairment, have a record of such an impairment, or be regarded as having an impairment. NOT NECESSARILY A DISABILITY.
Remembering details, decoding text, spelling, and math fact fluency Following directions, organizing homework and other assignments, attending to large-group lessons, and answering questions on topic ->Following directions, understanding information presented orally, articulating, and understanding the meanings of words Possessing independent living skills and global academic skills, understanding social cues, and maintaining friendships with same-age peers
Experiencing difficulty with which of the following skills is most commonly associated with speech or language impairments?
meets 1st time without parents, teachers take child's learning concerns to school counselor, counselor contacts parents for permission to perform screening
Explain how a CST works
A grade-equivalent score of 4.2 indicates a score that the typical student would earn in the second month of 4th grade.
Explain what a grade-equivalent score of 4.2 means.
Problems of CDD
Expressive language skills, comprehension, social skills, bowel/bladder control, play skills, motor skills. Treated w Behavior Therapy, antipsychotic meds
FAPE
FAPE stands for Free Appropriate Public Education. PL 94-142 EHA - 1975) contains a provision that disabled students should be placed in the least restrictive environment-one that allows the maximum possible opportunity to interact with non-impaired students. Separate schooling may only occur when the nature or severity of the disability is such that instructional goals cannot be achieved in the regular classroom.
Appropriate Education
FAPE; IEP; IFSP; ITP
IDEA
FAPE; School aged children and adolescents; infants, toddler, PK
True or False: A test that is reliable is always valid.
False
Select all that apply. ->Initial evaluation Reevaluation Initial provision of services Monitoring student progress
Federal safeguards in IDEA require parental consent before beginning which steps in the IEP process?
Potential causes of a Learning Disability (LD)
Fetal Brain Development, problems during and after delivery. Genetic factors include Williams Syndrome, chromosomal defects, Fragile X, DYXICI - cause of dyslexia, exposure to toxins such as cadmium/lead, chemotherapy before the age of 3, environmental - home.
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
First USA school for the deaf; chose sign language method
Informal Assessment
Non-standardized tests such as criterion-referenced-tests and "teacher prepared" tests. No rigid rules and/or procedures.
Which type of assessment provides information on the relative standing of students?
Norm-Referenced Assessments
What type of test compares student performance to a standardization sample or norm?
Norm-Referenced Test
Cerebral Palsy - symptoms
Not contagious. 2% are genetic. No cure. Normally due to damage in 1st month of fetal development. Symptoms may include uncontrollerable movements, trembling, shaking, speech problems and delayed language development.
A student who has chronic absences ->A student who requires a specialized curriculum A student who is not successful in an inclusive classroom A student who requires related services
Of the following, which student is entitled to services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
->A student who requires related services A student who requires special education A student who is not successful in the resource room A student placed in an out-of-district school
Of the following, which student would receive services under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Often a myriad of symptoms including: disorganization, easily distracted and frustrated, defensive, immature, impulsive, often interrupts conversations and hyperactive behaviors.
C. learners with disabilities will have an opportunity to achieve that is commensurate with that of their peers
On the basis of such cases as Hudson v. Rowley (1982), the courts determined that "appropriate education" means that: A. students will have all the resources and related services needed to fulfill their potential B. services that maximize achievement will be provided to students as long as the cost is not prohibitive C. learners with disabilities will have an opportunity to achieve that is commensurate with that of their peers D. interpreters will be provided for all deaf students
allow the student to self-select activities because of an inability to communicate create a carefully ->structured environment with established routines and procedures allow the student to be isolated from the rest of the class expect the student to follow classroom rules because of a need of socialization skills
One of the most critical educational components of providing an appropriate learning environment for a student with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is to
1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act (Johnson) 2001: No Child Left Behind (Bush) 2015: Every Student Succeeds Act (Obama)
One special education law went through multiple updates and reauthorizations. Name the three different versions of this law. 1965: ____________________________ 2001: ____________________________ 2015: ___________________________
Remedial instruction
One-on-one or small group instruction that focuses on the needs of the individual student.
How would a student be considered mentally retarded or intellectually impaired?
Only about 1 to 1.5% of the population for the AAMD's definition of mental retardation. They fall outside 2 standard deviations for special learning disabilities and emotionally/behaviorally disordered.
What eligibility category included students with ADHD?
Other Health Impairment (OHI)
ADHD falls under what IDEA category?
Other Health Impairment. (OHI)
PI - Physical impairment
PI will include any physiological disorder, cosmetic disfigurement or anatomical loss affecting neurological, musculoskeletal, disfunction of the 5 major senses, respiratory/cardio, reproductive, digestive, lymphatic, skin and/or endocrine system
ADA - American with Disabilities Act (1990) (PL 101-336)
PL 101-336. Major legislation that protects the rights of individuals with disabilities against discrimination on the basis of their disability in employment settings (provided they are qualified, with or without accommodations, to perform the basic functions of the position), state and local governments, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications, including the United States Congress. This legislation resulted in the creation of wheel-chair ramps and equal access to public buildings.
IDEA - Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (PL 101-476) 1990/1997/2004
PL 101-476. The federal law that grants children with disabilities the right to receive a (FAPE) Free Appropriate Public Education. FAPE defines the minimum requirements each state must meet in order to receive federal special education funds. IDEA is divided into 4 parts; Part A - General provisions, Part B - Assistance for all children w disabilities, Part C - Infants and toddlers w disabilities, and Part D - National Activities to improve Education of Children with Disabilities. The was reauthorized 2004 as Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) ... terms used interchangeably.
SPED related PL's passed in 1968
PL 90-247 ... provisions for deaf-blind centers, resource centers and expansion of media services PL 90-576 ... 10% of vocational ed funds earmarked for youth w disabilities PL 91-230 ... The Elementary and Secondary Education Act Amendments of 1969 (ESEA) which consolidated into one act or law, the education of the handicapped.
Individualized family service plan - provides services for kids ages 3-5 and their families
PL 99-457
Specific learning disability (SLD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ->Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Other health impairment (OHI)
Pamela is a tenth-grade student who was injured in a car accident over the summer. She is now experiencing severe headaches, memory loss, and slurred speech. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), her disability falls into which disability category?
Step 1 of SPED Process
Parent Permission/Referral to Central Office
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Passed in 1990 as a modification to the Edu. for All Handicapped Children Act Ensures that special needs students receive appropriate free public education in the least restrictive environment necessary to meet those students' needs. It helps students receive the extra assistance they need but allows them to participate in the same activities as children without special needs whenever possible. Requires public school systems to develop appropriate Individualized Education Programs (IEP's) for each child. The specific special education and related services outlined in each IEP reflect the individualized needs of each student
Prosody
Patterns of stress and intonation in language. The prosody of an utterance is used by listeners to guide decisions about the affect of a situation. Aprosody is associated with Asperger's Syndrome.
->Speech therapy Physical therapy Occupational therapy Massage therapy
Paula is a sixth-grade student with Down syndrome. She is an attentive student who enjoys learning new things in school. Although her expressive speech and language development are more like those of an 8 year old, her receptive language skills are more like those of a 10 year old. Paula reads at the third-grade level. Which of the following support services is likely to be most beneficial for Paula?
What are the characteristics of students with Multiple Disabilities?
People with severe or multiple disabilities may exhibit a wide range of characteristics, depending on the combination and severity of disabilities, and the person's age. There are, however, some traits they may share, including: - Limited speech or communication; - Difficulty in basic physical mobility; - Tendency to forget skills through disuse; - Trouble generalizing skills from one situation to another; and/or - A need for support in major life activities (e.g., domestic, leisure, community use, vocational)
Samuel Howe
Perkins School for the Blind
Biophysical perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes biological factors' contributions to behavior.
Psychosocial perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes familial factors and extra-familial influences like the school, peers, and television.
Behaviorist perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes how behavior is learned, including modeling and observation of others.
Holistic perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes the full spectrum of possible influences.
Ecological perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that emphasizes the importance of interactions between the student and their environment.
Psycho-educational perspective
Perspective on emotional and behavioral disorders that focuses on the underlying problems of the child as well as academic achievement.
Gesell studied
Physical development
Non-Categorical Early Childhood (NCEC)
Pre-school students between the ages of 3 - 5 who may meet the requirements under a disability area of MR, ED, LD or AU
What are the three types of ADHD?
Predominantly Inattentive ** Inattention is primary characteristic Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive **Combination of high amounts of movement and inability to put on the brakes Combined Type (Most Common) **Combo of Characteristics of Above Types of ADHD
What is an IEP?
Present level of performance. Measureable annual goals. Specific objectives. Services. Related Services. Supplementary aids. Assistive technology. Participation. Modifications and accommodations. State and district wide tests. Measurement of progress. Dates. Signatures
Test of Silent Contextual Reading Fluency
Presents a student with a string of words with no spaces in-between. The student must use dashes to separate the words. E.g., Thesmalldogherdedthefluffysheepintothebarn. The/small/dog/herded/the/fluffy/sheep/into/the/barn. The more words a student separates, the higher the silent reading fluency score.
Priming is ...
Previewing information or activities that a student is likely to have problems with before they began work on the activity.
Public Law 91-230 (Amendments to Public Law 89-10) (1969)
Previous enactment relating to children with disabilities was consolidated into one act: Education of the Handicapped
The following are recommended times of study or homework for students in regular education classes;
Primary Grades - 3 to 15 minutes assignments per week. Grades 4 to 6 - two to four (15 to 45 minute) assignments per week. Grades 7-9 - as many as five (45 to 75 minute) assignments per week. Grades 10 to 12 - as many as five (75 to 120 minute) assignments per week. The National Education Association recommends that homework time increase by ten minutes per year in school. (e.g., A third grader would have 30 minutes of homework, while a seventh grader would have 70 minutes). However, (http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2008/11/art4full.pdf) research indicates that 70% of American students do homework for 30 minutes or less. Interesting.
Profound Cognitive Impairment (25 below)
Profound CI (IQ below 20-25) (1) Gross retardation, both mental and sensor-motor. (2) Little of no development of basic communication skills. (3) Dependency on others to maintain basic life functions. (4) Lifetime of complete supervision such as an institution, home, or nursing home.
What level of Intellectual Disability has an IQ score below 20?
Profound Intellectual Disability
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, State and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications
Under IDEA's legislation, all states receiving federal funding must:
Provide all students with disabilities between the ages of three and 21 with access to an appropriate and free public education (1) Identify, locate and evaluate children labeled with disabilities (2) Develop an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each child with a disability (3) Educate children with disabilities within their "least restrictive environment." This environment is ideally with their typically developing peers, but is dependent on individual circumstances (4) Provide those students enrolled in early-intervention (EI) programs with a positive and effective transition into an appropriate preschool program (5) Provide special education services for those children enrolled in private schools (6) Ensure teachers are adequately qualified and certified to teach special education (7) Ensure that children with disabilities are not suspended or expelled at rates higher than their typically developing peers
PL 85-926 (1958) deals with Higher ED
Provided grants to institutions of higher learning and to state education agencies for the training of professional personnel (professors) to train and instruct teachers of students with MR.
Regular education intervention or inclusion
REI
intellectual disability ->specific learning disability attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder autism spectrum disorder
Randi is a 12 year old who scores within the average range for her age on a standardized test but is significantly below grade level in reading and writing and is at grade level in math. The profile is most consistent with a classification of
Children with slow reading rates are having difficulty with ...
Reading Fluency. Reading is often a slow, laborious process, frequently resulting in word-by-word reading. Consequently, because so much mental energy is expended in the actual act of reading, little is left over for understanding the meaning of the text.
IDEA PL 105-17 (1997) ... added MDR
Reauthorized IDEA 1990, emphasizes the involvement of students with special needs in a general classroom setting, with the services and modifications deemed necessary by the evaluation team. Included the MDR (Manifest Determination Review) as a component regarding discipline ... suspensions should be followed with MDR within 10 days after the disciplinary action.
Conduct Disorder
Repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age appropriate social norms are violated
Performance Based Assessment
Requires a student to perform a task in which students can be presented with real-life scenarios, rather than select an answer from a predetermined list of choice or options such as; a standardized or multiple-choice test.
What is the process of identifying students who are experiencing difficulties and providing specific interventions to address areas of concern before children fail? **Includes research-based interventions, data collection, and continuous monitoring
Response to Intervention (RTI)
Hanson V Hobson (1967) ... no tracking
Ruled that ability grouping (tracking) based on student performance on standardized tests in unconstitutional.
Goss v. Lopez (1975) ... due process rights
Rules that the state could not deny a student an education without following due process.
Syntax
Rules, commonly known as grammar that govern how morphemes and words are correctly combined.
Rules for syllabication (dividing words into syllables)
Rules: (1) When two consonants come between two vowels in a word, divide syllables between the consonants, such as cof-fee. (2) When there are more than two consonants together in a word, divide the syllables keeping the blends together, such as em-ploy (3) When there is one consonant between two vowels in a word, divide the syllables after the first vowel, such as ca-jole (4) If following the previous rule doesn't make a recognizable word, divide the syllables after the consonant that comes between the vowels such as doz-en (5) When there are two vowels together that don't represent a long vowel sound or a diphthong, divide the syllables between the vowels, such as cli-ent
Public Law 99-457 (1986)
SPED programs were required for children ages three to five, with most states offering outreach programs for identification. Introduction of IFSP.
Name 3 types of antidepressants
SSRI, Tri-Cyclic and MAOI. The SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are the most commonly prescribed class of antidepressants. They act on a chemical in the brain called serotonin. The SSRIs include drugs such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil. The SSRIs are preferred over older classes of antidepressants such as tricyclic antidepressants and MAOIs because their adverse effects are less severe.
Examples of Modifications and Accommodations under Section 504:
Sandra is in a wheelchair. She will be given extra time to get to her classes without being considered tardy or receiving consequences for being late. She will be assigned a specific seating area in the class to accommodate her chair. Travis has diabetes. Twice a day, he will go to the nurses office in order to check his glucose levels. He will be allowed snacks at times other than lunch if necessary. Angus Macgyver has ADHD. He will be given preferential seating in the front of the class, given extra time on writing and homework assignments and his progress will be monitored by a weekly progress report.
Board of Education vs. Rowley (1982) ... sign language
Schools must provide those services that permit a student w. disabilities to benefit from instruction ... to include sign language interpreter
What does Section 504 guarantee?
Section 504 of the Americans with Disabilities Act guarantees that a child with a disability has equal ACCESS to an education and that it is comparable to an education provided to those who do not have a disability. Since it is a civil rights law, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is an educational law, a child who receives services under 504 does not benefit from the same mandates as a child who receives special education services under IDEA. Modifications and accommodations under 504 usually refer to improving building accessibility, classroom accommodations and curriculum modifications.
Common side effects of SSRI (Antidepressant)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) Side effects include the following; Nausea, Insomnia, Dizziness, Weight gain or loss, Tremors, Sweating, Anxiety, Restlessness, Decreased sex drive, Drowsiness or fatigue, Dry mouth, Diarrhea or constipation, and/orHeadaches. Like all antidepressants, SSRIs can cause an increase in suicidal thoughts and behaviors. They also carry a risk for increased hostility, agitation, and anxiety.
Deciding the effectiveness of the behavior in solving the problem
Self evaluation
3 aspects of Self-instructional training
Self instructional training is a cognitive technique which aims to give clients control over their behavior through guided self talk that gradually becomes covert and self generated. 3 aspects are; (1) Cognitive modeling: The adult model performs a task while verbally instruction himself (2) Self-instruction: The child performs the task while instructing himself, silently or overtly. (3) Self-monitoring: Refers to procedures by which the learner records whether or not he is engaging in certain behaviors, particularly those that would lead to increased academic achievement and/or social behavior.
Choosing behaviors and alternatives and monitoring those actions
Self monitoring
Telling oneself that one is capable of achieving success
Self reinforcement
Semantics
Semantics is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, like words, phrases, signs, and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotation. Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used for understanding human expression through language.
Brown vs. Bd. Of Ed.
Separate but equal is unconstitutional and harmful to children (1954)
Severe Cognitive Impairment (25-35)
Severe CI (IQ of 25 - 35) (1) Poor motor development. (2) Minimal speech and communication. (3) Minimal ability to profit from training in health and self-help skills; may contribute to self-maintenance under constant supervision as an adult.
What level of Intellectual Disability has an IQ score in the 35-20 range?
Severe Intellectual Disability
Orthopedic Impairment defined by IDEA
Severe orthopedic impairments (conditions involving the musculoskeletal system) that adversely affect a child's educational performance
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) (PL 107-110, 2002)
Signed into law in 2002, by President George W. Bush, NCLB addresses the accountability of school personnel for school achievement. Any public school which receive Title I funds from the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, must demonstrate AYP or adequate yearly progress. The act measures student performance using standardized tests and includes provisions for "school-choice".
According to IDEA, what are Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities?
Significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period that adversely affects a child's educational performance. ***Must have a low level of intellectual ability AND a significant problem with adaptive behavior skills
Word Attack Skills
Skills needed to be able to make sense of an unknown word in the context of reading. Word attack skills rely on the ability to recognize the sounds that make up words and to put those sounds together (phonemic awareness). More advanced word attack skills involve using context, prefixes or suffixes or a dictionary to determine what a word means.
Voicing
Sound powered by the vocal folds/chords
Suggested Special Education textbooks
Special Education for All Teachers Author(s): Ronald P Colarusso, Colleen M Orourke, MELISSA LEONTOVICH ISBN: 978-1-4652-1529-1 Edition: 6 Copyright: 2013 Creating Inclusive Classrooms: Effective and Reflective Practices, Seventh Edition | 978-0-13-703074-3 ISBN-13: Author(s): Spencer J. Salend
WHAT IS THE GOAL of SPECIAL EDUCATION?
Special education makes it possible for a child to achieve academic success in the least restrictive environment despite their disability. The federal law governing the system is called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or IDEA (1990/2004). IDEA (PL 101-476) entitles all children with learning disabilities to a free appropriate education (FAPE). Examples of "appropriate" programs include: A specific program or class for your child. Access to specialists. Modifications in the educational program such as curriculum and teaching methods.
Select all that apply. ->Core academic subjects ->Alternate achievement standards ->Multiple subjects Primary grades
Special education teachers are expected to hold highly qualified status when teaching which of the following?
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Citizens (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972)
Special education was guaranteed to children with intellectual disabilities. The victory in this case sparked other court cases for children with other disabilities.
What is the largest category of students with high incidence disabilities?
Specific Learning Disability
Percentages of students served under IDEA
Specific Learning Disabled - 45.5 Speech and language impairments - 21.0 Mental Retardation - 9.3 Other Health Impairments - 8.2 Serious Emotional Disturbance - 7.8 Autism - 2.9 Multiple Disabilities - 2.2 Hearing Impairments - 1.2 Orthopedic Impairments - 1.1 TBI - .4 Source: US Dept. Education - 2004
A 504 plan should include the following;
Specifics on how the modifications or accommodations will be provided and by whom. Name of the person who will be responsible for ensuring that all components of the plan are implemented (case manager). Be distributed to all of the child's teachers, specialists, and support staff. Be placed in the child's cumulative file. Plans should be revised and updated every year, but each district may decide when the plan will be reviewed. The child will be placed in the regular education environment unless it is demonstrated that the student's needs cannot be met in the regular education environment. If this is the case, the child may receive special education services or services from support staff. The referral, assessment, evaluation and placement process should be completed within a reasonable time and should not exceed 60 days.
Erik Erickson's (8) Stages of Social Development
Stage 1. Hope (trust vs. mistrust) Stage 2. Will (autonomy - betw, 2 to 4 yrs) Stage 3. Purpose (initiative - betw. 4 to 5 yrs.) Stage 4. Competence (industry vs. inferiorirty - 5 to 13 yrs) Stage 5. Fidelity (13 to 19 yrs) Stage 6. Love (20 to 24 yrs.) Stage 7. Care (25 to 64 yrs.) Stage 8. Wisdom (64 to ...)
Rehabilitation Act- Section 504
States that "no qualified individual with a disability in the United States shall be excluded from, denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under" any program or activity that either receives Federal financial assistance
Project-based learning
Student-centered pedagogy in which students actively explore real-world challenges. Content can be personalized for diverse learners.
reading and mathematics physical dexterity ->adaptive behavior auditory processing
Students classified as having an intellectual disability must exhibit significant deficits in both intellectual abilities and in
Honig v. Doe (1984) ... misbehavior/discipline
Students may not be denied education when their misbehavior is related to their disability. In a case of which behavior is a danger to another student/staff allows schools to apply "normal procedures" such as time-out, loss of privileges, detention, or study carrels. If student is an immediate threat that student may be suspended for up to 10 days to give parents/school time to review IEP and discuss alternatives.
D. Both A & B
Students with autism benefit from: A. visual aids B. structure and routine C. flexibility D. Both A & B
->Exhibiting anxiety when presented with a problem he or she cannot solve Stealing from another student during recess Showing inattentiveness during classroom instruction Acting out when the teacher attempts to quiet the student while the class is taking a test
Students with emotional behavior disturbances (EBD) sometimes demonstrate an internalizing behavior classified as a personality disorder. Which of the following behaviors would a student with a personality disorder most likely demonstrate?
C. phonics and word recognition
Students with learning disabilities benefit from a whole-language approach in combination with direct instruction in: A. auditory comprehension B. visual-motor integration C. phonics and word recognition D. visual memory skills
Stuttering/Disfluency
Stuttering is a communication disorder characterized by disruptions in the production of speech sounds, also called "disfluencies." It begins during childhood and, in some cases, lasts throughout life.
Symptoms of ADHD
Symptoms fall into three broad categories: (1) Inattention- lack of concentration and easily distracted. (2) Impulsivity- tendency to interrupt and to constantly engage in risky activity. (3) Hyperactivity- fidgeting, unable to slow down and rest, constantly talking and problems sticking to a task.
Contingency Management
Systematic use of reinforcement and punishment intended to develop, maintain and change behavior.
Assessment in the student's native language
For a bilingual student, what type of extra assessment is necessary to determine baseline skills?
Supplemental Areas to be Addressed for Children with Autism during the ARD and in creating an IEP
For a child with autism, there are 11 strategies that must be considered. When not needed, the IEP must include a statement to that effect and the basis upon which the determination was made. The additional strategies the ARD committee must consider are: • extended educational programming, • daily schedules reflecting minimal unstructured time, • in-home and community-based training, or viable alternatives, • positive behavior support strategies, • futures planning, • parent/family training, and support, • suitable staff-to-child ratio appropriate to identified activities, • communication interventions, • social skills supports and strategies, • professional educator/staff support, and • teaching strategies based on peer-reviewed, research-based practices.
A. visual reminders of appropriate behavior
For students with autism, which of the following is likely to help increase appropriate behavior? A. visual reminders of appropriate behavior B. peer buddy to help regulate behavior C. allowing students to opt out of frustrating academic tasks D. seating students at the front of the classroom
Literature circles (similar to book clubs)
Form of reading instruction in which small groups of students gather to discuss their responses to a reading. Students are typically able to choose books based on their interests (rather than their reading levels) and they are more independent.
Guided reading
Form of reading instruction that allows teachers to work with small groups of students while focusing on the students' levels and differentiating instruction within the groups.
Heterogeneous grouping
Forming groups of students with diverse abilities (helpful for students with special needs to be included with stronger peers)
Homogeneous grouping
Forming groups of students with similar abilities (does not promote inclusion)
Cerebral Palsy
General term for a group of non-progressive movement disorders. Associated with problems of depth perception, cognition, epilepsy and poor coordination. Caused by damage to motor control centers of the brain. Cerebral Palsy has also been called Cerebrum Paralysis, which is perhaps a better descriptor.
describing a picture
Give an example of cross-modal perception involving integrating visual stimuli to an auditory verbal process
survey or test group, then re-administer same evaluation two weeks later
Give an example of test-retest
Makes use of an alternative behavior plan, a form of group therapy
Glasser's Reality Therapy
SSI - Student Success Initiative
Grade advancement requirements required students to pass TAKS tests in the following grade levels; Grade 3, reading Grade 5, reading/math Grade 8, reading/Math
Health Impairment defined by IDEA
Having limited strength, vitality or alertness; including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness due to chronic health problems.
Define: Blindness
Having no vision or only having light perception
Define: Low Vision
Having some vision but having difficulty accomplishing typical visual tasks
Which court case ruled that students cannot be suspended for longer than 10 days without a placement change?
Honig V. Doe
Where student has presented an immediate threat to other, that student may be temporarily suspended up to 10 school days to give the school and parents time to review the IEP and discuss possible alternatives to the current placement.
Honig v. Doe, 1998
Provide periodic review of lessons
How can teachers best help students with intellectual disabilities retain previously acquired skills?
autism is a separate exceptional category developmental disability that affects verbal/nonverbal communication
How is autism categorized in IDEA?
Symptoms and causes of Insulin shock
Hypoglycemia is a condition that occurs when your blood sugar (glucose) is too low. Blood sugar below 70 mg/dL is considered low. Blood sugar at or below this level can harm. Causes: Hypoglycemia occurs when: the body's sugar (glucose) is used up too quickly, Glucose is released into the bloodstream too slowly or too much insulin is released into the bloodstream. Insulin is a hormone that reduces blood sugar. It is produced by the pancreas in response to increased glucose levels in the blood. Low blood sugar is most commonly seen in people with diabetes who are taking insulin or other medicines to control their diabetes. Symptoms: Symptoms you may have when your blood sugar gets too low include: Double vision or blurry vision, Fast or pounding heartbeat, Feeling cranky or acting aggressive, Feeling nervous, Headache, Hunger, Shaking or trembling, Sweating, Tingling or numbness of the skin, Tiredness or weakness, Trouble sleeping, Unclear thinking, which can lead to seizures.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
IDEA
SLD - Specific Learning Disability
IDEA defines SLD as a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes in understanding, may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do math calculations. The term includes perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and aphasia (language disorder). However, a SLD does not include LD resulting from MR, ED, environment, cultural or economic disadvantage.
Who is eligible for SPED?
IDEA guaruntees that all children with disabilities have a right to SPED services if their disability adversely affects their educational performance and if these services would allow them to benefit from the education program.
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro (1984)
IDEA mandates "related services" and court agreed that catheterization should be considered a OHI.
How many ED students received services in 2004?
IDEA requires that special education and related services be made available free of charge to every eligible child with a disability, including preschoolers (ages 3-21). In the 2003-2004 school year, more than 484,000 children and youth with emotional disturbance received
academic achievements & functional performance
IEP's have multiple sections, give examples
What legislation created BIP's
Idea 2004, establishes that the BIP (Behavioral Intervention Plan) which is a team intervention and therefore should be written by a team including the teacher primarily responsible, reviewed annually and should consider placement. BIP's are associated with FBA (Functional Behavioral Assessment) and MDR (Manifest Determinations) as part of the disciplinary process of SPED students.
Referral for a Full and Individual Evaluation (FIE)
If a child continues to experience difficulty in the general classroom after interventions are provided, school personnel may refer a child for a Full and Individual Evaluation (FIE) for special education services. A referral for an FIE for special education services may be initiated by a parent, school personnel, or by another person involved in the education or care of a child. If a request for an evaluation for special education services and the school determines that an evaluation is not needed, the school must give you prior written notice of its decision not to evaluate your child. Once parental consent is given for a FIE, the school will conduct an FIE of your child in all areas of suspected disability. The child between the ages of 3through 21 (except as noted) must meet the criteria for one or more of the disability categories.
Discipline in regards to SPED
If a child's behavior interferes with learning, the ARD committee must consider the use of positive (+) behavioral interventions. These interventions must be documented in the IEP. IDEA does not prohibit a school from reporting a crime, nor from law enforcement in exercising state and federal law. However, school records are protected by FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act). According to IDEA, a child violating the school code of conduct may be removed from placement for up to 10 days. The school is not required to provide educational services during removals or suspension. Please note: In the state of Texas a student/child may be suspended for a period not to exceed 3 days.
Discipline when behavior is a manifestation of a disability.
If a child's conduct is a manifestation of their disability, the ARD committee must conduct a FBA (functional behavioral assessment) and implement a BIP (behavioral intervention plan). If, a BIP has already been developed then, the ARD committee must review and modify.
Voluntary private school placements by parents.
If a parent chooses to place a child with a disability in a private school, the child may lose the right to receive public SPED services. A FAPE will only be made available to full-time public school students. The courts have ruled that schools can only be held financially liable; if the students rights were violated as stated by the court or hearing officer.
Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE)
If a parent disagrees with an evaluation provided by the school, they have a right to request their child be independently evaluated at public expense. The school may disagree and request a due process hearing to show its evaluation was appropriate.
Distortion
"schleep" for "sleep"
3 aspects of Career Education include;
(1) Career Awareness: Diversity of available jobs (2) Career Exploration: Skills needed for occupational groups (3) Career Preparation: Specific training and preparation required for the world of work.
Hyperactivity
A rate of motor activity that is higher than normal
A fifth grader has diabetes and manages her illness through insulin injections. Which of the following symptoms should indicate to a teacher that this student may be experiencing insulin shock?
A. Trembling and irritability B. A high fever C. Muscle and joint pain D. An increased level of thirst. TExES released - Answer A
At what age can a NCEC diagnosis no longer be used?
After age 5
Meaningful Learning Theory (David Ausubel)
Ausubel's meaningful learning theory, just like discovery learning theory, all belongs to cognitive structure theory, but there are some differences between them, Ausubel's meaningful learning theory demonstrate learning can only created by students who have enough prior knowledge, it's the main idea of meaningful learning. "David Ausubel theorized that people acquire[d] knowledge primarily by being exposed directly to it rather than through discovery" (Woolfolk et al., 2010, p. 288)[4] In other words, Ausubel believed that understanding concepts, principles, and ideas are achieved through deductive reasoning.[4] Similarly, he believed in the idea of meaningful learning as opposed to rote memorization.
What is the most common IQ range for students under the category of EBD?
Average to Low-Average
Smith v. Robinson (1984)
Congress passed a law awarding attorney's fees to parents who win their litigation.
TExES SPED Domain I, Competency 001
Domain I - Understanding Individuals with disabilities and evaluating their needs. Competency 001 - SPED teacher understands and applies knowledge of the chararcteristics and needs of students with disabilities
Jean Itard
Father of Special Education
Read-aloud
Form of reading instruction in which the teacher reads a text aloud to students.
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro (1984)
IDEA lists health services as one of the "related services" that schools are mandated to provide to exceptional students.
attend a four-year college ->obtain skilled or semiskilled employment live in a group home work in a sheltered workshop
Jeff's Individualized Transitional Plan (ITP) includes activities such as filling out applications, working at an after-school job working with an electrician, and receiving tutoring in functional reading skills. Jeff's long-term goal is most likely to
->Allowing frequent breaks Having the test read aloud to him Providing large-print materials Allowing Paul to respond in the test booklet
Paul is a ninth-grade student who is educated in an inclusion classroom for biology. He has a hearing impairment co-occurring with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Which of the following accommodations is most appropriate for Paul when he takes the state standardized test?
Step 4 of SPED Process
Plan and Implement Services
Board of Education v. Rowley (1982)
School districts must provide services that permit a student with disabilities to benefit from instruction. Also obligated to provide a "basic floor of opportunity" that allows the child to benefit from social education.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act 2004
Specifies SPED services for individuals with disabilities ages 3-21 Components: FAPE Nondiscriminatory Evaluation/Assessment LRE IEP Parent Participation Procedural Safeguards
Reauthorization of IDEA: PL 105-17 (1997)
This amendment added parent participation in a student's eligibility.
Special education programs in the United States were made mandatory ...
In 1975 when the United States Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) in response to discriminatory treatment by public educational agencies against students with disabilities. The EHA was later modified to strengthen protections to people with disabilities and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The federal laws require states to provide special education consistent with federal standards as a condition of receiving federal funds. IDEA entitles every student to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE). To ensure a FAPE, a team of professionals from the local educational agency meet with the student's parents to identify the student's unique educational needs, to develop annual goals for the student, and to determine the placement, program modification, testing accommodations, counseling, and other special services that the student needs. Parents become part of the multidisciplinary team, along with the local educational agency professionals, and collaborate with team members to make decisions on educational placement. These choices are recorded in a written Individualized Education Program (IEP).
Standardized test
Which is more likely to yield a true score, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
Select all that apply. ->The referring teacher ->The age of the student at the onset of the problem behavior ->The setting in which the problem behavior is exhibited The treatment to be used
Which of the following are important considerations in the process of evaluating a student for evidence of an emotional behavior disturbance (EBD) ?
Reviews can occur
anytime
Peer tutoring vs. Cooperative Learning
In Peer tutoring ... the teacher trains the peer who in turn works with students (peers) who need remediation. In Cooperative Learning ... students work together in small groups and then the focus is on team work and shared goals.
Jean Itard and intervention
individualized, sensory, systematic
Disabilities recognized under IDEA (2004)
(1) Autism, (2) Blind, (3) Deaf, (4) Emotional Disturbances (ED), (5) Intellectual Disability (MR), (6) Hearing Impairment, (7) Multiple Disabilities, (8) Orthopedic Impairment, (9) Other Health Impairment (OHI), (10) Specific Learning Disability (SLD), (11) Speech or Language Impairment, (12) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), and (13) Visual Impairment or Blindness.
IDEA 2004 guarantees four basic rights to children with disabilities.
(1) Free Appropriate Education Children with disabilities are entitled to a public education appropriate to their needs, at no cost to their families. (2) Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) If possible, children with disabilities must be educated with students who do not have disabilities and should attend the school that is closest to home. (3) Supplementary Aids and Services Children with disabilities must be provided with support services that assist them in benefiting educationally from their instructional program. Assessment (4) An assessment must be completed to determine the child's needs. This may be done only with the parent's informed written consent.
The ARD committee must contain ...
(1) Student/Parents, (2) one regular education teacher of child, (3) one SPED teacher of child, (4) district representative, or a person who can interpret the instructional implications of the evaluation results, and (5) other individuals who have special knowledge or expertise such as PT, AI (auditory impairment), VI (visually impairment), CTE, LPAC (Language Proficiency Assessment Committee) etc.
Four basic steps the brain must take for learning to happen.
(1) The first step is to get the data from the eyes and ears into the brain (input). (2) The brain then must make sense of the data received (integration). (3) Once received, the data must be stored and kept ready to be retrieved (memory). (4) When needed, the brain must make sense of the data and send the message to the nerves and muscles (output). The process: Input Integration Memory Output
PL 99-457
(1986) PK Law; Congress responded to research...early intervention works! Labeling is harmful! IFSP; option of non-categorical approach to services
PL 94-142
(1990) Education for all handicapped children; "Mother Law" of SPED; provided for the education of students with disabilities since 1975; federally funded, mandated FAPE for all students with disabilities ages 3-21 years; defines educational process and parent/student involvement; established six principles
PL 101-476
(1990) IDEA Changed word handicap to disability; required ITP starting at 14; added autism and TBI; decided against AD/HD
PL 105-17
(1997) Parents participate in assessment plan; en. Ed. Tch. Participate in IEP; Greater access to Gen. Ed. Curricula; participate in state and district tests; continued services for students with disabilities with violent behavior; required BIP
PL 108-446
(2004) IDEIA; emphasized pre-referral intervention in alignment with NCLB; required sp. Ed. Tech to be highly qualified; mandated all s/dis participate annually in state and district testing; RTI; allow students/dis to be placed in interim alternative educational setting for disciplinary purposes
Which component changed with the reauthorization of the Education for all Handicapped Children Act (EHA 1975) 1990 EHA amendment?
(PL 94-142) The EHA amendment requires specific terminology as a new component; such as IFSP and EIP
Components of Syntactic Structures (Noam Chomsky)
- In all languages sentences are formed from constituent phrases. - Only a noun can complete a sentence - Sentences have an internal hierarchial structure called Syntactic Constituents - Only constituents can be moved to another part of a sentence - We often say "word order" is different in other languages", but more accurately ... the constituent order is different. - A basic English sentence contains a Noun Phrase (the subject) and a Verb Phrase (predicate) - All phrases have the same basic structure - Phrase types include noun, verb, adjective and prepositional Chomsky created the study of syntactic structure to explain language acquisition.
Evaluation strategies for special needs students include:
- Tests should be given in a quiet place with as few distractions as possible. Accommodations for asking verbal questions and receiving oral answers should be provided. -Tests should be broken into short sections with visual prompts where possible. Avoid giving a timed test and give students whatever amount of time needed to complete each section before moving to the next one. Schedule monitored breaks between each part. -Teachers should grade spelling, organization and presentation separately from content. When evaluating content, highlight key concepts, creativity and original thinking so the students and their parents recognize the knowledge gained and progress made. -Teachers need to find something specific to point out and praise to encourage the student for his accomplishment as an incentive to learn more.
What percentage of the Limited English Proficiency (LEP) students are hispanic?
... 75%
At what age is a statement of required transition services to be included in the IEP?
... Age 16
How should an IEP objective relate to the TEKS objectives?
... as closely as possible.
In what setting are the largest number of students receiving SPED services?
... inside the general classroom.
General time table for students under IDEA (2004)
0 - 3 YEARS OLD Early Intervention (EI). Services met through an IFSP. Natural environments, such as in the home. 3 - 5 YEARS OLD Early Childhood Specia l Education (ECSE). Services met through an IFSP. Pre-school environment. 5 - 16 YEARS OLD Services met through an Individualized Education Program (IEP). The Individualized Education Program (IEP) Public school environment. Focus is on the individual student from Kindergarten age until age 21. 16 YEARS OLD Transition services must be in the IEP in effect when the student reaches age 16. Can begin when the student is younger if the IEP team agrees it is appropriate. 17 YEARS OLD School district gives notice to student regarding age of majority (18 years of age). 18 - 21 YEARS OLD Upon reaching the age of majority (18 years of age) the student makes all educational decisions. Exceptions: students who have an educational surrogate or legal guardian. School district is no longer responsible for educating the student once he/she finishes the school yearof his/her 21st birthday.
Vygotsky - 4 loads as learning barriers
1 - Cognitive Load; the number of new concepts in a lesson. 2 - Cultural Load; the way language and culture are related refers to the way a teacher expects a student interaction to occur. 3 - Language Load; refers to number of unfamiliar words by ESL student. 4 - Learning Load - What a teacher expects students to do with English in the learning activities
Three things a teacher should consider when choosing an activity
1. Appropriate level of difficulty 2. Meaningfulness 3. Relevance
List of Interventions
1. Changes in curriculum such as Saxon Math, 2. Content Mastery, 3. Student-to-teacher ratio, 4. Progress Monitoring (goals).
Levels of Pre-referral
1. Classroom Intervention 2. School Building TAT 3. District Required 3 Tier Interventions 4. Referral for SPED evaluation
Parent Permission and Referral to Central Office what does this entail?
1. Conference with the parent 2. Written permission for evaluation 3. Vision and Hearing Screening 5. ESL assessment 6. Referral form 6. Timeline begins (60 days)
Two purposes of a ME or Multidisciplinary Evaluation
1. Determine eligibility for SPED, 2. Identify strengths and weaknesses for IEP planning.
Plan and Implement Services what does this entail?
1. Develop educational plan 2. Goals and Objectives Set 3. LRE 4. Related Services 5. Monitoring Progress
The ARD committee tasks are
1. Discuss functional level and results from assessment 2. Set goals the student should work toward. 3. Establish support services 4. Determine how services will be given.
The eligible for ED according to IDEA a student must:
1. Have an inability to learn that can't be explained. 2. An inability to build or maintain relationships. 3. Display inappropriate behaviors. 4. Display a mood of unhappiness or depression. 5. have a tendency to develop physical symptoms associated with school issues.
4 Characteristics of Inclusion
1. Home school placement 2. Principle of natural proportions 3. Restructuring teaching and learning 4. Age and grade appropriate placements
Educational Plans what does this entail?
1. IEP 2. IFSP 3. ITP 4. BIP
Steps of FBA - Functional Behavioral Analysis
1. Identify and agree on primary behavior that needs to be changed. 2. Gather Data on the occurrence of target behavior, intensity, frequency and location of occurrence. 3. Develop a hypothesis about what function the behavior serves and choose and intervention that serves same function. 4. Evaluate the effectiveness of intervention.
B. shares all responsibilities, including both behavior management and academic content, with the general education teacher
In inclusion settings, the special education teacher: A. acts as an assistant to the general education teacher B. shares all responsibilities, including both behavior management and academic content, with the general education teacher C. observes the general education teacher and offers advice and support for his or her independent teaching D. manages the behavior concerns of special education students while the general education teacher focuses on academic content
5 components of Language Learning
1. Phonology, 2. Morphology, 3. Syntax, 4. Semantics, and 5. Pragmatics.
Evaluation what does this entail?
1. Plan evaluation 2. Multidisciplinary evaluation 3. Nondiscriminatory assessment instruments and procedures 4. More than one assessment instrument 4. State and district guidelines 5. Timeline
Four stages of writing
1. Planning /Prewriting Stage - students write outlines, brainstorm, list ideas and concept map. 2. Drafting Stage - In this stage students work alone or in groups to begin collecting and organizing ideas. 3. Revising/Editing Stage - Students edit work by sharing and reading aloud. Obtain feedback to make revisions. 4. Sharing/Publication Stage - Students are encouraged to share their work aloud, visually, digitally or in printed form.
Cascade of Services by level
1. Regular classroom. 2. Regular classroom and support services. 3. Regular classroom and part-time Special Ed class. 4. Full-time SPED classes 5. Special Stations (alternative schools, etc) 6. Homebound education. 7. Residential Institutions (private and state-assisted)
Eligibility Conference what does this entail?
1. Share evaluation results 2. Determine as a team, does the student have a disability? Does the student need SPED?
Teacher notices before referring for SPED
1. Student is unsuccessful with learning or has behavioral difficulties 2. The teacher requests assistance and the team case manager observe and create a conceptual map 3. TAT (Teacher assistance Team) meeting and come to consensus on the problem, set goals, brainstorms interventions, selects and refines interventions with measurement, and follows up
Brown V. Board of Education
1954 Ruled Separate but Equal is Unconstitutional Not originally a court case about SPED, but began a movement to include individuals with disabilities into public schools rather than institutions.
Hanson V. Hobson
1967 Ruled that student tracking based on student performance on standardized tests was unconstitutional. The court ruled that black and poor students were deprived of equal educational opportunity. **Tests were not normed to poor or minority students, but instead to middle-class white students, so the student performance was not an accurate representation of their ability.
Diana V. Board
1970 Ruled that the performance of minority students be compared with that of their peer group, NOT non-minority groups.
Mills V. Board of Education D.C.
1972 Ruled that all students have a right to educational opportunities regardless of disability status or school funding situation. **Extended impact of PARC case to all students with disabilities.
PARC V. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
1972 Ruled that the state could not deny educational opportunities to state residents regardless of their disability status. **Mainly focused on individuals with intellectual disabilities.
Larry P. V. Riles
1972, 1979 Ruled that minority students could not be placed in SPED until nonbiased assessments were created because the state had used tests that are culturally and racially discriminatory and that had not been normed with the minority population being overrepresented. **Due to the overrepresentation of African- American children in SPED
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
1975 Stated that public schools must provide children with special needs with the same opportunities for education as other children Introduced and required FAPE
PASE V. Hannon
1980 Ruled that Chicago was not discriminating during evaluation of the student as the IQ test being used was mostly non-biased AND because the IQ test was not being used as the sole basis for SPED placement.
Board of Education V. Rowley
1982 The court defined appropriate (in FAPE) as "reasonably calculated to enable the child to achieve passing marks and advance from grade to grade."
ARD ...
The Admission, Review and Dismissal Committee. In Texas, the student of having a disability is referred to a multidisciplinary team called an ARD.
Dolch Sight Words
The Dolch word list is a list of frequently used English words compiled by Edward William Dolch, a major proponent of the "whole-word" method of beginning reading instruction. The list was prepared in 1936 and was originally published in his book Problems in Reading in 1948. Examples of Dolch Sight Words for preprimer non-nouns; are a, and, away, big, blue, can, come, down, find, for, funny, go, help etc.
PL 94-142 (EHA - 1975)
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975) This act required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities. Public schools were required to evaluate handicapped children and create an individualized educational plan (IEP) with parent input that would emulate as closely as possible the educational experience of non-disabled students. Creates IEP's and requires LRE
Aligning IDEA and NCLB ...
The IDEA 2004 reauthorization emphasized the need to align IDEA with other school improvement efforts, specifically "improvement efforts under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965." Congress found that: . . . the education of children with disabilities can be made more effective by . . . having high expectations for such children and ensuring their access to the general education curriculum in the regular classroom . . . to meet developmental goals and . . . the challenging expectations that have been established for all children . . . . The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 is "to ensure that all children have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and state academic assessments." IDEA requires states to establish goals for the performance of children with disabilities that are consistent with the goals and standards for nondisabled children. States are also required to improve graduation rates and dropout rates, and to report the progress of children with disabilities on state and district assessments.
Extended-school-year services Modifications to the curriculum Free accommodations for children with physical disabilities ->Education in the least restrictive environment
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that school districts always provide which of the following to all children with disabilities?
Types of STARR for SPED students
The STAAR program includes a number of assessments that address needs of students receiving special education services and English language learners (ELLs) who meet particular participation requirements such as STAAR Modified, STAAR Alternate, STAAR Spanish and STAAR L
gifted and talented students learning disabilities ->intellectual disabilities fragile X syndrome
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales is most likely to be used in the identification of
Generalization
The ability to complete a task, perform an activity, or display a behavior across settings, with different people, and at different times.
Define: Literacy
The ability to read, write, think, and communicate
Phonemic Awareness
The ability to segment words and syllables into their corresponding sounds, is the best predictor of early reading (kindergarten, 1st grade) success.
Ecological Assessment
The assessment of a student in a "real-life" context.
In a multidisciplinary evaluation children must be evaluated in what language?
The child's or students native language.
an IQ of 40-55 perinatal complications ->an IQ of 20-35 postnatal complications
The classification of severe intellectual disability is determined primarily on the basis of
Morphology
The combining of morphemes and free morphemes to make language. In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that appears only as part of a larger word; a free or unbound morpheme is one that can stand alone. A bound morpheme is also known as a bound form, and similarly a free morpheme is a free form. Words like chairman that contain two free morphemes (chair and man) are referred to as compound words.
Define: Reliability
The consistency or stability of test performance.
How is Cerebral Palsy classified under IDEA?
The definition of "Orthopedic Impairment" under IDEA Under IDEA, cerebral palsy is considered an "orthopedic impairment," which is defined as: ...a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by a congenital anomaly, impair-ments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis), and impairments from other causes (e.g.,cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures). [34 CFR §300.8(c)(9)]
Define: Validity
The degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores entitled by the proposed tests.
PDD - Pervasive Development Disorder
The diagnostic category pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders (SDD), refers to a group of five disorders characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication. The pervasive developmental disorders are: (1) Autism (the best-known); (2) Asperger's syndrome; (3) Rett syndrome (females), (4) Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) and (5) PDD NOS (autism lite - not other specified). The first three of these disorders are commonly called the autism spectrum disorders; the last two disorders are much rarer, and are sometimes placed in the autism spectrum and sometimes not.
Define: Correlation
The extent to which two or more scores vary together. The degree to which a change in one score has a relationship with a change in another score.
Teacher feedback for students with disabilities is best if ...
The feedback is frequent, positive and immediate.
Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) 1975
The first major law that guaranteed the right to a public education for all children, specifically stating that students with disabilities must be given the same opportunities for education as other children. Specifically, this law introduced the idea of a free and appropriate public education (FAPE) and determined that children would be educated in the least restrictive environment (LRE) to the greatest degree possible. Also required IEPs. Name the year of this law.
Students with disabilities such as ADHD, ADD or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) may quality for SPED under what recognized disability?
The following disabilities such as Specific Learning Disability (SLD), Emotional Disturbances (ED) and/or Other Health Impairment (OHI)
Latency
The length of time that elapses between the presentation and response.
Common causes of MR or Intellectual Impairment
The most common are: - Genetic Conditions: Abnormal genes or errors when genes combine. - Problems During Pregnancy: Improper brain development because cells divide incorrectly; the mother is an alcoholic, contracts rubella or doesn't get adequate prenatal care - Complications At Birth: Baby doesn't receive enough oxygen Health - Problems After Birth: Measles, meningitis, malnutrition; exposure to lead, mercury or other poisons
exhibiting characteristics and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) failing to remember information from one situation to another ->having difficulty in academic achievement lacking the motivation to achieve
The most common defining problem for individuals with learning disabilities is
->spina bifida cerebral palsy muscular dystrophy multiple sclerosis
The most frequently occurring permanently disabling birth defect, characterized by an abnormal opening in the spinal column, is called
->intellectual disability learning disabilities serious emotional disturbance attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
The most likely reason for administering the entire Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, Third Edition, to a student is to evaluate for
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The nation's first comprehensive civil rights law addressing the needs of people with disabilities, which prohibited discrimination in employment, public services, public accommodations, and telecommunications.
ML v. Federal Way School District, State of Washington (2004)
The ninth circuit court of appeals ruled that absence of a regular education teacher on an IEP team was a serious procedural error.
Before a child can be evaluated what must happen?
The parents must be notified and give consent.
Contingency
The planned systematic relationship that is established between a behavior and a consequence.
Components of IDEA (PL 101-476) (1990) ... FAPE, IEP, and LRE
The principles of IDEA incorporate "normalization" and include 1. Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) 2. Notification and procedural rights for parents ... due process 3. Identification and services to all children 4. Necessary related services ... speech therapy, catheterization 5. Individual Assessments ... nondiscriminatory 6. IEP each student must have an individualized education plan 7. LRE or least restrictive environment. The student should be given every opportunity to experience what other peers of similar metal or chronological age are doing. LRE should be the environment that is the most integrated and normalized.
Task analysis
The process of breaking a skill down into smaller, more manageable components.
Applied behavior analysis
The process of observing and recording data about a student's behavior in order to identify precursors and then develop interventions and consequences to change student behavior.
What is the purpose of classroom behavior interventions and what are some examples?
The purpose of classroom behavior interventions are to anticipate student disruptions and nullify potential discipline problems; which include planned ignoring, signal interference and removal of seductive objects.
ODD - Oppositional Defiant Disorder
The recurrent pattern of negative, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority
The Biophysical Perspective emphasizes ...
The relationship between the physical and biological factors of the listed theoretical explanations for the behavioral disorders. This theory promotes the use of "drug therapy" as a treatment or cure for such factors.
Mills v. Board of Education of District of Columbia (1972)
The right to special education was extended to all children with disabilities, not just children with intellectual disabilities. Judgments in PARC and Mills paved the way for PL 94-142.
Penn Association for Retarded Citizens V Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. (1972) ... SPED guaranteed to MR from 3 to 21.
The seminal 1971 case of Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania contested a state law that specifically allowed public schools to deny services to children "who have not attained a mental age of five years" at the time they would ordinarily enroll in first grade. Under a consent decree, the state agreed to provide full access to a free public education to children with mental retardation up to age 21. That case also established the standard of appropriateness—that is, that each child be offered an education appropriate to his or her learning capacities—and established a clear preference for the least restrictive placement for each child. This decision and Mills v. Board of Education led to Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
Word-attack skills
The set of skills a student uses to recognize and understand words (e.g. context clues, visual recognition strategies, decoding, sounding out, etc.).
Adaptive Life Skills
The skills that people or students need to function independently at home, school and in the community.
Morpheme
The smallest semantical meaning of language or the smallest grammatical unit of language. Ex. town or dog
Phoneme
The smallest unit of sound by itself - it does not have a meaning
Pragmatics
The speakers intent used to influence, control actions or attitudes towards others. Unlike semantics, which examines meaning that is conventional or "coded" in a given language, pragmatics studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on structural and linguistic knowledge (e.g., grammar, lexicon, etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, any pre-existing knowledge about those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and other factors.
Phonology
The system of rules about sounds and sounds combinations
Mean length of Utterances
The total number of morphemes per 100 utterances
Use of Restraint
The use of physical force to restrict a student's movement. A school can use restraint in an emergency that involves the threat of serious bodily harm or destruction of property. If restraint is used the school must notify the parent on the day the restraint was used and also notify parents in writing. The use of seat belts (child safety) are not considered restraints.
Types of Emotional Disorders
There are actually a wide range of specific conditions that differ from one another in their characteristics and treatment. These include (but are not limited to): • anxiety disorders; • bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic-depression); • conduct disorders; • eating disorders; • obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); and • psychotic disorders.
How many children are deaf/blind in the US?
There are approximately 45,000 to 50,000 individuals in the U.S. who are deaf-blind. According to the 2007 National Deaf-Blind Child Count, more than 10,000 are children under the age of 21. When children with deaf-blindness reach the age of 3, they transition into special education services under Part B of IDEA. Special education services are provided free through the public school system. Even if a child with deaf-blindness is not in school yet (for example, a four-year-old), the school system is still responsible for making sure that special education and related services are available to the child.
What are the Signs of Intellectual Disability?
There are many signs of an intellectual disability. For example, children with an intellectual disability may: •sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children; • learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking, • find it hard to remember things, • not understand how to pay for things, • have trouble understanding social rules, • have trouble seeing the consequences of their actions
Characteristics of Down Syndrome
There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in one person. Every child with Down syn-drome is different. Some common characteristics include: • Poor muscle tone; • Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds); • Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints); • Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands; • Broad feet with short toes; • Flat bridge of the nose; • Short, low-set ears; and • Short neck and small head; • Small oral cavity; and/or • Short, high-pitched cries in infancy. Individuals with Down syndrome are usually smaller than their nondisabled peers, and their physical as well as intellectual development is slower.
Types of ADHD
There are three different types of ADHD: (1) Predominantly inattentive (2) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (3) Combination
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990
This act bars discrimination in employment, transportation, public accommodations, and telecommunications in all aspects of life, not just those receiving federal funding.
Cooperative Research Act (1954)
This act passed the first designation of general funds for the use of students with disabilities.
Brown V. Board of Education (1954)
This case addressed the inequality of "separate but equal" facilities on basis of race as well as disability.
Florence County School Dist 4 v. Shannon Carter (1993)
This case established that when a school district does not provide FAPE the students may seek reimbursement for private schooling.
Larry P. v Riles (1979)
This case ordered the re-evaluation of black students enrolled in classes for educable intellectually disabled and enjoined the CA State dept. of education from the use of intelligence tests in placement decisions.
Parents in Action on SPED (PASE) v. Hannon (1980)
This case ruled that IQ tests are biased against ethnic and racial subcultures.
Hanson v. Hobson (1967)
This case ruled that the ability grouping (tracking) based on student performance on standardized tests is unconstitutional.
Goss v. Lopez (1975)
This case ruled that the state could not deny a student education without following due process.
Gifted and Talented Children's Act: PL 95-56 (1978)
This defined the gifted and talented population, and focused upon this exceptionality category, which was not included in PL 94-142
Handicapped Children's Early Education Assistance Act: PL 90-538 (1968)
This funded model demonstration programs for preschool students with disabilities.
Public Law 89-750 (1966)
This law authorized the establishment of the Bureau Education of the Handicapped (BEH) and a National Advisory Committee on the Handicapped.
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 504 A student with asthsma.
This law focuses on vocational rehabilitation, affirmative action and nondiscrimination in employment, and civil rights for people with disabilities. Which section of this law is the basis for special services in education for students with a broad range of disabilities (beyond IDEA's 13 categories)? Give an example of someone who might qualify for a 504 plan but not an IEP.
Public Law 90-247 (1968)
This law included provisions for deaf-blind centers, resource centers and the expansion of media services for students with disabilities.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2004
This law is a modification of the 1975 EHA. It was first renamed this in 1990, but it was updated most recently in _____________. As a replacement for EHA, it is the current law for FAPE, LRE, and IEPs.
Public Law 90-576 (1968)
This law specified that 10 percent of vocational education funds be earmarked for youth with disabilities.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) 1965
This law was passed as part of President Johnson's War on Poverty. It was the most far-reaching federal legislation related to education ever passed. It established funding for primary and secondary schools, and it emphasized equal access to education, high standards, and accountability. Ultimately, it established the federal government's expanded role in public education. Name the year of this law.
Transfer of Learning
This occurs when experience with one task influences the performance on another task; which can be a positive or negative transfer.
Educational Consolidation and Improvement Act-State Operated Programs: PL 89-313 (1965)
This provided funds for children with disabilities who are or have been in state operated or state-supported schools
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) (Public Law 89-10)
This provided funds for the education of children who disadvantaged and disabled.
Public Law 85-926 (1958)
This provided grants to institutions of higher learning and to state education agencies for training professional personnel who would, in turn, train teachers of students with intellectual disabilities.
List of Ed. Psychology pioneers ...
Thomas Galluadet (1787-1851) renowned American pioneer in the education of the deaf. Samuel Gridley Howe (1801-1876) was a nineteenth century United States physician, abolitionist, and an advocate of education for the blind. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, lobbied state legislatures and the United States Congress, and created the first generation of American mental asylums. Edward or Edouard Sequin (1812-1880) was a physician and educationist born in Clamecy, France. He is remembered for his work with children having cognitive impairments in France and the United States. Louis Terman - (1877-1956) was an American psychologist, noted as a pioneer in educational psychology in the early 20th century at the Stanford Graduate School of Education. He is best known for his revision of the Stanford-Binet IQ test. ... a eugenicist. Maria Montessori (1870-1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for the philosophy of education that bears her name, worked extensively with LD children. Believed that given free choice of activity, the children showed more interest in practical activities. John B. Watson (1878-1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his behaviorist approach and conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial "Little Albert" experiment. B.F. Skinner - (1904-1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. Skinner invented the operant conditioning and was a firm believer of the idea that human free will was actually an illusion and any human action was the result of the consequences of that same action.
How many major categories do most reading programs conceptually separate the reading process into?
Three. Most reading programs conceptually separate the reading process into three major categories; (1) sight word vocabulary, (2) word attack skills and (3) reading comprehension.
What is the best way to collect information about a child's behavior in the home?
Through an interview by an educational diagnostician, school psychologist, counselor, and using a formal Behavior Assessment Rating Scale.
Antiseptic Bouncing
Time away. Having a student temporarily leave the classroom without punishment. Ex. Asking a student to run and errand or delivery a message; thus avoiding or defusing a situation.
What are common accommodations that a child with epilepsy can receive?
To address memory deficits • Provide written or pictorial instructions • Use voice recordings of verbal instructions • Have a peer buddy take notes for the student or permit tape recording • Divide large tasks into smaller steps • Provide a checklist of assignments and a calendar with due dates • Decrease memory demands during classwork and testing (e.g., use recognition rather than recall tasks)
Infant through grade 5 ->Ages 3 to 21 Pre-K through grade 5 Grade 6 through grade 12
To be eligible to receive special education services under Part B of IDEA, students must be in which of the following ranges?
a discrepancy between ability and achievement genetic abnormalities seizure syndrome and brain dysfunction ->related limitations in two or more areas of adaptive skills
To be identified as having an intellectual disability, a child must demonstrate significantly below average intellectual functioning and
Similar (students are more likely to transfer learning when the classroom situation & the new situation are similar; i.e. authentic assignments)
To help students transfer learned skills to new situations, teachers should make the learning situation and the opportunity to apply the skill as ____________________ as possible.
Where are the majority of Down Syndrome students educated?
Today, the majority of children with Down syndrome are educated in the regular classroom, alongside their peers without disabilities. This is in keeping with the inclusion movement of the last decade and the requirements Down Syndrome of IDEA, which states that each school system must ensure that: Special classes, separate schooling, or other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occurs only if the nature or severity of the disability is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily.
What is the only eligibility category that you CANNOT be born with?
Traumatic Brain Injury
True or False: Intelligence tests provide us with just one piece of the puzzle and should always be used in conjunction with additional sources of information.
True
True or False: Reliability is a prerequisite of Validity.
True
Majority of students receiving special services are enrolled mostly in regular classes.
True of False
students receiving special services appear different from their peers
True or False
true
True or False - mental retardation characterized as often indistinguishable from normal developing children at an early age
True
True or False? According to IDEA, an IEP must be in effect before special education services or related services are provided.
selected content is presented based upon prerequisite skills & task presentations are paced during optimum time segments
Two ways an effective teacher cooperate packing as a means of matching a student's rate of learning?
Norm-referenced assessment
Type of assessment that compares a student's performance against the performance of a group representative of the larger population or sample.
Formal assessment (or standardized)
Type of assessment that has been previously tested to determine data-based reasoning for the questions and results. Results are typically in the form of statistics. Test administration has standardized procedures.
Informal assessment
Type of assessment that has no standardized procedure and is used to evaluate more regular, daily performance. Examples include observations, projects, and presentations.
Criterion-referenced assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's performance against a specific goal, objective, or standard.
Formative assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's performance during instruction, usually occurring regularly throughout the instructional unit. Used to ensure students are making adequate progress.
Diagnostic assessment
Type of assessment that measures a student's strengths, weaknesses, knowledge, and skills prior to instruction.
Functional language training
Type of communication instruction that involves giving individuals a means of influencing and interacting with the environment in a meaningful way. Often used to provide individuals that struggle to communicate verbally with alternative forms of communication.
Grade-equivalent score
Type of scoring that represents the grade level and month of the typical (median; 50th percentile) score for students.
Person first language
Type of speech in which an individual is not defined by his or her disability; the person is put before the disability. For example, "a student with autism" rather than "an autistic student".
Scaffolding
Umbrella teaching approach// includes prior knowledge, mnemonic devices, modeling, graphs, charts, graphic organizers and information needed prior to starting the lesson such as vocabulary or mathematics.
OTI - Other Health Impairment - IDEA
Under IDEA, an OHI is defined as having limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened to environmental stimuli that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that is due to chronic or acute health problems, such as; asthma, attention deficit disorder (ADHD), diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever and/or sickle cell anemia and which adversely effects a child's educational performance.
TELPAS - Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System
Under NCLB (2001), Texas is required to assess all ELL students annually in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Students learning the English language, will begin TELPAS in kindergarten and stop when their LPAC committee determines proficiency.
What is Rosa's Law and how did it effect MR?
Until Rosa's Law was signed into law by President Obama in October 2010, IDEA used the term "mental retardation" instead of "intellectual disability." Rosa's Law changed the term to be used in future to "intellectual disability." The definition itself, however, did not change. Accordingly, "intellectual disability" is defined as, "...significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child's educational performance."
An individual with disabilities in need of employability training, as well as a job, should be referred to what governmental agency for assistance?
VESID - Vocational and Educational Services for Individuals with Disabilities
How common are learning disabilities?
Very common! As many as 1 out of every 5 people in the United States has a learning disability. Almost 1 million children (ages 6 through 21) have some form of a learning disability and receive special education in school. In fact, one-third of all children who receive special education have a learning disability (Twenty-Ninth Annual Report to Congress, U.S. Department of Education, 2010)
5 - Average 1 - Lowest 9 - Highest
What Stanine score indicates an average skill level? What is the lowest possible Stanine score? What is the highest possible Stanine score?
Learner, Condition, Behavior, and Criteria for Mastery
What are the four key components of a learning objective?
alter subject content or rate at which tasks are presented
What are two ways to pace?
specific teminology
What changes were made in 1990 to the Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975?
student's skill development in academic content areas
What do achievement tests measure?
Americans with Disabilities Act
What does ADA stand for?
Education for all Handicapped Children Act
What does EHA stand for?
Free Appropriate Public Education
What does FAPE stand for?
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2004
What does IDEA stand for? In what year was it enacted?
it should be continuous and on a regular basis
What does IDEA state with regards to the assessing of a child?
abstract reasoning comprehension
What does an intelligence test assess?
First to perform remedial intervention in classroom after the student is identified as being at risk academically and socially
What does federal hope to achieve for students with disabilities?
student needs, task at hand, learning situation
What factors do an effective teacher vary her instructional presentations and response requirements?
discrepancy between potential and performance
What factors relate to the eligibility for learning disabilities?
society's attitudes and cultural beliefs
What influences normality in child behavior?
Skill which must be demonstrated before instruction on a specific task can begin
What is a prerequisite skill?
regular school environment supervised by a teacher certified in disability
What is a resource room?
Public Law 94-142
What is another name for the 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act?
occurrence of a learned behavior in the presence of a stimulus other than the one that produced the initial response (ex: reading to math word problems)
What is generalization?
timing and quality of the reinforcer
What is key to encourage the individual to continue the targeted behavrio
student must have a disability that fits into one category listed in the IDEA law
What is required to be eligible for IDEA?
must meet definition of a person with disability, meet requirements of a particular program in spite of disability. school, business facility must be federally funded
What is required to be eligible for a 504?
match child's education needs with appropriate education services; include parents in education decisions; allow parent to provide input
What is stated in Public Law 94-142?
The steps are more easily achievable and promote student success.
What is the justification for using task analysis in instructing students with disabilities?
Questions should be asked when preparing lessons for special needs students:
What is the main concept? Are the students ready to learn it? Will it require previously learned knowledge to understand and integrate it? What resources are needed to prepare required activities? What steps are necessary to explain the information clearly? Are examples and prompts concrete and easily understood? How will progress be monitored? Are students on task, working independently or do they need lots of assistance? How will feedback be provided? What evaluation methods will be used: Observation? Questions? Demonstrations? Tests? If follow-up instruction is needed, how will it be provided: Intervention? Remediation? Reviewing? Repeating?
A. ensuring that the message is clear and free from technical jargon
What is the most important aspect of communicating with a parent? A. ensuring that the message is clear and free from technical jargon B. describing test results to support the teacher's observations C. coming to an agreement between the parent and the teacher D. recommending next steps for the child
->Checking student progress so that instruction can be adjusted Determining whether students can pass the standardized test Gauging student learning based on the curriculum Recording mastery of a concept
What is the primary purpose of a formative assessment?
To check student progress so instruction can be adjusted To determine whether students can pass a standardized test ->To gauge student learning after the completion of a unit To determine mastery of content
What is the primary purpose of a summative assessment?
To analyze emotional development To calculate adaptive behavior To test fine motor skills ->To measure intellectual ability
What is the purpose of a cognitive assessment?
auditory, visual, and tactile
What modalities are frequently used in the learning process?
due process safeguards
What must be given to parents, in writing, to parents when proposing a child's education placement?
personal companion
What recently developed assistive device can "read" aloud sections from a newspaper received electronically?
pacing - alter subject content & rate at which tasks are presented
What term is used for altering of tasks to match the student's rate of learning?
9th & 10th
What to constitutional amendments leave education up to the states?
surgically implanted devices
What type of assisting technology device is excluded from IDEA?
information about whether a student has mastered prerequisite skills
What type of information can be provided by a criterion referenced test?
Are the materials organized in a useful manner?
What type of question would most directly evaluate the utility of instructional material?
criterion referenced measures
What type of test best measures a student's functional capabilities and entry level skills?
norm referenced
What type of test is the LEAST appropriate for individual program planning?
testing primarily related to promotion by grade level
What type of testing do kids in a regular classroom receive?
individualized testing
What type of testing is appropriate for evaluation of student for eligibility and placement or individualized program planning in special education?
no single assessment will be used to determine special education qualification - minority & bilingual
What was established by IDEA 2004?
State rules on confinement and time-out.
When dealing with discipline or behavioral issues, a school cannot use any practice that would be intended to injure, cause harm or deprive a child of basic human necessities. School may not confine a student in a locked room unless it is an emergency (student possessed weapon or intends to harm) and waiting for law enforcement personnel. The use of time out a technique used to provide a student the opportunity to regain self-control cannot take place in a locked setting.
to establish learning potential
When is an intelligence test used?
PL 94-142 - Education for All Handicapped Act (EHA, 1975)
When it was passed in 1975, P.L. 94-142 guaranteed a free appropriate public education to each child with a disability. This law had a dramatic, positive impact on millions of children with disabilities in every state and each local community across the country. Four Purposes of P.L. 94-142 "to assure that all children with disabilities have available to them ... a free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs to assure that the rights of children with disabilities and their parents ... are protected to assist States and localities to provide for the education of all children with disabilities to assess and assure the effectiveness of efforts to educate all children with disabilities"
B. explicit and systematic writing strategies (For D, note that research shows that the whole-language approach is ineffective for students with langauge-based learning disabilities and dyslexia.)
When working with students with language-based learning disabilities and dyslexia, a teacher should be aware that the students need: A. opportunities to read aloud in front of the class B. explicit and systematic writing strategies C. teacher-centered whole-class instruction D. daily whole-language-based lessons
when assessing something like handwriting
When would an oral response test not be a good idea?
2 standard deviation points below mean
Where must an IQ fall for a person to be diagnosed with mental retardation?
Standardized test
Which allows for comparison among students to each other, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
natural, unconditioned, innately motivating
Which description best characterizes primary reinforcers of an edible nature?
manipulator robots
Which electronic devise can assist by dialing a telephone, turning book pages and drinking from a cup?
Teacher-made test
Which has better content validity, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
Standardized test
Which has higher interrater reliability, a standardized test or a teacher-made test?
Sorting picture cards of rocks by the type of rock ->Filling in a concept map of the rock cycle with examples for each type of rock Completing an interactive internet activity on rocks and the rock cycle Writing an essay that describes the similarities of and the differences between the three types of rocks and explains how rocks can change from one type to another
Which of the following activities would enable a student with an intellectual disability to best demonstrate knowledge of rocks and the rock cycle?
Allowing the student to dictate answers to a scribe Permitting the student to record answers directly into the test booklet ->Administering a test in several timed sessions Providing a computer for the student to use to record test answers
Which of the following best describes a testing accommodation for a student who has difficulty remaining on one task for a long period of time?
C. Breaking down writing assignments and rewarding students as each part is completed
Which of the following classroom management strategies is best for a special education teacher to use with students that demonstrate avoidance behavior in writing class? A. Setting a time limit to complete writing assignments so that students may earn free time B. Allowing students to propose or choose an alternative task to the written work C. Breaking down writing assignments and rewarding students as each part is completed D. Keeping a checklist of how much time each student spends on task during the assigned writing time
Down syndrome ->Fetal alcohol syndrome Sickle-cell anemia Multiple sclerosis
Which of the following conditions can be prevented by proper prenatal care?
Down syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome Cerebral palsy ->Autism
Which of the following is a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3, that adversely affects a child's educational performance?
Students can be tested for classification only at the request of a parent. An IEP must be reviewed every year. Students must be present at all IEP meetings. ->Parents have the right to examine all educational records.
Which of the following is a procedural safeguard included in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)?
C. Allowing students to demonstrate mastery through choice of activity and product (Research shows that students are motivated to learn when they are given choices that reflect personal goals and needs.)
Which of the following is a research-based teaching strategy that best helps students value learning and develop intrinsic motivation to learn? A. Planning instruction to ensure that all students have prior knowledge that they can build on B. Recognizing that students want the recognition and rewards that accomplishments bring C. Allowing students to demonstrate mastery through choice of activity and product D. Encouraging students to do their best although a task may be beyond their abilities
C. Evaluating progress using IEP objectives
Which of the following is an example of a curriculum-based assessment? A. Using RTI to compare student performance B. IQ test scores C. Evaluating progress using IEP objectives D. Standardized testing
D. Drilling the student on pointing to the sink when he or she wants a drink of water
Which of the following is an example of functional language training for a student who is nonverbal? A. Rewarding the student for making a vocalization approximating a sound made by the teacher B. Rewarding the student for any vocalization made while looking at the teacher C. Drilling on bilabial sounds so the student can say "mama" D. Drilling the student on pointing to the sink when he or she wants a drink of water
->Response to intervention (RTI) Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) Individualized education program (IEP) Curriculum-based assessment (CBA)
Which of the following is most appropriate for identifying students with learning disabilities?
Cystic fibrosis ->Epilepsy Autism spectrum disorder Sickle-cell anemia
Which of the following is most associated with seizures?
->Having students independently complete a set of ten word problems Working with students to complete a set of word problems Questioning students about the problems in order to revise instruction for the following day Providing word problems before beginning a new unit of study
Which of the following is the best example of a summative assessment?
Marty will accurately complete eight out of ten multiplication word problems by first highlighting important information in each word problem. ->Marty can compute fifteen multiplication facts in random order in one minute but demonstrates difficulty solving applied math problems when given extraneous information. Marty is given extended time, graph paper, highlighters, and breaks during mathematics tests. Marty receives two hours per week of supportive instruction in the area of mathematics in a resource room setting.
Which of the following is the best example of information that is included in the Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance (PLAAFP) section of a student's IEP?
D. Reinforcing skills during a writer's workshop in the general education classroom (because this allows students an opportunity to practice their new skills in an authentic setting where the teacher can observe generalization)
Which of the following is the best way for a special education teacher to determine the extent to which students have generalized the writing skills they have been working on in his class? A. Moving the students to the library for a group research and writing session B. Asking the students' classroom teachers about their progress as writers C. Inviting a guest teacher to evaluate her students in the resource classroom D. Reinforcing skills during a writer's workshop in the general education classroom
Tape recording a lesson for the student Providing earphones for the student to use to screen out extraneous noises Allowing the student to use pencil grips to record notes during instructional time ->Enlarging books on a large screen so the student is better able to see the materials
Which of the following is the most appropriate use of assistive technology that a teacher can implement for a student with low vision?
Documenting recommendations for student placement for the following year ->Documenting interventions implemented by teachers Documenting student response after behavior occurs Documenting student test scores
Which of the following is the most important step to take before referring a student for special education services?
A. Providing systematic phonics instruction that incorporates phonemic awareness
Which of the following teaching strategies is most appropriate to address the needs of a second-grade student whose spelling is difficult to decode? A. Providing systematic phonics instruction that incorporates phonemic awareness B. Taking dictation of the student's ideas and preparing a transcript for the student to study C. Removing the expectation that the student will communicate in well-written paragraphs D. Emphasizing classroom activities that involve oral spelling in collaborative groups
Scores from standardized tests The category of the disability ->Curriculum-based assessment The amount of time the student spends in the resource room
Which of the following types of information is generally the most useful in making decisions about instruction for a student with a disability?
A student uses the same words and phrases over and over again in different situations. A student hesitates before talking and rarely initiates conversation. ->A student looks at other students to see what they are doing when directions are given. A student cannot hear the teacher unless the teacher raises his or her voice.
Which of the following would be most indicative of a receptive language disorder?
What assessment can be given to help in the consideration of assistive technology needs?
Wisconsin Assistive Technology Initiative (WATI)
Manifestation Determination Review (MDR)
Within 10 days of any decision to change the placement of a child with disabilities due to violation of the code-of-conduct, the ARD committee must meet to review and conduct a MDR. During the MDR, two questions must be asked; (1) was the conduct in question caused by the child's disability? and/or (2) was the conduct in question the direct result of the school district's failure to implement an IEP?
Does 504 prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability?
Yes. Section 504, of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 differs from the scope of IDEA because its main focus is prohibiting discrimination on the basis of a disability.
Is autism a separate exceptionality in IDEA? (PL 108-446)
Yes. Smith and luckasson describe autism as a servere language disorder that affects thinking, communication, and behavior. They list the following characteristics; (1) Absent or distorted relationships with people. (2) extreme or peculiar problems in communications. (3) Self-stimulation - repetitive stereotyped behavior that seems to no purpose than providing sensory stimulation such as; twirling objects, flapping one's arms, staring, swishing saliva etc. (4) Perceptual anomalities - unusual responses or absence of response to stimuli that seem to indicate sensory impairment or unusual sensitivity.
Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR)
a group of four reading strategies that students with learning disabilities can use to decipher and understand texts// 1) Before reading, preview text. 2) Target clunks (words or syllables the reader doesn't understand) and apply strategies to decode the clunks. 3) Students get the gist by understanding the most important character, setting, event or idea. 4) Students wrap it up by creating questions to discuss their understanding of the text and summarize its meaning.
The Cognitive Learning approach to SPED emphasizes ...
a measurable outcome's of student learning. It is often associated with Bloom's taxonomy of higher level thinking (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis and synthesis) or Haladyna's learning processes (understanding, problem solving, critical thinking and creativity)
In 1990, IDEA classified Autism as ...
a separate exceptionality category
response to intervention (RTI)
a strategy for diagnosing learning disabilities in which a student with an academic delay receives research supported interventions to correct the delay. If the interventions do not result in considerable academic improvement, the failure to respond suggests casual learning disabilities.
social interpersonal skills
ability to build and maintain interdependent relationships between persons.
Phonological Disorders
able to produce a given sound, but inconsistent errors; problems in processing sound; other language delays
Modifications are
adjustments to the general education classes; including the amount of work or type of task required.
ARD
admission, review, dismissal
means mental age, not chronological age
age appropriate
Mainstreaming
allowing students with disabilities to join the general education classroom part itme
muscular sclerosis
almost never appears in childhood, covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged
IEP
annually reviewed; parents can request additional meetings any ttime during the year
How to support progress?
appropriate modifications and accommodations; supplementary aids and services; universal design for learning; inclusion; IEP
test validity
appropriateness of sample items used to measure a criterion, acculturation of norm groups as compared to that of population being measured, reliability of test
Program Monitoring
are goals and objectives being met? What should happen next?
IEP Purpose
assure individualization; student's right to participate; student's right to make progress in the general curriculum; the student's unique learning needs
Articulation disorders
atypical sound production; largest group of speech disorders; substitutions/omissions
Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1997
behavior problems in special education students are best handled with positive behavior support
learned
behaviorists contend that all behavior is
IFSPs are reviewed
biannually
dysgraphia
brain-based disorder in which written expression is impaired: listed under IDEA as a "specific learning disability"
Respiration
breathing that supports speech
Modification
change in content (what) (lower level, reduced amount)
Accommodations
change in process (how) (varies with assignments, used in instruction, used in testing)
accommodations
changes in HOW students learn and are assessed
Modifications
changes in WHAT students are expected to learn
Accommodations are also
changes to the school environment or the use of necessary equipment to overcome a disability.
Modifications are ...
changes to what the child is expected to learn.
encoding language
child who has difficulty in verbalizing his thoughts and feelings has a problem with what
decoding language
child who has difficulty understanding what is said to him, relating it to situations with which hes is familiar, or applying it to a new or different situation, may have a problem
Philippe Pinel did what?
classified mental illness as a disease and not a crime, advocated humane treatment, advocated giving a quality of life as close to normal as possible
cultural load
concerned with how the relationship between language and culture can help or hinder learning.
poor social skills, poor academic achievers
define emotional /behavior disorder
Maria Montessori
developed teaching methods based on concrete experiences
Semantic Disorders
difficulty learning new words or using new words appropriately; difficulty making sense of stories; difficulty retelling story; problems with sequence
Semantic Disorders
difficulty learning new words or using new words appropriately; difficulty making sense of stories; difficulty retelling story; problems with sequence; inability to understand figurative language; failture to perceive multiple meanings of words
Central Auditory Processing Disorders
difficulty processing sounds; trouble with listening and speaking using the rules of language
Pragmatic Disorder
difficulty using language in social situations; unable to make their needs clear to others; difficulty formulating questions; poor concept formation
Morphological and Syntactical Disorder
difficulty using plurals; difficulty with tenses and verb use; difficulty with pronoun usage; difficulty using a, an, the; other grammar errors
dyscalculia
disability with mathematical problems: numerical sense, equations, identifying numbers, etc "Defines a range of difficulties in math, such as the inability to understand numbers' meanings, measurements, patterns, mathematical terms and the application of mathematical principals. Early cues include a young child's inability to group items by size or color, recognize patterns or understand the meaning or order of numbers."
activity reinforcement
dispensing school supplies is a component associated with which type of reinforcement system
Substitution
dose for those
Parent Student Participation
ensure parents and districts work collaboratively for the benefit of the student and to ensure that the student with disabilities is involved in decisions
PARC vs. Commonwealth of Penn.
established free and appropriate public education for ALL students with disabilities (1972)
Cloze test
evaluates a student's understanding of context and vocabulary// presents the reader with a text in which certain words are blocked out, reader must determine probable missing words based on context clues// in order to supply the words, reader must already know them
IEPS are reviewed
every year
How frequently are IEP's updated
every year ... annually
sound, light, temperature and design
example of environmental elements which influence learning styles
playing a game like "looby loo"
example of kinesthetic excercise
praise or a hug
example of secondary reinforcer
examiner monitors several students at same time
explain a "group" test
hold cup? reach/grasp for item?
explain adaptive skills
direct services are those in which personnel work with students in the classroom to re-mediate difficulties. Indirect, special ed consult with reg classroom teachers to assist them in teaching students with mild disabilities.
explain direct versus indirect services of special education teachers
adhere to LEA (Local education agency) reporting and free, appropriate public education
explain zero reject
validity
extent to which a test measures what its authors or users claim that it measures is the _____ of the test
representation, acculturation, language
fair assessment relates to -
Edouard Seguin
first USA school for children with mental retardation
fluency reading levels
frustrational- less than 90% accuracy Instruction- 90% word accuracy Independent- 95% word accuracy
muscular dystrophy
genetically inherited disease, frequently first manifests in childhood// causes progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass
aphasia
give an example of a language disorder
disfluency
give an example of a speech disorder
attention seeking
give an example of emotional behavior
identifying a rough surface with eyes closed
give an example of tactile perception
abacus
gives both visual/tactile demonstration of how numbers work and allows a child who processes information through hand/body movement to physically experience numerical relationships.
Purpose of review
have goals been met? What is plan for next year?
Maslow studied
hierarchy of needs
Semantics
how words work together to form meaning
Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
hyperactivity, impulsivity, memory and communication problems, sexually uninhibited, improper language, failure to recognize social cues, inability to focus, and physical problems such as balance. q
watching a film strip
if a student is predominantly a visual learner, he may learn more effectively by
career preparation
in career education specific training and preparation required the wold of work occurs during what phase
Voice Disorder
inappropriate voice quality, loudness, or pitch
rehabilitation services
individual with disabilities in need of employ ability training, as well as a job would go to which community service agency for assistance
Fluency Disorder
interruptions in the natural smooth flow of speech with inappropriate pauses, hesitations, or interruptions
Acculturation ...
is the examination of similar individuals with educational socioeconomic and experiential background to those a student is being compared.
Mills vs. Bd. Of Ed. (DC)
lack of funds is not an excuse, established FAPE for all students with disabilities
Havinghurst studied
language development
Zh should be mastered
later
Frustration reading level
less than 90% accuracy in word recognition and less than 50% accuracy in comprehension, retelling a story is illogical or incomplete and the student cannot accurately answer questions about the text. Student is unable to unlock meaning from a text regardless of teacher support or strategies.
Normalization
live as close to normal as possible
Resonance
means by which sound is changed as it travels through the throat and nasal system
mnemonic devices
memory technique to help your brain encode and remember information
collaborative learning
method used to increase student engaged learning time by having students teach other studewnts
Coordinated services model
model of bilingual special education delivery model// IEP team consists of an English speaking special education teacher and a bilingual educator.
Apraxia
motor speech disorder; cannot put together the movements and patterns required to speak
Full Inclusion
no matter how severe the disability, students should be included in the general education classroom
Six Principles of PL 94-142
no rejection; nondiscriminatory evaluation; appropriate education; LRE; Parent and student participation and shared decision making; procedural due process
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Section 503
outlawed discrimination of students with disabilities
difficulty in comprehending questions, commands or statements inability to adequately express own thoughts delayed language interrupted language development qualitatively different language total absence of language
people with language disorders exhibit what traits
unintelligible speech or speech that is difficult to understand & articulation disorders speech-flow disorders unusual voice quality obvious emotional discomfort when trying to communicate damage to nerves or brain centers with control muscles used in speech
people with speech disorders exhibit what traits
punishment and extinction
procedure employed to decrease targeted behaviors include
PL 88-164 did what?
provided funding for training of SPED teachers and research methods
PL 89-10 did what?
provided funding to developmental programs for early childhood disadvantaged students; equal protection under the law
Disability
refers to a condition characterized by functional limitations that impeded typical development as the result of a physical or sensory impairment or difficulty in learning or social adjustment
acculturation
refers to an individual's experiential background
At Risk
refers to children who are not currently identified as disabled but who are considered to have greater-than usual chance of developing a disability to do to biological or environmental risk factors
Exceptional
refers to individuals whose performance deviates from the norm either below or above to the extent that special educational programming is needed
Impairment
refers to the loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function
Stuttering
repetitions of consonant or vowel sounds, especially at the beginning of words; and complete verbal blocks
Syntax
rules for combing words to form sentences
Jean Itard opened
school for the deaf
child performs the task while instructing himself, silently or overtly
self-instruction
refers to procedures by which the learner records whether or not he is engaging in certain behaviors, particularly those that would lead to increased academic achievement and/or social behavior
self-monitoring
List of SPED modifications
sign language interpreter, modified test length, shortened assignments, guided note taking, modified test content, no penalty for spelling errors, small group test administration.
morpheme ex: "er" on its own has no meaning
smallest unit of meaningful language
Kohlberg studied
social development or moral behavior
ability to cooperate, following procedures formulated by an outside party, achieving appropriate levels of independence
social maturity may be evidenced by the student's
Special Education
specifically designed instruction that meets the unusual needs of an exceptional learner
demonstration imitation, assistance, prompting, and verbal instruction; cognitive modeling and self-guidance through overt, faded overt & covert stages
strategies specifically designed to move the learner from dependence to independence include
Zero Reject
students with disabilities cannot be excluded from schools just because they have a disability no matter how severe
Least Restrictive Environment
students with disabilities should be educated to the maximum extent with students without disabilities
semantics
study of relationships between words and grammatical forms in a language, and their underlying meaning
morphology
study of the smallest unit of language that convey meaning
Speech/Language Impairment
stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment which adversely affects a child's educational performance
Due Process
system of checks and balances between parents and district to ensure IDEA rights of student
syntax
system of rules for making grammatically correct sentences
Morphology
system that governs the structure of words
observable, measurable, definable
target behaviors must be
cognitive
teaching student how to manage their own behavior in school is what type of learning strategy
Bilingual Support Model
teams bilingual paraprofessionals with English-speaking special educators to assist with the IEP implementation
pacing
term for altering of tasks to match student's rate of learning
formal test
test comparing student progress with that of peers of same age or grade level on a national basis, is an example of what type of test
informal test
test measuring the content of a social studies unit prepared by a classroom teacher covering on es aspect of general curriculum is an example of what type of test.
Studies that have examined the brain scans of dyslexic and non-dyslexic children have shown;
that dyslexic use the left side of the brain, while non-dyslexic use both.
cognitive modeling
the adult model performs a task while verbally instructing himself
was targeted for the general populace of students but included special education students as well
the career education movement
Augmentative and alternative communication (ACC)
the communication methods used to supplement or replace speech or writing for those with impairments in the production or comprehension of spoken or written language
orthography
the conventional spelling system of a language
Aphasia
the loss of language after it has developed
Handicaps
the negative stereotyping and the unequal and unjust treatment of people with disabilities'
rate or frequency
the number of times the behavior is displayed in a given period
letter-sound correspondence
the relationship between a spoken sound and the letters predictably used in English to transcribe them
phonology
the study of significant units of speech sounds
Phonological awareness
the understanding of the sounds that within a spoken word.
phonological awareness
the understanding of the sounds within a spoken word; contributes to fluid reading skills
focused upon the delivery of services within a specific type of inter-agency agreement
the work-study movement
The most important step in writing a FBA or functional behavioral assessment would be ...
to establish antecedents related or causative to the behavior. An FBA will only be successful in antecedents are recognized. Avoidance of situations , and training or cultivating of replacement behaviors then become achievable.
Resonance
too many or too few sounds coming through the air passages of the nose
Integrated Bilingual Special Education Model
type of bilingual special education delivery model// Applied in districts with bilingual special educator teachers who can give instruction in the native language, English as Second Language (ESL) training and transition assistance as the student gains proficiency.
Bilingual Special Education model
type of bilingual special education delivery service model// integrates all school personnel who focus on bilingual special education instruction and services// all professionals have been trained in bilingual special education
Cerebral palsy
umbrella term that groups neurological childhood disorders that affect muscular control; does not worsen over time and cause is located in damaged areas of the brain that control muscle movement
Pragmatics
use of communication in social contexts
Phonology
use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words
IFSP
used for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, can be used up to age 8 years for students with significant disabilities, revised every 6 months
Cluttering
very rapid speech with extra sounds or mispronounced words
Phonation
voice sounds breathy, hoarse, husky, or strained
instruction focuses upon self help skills, social-interpersonal skills, motor skills, rudimentary academic skills, simple occupational skills, and lifetime leisire and occupational skills
what is most descriptive of vocational training in special education
Premack Principle
what principle state that any activity in which a student voluntarily participates on a frequent basis can be used as a reinforcer for any activity in which the student seldomnpaticipates
In-class support or facilitation is
when a general education teacher is responsible for the instruction and the SPED teacher works with a student of disability.
Co-teaching is
when both the SPED teacher and General Education teacher actively teach in the general education class.
A Multidisciplinary Evaluation (ME) is used
when instructional modifications in the regular classroom have not proven successful.
Consultant teaching is
when the SPED teacher does not directly work with the student of disability but provided support to their classroom teacher or aid.
disruptive, acting out; shy, withdrawn; aggressive (physical or verbal)
which category of behaviors would most likely be found on a behavior rating scale
semantics
which component of language involves language content rather than the form of language
social reinforcement
which type of reinforcement system is most easily generalized into other settings
Tips for teachers working with Down Syndrome
• Learn as much as possible about Down syndrome. • Focus on the individual child and learn firsthand what needs and capabilities he or she has. • Realize that you can make a big difference • Talk candidly with your student's parents. • Work with the student's parents and other school personnel to develop and implement a special educational plan (IEP) that addresses the individual needs of the student. • Talk to specialists in your school for ways to adapt the curriculum, and how to address the student's IEP goals in the classroom. • Be as concrete as possible with the student. Give the student practical materials and experiences and the opportunity to touch and examine objects. • Divide new tasks and large tasks into smaller steps. Demonstrate the steps. Have the student do the steps, one by one. Offer help when necessary. • Give the student immediate, concrete feedback.
When a child has a learning disability, he or she may?
• may have trouble learning the alphabet, rhyming words, or connecting letters to their sounds; • may make many mistakes when reading aloud, and repeat and pause often; • may not understand what he or she reads; • may have real trouble with spelling; • may have very messy handwriting or hold a pencil awkwardly; • may struggle to express ideas in writing; • may learn language late and have a limited vocabulary; • may have trouble remembering the sounds that letters make or hearing slight differences between words; • may have trouble under-standing jokes, comic strips, and sarcasm; • may have trouble following directions; • may mispronounce words or use a wrong word that sounds similar;
