Speech Exam 2

Developing a Preparation Outline

7 steps when writing the preparation outline, identify your purpose, thesis, organizational pattern, and title, label the introduction, body, and conclusion as separate elements, use a consistent pattern of symbols, include transitions, integrate supporting material, provide a list of references, and use complete sentences

Evaluating Supporting Materials

8 questions to ask yourself when looking at supporting materials, are the stats representative, are items in analogies similar, facts verifiable, examples relevant, vivid, and typical, is the source identified and credible, biased, is the info timely and from a reliable source

Triangle of Meaning

a model that helps demonstrates symbolic and arbitrary language, the symbol is the word on the lower-left corner, and the top of the triangle is the thought (the meaning you give the word), and the lower right hand corner is the referent, or the actual thing itself

Bias

a source has this when it provides an opinion that is so slanted to one perspective that it is not objective or fair to the other side

Typicality

a test of the examples you use, assesses the extent to which your example is normal

Literal Analogy

a type of analogy, compare the similarities in things that are alike

Figurative Analogy

a type of analogy, draws upon metaphors to identify the similarities in two things that are not alike

Real Stories

a type of attention getter story, one that involves a personal connection that the speaker has with the topic

Hypothetical Stories

a type of attention getter story, should be at least possible in the minds of the audience and not too fake

Rhetorical Question

a type of attention getter, a question that is posed to get your audience to think about, but not state the answer

Startling Statement

a type of attention getter, making a claim that is unimaginable, unusual, or unknown to the audience

Brief Examples

a type of example, a specific case used to support a claim

Extended Examples

a type of example, also referred to as narratives, stories, or anecdotes, are way more developed compared to brief examples

Hypothetical Examples

a type of example, describes imaginary situations that could conceivably take place in the ways that they are described, do not over exaggerate this

Internal Previews

a type of transition, it is a brief statement of what the speaker will discuss next, discusses the ideas in the body of the speech, preview statement is for the introduction

Internal Summaries

a type of transition, offers a review of what has just been discussed before moving on to the next point,

Signposts

a type of transitions, signal the next point to be made, usually are numerical (first, second, third) and short phrases and words, can be words such as next, another, finally

Relevance Statement

after establishing an overall relevance of your topic, have to provide this statement to the audience in order to relate it specifically to them

Oral Organizational Strategies

allow your audience to better follow and comprehend your message, important to organize your thoughts clearly so you make more sense and seem as more credible

Vocalized Pauses

also called filler words, such as like, you know, and um, which can be a distraction to the listener and should be avoided

Jargon

avoid this in speeches, language that is specific to a certain group, such as someone in a specific field, if this is used then define all unique terms

Create Research Questions

create these questions which will help when researching, should stem directly from your thesis statement, keep your audience in mind

Thank you

do not say this at the end of your speech!!!!

Connotative Meaning

emotional response to a word, different from the dictionary meaning

Relevant, Typical, Vivid

examples that you use in your speeches should be these three things in order to be the most effective

Acronyms

first letter abbreviations for longer terms, also called Jargon and need to be defined in a speech

Chronological, Spatial, Topical, Causal

four basic methods for organizing your main points if your general purpose is to inform your audience

Generate a List of Synonyms

generate a list of potential search terms based on the key concepts of your topic, this will help you generate a well-rounded list of terms, use when searching for information

Importance of Organizing Ideas Clearly

important to organizes speech because it gives the speaker more credibility, gives more communication confidence, and improves note taking skills

Delivery Notes

in a speaking outline, reminds you when to adjust your rate, tone, movement, and so on

Five Elements of an Introduction

includes the attention getter, establishing relevance, establish speaker credibility, say the thesis, and preview main the body

Advanced Information Seeker

involves finding appropriate sources, analyzing the material and content, evaluating the credibility and relevance of the sources, and integrating those sources ethically and legally through a variety of techniques

Speaking Outline

it is a brief outline that helps you remember key points as you are presenting, also frequently contains delivery notes

Representative Sample

it is a critical measure of the reliability and validity of statistics, to be this, the sample must be similar to the population from which it was taken

Key Ideas for Speaking Outline

keep the outline legible, brief, using only key words, include delivery notes

Language Creates a Social Reality

language creates this because it tells us what and whom to value in society, like saying policeman instead of police officer, words have more impact when they are spoken rather than written

Abstract Language

language that is general and vague, and causes the listener to not share the same interpretation as the speaker, if used, need to be personalized

Concrete Language

language that is specific, detailed, and tangible

Search Information Sources

once you have your search terms and list of questions, you actually gather and find information from specific sources, three areas to search are library catalogs, databases, and the open web

Books

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, cover virtually any topic, fact and fiction, and have a wide range of information in them, usually long

Government Documents

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, documents that cover important public policy issues and include such items as congressional hearings, research studies, and reports

Interviews

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, from people who have personal experience or who are recognized experts on the topic, need to develop a good list of questions beforehand,

Statistics

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, provide a numerical method for summarizing data and can take such forms as means, medians, ratios, percentages, need to be careful and not mis-use them

Reference Sources

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, provide access to a variety of facts and concise discipline-specific information such as an overview of a topic, background or historical information, medical facts, etc. short factual articles that contain key concepts about a topic, usually summarize important ideas, dates, stats

Magazines

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, published at regular intervals throughout year, and articles are available quickly in stores or online, good for current information

Newspapers

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, sources of recent information on a myriad of topics

Journals

one of the 8 types of supporting materials, written by scholars in an academic or professional field and cover research in that field, in depth and very specific, before these are published have to be accepted by an editorial board of experts in that field (peer-reviewed)

Accuracy

one of the considerations of appropriate language, speakers should be sure the presentation is grammatically and structurally accurate, also use the correct words at the right time, and saying it right

Clarity

one of the considerations of appropriate language, you need to use words that are specific and familiar to the audience, to be clear, can be used by using specific words, familiar words, active voice and avoid clutter

Summary

one of the elements of a conclusion, review your main claims and key points, hint that this is happening with signposts (finally, to summarize, etc) and then rephrase the thesis in past tense, if you went over some complicated key points, go over them again

Memorable Close

one of the elements of a conclusion, the last statement you make in your speech, want to to be powerful and the audience will remember it, try to tie it back to your attention getter/introduction to tie everything together

Preview Statement

one of the elements of an introduction, elaborate on the direction of the main points, it provides a little more detail about each of the main claims before you dive into them

Attention Getter

one of the elements of an introduction, it is a strong opening statement that uses a creative device to capture the audience's attention and motivate them to listen, could be a startling statement, story, question or a quote

Credibility

one of the elements of an introduction, telling your audience why you are qualified to speak on this topic, need to comprise competence and character, see you as prepared and organized, and also honest

Thesis

one of the elements of an introduction, the framework for the body of your presentation, it reveals the purpose, topic, direction, and main points of the presentation

Relevance

one of the elements of an introduction, the listener wants to know what is in it for them when listening to a speech, have to indicate why they should listen to your topic and how to relates specifically to them

Library Catalogs

one of the information sources used to research for speeches, collection of information and content unique to the institution, sources purchased by the institution, available with username and password, can be books, dvds, music, journals, magazines, etc.

Databases

one of the information sources used to research for speeches, collection of information that is stored and organized in a structured way, search for things using various filters and limits, most libraries have subscriptions to these that contain a variety of sources, part of the hidden web, most common resources are journals, magazines, newspapers

Open Web

one of the information sources used to research for speeches, includes information that is freely available and easy to search using google, bing, etc.

Coordination

one of the principles when writing a preparation outline, arrange the points of the speech into successive levels, with the points on the same level having the same importance

Subordination

one of the principles when writing a preparation outline, ranking of ideas from the most to least importance

Facts

one of the ways to incorporate supporting materials, something that is verifiable as true, more effective when audience has no trouble accepting them as true

Examples

one of the ways to incorporate supporting materials, specific instances developed at varying lengths and used by speakers to make an abstract idea concrete, three types are brief, extended, and hypothetical

Analogies

one of the ways to incorporate supporting materials, useful if you want to compare the defining characteristics of one concept to another, can be literal or figurative

Testimony

one of the ways to incorporate supporting materials, when you quote or paraphrase an authoritative source, you are relying on someone else's judgement and expertise

Hidden Web

part of the internet that has to be accessed with a username or password, or a subscription, specialized databases

Passive Voice

should be avoided in a speech, when the subject is acted upon

Active Voice

should should be used in a speech, the subject performs the action

Transitional Devices

something to use to link claims throughout your speech, also called connections, provide a sense of organization, and make it easier for your audience to follow and remember your ideas

American Psychological Association

stands for APA, the style of format we will use for references

Books, Journals, Magazines, Newspaper, Government Documents, Reference Sources, Statistics, Interviews

the 8 different kinds of supporting material that can be used for speeches, important to use a mix of these to add vitality and increase audience interest

Attention Getter, Relevance, Credibility, Thesis, Preview Main Points

the five elements of an effective introduction

Clarity, Accuracy, Vividness, Appropriateness

the four considerations for choosing appropriate language and effective language in your speech

Author, Credibility of Author, Date Published/Accessed, Information

the four parts to an oral citation in a speech

Startling Statement, Story, Question, Quote

the four things that an attention getter can be in an introduction, SSQQ

Specific Words, Familiar Words, Active Voice, Avoid Clutter

the four ways to have clarity in your speech

Analogies, Facts, Examples, Testimonies

the four ways to incorporate supporting materials into your speech

Denotative Meaning

the literal dictionary meaning of a word

Preparation Outline

the outline you develop as you prepare your speech, detailed outline that includes the title, general and specific purpose, organizational pattern, introduction, main points, and sub points, transitions, and references

Peer Review

the process by which journals have to go through to be approved, they have to be accepted by an editorial board of experts in that field

Primary/Recency Effect

the tendency that people pay more attention to and remember information that is presented first and last, also we tend to remember things that are most relevant to our needs

Create research questions, generate a list of synonyms, search information sources

the three steps to developing a research strategy when preparing for a speech, key for finding relevant and credible sources

Symbolic, Arbitrary, Social Reality

the three things that make language and word choice so important

Shorter Sentences, Less Formal, More Repetitive

the three things that make up oral style of communication rather than writing

Summary, Memorable Close

the two elements of a conclusion to a speech

Subordination and Coordination

the two principles when writing your preparation outline

Internal Previews, Internal Summaries, Signposts

three ways to use transitions on your speech

Spatial Order

way to organize your main points, arrange ideas according to place or position, useful if topic is geographic or involves multiple physical spaces

Causal Order

way to organize your main points, highlight the cause-effect relationships that exist among the main points, one main point establishes the cause, and the others describe the effects

Topical Order

way to organize your main points, organizes your speech by breaking your overall topic into smaller subtopics, each main point is a subtopic of a larger topic

Chronological Order

way to organize your main points, your main points will follow a time sequence, appropriate if you want to inform about a series of events that occurred, can go from to past to present or opposite

Oral Style

we need to write for the listener, rather than the reader, because they only get one shot at hearing the message, has potential to have more of an impact because you can give the message more direction, volume, and intensity

Oral Citation

when documenting your supporting materials in your speech, you must do this because they cannot read your speech later and see your sources, has 4 parts to it: author, credibility of author, date of published (or accessed) and the actual information

Two Elements of a Conclusion

when ending the presentation, you need to provide a summary, and provide a memorable close

Consistent Pattern of Symbols for Preparation Outline

when writing the preparation outline, for the introduction, body and conclusion use roman numerals, for the main points use capital letters A, B, C and for sub points use numbers

Importance of Language

word choice is important in speeches, language is symbolic, arbitrary, and creates a social reality

Language is Arbitrary

words have no meaning in and of themselves, they get their meanings from the people who use them

Transitions

words or phrases that demonstrate key relationships among ideas and also indicate a speaker is leaving one point and moving to another, link the introduction to the body, each of the main ideas, and the body to the conclusion

Language is Symbolic

words stand for something, they are not the actual things they represent, words can have several meanings

References

you should include this in the end of your preparation outline, and should be in APA format