Speech quiz 4

What is the rate (words per minute) at which people in the United States usually speak?

120-150 words per minute

Eye contact: speech teachers urge speakers to look at the audience what percent of the time?

80 to 90 percent of the time

problem-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speech in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a -cause-effect relationship

vocalized pause

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as, "uh", "er", and "um"

Internal previews

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

Internal summaries

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s)

dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

Signposts

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

Connectives

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicated the relationships among them

Transitions

a word or phrase that indicated when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving to another

Five suggestions for managing the question-and-answer session

approach questions with a positive attitude, listen carefully, direct answers to the entire audience, be honest and straightforward, stay on track

Demographic audience analysis (what 2-step process does this involve?)

audience analysis that focuses in demographic factors such as age, religion, racial, ethnic, and cultural background, gender and sexual orientation, group membership, and the like, two steps - identifying the general audience demographic features of your audience, gauging the importance of those features to a particular speaking situation

Situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

Four principles for using inclusive language

avoid generic "He", avoid use of "Man" when referring to both men and women, avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender, use names that groups use to identify themselves

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

Stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, visually be assuming that all members of the groups are alike

Suggestion about the use of multiple connectives in the same speech (closing paragraph of the chapter)

don't worry about what the connectives is called, important thing is to be aware of their functions, properly applied: connectives can make your speeches more unified and coherent

simile

explicit comparison introduced with the word "like" or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

Attitude

frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Advantages of the extemporaneous method

give more precise control over thought and language than does impromptu speaking, it offers greater spontaneity and directness than does speaking form memory or from a full manuscript, it is adaptable to a wider range of situations, it encourages the conversation quality audiences look for in a speech delivery

metaphor

implicit comparison, not introduced with the world "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

antithesis

juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

Tips for preparing main points

keep main points separate, try to use the same pattern of wording for main points, balance the amount of time devoted to main points

Audience-centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of a speech preparation and presentation

What difference does the size of the audience typically make in nature of the presentation?

larger audience means more formal presentation, affects language, choice of appeals, and use of visual aids

Denotative

literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

volume

loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

Connotative

meaning suggested by the association or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

What difference does audience knowledge make in the presentation?

people more interested in topics they know a lot about, some exceptions, more knowledge - more technical words, less knowledge - easy to understand, elementary language

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want, in the interview

Difference between fixed-alternative

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale

questions that require fixed responses at a scale of answers

Four methods of delivering a speech

reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously

repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

parallelism

similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

rate

spread at which a person speaks

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

What difference does audience disposition toward the speaker make?

the more knowledge and more competent the speaker is, the more likely the audience is to accept the message of the speech

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

cliché

trite or overused expression

What is the "primary rule" for gesturing?

whatever gestures you make should not distract your message. They should appear natural and spontaneous, help clarify to reinforce your ideas or reinforce, and be suited to the audience and occasion

Abstract

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Concrete

world that refer to tangible objects