Structural Kinesiology Test #5 -

Applying Forces

Applied forces have reactions that must be anticipated

What are some factors that influence a person's appraisal of a stressor?

Aptitude/ability, coping skills, past experience, trait anxiety

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Costovertebral Ligament:

Articulate the 12 pairs of ribs of the thorax with the 12 thoracic vertebrae

What muscle inserts into the base of the 3rd metacarpal

Flexor carpi radialis

Which muscle is located between the pisiform and the 5th finger

Flexor carpi ulnaris

The lumbricals share a tendon w/ which muscle?

Flexor digitorum profundis

Bucket Handle Tear

Medial Meniscus Injury.

Insertion to the levator scapula

Medial boarder of the scapula

The flexor/pronator group of the elbow originates:

Medial epicondyle

What is the order of the respiratory tree?

Oral/Nasal Cavity --> Pharynx-->Larynx-->Trachea-->Bronchi-->Bronchioles-->Respiratory Bronchioles-->Aveolar ducts--> Atria --> Air Sacs

the flexor carpi radialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: medial epicondyle of humerus I: base of 2 and 3 metacarpals

the palmaris longus originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: medial epicondyle of humerus I: palmar aponeurosis

the flexor carpi ulnaris originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna I: carpals

the flexor digitorm superficialis originates at the __ and inserts at the __

O: medial epicondyle, radius, ulna I: four tendons on phalanges

Which suboccipital does not attach to the occiput?

Oblique Capitis Inferior

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

Obliquus (superior and inferior) Orbitals Four recti muscles (superior, medialis, lateralis, inferior)

List and describe the steps of the scientific method.

Observation - something that probes a question Question - something that can be tested to form an answer Hypothesis - a possible solution to the question usually in the if, then, because format Experiment/Test - what is done to determine the answer to the question Results - information collected from the experiment Analysis - compilation of the results to come to a conclusion Conclusion - the final answer to the posed question

Quadriceps

- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus intermedius - vastus medialis

Qualities to effective images

- vividness -controllability

2 Types of Attention Training

-Association -Self-talk

Dystrophin

-structural protein -links thin filaments to integral proteins of sarcolemma

Sesamoids

- plantar surface of foot - found in the tendons of the flexor hallicus brevis

Superficial Posterior Compartment

- plantaris - soleus - gastrocnemius - popliteus ** innervated by tibial nerve ** calf muscles ** action: plantar flexion ** inserts at calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon

Where is the hyoid bone located?

-Suspended under the tongue between the larynx and the mandible -has no articulation with other skull bones -serves as point of attachment for # of muscles of neck and tongue

Joints of the Ankle Complex

- subtalar joint (talus and calcaneus) - talocrural joint (tib/fib and talus- plantar and dorsiflexion) - distal tibiofibular joint (tibia and fibula)

subclavius muscle

- support scapula

What articulates at the mandible?

-Temporomandibular joint and the temporal bone -Articulation b/w the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone form the diarthrodial joint.

Attentional forces

-attentional selectivity -attentional capacity -attentional alertness

ozone

-highly reactive variant of oxygen -produced by sunlight acting on other air pollutants -irritates eyes and respiratory system -increases mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases

carbon monoxide

-highly toxic gas -mostly produced in vehicle exhaust -especially harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease -causes headaches and impairs mental proceses

epidemiology and chronic diseases

-identify risk factors -observe long-term trends -studies of chronic diseases are more complicated than for infectious diseases/toxic contamination -heart disease is leading cause of death in U.S. -Lung cancer and smoking studies followed in early 1950s

Primary function of iron

Healthy red blood cells

What is factor P?

Purposeful physical activity...eg: walking the dog

actions of the posterior deltoid

abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation

Heat acclimation

Biological adaptations that reduce physiological strain, improve physical work capabilities, etc. from heat injury

Vitamin D functions

Bone health, absorption of calcium

Subcutaneous prepatellar Infra patellar Plica

Bursae

clavicle injuries

broken usually in the middle / most commonly fractured bone

Tuckman's Theory of Group Development

Can be linear but it can lead to adjourning. Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning

What subunits are starches made from?

Carbs

movements of the humeroulnar joint are ___ and ___

flexion/extension

Radiation

gain/loss without intervening middle o Body heat given off o Amount based on surface area, temperature, ability to give off/absorb radiation (emissity)

plantar flexors

gastrocnemius and soleus

Proteins of SR form

gated channels for calcium

The peroneus brevis is found _________ to the peroneus longus

inferior

shoulder dislocation: other fractures

inferior surface of the glenoid and tear of the glenoid labrum

Simple Joints

linking two bones

Contralateral lateral deviation?

medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid

Protraction?

medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid

subscapularis muscle actions

medial rotation of shoulder joint, adduction, extend humerus

assistive knee flexors

sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius

tendons of pes anserinus

sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus

What bone is located in the anatomical snuff box?

scaffold

radiohumeral joint movements

sliding

the glenoid labrum slightly enhances..

stability (acts like a suction cup)

Brachialis

Flexion

plane or gliding

tarsal/carpal

amortization phase

time it changes to get from concentric to eccentric

Pace

time/distance

Plantar Pressure Measurement

used in the shoe industry and in medicine to treat/ prevent ulceration of the plantar surface of the foot

Cardiac muscle location

wall of heart

Medial epicondylitis

Golfers elbow

Power

work/time Units=watts

extensor digiti minimi

wrist and little finger extension; inserts on 5th phalange only

abductor pollicis longus

wrist and thumb extension and abduction

this is also known as dorsiflexion of the wrist

wrist extension

Pectoralis Minor attaches to what bony landmark

Ribs 3,4 5

Full ROM dependent on

Scapular Motion

VO2max

Vo2max/weight(%)

RVO2max

Vo2max/weight-3.5(%)+3.5

((mb-Mbuw)/DH20)-Rv-GV

Volume of body equation

Theories of Group development

Linear, Circular, Pendular

What methods increase body temperature?

Metabolism (on rare occasions, convection)

What methods does your body use for temperature regulation?

Metabolism, evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation

the General Adaptation Syndrome

Must train to disrupt homeostasis, work capacity drops during training, so you must have adequate recovery time in order to increase work capacity

Composition of thick filaments

Myosin

Thick filaments

Myosin

Lateral Collateral Ligament

- posterior talofibular ligament - calcaneofibular ligament - anterior talofibular ligament * lateral side of the foot - anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Ligament components of the medial ankle

- posterior tibiotalar - tibiocalcaneal - anterior tibiotalar - tibionavicular

Semitendinosus

- origin: ischial tuberosity - insertion: medial tibial condyle - action: hip extension and knee flexion - innervation: tibial

Plantaris

- origin: lateral condyle of the femur - insertion: calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon - action: plantar flexion, knee flexion - innervation: tibial nerve ** missing in about 10% of humans

Extensor Digitorum Longus

- origin: lateral condyle of the tibia - insertion: middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5 - action: ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, extends PIP and DIP joints of the toes - innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Popliteus

- origin: lateral femoral condyle - insertion: posterior tibia (lateral meniscus) - action: knee flexion (internal rotation of tibia) - innervation: tibial nerve

Tibialis Anterior

- origin: lateral tibial condyle - insertion: medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal - action: dorsiflexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Vastus Medialis

- origin: linea aspera of the femur - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon - action: knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve

Biceps Femoris

- origin: long head- ischial tuberosity, short head- linea aspera - insertion: long head- head of fibula, short head- head of fibula - action: long head- hip extension and knee flexion, short head- knee flexion - innervation: long head- tibial, short head- common peroneal

Gastrocnemius

- origin: medial and lateral condyles of the femur - insertion: calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon - action: plantar flexor, knee flexion - innervation: tibial nerve

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

- origin: posterior-lateral aspect of femur - insertion: antero-medial aspect of tibial plateau

Peroneus Longus

- origin: proximal fibular shaft - insertion: 1st metatarsal - action: eversion, plantar flexion - innervation: superficial peroneal nerve

Soleus

- origin: proximal tibia and fibular head - insertion: calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon - action: plantar flexor - innervation: tibial nerve

Flexor Digitorum Longus

- origin: tibial shaft - insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5 - action: flexion of toes 2-5, ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: tibial nerve ** "Dick"

Lateral Compartment

- peroneus longus - peroneus brevis ** innervation: superficial peroneal nerve

What are the four motions of the foot and ankle?

- plantar and dorsiflexion - inversion and eversion

Talocrural (ankle) motion

- plantar flexion (~50 degrees of motion from neutral position) - dorsiflexion (~15-20 degrees of motion from neutral)

4th Layer of Plantar Muscles

- plantar interossei - dorsal interossei

Other Posterior Muscles

- popliteus - gastrocnemius - plantaris

Deltoid Ligament

- posterior tibiotalar ligament - tibiocalcaneal ligament - tibionavicular ligament - anterior tibiotalar ligament ** medial side of the foot

Anterior Thigh Muscles

- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedius - sartorius - TFL

"itis" injuries

- remember the 5 cardinal s/s of inflammation * achilles tendonitis * posterior tibialis tendonitis * peroneal fascitis * plantar fascitis * sesamoiditis * bursitis

Which 3 distinct joints work together in the knee?

- tibiofemoral joint - patellofemoral joint - proximal tibiofibular joint

Stable Equilibrium

-Greater torque is needed to tip over -Larger base of support -Flat base of support -COG well inside BOS

Types of outcome interdependence

-Group Outcome Interdependence -Individual Outcome Interdependence

Group Outcome Interdependence

-Group, overall goal

cohort study examples

-Framingham heart study -Nurses' health study -British study of physicians on smoking and lung cancer -Hammond-Horn study on smoking and lung cancer in US

What are the muscles classified as part of the suprahyoid muscle group?

-Geniohyoid -Mylohyoid -Stylohyoid -Digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)

Function and sources of vitamin B6

-Make neurotransmitters, serotonin, & norepinephrine, normal brain function -Fish, beef liver, meats

GlenoHumeral- Horizontal Adduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-

-Protraction -Bench Press

What is the term used to describe the failure of the heart valve to fully close?

-Regurgitation: rushing of the blood backward -can be heard during and after the "dub" sound

Glenohumeral- Horizontal Abduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-

-Retraction -Reverse Fly

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Optic

-Second Cranial Nerve/Sensory/Sight -impulses are conducted between the retina and the center of vision located in the occipital lobe

External Imagery

-Seeing yourself and everything around you -You view yourself from the perspective of an outside observer

Goal setting programs- Circular process

-Set goals -Secure Commitment -Identify Barriers -Obtain Feedback -Evaluate goal attainment -Reinforce goal attainment

Define Outcome Interdependence

-Shared influence over each other's results -Our outcome as a group depends on contributions of each individual member

Indirect approach

-Specialists works with group leader providing education and developing strategies for the leader to apply with the group: • Educate • Acquisition • Implementation

SMART Goals

-Specific -Measurable -Attainable -Realistic -Timely

Process Goals

-Specify actions the individual must engage in during performance in order to perform well (HOW goals) -Ex: shift weight on forward swing -Depends on time and effort

Outcome Goals

-Standards that focus on the result of a contest relative to others • Ex: beating the other team -Depends on time, effort, ability of you AND time, effort, and ability of others

Motivational General- Mastery

-The athlete images being able to remain focused -Images that will promote calm, focus, relaxed.

Cognitive Specific

-The athlete images correctly executing a specific skill -Imagine correct technique, mechanics, skill, etc. -Seeing yourself perform a skill

Motivational General- Arousal

-The athlete images/experiences general emotions and/or feelings -Images that will provoke energy, enthusiasm

Which arteries supply blood to the brain?

-The epidural space contains the major arteries of the brain -Left and right common carotid arteries: ascend toward the head -Subclavian artery: they are the vertebral arteries -External carotid artery --> ascending pharyngeal artery -The internal carotid artery supplies to most of the brain -Anterior and middle cerebral arteries: supplies numerous structures of the brain

Sarcomere

-muscle segment -smallest functional unit of muscle -repeating unit of myofibrils -divided into units by z-discs

What alteration in the GRF curve do proponents of barefoot running say make barefoot running more healthy?

.

Macrocycle takes

1 year

Muscle fiber (cell) characteristics (4)

1. huge cells (10x avg body cell size; up to 30cm long) 2. multinucleate 3. sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) 4. sarcoplasm

Lumen

continuous with SR

Myofibrils

cylindrical contractile organelles in muscle fibers

Cytokinesis vs. Karyokinesis

cytokinesis is splitting of cells while karyokinesis is splitting of nuclei. Both happen during mitosis.

Sarcoplasm

cytoplasm of muscle cell (fiber)

There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 3:

1. iliocostalis lumborum 2. iliocostalis dorsi 3. iliocostalis cervicis

extensor digitorum

extends digits 2-5, extends wrist, weak elbow flexion

triceps brachii actions

extends elbow, extends shoulder joint (long head)

True or False: ALL 5 digits have proximal, middle, and distal phalanx associated with them

false

True or False: the 5 phalanges of the foot are comprised of a proximal, middle, and distal phalanges

false

True or False: the gastrocnemius and soleus are both two-joint muscles

false

True or False: the lower leg is divided into 3 compartments. (anterior, lateral and posterior compartments)

false

True or False: the peroneus tertius muscle is located in the lateral compartment

false

True or False: the subtalar joint is responsible mainly for inversion and plantarflexion

false

True or False: together, the tibia, fibula and calcaneus form the talocrural joint

false

Fast Fiber

fast twitch muscles

coxa vara

femoral neck angle <125˚

coxa valgum

femoral neck angle >125˚

which motions occur at the radiocarpal joint

flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

the brachioradialis (beer drinking muscle) does what movements?

flexion, pronation, supination

1st metacarpophalangeal joint movements

flexion/extension

interphalangeal joint movements

flexion/extension

primary hip flexors

iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)

Ovoid Joint

includes two bones that form a concave-convex link

The calcaneus is found __________ to the talus

inferior

inflammation is the response to ___

injury

syndesmotic (high) ankle sprain

injury to distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous ligament

What question would you ask a client to get supraspinatus to contract?

Abduct the arms

Middle Deltoid

Abduction

Posterior Deltoid

Abduction, Extension, Horizontal Abduction, External Rotation

Anterior Deltoid

Abduction, Flexion, Horizontal Adduction, Internal Rotation

Muscles that make up the anatomical snuff box

Abductor pollicus longus Extensor pollicus and brevis

Where do the axon terminals connect?

About midway along the muscle cell

If you know pace, can you calculate speed?

its the reciprocal

the triceps brachii inserts on this part of the ulna

olecrannon process

pitchers shoulder is also known as ____

osteochondritis dissecans

Respiratory tree (7) from largest to smallest

pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveolar ducts air sacs

diathrodial joint

plane or gliding hinge pivot condylar ellipsoid saddle ball and socket

The talocrural joint is responsible for _________ and _________ at the ankle

plantar, dorsiflexion

elbow joint complex

radiohumeral joint, ulnohumeral joint, radioulnar joint

pivot

radioulnar

these two bones make up the radioulnar joint

radius and ulnar

carpal bones articulate with

radius at the radiocarpal joint

ulnocarpal joints movements

sliding

Arthrokinematic Motion

small, unseen movement happening within the joint

what muscle stabilizes and protects the sternoclavicular joint?

subclavius

1/3 fat located

subcutaneously

Muscle Belly

the portion between tendons bound together with a neighboring muscle by a layer of fascia profunda

Impulse

the product of a force and the time over which it acts l=Ft

iliotibial band

thick, strong band of tissue connecting tensor fascia latae to femur and tibia

Specific Weight

weight/volume

{Be able to differentiate between the parts of the ear} External

The external ear is divided into: 1. pinna or auricle 2. External meatus (auditory canal) 3. Tympanic membrane

Weight

The force the earth uses to pull on mass. Downward direction

Task (PETTLEP)

The image of performing the task should be identical to the actual performance of the task. (ex: a gymnast mimicking the exact elements of performing on a balance beam)

What is the action of the Masseter?

Bilaterally: elevation Unilaterally: ipsilateral lateral deviation(uses a lot of force to close mandible against gravity)

Medial Pterygoid action?

Bilaterally: elevation and protrusion Unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation

Botulinium Toxin (Botox)

Blocks release of ACh from terminal, which paralyzes the muscle

What is thermogenic?

Changes in body temperature that occur during exercise and that are associated with increased central and peripheral neuron activity in the brain

the energy values of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Carbs: typical source of energy for endurance athletes; glucose is most common. Two different types: starch and sugar. Fats: saturated and unsaturated (better). They are necessary to absorb certain vitamins. Fuel used when train at low intensity. Proteins: need more protein when there is more muscle breakdown. If endurance athlete or working out at higher intensity, need more. Because it is responsible for repairing tissue, energy is dependent on the intensity.

The 3 Types of Muscles

Cardiac, Smooth, and Striated

Glossopharyngeal

Carries sensory information (touch, temperature, and pressure) from the pharynx and soft palate. Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.

Facial

Carries sensory information from the face and taste information.

Trigeminal

Carries sensory information from the face, forehead, nasal cavity, tongue, gums and teeth.

Moisture

Caused by excessive perspiration or incontinence can irritate or soften the skin and contribute to the development of pressure ulcers.

Which muscles help put away dishes?

Coracobrachiali Pec Major Deltoid

List 3 muscles that originate (or insert) on the coracoid process.

Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (short head), pectoralis minor

Pec minor attaches to...

Corocoid process

Insertion of pec major

Crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus

What factors of the crowd lead to the effect of HFA?

Crowd... -size -density -proximity

Over stretching this muscle may decrease ability of flexor carpi radialis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Which extensor can be palates along the shaft of the ulna?

Extensor carpi ulnaris

How to calc x-cordinate of Vector 1

Vector1(cosO)

How to calc y-cordinate of Vector 1

Vector1(sinO)

How to calc x-cordinate of Vector 2

Vector2(cosO)

How to calc y-cordinate of Vector 2

Vector2(sinO)

Identifying Alignment of the Body

Visual, touch, analyze the bony landmarks

What make up nutrients?

Water, macronutrients, micronutrients

Horizontal adduction of the shoulder joint is associated with this action of the shoulder girdle

abduction

shoulder dislocation: most vulnerable position

abduction (excessive extension) and external rotation

supraspinatus muscle actions

abduction of shoulder

actions of the anterior deltoid

abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation

all fibers of deltoid muscle actions

abducts shoulder

muscular endurance

ability of a muscle to perform repeated contractions

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Iris:

an elastic membrane located between the cornea and the lens; portion of the eye that is colored

which muscle is involved in elbow extension

anconeous

carrying angle

angle between arm and forearm

quadriceps (Q) angle

angle formed by intersection of lines connecting the ASIS and mid-patella AND the tibial tuberosity and mid-patella

angle of anteversion

angle of the femoral neck in the transverse plane

most common injury in sports setting

ankle sprain

The anterior tibialis can be found ____________ to the gastrocnemius

anterior

What are the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?

anterior GH, posterior GH, inferior GH, coracohumeral

the agonists in glenohumeral flexion are

anterior delt, upper pec, coracobrachialis

which muscle is involved with horizontal adduction of the shoulder joint

anterior deltoid

lateral ankle ligaments

anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular

Ligaments of spinal column (13)

antlantoocicipital (attach to occipital and C1) occipitoaxial (membrana tectoria, occipital bone of skull to dens of C2) atlantoaxial (attach atlas and axis) costovertebral (not involved in movement of spinal column, six per rib, 12 pairs of ribs of thorax with 12 thoracic vertebrae) transverse ligament (hangman's ligament, C1 to dens of C2) 2 interbody (length of spinal column) Anterior longitudinal (anterior aspect of all vertebrae) posterior longitudinal (posterior aspect of all vertebrae) ligamentum flavum (laminae of successive vertebrae) interspinous ligament (coccyx to external occipital) ligmentum nuchae (external occipital and 7th cervical) iliolumbar ligament (5th lumbar to ilium of pelvis) intervertebral disc (spaces in-between vertebrae)

occipital bone and orientation to cervical bone (movement)

any movement of the head is the result of movement at the joints between the occipital bone of the skull and the first and second skull and cervical spine

Pain Perception

Fast Pain >sharp and well localized, transmitted by myelinated axons. Slow Pain >dull aching sensation, not well localized, transmitted by unmyelinated axons.

What foods can you find cholesterol in?

Fast foods, meat, poultry, high-fat dairy products

Knee Bones

Femur Tibia Fibula Patella

Knock Knees

Femur: Medial condyle is taller than the lateral condyle

Applied Force

Force inflicted on the environment Muscular Force

Coefficient of Dynamic Friction

Force of dynamic friction/force perpendicular(normal)

Coefficient of Static Friction

Force of static friction/Force perpendicular (normal)

Work

Force*Distance (W=Fd) Units=Joules

Torque

Force*Force Arm units=Newton meters(Nm)

Pressure

Force/Area Units=N/m2

Pressure

Force/Area (metric: N/m^2 - english: psi)

5 shapes of muscles

Fusiform, Pinnate, Bipinnate, Multipinnate, and Radiate

Stage 1 pressure sore

Intact skin with non-blanchable (does not turn white when pressed) areas of redness usually over a bony prominence. May be warm to the touch.

the acute effects of high altitude on aerobic performance

Intensity and duration of the work is reduced due to the lower than normal air pressure, less oxygen getting to the brain

Pectoralis Major(upper fibers)

Internal Rotation, Horizontal Adduction, flexion, abduction, adduction

On lateral tibia Also c shaped, tapered Smaller than medial

Lateral Menisci

All but one of the wrist extensor muscles originate off?

Lateral epicondyle

Origin of the supinator

Lateral epicondyle

The extensor/supinator group of the elbow originates:

Lateral epicondyle

Which muscle is a synergist with pec major in the action of medial rotation shutting the door

Latissimus Dorsi

Newton's 1st Law

Law of Inertia - object at rest stays at rest, motion stays in motion unless acted upon

Cons of plant protein

Low biological value

Pros of plant protein

Low fat, low saturated fat, no cholesterol, high fiber

4 characteristics of Force

Magnitude Direction Line of action Point of application

Sensory Transduction

Receptors: transform an external signal into a membrane potential. Two types of receptor cells: --specialized epithelial cell --nerve cell

Daily fiber recommendations?

Males-40 grams/day Females-25 grams/day

What percentage of male and female athletes experience staleness in elite distance running?

Males-64% Females-60%

On medial tibia C shaped Thick outside border Tapers to the middle

Medial menisci

Cardiac muscle cell input for control

Nervous system and hormones

Smooth muscle cell input for control

Nervous system and hormones

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) at the NMJ that is produced in the neuron and stored in synaptic vesicles.

Are overtraining and staleness the same thing?

No

Linear Equilibrium

No net external force can be causing a change in motion All linear forces must be equal to 0

Rotary Equilibrium

No net external torque causing a change in a system rotary motion All rotary forces must equal 0

Yes or No Supraspinatus rotates the shoulder

No. It does not

basis of coronary heart disease; causes, risk factors (primary, secondary)

Often because of an accumulation of cholesterol in arteries o Primary: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, lack of exercise, family history, male, older age o Secondary: stress, obesity, diabetes -Cannot get heart disease based on secondary

Friction

Occurs when force is available to overcome the body's resistance to movement, even slight rubbing or friction on the skin may cause minor pressure ulcers. Slideboard

Shearing

Occurs when the skin moves in one direction, and the underlying bone moves in another. This type of movement stretches and tears cell walls and small blood vessels. Ex. Sitting in bed with head of bed elevated. Gravity pulls person down, skin in opposite direction.

Which three cranial nerves innervate the voluntary muscles of the eye?

Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens

Explain how to use a fire extinguisher.

PASS. Pull pin, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep side to side.

State 4 contraindications for NOT taking blood pressure (BP) on an arm

PICC line Lymphedema DVT Masectomy

Stage 2

Partial thickness loss -epidermis or topmost layer of the skin is broken. -presenting as an abrasion or shallow open ulcer with a pink/red wound bed. -no necrotic (dead) tissue. -the ulcer may also present as an intact or open blister.

The serratus anterior aBducts the scapula, making it a direct antagonist to which muscle?

Rhomboids

Name one of the muscles that assist with stabilizing the scapula

Rhomboids Levator Scap Traps Serratus anterior

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Iliolumbar ligament:

Runs between transverse process of the 5th lumbar vertebrae to the ilium of the pelvis

What are the muscles that attach to the mastoid process?

Splenius Capitis and the sternocleidomastoid

Staging of pressure sores

Stage 1 (first sign) to Stage 4 (worst)

Where is the suprasternal notch located?

Superior edge of the manubrium

Rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Suprascapularis

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Suspensory Ligament:

Suspends the lens in the eyeball

Inertia

System's ability to resist external forces

T or F: Shoulder girdle is NOT dependent on the shoulder joint and its muscles

T

T or F: The trapezius is most superficial

T

T or F: shoulder dislocations are likely to reoccur

T

How does the Upper and Lower thoracic spine motions differ?

T1-T3 function with cervical spine-SB and Rotation coupled togethe T4-T12 function with lumbar spine: 1In erect posture SB and Rotation occur in opposite directions 2In flexion: SB and Rotation occur together

What is the origin of the rhomboid major?

T2-T5

Pennate Belly

calls for a larger number of muscle fibers than a parallel muscle, but with fibers of shorter length

Mental Health

can reduce anxiety, stress, and depression

radiohumeral joint structures

capitulum of humeral condyle and head of the radius (little contact)

Saddle Joint

composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces and affords back and forth as well as side to side motions

Joint capsule

comprised of two layers, an external layer of dense fibrous tissue that supports the articulating bones and acts as a container for the joint contents

the metacarpophalangeal is a ___ joint

condyloid

the radiocarpal is a ___ joint

condyloid

Insertion

connection to the more mobile bone

accuracy_______ with higher levels of obesity

decreases

Sarcolemma protrudes

deep into muscle cell repeatedly

What is spondylolysis

defect or Fx of "pars interarticularis"

medial ankle ligaments

deltoid ligaments: ant/post tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal, and tibionavicular

Which muscles extend the shoulder?

deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major

Which muscle abduct the shoulder?

deltoid, supraspiantus

what is a hangmans fx?

dens c2 forceful hyperextension

lower fibers of trapezius muscle actions

depress, retract, upward rotation

levator scapulae muscle actions

elevates scapula, downward rotation, flex neck laterally, weak adduction of scapula

Shoulder joint flexion is associated with this movement of the shoulder girdle

elevation

the levator scapulae is involved in which motion of the scapula

elevation

actions of the trapezius are...

elevation, depression, upward rotation, and depression

actions of the levator scapulae are...

elevation, retraction, downward rotation

scapulothoracic joint movements

elevation/depression, retraction/protraction, upward/downward rotation

sternoclavicular joint movements

elevation/depression, rotation

Muscle Fibers

elongated tubes that have incredible movement potential

patterns of disease occurrence

epidemiologists can infer why a disease is occurring if they know: -WHO is getting the disease? -WHEN did they get it? -WHERE is it occurring? --use this knowledge to control and prevent spread of disease

Three layers of connective tissue

epimysium, perimysium and endomysium

Number of sinus (4) and which sinuses contain which artery/nerve

ethmoid - olfactory nerve frontal - olfactory nerve maxillary - olfactory nerve sphenoid - carotid arteries and optic nerve

movements that combine for pronation of foot

eversion and dorsiflexion

Antagonist

executes the action opposite of the agonist when it shortens

Obesity

exercise increases metabolic rate, create lean mass; lower intensity and higher duration

extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis actions

extend wrist, abducts wrist, weak elbow extension

extensor digiti minimi actions

extends 5 digital joints, extends wrist

extensor indicis actions

extends digital joints of 2nd digit, extends wrist

lower fibers of pec major muscle actions

extends humerus from a flexed position

abductor pollicus longus actions

extension and abduction

posterior fibers of deltoid actions

extension of shoulder, horizontal abduction, abduction, external rotation

extensor pollicis longus

extension of thumb and wrist, abduction of wrist; inserts on distal thumb

extensor pollicis brevis actions

extension, abduction

extensor pollicis longus actions

extension, abduction

the long head of the triceps assists with what motions

extension, adduction, and horizontal abduction

this muscle causes extension of the little finger

extensor digiti minimi

This thumb extensor inserts on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb

extensor pollicis longus

Divisions of common iliac artery (2)

external iliac hypogastric/internal iliac

infraspinatus and teres minor muscle actions

external rotation, horizontal abduction, extension

extensor carpi ulnaris actions

extned wrist, adducts wrist, weak elbow extension

Epimysium

fibrous CT surrounding entire muscle attaches muscle to periosteum

joint capsule

fibrous layer covering the tibio-femoral and patello-femoral joint, outer fibrous layer and inner synovial layer

Classifications of Joint

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Describe the location of the safety equipment in your laboratory classroom.

fire extinguisher in the southeast corner of the room next to the door; fire blanket on the east wall by another door; eyewash station on the middle of the south wall

Tissue Barrier

flesh comes up against flesh

brachioradialis actions

flex elbow, pronate and supinate forearm

biceps brachii muscle actions

flex elbow, supinate, flex shoulder

lumbricales muscle - intrinsic muscle of the hand

flex index, middle, ring, & proximal phalanges extend middle & distal phalanges of index, middle, ring & little

flexor digitorum superficialis actions

flex wrist, flex CMC, flexes ditis 2-5

flexor pollicus longus actions

flexes 1st cmc, mcp, ip, flexes wrist

deep digital flexor acitons

flexes digits 2-5, flexes CMC, flexes wrist

upper fibers of pec major actions

flexes shoulder joint, abducts humerus

flexor carpi ulnaris actions

flexex wrist, adducts wrist, weak elbow flexor

the biceps brachii assists in what motion

flexion

the brachialis does what movement?

flexion (isolated if forearm is pronated)

Which motions occur at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

flexion and extension

which motions occur at the humeroulnar joint

flexion and extension

anterior fibers of deltoid actions

flexion of humerus, horizontal adduction, abduction, assists in internal rotation

coracobrachialis muscle actions

flexion of humerus/shoulder, adduction, horizontal adduction

palmaris longus actions

flexion of the wrist, weak elbow flexor

flexor digitorum profundus

flexion of wrist and fingers; deep

flexor digitorum superficialis

flexion of wrist and fingers; superfical

flexor pollicis longus

flexion of wrist and thumb, abduction of wrist; radial side of forearm

Which motions occur at the metacarpophalangeal joints

flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

ulnohumeral joint movements

flexion/extension

2-5 metacarpophalangeal joint movements

flexion/extension, adduction/abduction

glenohumeral joint movements

flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, horizontal ad/ab, internal/external rotation, circumduction

radiocarpal joint movements

flexion/extension, radial/ulna flexion

movements of the radiohumeral joint are ___, ___, and ___

flexion/extension/rotation

These three muscles cause wrist flexion only

flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus

which muscle is involved in wrist adduction

flexor carpi ulnaris

Which two muscles ulnar deviate the wrist?

flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris

muscles of deep posterior compartment of lower leg

flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

Which muscle acts to cause both wrist and finger flexion

flexor digitorum profundus

any type of lesion in the brachial plexus area leads to..

functional impairment

Convection

gain/loss through movement of fluid/gas o Amount depends on temperature/velocity of fluid/gas o Ex. Fanning self

Conduction

gain/loss through physical contact o Related to amount of surface area touching o Ex. Cold car seat warms up after sitting in car

muscles of superficial posterior compartment of lower leg

gastrocnemius (both heads), soleus, plantaris

these rotator cuff muscles are involved in external rotation of the humerus

infraspinatus and teres minor

the agonists in glenohumeral external rotation are

infraspinatus, t major

the infraspinatus originates at the ___ and inserts at the___

infraspinous fossa, head of humerus

borders of femoral triangle

inguinal ligament, adductor longus, sartorius

ligaments that support sternoclavicular joint

interclavicular ligament costoclavicular ligament sternoclavicular ligament (main supporter )

2 deep veins of the head

internal jugular vertebral

Perspective (PETTLEP)

internal or external perspective

name four actions of the anterior deltoid on the shoulder joint

internal rotation, flexion, horizontal adduction, diagonal adduction, and abduction

do sprains mostly occur as a result of inversion or eversion?

inversion (90%)

movements that combine for supination of foot

inversion and plantar flexion

Which is the most common type of ankle injury?

inversion ankle sprain

The subtalar joint is responsible for _________ and __________ at the ankle (both blanks are movements)

inversion, eversion

Nonaxial Joints

involve no rotation about an axis

the agonists in glenohumeral adduction are

lats, t major, lower pecs

the agonists in glenohumeral internal rotation are

lats, t major, pec major, subscapularis

the agonists in glenohumeral extension are

lats, t major, post delt, lower pec

Newton's 3rd Law

law of rxn; for every action, there is an equal and opposite rxn

the ROM in the glenohumeral joint is..

lax until extreme ROM

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

measured when the cell is at rest about -95vM

torque

muscle momentum force x perpendicular distance longer the lever arm increase resistance shorter the lever arm decrease resistance

Factors affecting a muscle's roll

muscle size, shape and design of a joint, muscle location in relationship to the joint axis and the line of pull

Common problems in Goal Setting

o Convincing students, athletes, and exercisers to set goals o Failing to set specific goals o Setting too many goals too soon o Failing to adjust goals o Failure to recognize individual differences o Not providing goal follow-up and evaluation

Effects of imagery on muscular strength

o Internal imagery is better in strength training o Strength gains using imagery are larger on distal muscles o Imagery helps prevent strength losses during immobility

temporalis muscle (attachement site and function)

one of the MM involved in mastication, attached in the temporal fossa and the coronoid process

Examples of this type of exercise include dumbbell arm curls and seated knee extension exercise

open-chain exercise

hypothenar eminence - intrinsic muscle of the pinky (ulnar)

opponens digit minimi abductor digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis

thenar eminence - 4 intrinsic muscle of the thumb (radial)

opponens pollicis adductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis adductor brevis

MM responsible for bringing lips together (4)

orbicularis oris orbicularis oculi buccinator risorius

microtraumatic injuries are often called ___ and result from repetitive loading or ___ ___. This results in ___,____,___

overuse injuries, incorrect mechanics tendinitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis

Which muscles adduct the shoulder?

pec major, coracobrachialis, latissimus dorsi, teres major

Which muscles protract the scapula?

pec minor, serratus anterior

Explain what to do when breaking a glass beaker during lab.

pick up pieces without cutting yourself and place them in the bin labeled glass; sweep around area where glass broke to remove smaller shards

an injury to the medial epicondylitis

pitchers elbow or golfers elbow

the distal radiounar is a ___ joint

pivot

the proximal radioulnar is a ___ joint and is involved in ___ and ___ motions

pivot, pronation/supination

assistive plantar flexors

plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus

Sellar Joint

possesses two articular surfaces, each of which are concave in one direction and convex in another

The deep posterior muscle tendons run __________ to the medial malleolus

posterior

pectoralis minor muscle actions

protraction, downward rotation, depression

movements of the sternoclavicular joint are..

protraction, retraction, elevation, depression

Limits of ROM

shape of the joint capsules and surrounding ligaments, muscle strength and tightness

Timing (PETTLEP)

should be in real time, should be equal to actual experience

shoulder joint: horizontal adduction

shoulder girdle: abduction/protraction

shoulder joint: internal rotation

shoulder girdle: abduction/protraction

shoulder joint: external rotation

shoulder girdle: adduction/retraction

shoulder joint: horizontal abduction

shoulder girdle: adduction/retraction

shoulder joint: extension

shoulder girdle: depression/downward rotation

shoulder joint: adduction

shoulder girdle: downward rotation

shoulder joint: flexion

shoulder girdle: elevation/upward rotation

shoulder joint: abduction

shoulder girdle: upward rotation

ball and socket

shoulder/hip

Small motor units

single motor neuron innervates few muscle cells (fine motor control)

Large motor units

single motor neuron innervates many muscle cells (gross motor control)

Muscle fiber

single muscle cell found within fasciculus many in each fasciculus

Gliding Joint

situated between two flat articular surfaces and their movement is like a book sliding on a table top

muscle cell types (3)

skeletal smooth cardiac

Largest axon goes to...

skeletal muscle (longest and largest diameter) which splits into numerous axon terminals

costoclavicular ligament and interclavicular ligaments prevent..

superior displacement

supinator actions

supinate forearm

the biceps is stronger in what position?

supination

which motions occur at the radioulnar joint

supination and pronation

movements of the proximal radioulnar joint are ___ and ___

supination/pronation

this muscle is only involved in supination of the forearm

supinator

Connective tissue coverings and associated structures function

support cells and hold muscle cells together

functions of ankle and foot complex

support for different positions of weight bearing, accommodation of varied terrain and shock absorption during gait

this rotator cuff muscle cause shoulder abduction

supraspinatus

which muscle is most superior

supraspinatus

which muscle is not involved with either internal or external rotation of the shoulder joint

supraspinatus

____ is the most common shoulder injury

supraspinatus rupture

the agonists in glenohumeral abduction are

supraspinatus, deltoid, upper pecs

name the four rotator cuff muscle

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

the supraspinatus originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

supraspinous fossa, head of humerus

factors that demonstrate flexibility

surface joint motion at the hip produces gliding of the joint surfaces older adults take shorter strides less flexion/extension at the hip incongruity leads to abnormal force distribution leading to compression and distraction of articular cartilage

Conduct signal for contraction from

surface of sarcolemma deep into muscle cell

fractures of the humerus

surgical neck (fall on hand) transverse fractures of the shaft fractures of the distal humerus (supracondylar ridges)

How is the GRF curve altered when a person wears 'high cushion' shoes, such as the Hoka shoe?

the high cushioned shoe did not reduce the force and the vertical load rates and peak lateral ground reaction forces are higher

Active ROM

the degree of movement that a client can produce using his or her own strength and volition

where does the deltoid insert at

the deltoid tuberosity

Passive ROM

the distance that you can passively mobilize your client's joint

Excursion

the extent that a muscle can change in length

Endomysium

the innermost layer of fascia

Force-length Relationship

the length of a muscle will determine the maximum force it can produce

Isometric Contraction

the length of the muscle does not change

Perimysium

the middle layer of fascia that separates the muscle belly into compartments called fascicles

___ ___ ___ is the compression of nerves, arteries, and/or veins coming from the spine towards the arm

thoracic outlet syndrome

True or False: TOM, DICK, and HARRY are located in the deep posterior compartment

true

True or False: all of the muscles of the posterior thigh are two jointed

true: act on hip and knee - biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus

Roll

when one joint surface rolls along another

Spin

when one joint surface rotates over the fixed surface of another

Glide

when one joint surface slides across the surface of another

Reverse Muscle Action

when the origin and insertion switch

Narrow

when you respond to only 1 or 2 cues (basketball player prepares to hit a pitch)

ellipsoid

wrist

this is also known as ulnar deviation

wrist adduction

extensor indicis

wrist and index finger extension; inserts on second phalange only

extensor pollicis brevis

wrist extension and abdcution; thumb extension; inserts on proximal thumb

extensor carpi radialis brevis

wrist extension and abduction; inserts on 3rd metacarpal

extensor carpi radialis longus

wrist extension and abduction;inserts on 2nd metacarpal

extensor carpi ulnaris

wrist extension and adduction only; ulnar side of forearm

flexor carpi radialis

wrist flexion and abduction only; radial side of forearm

flexor carpi ulnaris

wrist flexion and adduction only; ulnar side of forearm

palmaris longus

wrist flexion only

flexor carpi radialis actions

wrist flexion, abducts the wrist, weak elbow flexor

treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome

wrist splint, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids or muscle atrophy (surgery)

Calc x-cordinate of Resultant Vector

x1 + x2 = xRV

Calc y-cordinate of Resultant Vector

y1 + y2 = yRV

Is skeletal muscle striated?

yes

acclimatization and adaptations

• Acclimatization: becoming tolerant of conditions, allows earlier swear onset, lower core temperature, and lower skin temperatures o Adaptation to heat

the concept of muscular contraction (sliding filament theory) and key components

• Actin filaments slide over the myosin, creating cross bridges. Each cross bridge forms some movement. This built up creates muscle contraction • Calcium gets introduced through motor neuron activating it.

the proteins involved in skeletal muscle contraction

• Actin: contracts together when muscle contracts • Myosin: attaches to actin when muscle contracts

the best training program for training the aerobic vs the anaerobic system

• Aerobic: long marathons, things lasting longer than 2 minutes; 60-80% of max heart rate • Anaerobic: short interval sprints, weight lifting

What is Osteoporosis?

"porous bone" Low BMI

medial tibial stress syndrome

"shin splints", catchall for pain in anterior portion of shin, 10-15% of running injuries

Transformational Leadership

- Idealized influence - Inspirational motivation - Intellectual stimulation - Individualized consideration

Unhappy Triad

- MCL - ACL - medial meniscus

Inversion (lateral) ankle sprains

- MOI: ankle plantar flexion with ankle inversion - S/S: pain in lateral ankle, swelling, heat and redness, loss of motion - structures involved: ATF ligament, CF ligament, PTF ligament

Acute Compartment Syndrome

- MOI: direct contact injury to one compartment, leads to compression and swelling of an artery - S/S: pressure, pain, passive ROM, paresthesia, pallor, pulse - Rx: medical emergency

Syndesmotic (high) ankle sprains

- MOI: forced dorsiflexion - S/S: takes a long time to heal, pain on anterior side on ankle, swelling, heat and redness, loss of motion - structures involved: AITF, PITF, syndesmosis

Eversion (medial) ankle sprains

- MOI: forced eversion of ankle, sprain of inside ligament - S/S: pain in medial ankle, swelling, heat and redness, loss of motion - structures involved: deltoid ligament

Transactional Leadership

- You do something for me I'll do something for you -Leaders treat their relationships with followers as a transaction

Binding of ACh to receptors causes: (3)

1. Opening of ligand-gated channels 2. Na+ diffuses in, K+ diffuses out 3. Temporary change in membrane potential (DEPOLARIZATION)

Muscle Relaxation Steps (5)

1. Proteins return to original shape 2. AChE breaks ACh down (acetic acid and choline) 3. Ca pumped back into SR by active transport 4. Troponin returns to original shape 5. Tropomyosin blocks myosin binding sites again

What are the muscles considered "the muscles of mastication?"

1. Pterygoid (internal and external) 2. Masseter 3. Temporalis

Importance of tension and shortening in muscle cells (7)

1. movement of body parts 2. maintain posture/positions 3. stabilize joints 4. generate heat 5. change diameter of tubes in body to move substances through them 6. excretion of substances 7. pumping blood through heart

Motor End Plate (3)

1. region of sarcolemma that lies near axon terminal 2. highly folded for large surface area 3. only one per cell

There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 5:

1. sacrospinalis (erector spinae) 2. quadratus lumborum 3. multifidus

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (5)

1. smooth ER 2. network of channels formed from membrane 3. extends throughout muscle fiber and surrounds each myofibril 4. have terminal cisterns (end sacs) that form large, perpendicular cross channels at A/I band junction 5. contains calcium in relaxed muscle

Contraction Cycle

1. the unattached myosin heads become energized, 2. a myosin head reaches out and attaches to actin, forming a cross bridge, 3. the cross bridge generates force that pulls the thin filament one "notch" towards the M-line and 4. with the power stroke complete, the myosin head detaches from actin and the cycle continues back at step one.

"turf toe"

1st metatarsalphalangeal joint sprain caused by hyperextension of the joint (cleats stuck in ground)

anular ligament

2

Training Frequency

2-3 days/week/muslce group

Amount of sets

2-4

Air displacement

2.2-3.7%

How many amino acids are found in nature?

20

as the elbow flexes past __ degrees, stability decreases

20 degrees

the degree total gliding and rotational movement of the acromioclavicular ligament is..

20-30 degrees (often known as separated shoulder)

What % of daily intake should be from fat?

20-35%

HRmax

220-age(%)

HRR

220-age-rHR(%)+rHR

How many bones are in the wrist and hand?

29

Explain scapula/humeral rhythm and the relationship ratio

2:1 ~For every 2 degrees your shoulder is in flexion, your shoulder will rotate 1 degree. **Needed for efficient arm movement

The plantar fascia is made up of _________ bands of tissue

3

What percent of the population meet criteria for exercise addiction?

3%

When a patient completes full range of motion against gravity and withstands slight pressure what grade are they performing?

3+

Exercise lasting how long results in greatest reduction of anxiety symptoms?

3-12 weeks

Mesocycle takes

3-4 months

Repetition zone for strength

3-6

Obesity Class 1

30-34.9

How much do contracting muscles shorten?

30-35% of total resting length

Number of sutures that connect the skull

34

What is the number of sutures that connect the skull?

34 sutures: bones of the skull articulate with each other through immovable joints known as sutures.

Obesity Class 2

35-39.9

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Oculomotor

3rd cranial nerve/motor -contracts the pupil

Fitnessgram VO2 max standards for girls 5-9

40 ml/kg/min

Obesity Class 3

40<=

a tennis serve is equivalent to holding a __ lb weight on head of racket

42

Fitnessgram VO2 max standards for boys 5-17

42 ml/kg/min

injuries account for over ___ million dollars and ___% of hospital admissions

435, 40%

What is the lateral flexion and rotation of cervical spine?

45 degrees

What is the normal mouth opening?

45-40 mm or 2-3 fingers

Rest up to

48-72

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Trochlear

4th cranial nerve

DEXA:

5 minute xray of entire body analyzed for components; radiation is equivalent to 8 hours in the sun

there are ___ muscles involved in shoulder girdle movements and they originate on the ____ skeleton and insert on the ____ and/or ____

5, axial skeleton, scapula, clavicle. They do not attach to humerus and do not cause shoulder joint movements

external rotation of foot during normal stance

5-7˚

waist circumference of men

>=102cm (40 inches)

Intermediate/advanced

>=80% 1RM

Strength 1RM

>=85% <=6 reps 2-5 minutes rest

waist circumference for women

>=88cm (35 inches)

sternoclavicular joint

@medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium gliding synovial joint

acromioclavicular joint

@top of the shoulder - between the acromion and clavicle diathrodial joint

Nuclei of skeletal muscle cells

Multinucleate

What happens when there are successive "puffs" of calcium released?

Muscle cells do not completely relax, resulting in a stronger and more sustained contraction

4 Muscles of the Quadriceps & Their Actions

Muscles & Actions: 1. Rectus Femoris (Extension/Flexion) 2. Medial Vastus (Extension/Inward Rotation) 3. Lateral Vastus (Extension/Outward Rotation) 4. Intermediate Vastus (Extension)

Part of the muscle that exhibits the dark and light bands (due to arrangement of myofilaments)

Myofibrils

{Be able to differentiate between the parts of the ear} Middle

The middle ear contains 3 ear bones: 1. Malleus (hammer) 2. Incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (Stirrup) -Also contains the upper end of the eustachian tube and the round window (fenestra rotunda) and the oval window (fenestra ovales); these separate the middle and inner ear.

How do the neurons reach all the muscle fibers?

The motor neurons branch to supply the muscle fibers because there is a limited amount of neurons.

Antagonist

The muscle which is opposing the action of the agonist muscle during the movement of an exercise i.e Tricep in bicep curl

Agonist

The muscle which is the prime mover during the movement of an exercise i.e Bicep in bicep curl

Location of the heart valves and the defining characteristics of each: Mitral Valve-

The opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; has two cusps -also known as the bicuspid valve -also designed to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria

Location of the heart valves and the defining characteristics of each: Tricuspid Valve-

The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle; a valve with three cusps (flaps) covering the orifice -designed to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria

Ringlemann Effect

The phenomenon by which individuals performance decreased as the number of people in the group increases

What is gluconeogenesis?

The process of producing sugars in the body

Resultant force

The single force and associated torque obtained by combining a system of forces and torques acting on a rigid body. The defining feature of a resultant force, or resultant force-torque, is that it has the same effect on the body as the original system of forces

Lateral (medial) stability Attaches to the medial meniscus

Tibial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

Shin Splints

Tibialis Anterior/overuse of specific muscles

Absolute Refractory Period

Time during depolarization and repolarization (cell cannot be stimulated again during this time)

Relative Refractory Period

Time during hyperpolarization

Elastic filaments

Titin

Name the 7 levels of assistance and their percentages for functional transfers

Total dependence-pt gives 25% or less Max assist-pt gives 25-49% Mod assist-pt gives 50-74% Min assist-pt gives 75% Independent Contact guard assist (CGA) Stand by assist (SBA)

Name the 7 levels of assistance and their percentages for functional transfers

Total dependence-pt gives 25% or less Max assist-pt gives 25-49% Mod assist-pt gives 50-74% Min assist-pt gives 75% Independent/standby assist Contact guard assist

Olfactory

Transmits the sense of smell.

Optic

Transmits visual information to the brain.

Where is the only saddle joint in the carpals?

Trapezium

Insertion of brachioradialis

Tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna

Active tension

muscle that is actively producing tension by pulling itself toward its center

Width

narrow vs. broad

Negative acceleration vs. slowing down

negative acceleration means decreasing velocity

Is smooth muscle movement voluntary?

no

Is smooth muscle striated?

no

Is cardiac muscle movement voluntary?

no (can slow or increase but not stop)

scapulohumeral rhythm: first 30 degrees of shoulder abduction...

no scapular motion

What are the ligaments of the coracoacromial joint?

none

What are the ligaments of the scapulothoracic joint?

none

the triceps act as a __ during bicep supination

nuetralizer

Exercise images

o Appearance (before activity) o Technique (before activity) o Self-Efficacy enhancing (before activity) o Overcome pain/ Negative feelings (during activity)

Yield point

point at which deformation becomes permanent

Hypermobility

an excess of joint motion

Retroverted hip

Supination at ankle Toes out

How to increase/decrease stability

.

levator scapula

- elevation

Action of the carpi radialis brevis

Assist to flex the elbow

Direction

External vs. Internal

THR Direct

Linear plot HR and Vo2

Tension

a pulling ot stretching force through a body

actions of the middle deltoid

abduction

hinge

ankle

Synergist

any muscle that assists the agonist in producing the main action

Dw

density of water

Vector

has a magnitude and a direction (force/velocity)

rhomboid

- adductor of scapula

trapezius

- elevation

shoulder dislocation

95% anterior 5% posterior

Hyperextended Knees

Knees:

Which Condyle is larger?

Medial

Downward rotation of the scapula will ___ levator scap

Shorten

Types of attentional forces

Width and Direction

Middle fibers of deltoid actions

abduction

Trig method of vector resoluion

add x and y coordinates

common elbow injury is ___

hyperextension

saddle

thumb

Role Overload

Can be defined as an excessive amount of responsibilities

brozek equation

%body fat=[(4.57/Db)-4.142](100)

siri equation

%body fat=[(4.95/Db)-4.5](100)

Kinematics

'cinema' the form, pattern, or sequencing of movement with respect to time

Hallux Valgus

- aka "bunion" - MOI: born with it (congenital), improper shoewear, after injury - S/S: bunionplasty- surgery to fix

location of pleural space

(mediastinal septum), separates the left and right pleural cavities)

Dorsal Interossei (action and innervation)

* DAB- abducts - action: abduct and flex the MTP joints and extend PIP and DIP joints of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Plantar Interossei (action and innervation)

* PAD- adducts - action: adduct and flex the MTP joints and extend PIP and DIP joints of 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Tensor Fascia Latae

**TFL - origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - insertion: lateral tibia condyle (Gerdy's tubercle), ITB - action: hip flexion and abduction - innervation: superior gluteal nerve

OT interventions for pressure sores cont...

*Encourage activity that results in changes of position. ~Encourage person to change position every 15 minutes. ~Find out occupational history and current interests. Provide programming that interests the resident/patient to be more active. *Provide pressure reducing surfaces. ~Provide positioning devices, cushions, wedges and pillows for wheelchair and bed positioning. ~Pad all splints and casts-especially over bony prominences. ~Remove splints daily to check for reddened areas.

OT interventions for pressure sores

*Evaluate lifestyle and occupation patterns influencing resident/patient/family participation in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Develop occupational therapy-specific strategies to promote resident/patient ability to participate in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Contribute occupational therapy-specific expertise to the development of an interdisciplinary intervention plan. **Prevent fiction and shearing. **Educate

OT interventions for pressure sores

*Evaluate lifestyle and occupation patterns influencing resident/patient/family participation in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Develop occupational therapy-specific strategies to promote resident/patient ability to participate in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Contribute occupational therapy-specific expertise to the development of an interdisciplinary intervention plan. **Prevent friction and shearing. **Educate

Types of sensory receptors

*Exteroceptors: respond to external stimuli. Related to special senses. *Interoceptors: Resond to stimuli provided by internal organs. *Proprioceptors: Located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and inner ear. They detect changes in body position and movement.

List 4 safety concerns/precautions when assisting a patient with transfers

*Falling *Hazards *Privacy *Shoes *Gait belt *Transfer assist level

Name the 4 common symptoms with decreased activity tolerance

*Fatigue *Medication *SOB-shortness of breath *Age *Excessive sweating

How to prevent pressure sores?

*Reposition residents at least every two hours to relieve pressure. *Use items that can help reduce pressure--pillows, natural sheepskin, foam padding. *Provide healthy, well-balanced meals. *Assist with daily range-of-motion exercises for limited mobility residents. *Limit moisture, residents who are incontinent should be kept clean and dry.

Sensory receptors

*Somatic* >Chemoreceptors (taste, smell) >Thermorceceptors (temperature) >Photoreceptors (vision) >Baroreceptors (sound, balance) >Proprioreceptors (muscle stretch)

Sensory receptors

*Somatic* >Chemoreceptors-taste, smell >Thermorceceptors-temperature >Photoreceptors-vision >Baroreceptors-sound, balance >Proprioreceptors-muscle stretch

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

*The most important part of the brain stem It contains the major portion of the: -Respiratory center -The cardio-inhibitory center: which decreases heart rate through the vagus nerve -Vasomotor Cortex: controls the size of the small blood vessels -Sweat Center: stimulates the sweat glands to secrete sweat as a result of a rise in body temperature -Also contains the origins of the 9th,10th,11th, and 12th cranial nerve -Contains the reflex center

skinfolds error percentage

+-3.5

BMI error

+-5

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome

- "shin splints" - pain generator??? (deep posterior muscles, soleus, fascial defects, periosteum, bone) - predispositions (hyperpronation, pes planus, overtraining) - MOI: overtraining/overuse, irritation of all possible things that attach to medial tibia - S/S: inflammation, pain along distal 1/3 of tibia, redness, heat, potential swelling, loss of function

Knee Meniscus

- aka cartilage - crescent, semi-lunar, "half moon c-shaped" - open side faces eminence - modestly deepen the tibiofemoral articulations - enhance stability of an inherently unstable joint - provide some lubrication function to reduce friction - when viewed in frontal cross-section, wedge-shaped - medial meniscus is larger than lateral - peripheral margins blend with joint capsule

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

- aka fibular collateral ligament - origin: lateral condyle of the femur - insertion: lateral side of the head of the fibula

Coupled motions of the shank, ankle, and subtalar joint

- Pronation (PEAP): abduction, plantarflexion - Supination (SIAD): inversion, adduction, dorsiflexion

rotator cuff muscle

- SITS -flexion or abduction

Plantar Fascia

- a tough fibrous structure deep to skin - somewhat like a huge ligament - runs from calcaneus to the metatarsal heads and proximal phalanges of the toes - provides another layer of protection to the plantar surface - maintains longitudinal arch - composed of medial band, central band, lateral band

pectoralis minor

- abductor of scapula

serraturs anterior

- abductor of scapula

Abductor Hallucis (action and innervation)

- action: abducts and flexes the 1st MTP joint - innervation: medial plantar nerve

Abductor Digiti Minimi (action and innervation)

- action: abducts and flexes the 5th MTP joint - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Adductor Hallucis (oblique head) (action and innervation)

- action: adducts the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Adductor Hallucis (transverse head) (action and innervation)

- action: adducts the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Quadratus Plantae (action and innervation)

- action: assists the flexor digitorum longus; flexes the MTPs, PIPs, and DIPs of toes 2-5 - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Extensor Hallucis Brevis (action and innervation)

- action: extends the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Extensor Digitorum Brevis (action and innervation)

- action: extends the PIP and DIP joints of toes 2-4 - innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (action and innervation)

- action: flexes the MTP joint of the 5th toe - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Flexor Hallucis Brevis (action and innervation)

- action: flexes the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: medial plantar nerve

Flexor Digitorum Brevis (action and innervation)

- action: flexes the MTP joints and PIP joints of toes 2-5 - innvervation: medial plantar nerve

Lumbricals (action and innervation)

- action: flexion of the MTPs, extension of the PIPs of toes 2-5 - innervation: lateral plantar nerve

Distal Tibiofibular Joints

- aka inferior tib/fib joint - aka syndesmosis joint - ligaments: anterior inferior tibiofibular (AITF) and posterior inferior tibiofibular (PITF) and interosseus membrane

The Subtalar Joint

- aka talo-calcaneal joint - two points of contact, one anterior and one posterior, between inferior aspect of the talus and superior aspect of the calcaneus

The Ankle Joint

- aka talocrural joint - a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the talus of the foot with the distal tibia and fibula

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

- aka tibial collateral ligament - origin: medial condyle of the femur - insertion: medial condyle of tibia - firmly attached to medial meniscus

Name the Four Muscular Compartments of the Leg

- anterior - deep posterior - superficial posterior - lateral

Ligament components of the lateral ankle

- anterior talofibular - calcaneofibular - posterior talofibular

Structure of the tibiofemoral joint

- articulation between the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau - support from: menisci, cruciate ligaments, joint capsule, collateral ligaments

Motions of the Foot- MTP joints

- biaxial - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction

Posterior Thigh Muscles

- biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus

Long Plantar Ligament

- calcaneus to the cuboid to the bases of the 2nd-4th metatarsals - longest of the ligaments of the tarsus

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

- compression of tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel - MOI: running/jumping repetitively, muscle hypertrophy in small space, tendons get bigger and compress nerves - S/S: pain around medial mallelous, numbness and tingling into foot, burning sensation into foot and toes and invert ankle ** overuse injury

discussion question 1 (ch. 21)

- do you know how polluted your community's air is?

Other important knee structures

- joint capsule - medial and lateral patella retinaculum - bursa (anserine) - fat pad

Semimembranosus

- origin: ischial tuberosity - insertion: medial tibial condyle - action: hip extension and knee flexion - innervation: tibial

infraspinatus

- external rotation

teres minor

- external rotation

1st Layer of Plantar Muscles

- flexor digitorum brevis - abductor hallucis - abductor digiti minimi

Deep Posterior Compartment

- flexor digitorum longus - tibialis posterior - flexor hallucis longus ** ankle inverters ** innervated by tibial nerve (Tom, Dick, and Harry)

3rd Layer of Plantar Muscles

- flexor hallucis brevis - adductor hallucis - flexor digiti minimi brevis

Other ankle-foot motion

- forefoot abduction - forefoot adduction

Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

- head of fibula is attachment site for structures acting on the knee (LCL, biceps femoris tendon)

Vascular Supply to the Lower Leg

- iliac artery (hip) - femoral artery (thigh) - popliteal artery (knee) - anterior tibial artery (shank) - posterior tibial artery (shank) - peroneal artery (shank) - medial/lateral plantar artery (foot/ankle)

subscapularis

- internal rotation

supraspinatus

- internal rotation

Subtalar Motion

- inversion (~20-30 degrees of motion from neutral) - eversion (~5-15 degrees of motion from neutral)

Subtalar Joint

- joint between talus and calcaneus - anterior/posterior joint - sinus tarsai - tri planar motion (pronation/supination)

The Knee

- largest and arguably most complex joint in the body - three articulations within single synovial joint capsule * tibiofemoral articulations (2)- lateral femoral condyle and lateral tibial condyle * patellofemoral articulation - biaxial diarthroidal joint * flexion and extension (sagittal plane around mediolateral axis, ROM ~135 degrees) * internal and external rotation (transverse plane around vertical or longitudinal axis, internal rotation <30 degrees, external rotation <40 degrees)

Patella (kneecap)

- largest sesamoid bone in the body - functions to increase the moment arm (leverage) of the knee extensor mechanism (quadriceps)

Vascular Supply- Anterior Tibial Artery (dorsal pedal pulse)

- lateral tarsal artery - dorsal metatarsal artery - digital artery

2nd Layer of Plantar Muscles

- lumbricals - quadratus plantae

Arches of the Foot

- medial longitudinal arch - lateral longitudinal arch - transverse arch - provide a shock absorption function because of their elasticity - supported by ligaments, muscles, and other fascia

Vascular Supply- Posterior Tibial Artery (posterior tibial pulse)

- medial plantar artery - lateral plantar artery

Static Restraints of the Patellofemoral Joint

- medial retinaculum - lateral retinaculum - patellotibial ligaments - patellofemoral ligaments - iliopatella band

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

- origin: anterior aspect of femur - insertion: postero-lateral aspect of tibial plateau

Extensor Hallucis Longus (OIAN)

- origin: anterior aspect of the fibula - insertion: distal phalanx of the great toe - action: extends the great toe, ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Rectus Femoris

- origin: anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patella tendon - action: hip flexion, knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve

Sartorius

- origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - insertion: medial tibial epicondyle via pes anserine tendon - action: hip flexion, external rotation, knee flexion, abduct hip - innervation: femoral nerve ** two joint muscle

Peroneus Tertius

- origin: distal third of the fibula - insertion: base of the 5th metatarsal - action: ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion - innervation: deep peroneal nerve

Peroneus Brevis

- origin: fibular shaft - insertion: 5th metatarsal - action: eversion, plantar flexion - innervation: superficial peroneal nerve

Flexor Hallucis Longus

- origin: fibular shaft - insertion: distal phalanx of the great toe - action: flexes the great toe, ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: tibial nerve ** "Harry"

Vastus Lateralis

- origin: greater trochanter - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon - action: knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve

Gracilis

- origin: inferior pubic ramus - insertion: anteromedial tibia via pes anserine tendon - action: hip adduction, knee flexion, internal rotation of tibia - innervation: obturator nerve

Tibialis Posterior

- origin: interosseus membrane - insertion: navicular tuberosity - action: subtalar inversion, plantar flexion - innervation: tibial nerve ** "Tom"

Vastus Intermedius

- origin: intertrochanteric line of femur - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon - action: knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve

Pes Anserine Muscles

- sartorius - gracilis - semitendinosus

Pen Anserine Tendon

- sartorius - semitendinosus - gracilis ** cause of medial knee pain (tendinitis)

Total knee replacement surgery

- severe osteoarthritis in which articular surfaces have degraded considerably - lasts 10-15 years max.

Turf Toe

- sprain of 1st MTP joint - MOI: forced hyperextension of the first toe - S/S: pain in the first MTP joint, swelling, redness, heat, loss of motion in 1st MTP

Knee Injuries

- sprains (ligaments) - strains (muscles) - meniscal tears- fibrocartilage - subluxations/dislocations (patellofemoral, tibiofemoral, proximal tibiofibular) - tendonitis/bursitis- inflammation (patellar tendon and bursa, pes anserine tendon and bursa)

Tibia and Fibula

- the tibia is the large weight-bearing bone of the leg - the slender fibula is on the lateral side - unlike the forearm, the tibiofibular joints are rigid articulations with little motion occurring between the bones

Anterior Compartment

- tibialis anterior - peroneus tertius - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus ** primary dorsiflexors of ankle ** innervated by deep peroneal nerve

What are the three main arches of the foot?

- transverse arch - lateral longitudinal arch - medial longitudinal arch

Motions of the Foot- Subtalar joint

- triplanar - pronation/supination

Name the four ligaments in the knee

- two intra-articular (within joint) cruciate ligaments: ACL, PCL - two extra-articular collateral ligaments: MCL, LCL

Motions of the Foot- DIP joints

- uniaxial - flexion/extension

Motions of the Foot- PIP joints

- uniaxial - flexion/extension

Quadriceps Femoris

- vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedius - rectus femoris - suprapatellar tendon - infrapatella tendon

A band

-"dark" repeating band -contains all of thick filaments and ends of thin (in relaxed cell)

arsenic

-"king of poisons" -long-term exposure leads to risk of diabetes and cancer -people who have private wells may be drinking water w/ 50-90 micrograms of arsenic per liter

I band

-"light" repeating part -end of one thick filament to end of next (in relaxed cell)

How to make sure norms are adopted.

-Formalize the norms -Make the norms of the group -Reinforce norm adoption positively and negatively -Members must trust one another

WTC response

-13,000-15,000 people evacuated -2,801 died -failures of communication and coordination occurred -protection of rescue and cleanup workers from environmental hazards failed -victim location services were established, and shelters for displaced residents were set up -monitoring for biological agents was done

other aid pollutants

-1990 clean air act amendments directed EPA to set standards for 187 specific chemicals -as of 1993, EPA had only acted on asbestos, mercury, beryllium, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic, radionuclides, and coke oven emissions -controversy exists for each standard

dietary supplement health and education act

-1994 -forbids FDA from regulating herbs and food supplements

Cohesion

-A dynamic process reflected in tendency for group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs

Interactional Approach

-A relationship oriented leader focuses on developing/maintaining good interpersonal relationships -A task oriented leader focuses on setting goals/getting the job done -What are the expectations what is demands of the leader?

Vividness

-A sharp, clear image enhanced by incorporating more than 1 sense -Tying in all of the senses

Function and sources of vitamin B12

-Activates vitamin B6, neural transmission -Liver, fish, crab, soy products

Vitamin E functions and sources

-Antioxidant -Nuts, seeds, green leafy veggies

What are the divisions of the common iliac artery?

-At L4, the abdominal aorta divides into the right and left common iliac arteries -The arteries in the lower abdominal cavity and pelvic region are divisions of the CIA: the external iliac and the hypogastric (internal iliac) arteries -The external iliac arteries: supply the abdominal muscles, the iliacus, psoas muscles, the Sartorius, and the tensor fasciae latae of the lower extremity -At the inguinal ligament, the external iliac artery becomes known as the femoral artery. -The hypogastric (internal) iliac artery has branches that supply muscles of the pelvic girdle and the hip joint.

attentional capacity

-Automatic processing is less restrictive than controlled processing -One person can only process two much info at once

Centrifugal Force

-Force rotating body exerts on radius -Force of pull away from the center -Tendency of an object following a curved path to fly away from the center of curvature. Might be described as "lack of centripetal force."

Motive vs Resistive Forces

-Both are external -Motive causes faster current movement while resistive causes system to resist change in direction -Motive causes change in direction while resistive causes system to resist change in direction

What muscles are responsible for bringing the lips together?

-Buccinator -Caninus -Mentalis -Orbicularis Oris -quadratus labii (inferior and superior) -Zygomaticus -Risorius -Triangularis -Caput Infraorbitale -Caput Angulare

Neutral Equilibrium

-CG is always directly over BOS -Inclines allow torque to happen due to object correcting CG over BOS -Neutral-spherical object on level surface

Positive Norms

-Can facilitate performance -Member behavior can be anticipated -Issues/embarrassment can be avoided -Group values are promoted

What is the anatomy of the lungs regarding the space needed for other organs?

-Cardiac Notch: in the left lung; creates a space for the heart -The right lung is shorter than the left lung because most of the liver resides under the right side of the diaphragm; this pushes the right lung higher in the thoracic cavity of the left lung.

Function and sources of folate

-Cell division & replication -Dark green leafy veggies

Centripetal Force

-Center-directed force in change of pushing the rotating object along its circular path -The force that keeps an object moving with a uniform speed along a circular path.

{Be able to differentiate between the parts of the ear} Inner

-Contains the cochlea and the vestibule -The vestibule consists of the utriculus, sacculus, and the semicircular canals

pesticides and industrial chemicals

-DDT and some other pesticides are now banned --endocrine disruptors affect reproduction, nervous system, and immune system, may cause cancer -PCB production halted in US in 1977 -POPS are soluble in fat, persist in the environment, and are very stable

GlenoHumeral- Extension Scapulothoracic- Exercise-

-Depression -Close grip low row

Cyclical Group development

-Develop in a manner similar to the life cycle of individuals—experiencing birth, growth, and death

Formal Roles

-Dictated by the nature and structure of the organization carries out specific associated expectations

GlenoHumeral- Adduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-

-Downward rotation -Lateral Pulldown

safe drinking water (cont.)

-EPA has set standards for 87 identified contaminants -secondary standards have been set for 15 contaminants that may affect taste, odor, or color, or that cause discoloration of teeth -annual reports are required for customers' "right-to-know" about contaminants and health effects -CDC collects data on water-borne disease outbreaks

additives and contaminants

-EPA sets tolerance levels for pesticide residues --hormones: estrogen is banned in chickens --bovine growth hormone is allowed for cows --antibiotics: cause antibiotic resistance --organic foods: USDA set standards in 2004 --additives: used to prevent deficiency diseases

GlenoHumeral- Flexion Scapulothoracic- Exercise-

-Elevation -Front Raise

Pendualr Group Development

-Emphasizes the shifts that occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth and development of groups -A group does not move progressively through stages in a linear fashion from the instant it forms

Informal Roles

-Evolve from interactions among group members—depends on character than on any specific knowledge. (mentor= most important)

Which muscle group assists the rectus abdominis in trunk rotation?

-External and internal obliques -Transverse abdominis

Vitamin A functions and sources

-Eyesight & cell replication -Fish, liver, milker, orange & dark green veggies

politics of the FDA

-FDA is subject to intense political pressures -complaints are that FDA is too slow in approving drugs -drug companies pay a fee to speed up the review process -new complaints: FDA is too cozy with the industry

drugs

-FDA must approve after studies by the pharmaceutical company -if NDA is approved, there are 3 phases of trial -FDA can evoke approval through postmarking surveillance

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Olfactory

-First Cranial Nerve/Sensory/Smell -runs from the upper aspect of the nose to the temporal lobe where the center of smell is located

Performance Goals

-Focus on improvements relative to one's own performance -depends on time, effort, ability -Try and focus on things you have control over

Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)

-Guarantees reliability and validity -Focusses on how attractive the group is to individual members and how the members perceive the group -Distinguishes between the individual and the group and between task/social concerns

Why is hand position during CPR important?

-If pressure is applied to the xiphoid process, it produces ineffective compressions and could cause a fracture.

Symbolic Learning Theory

-Imagery may function as a coding system to help people understand and acquire movement patterns. -Imagine doing a movement so your brain can encode it -programs motor response

What are the structures covering the brain?

-Immediately beneath the scalp is the periosteum --> Epidural space --> dura mater --> subdural space --> arachnoid --> subarachnoid space --> pia mater (meninges) --> brain

Cohesion-Adherence Relationship

-Individuals in exercise groups who feel more cohesive: -Are likely to attend more classes -Likely to arrive on time -Less likely to drop out -More resistant to disruptions

Social Loafing

-Individuals within a group or team putting forth less than 100% effort due to motivation losses -Example: saving effort, putting forth least amount necessary

Role efficacy

-Individuals' beliefs about their abilities to complete their assigned role responsibilities

Which muscles elevate the ribs to allow expansion of the lungs during forced respiration?

-Internal and external intercostals -subcostal -serratus posterior

Which veins are considered deep veins of the head?

-Internal jugular vein and the vertebral vein -internal jugular vein: drains blood from the face, pharynx, thyroid gland, cochlea, and tongue into the subclavian vein

Vitamin C functions and sources

-Iron absorption, antioxidant, immune function, collagen synthesis -Fruits

Role Performance

-Is concerned with individual's general ability to complete the assigned role responsibilities

Where does the rectus abdominis originate?

-It originates on the pubic symphysis and inserts on the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs and the xiphoid process of the sternum. -It flexes the lumbar and thoracic spine

Role ambiguity

-Lack of clear, consistent information about the expectations associated with one's position

water pollution incidents

-Lake Michigan, CHI -- cholera -Minamata bay, japan -- mercury -Hudson River, NY -- PCBs -Lake Superior, Duluth -- asbestos -James River, VA -- ketone -Cuyahoga river, OH -- oil caught fire -Lake Michigan, WI --cryptosporidiosis

What is the function that the quadratus lumborum provides regarding the spinal column?

-Lateral flexion of the lumbar spine

Behavioral

-Leadership is all about a specific set of behavior

Unstable Equilibrium

-Less torque needed to tip over -Smaller BOS -COG close to edge of BOS

Linear vs Rotary motion

-Linear system CG caused by net external forces with a line of action directed through the system CG -Rotary motion occurs when torque is applied on an object with a fixed axis -Both can occur without restraint to a fixed axis -Torque on the wheel of wheelchair turns the wheel that reacts with the friction of the ground to move the chair forward -Curveball thrown with a torque spin moves forward to the hitter

Characteristics of Cohesion

-Multidimensional -Dynamic -Instrumental -Involves affect -Emergent

dilemmas in compliance

-NYC fought EPA in order not to filter its water (too costly) -cost is a problem in many communities -disinfectants may produce harmful byproducts -a new concern is trace amounts of hormones, pharmaceuticals, and household chemicals in many waterways

Cohesion-Performance Relationship

-Not different statistically, and limited differences across gender, sport type -Cohesion leads to performance -Performance leads to cohesion

Base of Support

-Outermost limits of contacting surfaces and all of the space in between -Region bounded by a body part in contact with a surface -The applied force of the body part receives a reaction force from the surface of contact

Peer Leadership

-Peer leader are ground to have higher perceived competence, are most liked by their teammates, exhibit positive social behaviors, and are intrinsically motivated. Increases cohesion

Task Interdependence

-The extent that group members must exchange efforts, information, or expertise during performance -After your at bat you tell your teammate, "What out for the pitcher's curve ball." -Reflects the degree to which members of a group work together to achieve common goals

Individual Outcome Interdependence

-The extent to which people on your team compete against one another

Cue Utilization Theory

-The greater that anxiety, the narrower the attention

Attentional alertness

-The greater the anxiety the narrower the attention

Where is the base and the apex of the heart located?

-The heart is a hollow organ with thick muscular walls and is wider at the upper end, BASE, and narrower at the lower end, APEX. -The heart is wrapped in a membrane known as the pericardium.

Social loafing is increased when...

-The individuals output cannot be independently evaluated -The task is perceived to be low on meaningfulness -The individual's personal involvement in the task is low -A comparison against group standards is not possible

What are the arteries of the heart?

-The largest arteries of the heart are the pulmonary artery (coming from the right ventricle) and the aorta (coming from the left ventricle) -The right and left coronary arteries come from the aorta and are located on the outer surface of the heart, supplying blood flow to the myocardium -The branches of the coronary artery

Controllability

-The personal control an individual has to manipulate images

Group norms for productivity and who makes them

-The standard for effort and performance accepted by the -Captain or top performer can make norm productivities -A coach can also create a norm productivity

What are the anatomical areas used to describe the location of the thorax and the abdomen?

-Thoracic cavity: chest cavity/heart and lungs --> Pertaining to the trunk, the area between the cervical region and the diaphragm. -The Abdomen: pertaining to the trunk, the area between the diaphragm and the hips

Torque defined

-Turning effect that an off-axis force has on the body -Force applied that does not pass axis of rotation-eccentric force -distance of a forces line of action to the axis

irrationality of system

-USDA has bigger budge and more authority --regulates 20% of food --has detailed laws on regulation of meat -FDA has smaller budget and less authority --regulates 80% of food --regulates imported food ---more than 80% of seafood is imported ---about 50% fresh fruits are imported ---20% of fresh vegetables are imported

GlenoHumeral- Abduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-

-Upward Rotation -Lateral Raise

Psychoneuromusuclar Theory

-Vividly imagined events innervate the muscles in somewhat the same way that physically practicing the movement does

distribution of disease

-WHO: sex/age/occupation/race/SES -WHEN: season/year, elapsed time since exposure. is crucial in tracking an outbreak -WHERE: neighborhood, latitude, urban vs. rural, national variations. looks at comparisons of disease frequency in different countries/states/counties

Self-Presentation

-When there is an opportunity to claim a desired identity in front a supportive audience, self-presentation is heightened

What is a team

-a collection of interacting individuals who share interdependence along with: -a collective identity -Structured forms of communication -Distinct roles -norms

risk-benefit analysis

-absolute safety is impossible -over-regulation can cause under-regulation -risk just be balanced against other societal goals, including economic well-being -political groups sometimes favor economic and business interests over environment and public health -a hope for the current administration is to put more priority on public health

global effects of air pollution

-acid rain damages forests and crops, turns lakes and rivers acidic, kills fish and plants -depletion of the ozone layer -production of CFCs being phased out -ozone layer has stabilized -carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels causes greenhouse effect and global warming

GOOD NEWS

-air pollution has decreased 54% since 1970 -California, with the worst pollution, has instituted many special regulations and incentives with some success

factory farms

-animals are crowded together and tended by automated systems -factory farms produce "lagoons" of waste -produce air pollution (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane) and water pollution after rain -political power makes environmental regulation difficult

radiation

-artificially produced radiation often worries people -sun's UV light causes skin cancer and melanoma -radon gas is naturally radioactive and potentially causes lung cancer -early scandals with radium in patent medicines led to regulation -chronic exposure to x-radiation used in medicine and dentistry cause cancer -heath effects of radiation were confirmed by long-term studies of survivors of atomic bombings in japan

causes of food borne illness

-bacteria -viruses -parasites

new concern about endocrine disruptors

-bisphenol A (BPA) is a component of hard plastics used in baby bottles and linings of cans -phthalates are components of soft plastics used in water bottles -both leach into liquids and are found at low levels in humans --they interfere with normal hormone action in wildlife and maybe in humans --FDA declared them safe but now reconsidering

mercury

-causes neurological damage in workers (Minamata, Japan) -emissions from U.S. coal-burning power plants pollute water and air, contaminating fish -nursing mothers & young children should not eat fish with high mercury content -fever thermometers and school lab equipment are exposure concerns

federal legislation

-clean water act - 1972, 1977, 1987: lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable -safe drinking water act -1974, 1996: EPA should set standards for local systems, states should enforce

sulfur dioxide

-combustion of sulfur-containing feels, especially coal -irritation of respiratory tracts -acid rain -potential for causing respiratory damage

superfund

-comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability act, 1980 --law required emergency cleanup of old waste --fund would be paid for by a tax on industry -superfund controversy --much effort was focused on determining who is liable --tax not reauthorized in 1995

pandemic flu

-concern about pandemic avian flu -- high mortality but not transmitter easily -H1N1 (swine flu) in 2009 -- less severe than avian flu but more widespread

What does positive self talk help?

-confidence -concentration -stress -skill learning

hormone replacement therapy

-conflicting results exist between 2 major studies -previous positive evidence has all come from observational studies -clinical trial is the gold standard -results of cohort study were confounded by associated factors that made women taking HRT healthier, even without the therapy

disease frequency

-count # of people w/ disease & relate that to the population at risk (PAR) -PAR (denominator) may be total population or exposed population, or one gender/age group -two ways to measure frequency: --incidence (# of new cases) --prevalence (# existing cases) -incidence used for studying causes

lead (pt.2)

-damages nervous system, blood, and kidneys -poses special risk to the development of children's intellectual abilities -was used in leaded gasoline but was banned in the 1980s -has decreased dramatically as an air pollutant

Step 1: define the disease

-death is easy to determine -blood test/stool culture needed to verify diagnosis of certain diseases -some diseases are hard to define -sometimes definition changes as more is learned -other health outcomes include injuries and risk factors

epidemiology

-diagnostic discipline of public health -major part of public health's assessment function -investigates causes of diseases -identifies trends in disease occurrence -evaluates effectiveness of medical and PH interventions -observational science

regulated contaminants

-disinfectants: chlorine -disinfection byproducts: chlorite -inorganic chemicals: metals, asbestos, cyanide -organic chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, PCBs -microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, cryptosporidium -radionuclides -turbidity

Strategies for Enhancing Group Cohesion

-distinctiveness -individual positions -group norms -individual sacrifices -introduction/communication

conflicts of interest in drug trials

-drug companies are required to conduct randomized controlled trials on a new drug before it can be approved -harmful side effects have frequently become obvious after drugs were approved -there is evidence that drug companies sometimes suppress negative findings -all clinical trials must now be registered in advance with a public database

surveillance activities

-emergency room visits -calls to 911 and poison control centers -pharmacy recors -veterinary diseases

role of government in environmental health

-environment is beyond the control of individuals -local governments provide clean water and disposal of wastes -as population grew, environmental problems transcended local government -in the 1960s and 70s, state and federal governments took more responsibility -now, world population growth has led to global environmental problems -depletion of the earth's ozone layer and accumulation of greenhouse gases are major concerns

intervention study

-epidemiologists do not perform the studies -start w/ 2 groups: experimental & control-watch them over time and compare outcomes -experimenter chooses who is in which group -2 groups should be as similar as possible so intervention is only difference

human population

-epidemiology studies human population, usually using observational rather than experimental methods -biomedical approach uses animal models to investigate the causes of disease -experiments conducted on animals can yield clear answers as to cause and effect -for ethical reasons, experiments cannot usually be done on humans

discussion question 4 (ch. 5)

-explain 3 major types of epidemiological studies -which is most likely to yield a valid result? why? -which is likely to yield an answer in the shortest period of time? why?

discussion question 2 (ch. 5)

-explain the interaction between incidence, prevalence, and prognosis -examples?

case-control study

-faster and cheaper (advantages) -least accurate approach -commonly done to follow up on a hypothesis generated by "shoe-leather" epidemiology -choose people who already have disease -choose health control group of individuals, as similar as possible to cases -interview all & ask for previous exposures -estimate strength of association between exposure/disease by calculating odds ratio

Triceps Brachii

Extension, extension

John Snow & Cholera

-first example of use of epidemiology to study and control a disease -London Cholera epidemics 1800s -Snow suspected association w/ water supply -natural experiment -most deaths associated with 1 water supply company

cohort study

-for situations when doing intervention study would be unethical -choose large # of healthy people, collect data on their exposures, and track outcomes over time -only difference from intervention is that people choose exposures

indoor air quality (cont.)

-formaldehyde: insulation, particle board, plywood, floor coverings, textiles -consumer products: pesticides, dry-cleaning solvents, paints & paint thinners, hair spray, air fresheners -microbes: legionella, hantavirus -allergens: mold, house mites, and animal dander

H zone

-from tip of thin filament to tip of thin filament -center of sarcomere -centers of thick filaments only in relaxed cell

kinds of epidemiological studies

-goal is to determine association between exposure and disease -studies can be prospective or retrospective -intervention study -cohort study -case-control study

gov't food safety activities

-major inconsistencies exist in the way safety is regulated for different types of food -responsibility is divided among many agencies --USDA: meat, poultry, processed eggs --FDA: all other foods --states: shellfish --state and local gov't: stores, restaurants, institutions

lead

-harmful to brain and nervous systems, especially in children -has caused poisoning since Roman Empire -drinking water gets contaminated by lead pipes and lead solder used on copper pipes -gasoline emitted lead air pollutant until the 1980s when banned -lead paint was used until 1977 and is a threat in old houses' peeling paint and contaminated dust -children should be screened for lead levels in blood

discussion question 2 (ch. 6)

-have you heard of the Tuskegee syphilis study? -why was it unethical? -what influence has it had on the conduct of clinical trials?

safety measures

-hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP): focuses on procedures, reduces need for inspections -irradiation: kills bacteria, parasites, pests -refrigeration: at 40F -heating: internal temperatures above 140F -CDC surveillance for food borne disease: FoodNet, PulseNet: DNA fingerprinting of bacteria

discussion question 2 (ch. 21)

-how have provisions of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know act os 1988 and the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 overcome some of the problems caused by the overregulation described in ch. 19?

discussion question 3 (ch. 20)

-how many overly strict gov't regulation of environmental hazards be self-defeating? -can you think of any specific examples of laws intended to benefit public health that may do more harm than good?

principles of emergency preparedness

-importance of advance planning involving all agencies: practice at least once -importance of good communication and coordination -incident command system: puts single person in charge -national incident management system: standardizes the organizational structures, processes, and procedures that communities should employ -Fed gov't funding to states and metropolitan areas for planning -strategis national stockpile of medical supplies, antibiotics, vaccines, antidotes for chemical agents

epidemic surveillance

-major line of defense in protecting public from disease -"shoe-leather epidemiology" -system created to control spread of known disease but also helps recognize new disease -importance increased with bioterrorism

problems with studying humans

-intervention study problem: subjects may not follow prescribed behavior throughout study period -cohort study problem: sometimes it is hard to isolate which of many factors are responsible for health differences -case-control study problems: control group may not be truly comparable, errors may exist in reporting or recalls -for all studies, differential drop-outs are worrisome

WTC response: routine public health functions

-issued death certificates and burial permits -monitored safety of food and drinking water served to emergency workers -cleaned up food in abandoned restaurants -sampled dust and debris to assess risk -surveyed cleanup workers and area residents for symptoms -CDC sent officers to monitor hospital emergency rooms for patients with unusual symptoms -arranged for mental health counseling

clean water act

-lakes and rivers should be swimmable/fishable --point source pollution: requirements for treating wastewater, sewage treatment plants or septic systems, sludge, pretreatment of industrial wastes --nonpoint-source pollution: agricultural runoff, urban runoff, air pollutants deposited by rain

Characteristics of Actin

-long chain of globular subunits (G-actin) -2 chains of G-actin twist upon themselves -binding sites for Myosin heads

cosmetics

-loosely regulated by FDA -no req. exist for safety testing of cosmetics, but a warming label must be attached to any product not tested -several ingredients that were used in the past have been shown to be harmful to health, and their use is prohibited by law

hazardous wastes

-love canal, NY, 1978 -times beach, MO, 1972-1976 -resource conservation and recovery act 1976, 1984

nitrogen oxides

-main sources are on-road vehicles exhaust, off-road equipment, and power plant emissions -nitrogen oxides are responsible for yellowish-brown appearance of smog -they contribute to: respiratory tract irritation, acid rain, ozone formation

types of disasters

-many natural disasters are predictable -technological disasters are less predictable -response is similar for both types -all types of disasters require response planning

setting standards

-most chemicals have not been tested for health effects -federal government is empowered by various acts to set standards --occupational safety and health act --toxic substances control act --federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act --clean air act -process of standard setting is slow and always controversial --national toxicology program

smallpox preparedness

-most dreaded of possible bioterrorism agents -highly contagious, no immunity in population -tabletop exercise lessons: PH is a major national security issue -vaccination campaign for military and health workers before the Iraq war

discussion question 1 (ch. 20)

-most environmental hazards, like infectious pathogens, must reach human hosts to be considered harmful -think of 5 or more environmental agents that can cause disease in humans; for each, describe 2 or more routes by which people might be exposed to them

particulate matter

-most visible air pollution form -can be products of combustion -6 cities study found that death rates were higher in the most polluted cities -smaller particles penetrate deeper into lungs -in 1987 EPA set standards for PM10 -in 1997, 2006, and 2012 EPA set more stringent standards for PM2.5. -lung cancer, other lung diseases, and heart disease are proportional to PM2.5

shortages of potable water

-most water on the earth's surface is salt water or ice -less than 1% is fresh water suitable for drinking, cooking, bathing, etc. -water shortages exist in much of the world -water shortages in the US south and west -political disputes already occur in the US over water

ethical issues

-nazi experiments on humans -Tuskegee syphilis study -AIDS epidemis -bone marrow treatment for advanced breast cancer -new rules: informed consent, institutional review board -importance of clinical trials -possibility of conflict of interest with medical providers who stand to profit

safe drinking water

-nearly half of drinking water in the US comes from rivers & lakes -surface water: helped by clean water act -ground water: generally cleaner -community water treatment to produce potable water --coagulation and flocculation, settling, filtration, disinfection

Dissociative Attentional Strategy

-not monitoring bodily functions -distraction and tuning out

before the 1970s

-often dumps were: outlawed by the resource conservation and recovery act in 1976, supported large populations of vermin and produced toxic leaches that contaminated groundwater -garbage was burned in incinerators or in the open--outlawed by clean air act of 1970 -garbage was poured into rivers, lakes, or oceans--outlawed by clean water act (1972)

criteria air pollutants

-particulate matter -sulfur dioxide -carbon monoxide -nitrogen oxides -ozone -lead

indoor air quality

-people spend more time indoors than out -- "sick building syndrome" -sources of indoor air pollution are: tobacco smoke, wood-burning stoves and fireplaces, gas ranges and furnaces, radon. --danger is unclear --seeps up from oil and rock --can be sealed out

Types of self talk

-positive affirmations -appraisals -attributions -cue words

disease frequency (cont.)

-prevalence depends on incidence and prognosis --if causes/risk factors increase, incidence and prevalence increase --if ability to diagnose increases, incidence and prevalence appear to increase -prevalence rates are most useful in assessing the societal impact of a disease and planning for health care services

Composition of elastic filaments

-protein Titin -extends from z-disc to thick filament and attaches to M line -holds thick filament in place -helps muscle spring back -helps muscle resist excessive stretching

environmental hazards

-radiation, mercury, lead, arsenic, asbestos, pesticides and industrial chemicals -federal government does research, sets standards for exposure limits, monitors, and enforces (EPA)

sources of error

-random variation -confounding variables -bias: selection bias, reporting bias or recall bias

intervention study (cont.)

-randomized, double-blind, placebo control = ideal -pharmaceutical companies conduct many clinical trials for new drugs -physicians health study was a prevention study: aspirin to prevent heart disease, beta carotene to prevent cancer -field trial of polio vaccine in 1954 was randomized and double-blind -Kingston-Newburgh study of fluoridation to prevent tooth decay was a community trial

alternatives to landfills

-reduce, reuse, recycle -waste-to-energy incineration

response to hurricane Katrina

-response was problematic: lack of planning for populations w/ special needs -poor communication -too little help from outside New Orleans -racist incidents -Katrina was the deadliest hurricane since 1928 and costliest natural disaster on record in the US -hurricane rita made landfall 26 days later, interfering with response activities

Role elements

-role ambiguity -role efficacy -role conflict -role overload -role acceptance -Role satisfaction -role performance

Anatomical features of the Axis:

-rotation of the head occurs -dens -superior and inferior articular surface -groove for the transverse ligament -bifid spine -transverse foramen

strategies for industrial sources

-scrubbers on smokestacks -less polluting feels -market approach: buy/sell pollution allowances -new source review provision: industry has flouted the rules, lawsuits have been pressed by states, Bush administration replaced this provision with the weaker Clean Skies Initiative -emergency planning and community right-to-know act

Characteristics of Myosin

-shaped like a golf club with 2 globular heads -about 300 molecules/1 cell -heads at the ends not the center -heads attached by flexible hinge -heads form cross bridge with Actin

sanitary ladnfills

-site should be dry, impervious to clay soil: lined with plastic, drained of liquids, venter to control explosive gases -tipping fee is the cost of disposing of one ton of municipal waste--highest cost in northeast -NYC fresh kills landfill on Staten Island epitomizes the garbage crisis -big drawback is that landfills use a lot of space

Characteristics of Troponin

-smaller globular protein attached to Tropomyosin -part binds to Actin -part binds to Tropomyosin -part binds to Calcium

possible bioterrorism agents

-smallpox -anthrax -ebola -plague -botulism -tularemia -hemorrhagic fever viruses

acromioclavicular injuries - degrees of separation

-sprain or partial tear of AC ligament -complete tear of AC ligament and sprain of coracoclavicular ligament -complete separation

bioterrorism preparedness

-strategy is very different than for natural disasters -response must be the same as for natural disease outbreak -recognizing that an attack is occurring is very challenging: surveillance is important -response requirements include: laboratory capability, public health laws enabling authorities to take action -whether uninsured will seek care is a problem

factors that lend validity to results

-strong association -dose-response relationship -known biological explanation -large study population -consistent results from several studies -high relative risk or odds ratio

strategies for motor vehicles

-tailpipe emission limits -vapor recovery systems on gasoline pumps -inspection and maintenance requirements -requirements that auto makers develop 0 emission vehicles -public transportation development -encouraging carpooling

Characteristics of Tropomyosin

-thread/rod-shaped molecule lies on surface of Actin -spirals around Actin -stabilizes thin filaments -blocks Myosin binding sites in relaxed muscle

interossei

-three palmar interossei adduct 2,4,5 phalanges -four dorsal interossei flex and adduct index, middle, ring proximal phalanges assist with extension of middle & distal phalanges of index, middle, and ring -third dorsal interossei adducts middle finger

politics of the FDA (cont.)

-too many drugs are found to be unsafe only after approved for marketing -problems exist with the way clinical trials are reported -there are calls for a database of all clinical trials, w/ the substance registered at the beginning of the trial, and w/ all trial results reported

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Interbody ligaments:

-two ligaments that run entire length of the spinal column

outbreak investigation

-verify diagnosis -construct a working case definition -find cases systematically=active surveillance -ask who/where/when to describe epidemic by person/place/time -look for common source of exposure

coal ash

-waste from coal-burning power plants -stored in open dumps, often near rivers -contains heavy metal contaminants, which leach into nearby water -unregulated by EPA -major spill in 2008 on the banks of the Tennessee River brought attention to coal ash

air pollution events

-weather inversion in London in 1952 caused more than 4000 deaths -Donora, PN in 1948 has a similar weather inversion -smog in LA in the 50s and 60s was severe -clean air act of 1970 set air quality standards, limited some major pollutants, and mandated emission reduction of autos and factories

discussion question 2 (ch. 20)

-what do we mean when we say that workers often serve as "guinea pigs" for environmental exposures?

discussion question 1 (ch. 5)

-what is difference between incidence and prevalence? -why is incidence more useful in identifying the cause of a disease? -when is it most useful to use prevalence? -examples?

discussion question 3 (ch. 5)

-why are the who/when/where questions useful in determining the causes of disease? -examples?

determinants of disease

-why is distribution as it is? -can make inferences from distribution -epidemiologists usually speak of risk factors not causes

discussion question 1 (ch. 4)

-why is epidemiological surveillance important for public health? -what role would it play if there were a bioterrorism attack?

discussion question 1 (ch. 22)

-why were state and local laws concerning air and water pollution ineffective, leading the federal gov't to pass legislation in 1970s?

asbestos

-wide use was for strength and fire resistance. asbestos was used in insulation and still is used in roofing, gaskets, and brake linings -fibrous dust causes scarring of lungs (asbestosis) and mesothelioma (cancer) -Manville Corporation went bankrupt in 1982 due to lawsuits concerning workers injured by asbestos -Libby, Montana was severely affected by mining -WTC clean-up and rescue workers were affected

occupational exposures

-workers are often 1st to sugar effects of an exposure; serve as guinea pigs -carcinogens are recognized through occupational cancers --scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps --bladder cancer in dye factory workers --lung & lymphatic cancer from arsenic -neurotoxins also have been recognized through occupational illness --hexane --trichloroethylene --pesticide applicators

What must a substance have in order to identify as a nutrient?

1) Deficiency 2) adequacy 3)toxicity

What are the major electrolytes in the body?

1) Sodium 2) Potassium 3) Chloride 4) Calcium 5) Magnesium

3 primary roles of nutrients

1) Structure 2) energy 3) regulation

the interosseous membrane is the ________, distributes ___, and has ___ ____

1) connective tissue between radius and ulna 2) pressure 3) muscular attachment

the three articulations of the elbow joint are...

1) humerus and ulna 2) humerus and radius 3) ulna and radius

Microcycles

1-4 weeks

Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling Steps (6)

1. AP propagates down t-tubules 2. Voltage-sensitive proteins change shape 3. Calcium channels open, releasing Ca into sarcoplasm 4. Ca binds to troponin, changing its shape 5. Tropomyosin pulls off myosin binding sites 6. Contraction begins with cross-bridge formation

Composition of thin filaments (3)

1. Actin 2. Tropomyosin 3. Troponin

What are the three ligaments that attach the occipital bone to parts of the cervical vertebra?

1. Atalanto-occipital ligament: attach the occipital bone of the skull to the first cervical vertebra (atlas) 2. Occipitoaxial ligament: attach occipital bone of the skull to the dens (odontoid process) of the second vert. (Axis) 3. Atlanto-axial ligament: attach the atlas and the axis

What happens as a muscle cell shortens (4)

1. I bands shorten and disappear 2. Distance between Z discs shortens 3. H zone disappears 4. A bands move closer together (length does not change)

Depolarization (7)

1. MEPP produces AP and opens voltage-dependent Na+ channels 2. Na+ enters cell 3. Once threshold is reached, AP generated 4. AP propagates along NMJ 5. Voltage-dependent gates open 6. Na+ enters 7. Voltage depolarizes to +30mV

Insertion of Serratus Anterior

Anterior side of the medial boarder of the scapula

What are the three muscles responsible for keeping the spinal column in an erect position?

1. Erector spinae 2. Quadratus lumborum 3. multifidus

What are the sinuses and which sinus contains which artery and or nerve?

1. Ethmoid sinus: located in the ethmoid bone b/w the eyes and the middle turbinate (bony walls of the nasal cavity) 2. Frontal Sinus: two-triangular shaped cavities located at the base of the frontal lobe (forehead); communicate with nasal cavity 3. Maxillary Sinus: located in the cheeks; communicating with the middle meatus and the nasal cavity 4. Sphenoid Sinus: located in the anterior body of the sphenoid bone -carotid artery and the optic nerve lie in this area

What needs to happen for a muscle cell to contract? (4)

1. Muscle fiber must be activated (Stimulated so membrane potential occurs) 2. Generate an electrical current (action potential) 3. AP propagated 4. Intracellular calcium ion levels rise briefly (trigger)

5 Principles of Kinesiology

1. Muscles only pull; they do not push 2. Muscles contract in the center and pull equally on both ends 3. The action of a muscle on a joint will be determined by the attachments and the path of the muscle 4. Muscles must oppose gravity to produce a movement or maintain a position 5. Three types of contraction are possible in opposing gravity; A. Shortening contraction: force greater than resistance. B. Static Contraction: force equal to the resistance. C. Lengthening contraction: force less than the resistance.

Repolarization (6)

1. Na+ gates close, K+ gates open 2. K+ leaves the cell, which restores negatively charged inside 3. Hyperpolarization occurs 4. Sarcolemma raises potential back to RMP. 5. K+ comes back into cell via voltage-dependent gates 6. Muscle fiber contraction occurs

How does a motor neuron stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber? (4)

1. Nerve impulse reaches end of axon and causes calcium to enter axon terminal 2. Synaptic vesicles fuse and release ACh by exocytosis 3. ACh diffuses to the MEP 4. ACh binding triggers electrical events that generate action potential

How are electrochemical gradients maintained? (3)

1. Selectively permeable membrane 2. Ion specific gates 3. Na+/K+ ATP pump

There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 2:

1. Semispinalis dorsi 2. Semispinalis cervicis 3. Semispinalis capitis

3 Muscles of the Hamstrings & Their Actions

1. Semitendinosus (Flexion, inward rotation, extension, adduction) 2. Semimembranosus (Flexion, inward rotation, extension, Adduction) 3. Biceps Femoris & Popliteus (BF- Flexion, extension, outward rotation. P- Flexion, inward rotation)

There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 1:

1. Spinalis Dorsi 2. Spinalis cervicis 3. Spinalis capitis

Sliding Filament Theory Steps (5)

1. Thin filaments slide past thick filaments 2. Cross-bridges form 3. Tension causes bridges to break and propel toward center 4. Muscle cell shortens 5. Z discs pulled towards the M line

4 Muscular Imbalances of the Hip

1. Tight and weak abductor muscles 2. Imbalance between inward and outward rotators 3. Tightness of hip flexors, low back pain, bubble buns and thunder thighs, anterior snapping hip 4. Imbalance between medial and lateral hamstrings

12 structures in the anatomy of the eye

1. cornea (transparent layer just under eyelid) 2. iris (elastic membrane between cornea and lens - where color is) 3. lens (area of eye where light is refracted for vision) 4. pupil (opening in center where light enters) 5. anterior chamber (space between iris and the cornea) 6. posterior chamber (space between iris and lens) 7. aqueous humor (what both chambers are filled with) 8. suspensory ligament (suspends lens in the eyeball) 9. sclera (outer layer of lens) 10. retina (inner layer of lens) 11. choroid (layer between sclera and retina) 12. vitreous humor (fluid between lens and retina)

Myofibrils characteristics (4)

1. found within muscle fiber 2. run parallel to length of muscle 3. densely packed (80% of volume of cell) 4. several per cell (100-1000)

Sarcoplasm contains (4)

1. glycosomes (granules stored glycogen) 2. myoglobin (store oxygen) 3. mitochondria (energy source) 4. myofibrils

There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 4:

1. longissimus capitis 2. longissimus cervicis 3. longissimus dorsi

If new drug application (NDA) is approved, 3 phase trial:

1. use a small number of subjects; measure absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; look for side effects and toxicities 2. test a larger number of patients for signs that the new drug is effective 3. conduct a clinical trial

Kinetic Energy

1/2m*v2 units=watts

Origin of deltoid

1/3 clavicle, acromion process and spine of the scapula

How long can contraction phase of a muscle fiber persist?

100ms or more

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Vagus/Pneumogastric

10th cranial nerve/ contains both sensory and motor fibers Motor: innervates the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, stomach, intestines, other abdominal viscera, and the heart Sensory: involves the heart, lungs, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Spinal Accessory

11th cranial nerve/ Motor -traps and sternocleidomastoid -originating in the brain stem, innervates the tongue, face, and neck

If the scapula was immobile who much shoulder abduction or flexion would be possible?

120 degrees

What is the normal BP range and Stage 1 hypertension

120/80 Normal 139/99-149/100 Stage 1 Hypertension 120/80 Normal 120/80-149/100 Stage 1 139/99-149/100 160 and up ??

{Cranial Nerves: number, M/S, function} Hypoglossal

12th cranial nerve/ Motor -mainly the tongue muscles -originating in the brain stem, innervates the tongue, face, and neck

flexion/extension of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees

145-150 degrees

Repetition zone for endurance

15-20

How many minutes of exercise a week is needed for health benefits?

150 minutes/week

How do you determine fluid replenishment?

16-20 oz/pound of body weight

What occurs during Protrusion and Retrusion?

1Anterior/Posterior movement along horizontal plane 2Mandible condyles move as one unit

What is the functional normal degrees of shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction

180 degrees

scapulohumeral rhythm

180 degrees: 120: shoulder joint 60: scapula

What is the Tranversospinalis responsible for? What are the three different types?

1Assist in lumbar extension 2Stabilizes segments 3result in rotation of spine to opposite side 1Semispinalis: span 5+ vertebrae 2Multifidus-spans 2-4 segments 3Rotators-Spans 1 segment

What is the action of the temporalis?

1Bilaterally: elevation and retrusion Unilaterally: Ipsilateral deviation

What are the stabilizers of the spine?

1Core stabilization:Thoracolumar fascia, Tranverse abdominis, and multifidus-SEGMENTAL STABILIZATION 2Tranverseospinalis

Where is HNP?

1Herniated nucleus puposus-L4-L5 is most common w/ L5-S1 nerve involvement

What occurs during left lateral deviation?

1Horizontal plane motion-Spin of left condyle with forward slide of right condyle, rotation around a vertical axis

What are the primary muscles for the TMJ? Their innervation?

1Masseter 2temporalis 3Medial pterygoid 4lateral pterygoid Cranial Nerve 5-trigeminal

What are the Characteristics of the Lumbar region? Most injuries of spine occur where? What motions occur the most here?

1Massive vertebral bodies-weight bearing 2Greatest mobility-least stability @ L4-L5 L4-L5 and L5-S1 Facets favor flexion extension(sagittal plane)-limited lateral flexion and rotation

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

1Olfactory 2Oculomotor 3Optic 4Trochlear 5Trigeminal(neuralgia) 6Abducens 7Facial(bells palsy) 8Vestibulococchlear (Acoustic nerve) 9Glossopharyngeal 10Vagus: Heart, lungs GI 11Accessory (SCM, Trap) 12Hypoglossal

What are the muscles of the thoracic region?

1Revtus Abdominis 2External obliue 3Internal obliue 4Tranverse abdominis

What are the extensors of the cervical spine?

1Splenius capitis 2Splenius cervicis 3Suboccipital group 4Erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)

What is the Erector Spinae useful for? What are the three different muscles of it?

1Strong stabilizer of the lumbar spine on illium 2This is continuous with those of the neck 3Performs spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation at trunk 4Medial to lateral-spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis

What are the functions of the cervical vertebrae?

1Supports head 2Protection of the spinal cord 3Joint capsules are lax: significant mobility(not meant to lift things)

What are the prime movers for elevation?

1Temporalis 2Massester 3medial pterygoid

What are primary types of pathology in lumbar spine?

1spondylosis 2spondylolysis 3Spondylitis 4Spondylolithesis

What percentage of adults do not meet the daily recommended level of physical activity? College students?

50%; 35-50%

Unintentional injuries are the ___th leading cause of death in the US

5th

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Trigeminal

5th cranial nerve -sensory fibers that sense warmth, cold, pressure, and pain in the teeth and skin of the face -motor fibers that innervate the muscles of mastication

how many muscles move the wrist?

6

Carb recommendation for athletes

6-10 g/kg of body weight or 50-65% of total daily calories

Beginners

60 to 70% 1RM

upper fibers of pec major: flexion up to __ degrees, abduction after __ degrees, and adduction below __ degrees

60, 90, 90

the scaphoid is ___ to ___ %

60-70

THR is between

60-80%

What percentage of running at your max speed will decrease tension?

60-80%, not lower

Hypertrophy 1RM

67-85% 6-12 reps 30-90 sec rest

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Abducens

6th cranial nerve

__% of fractures are humeral fractures

7

pronation of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees

70-90 degrees

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Facial

7th cranial nerve Sensory: sensory fibers connecting the brain with the taste buds of the tongue and the pharynx Motor: innervates the muscles of the face

amount of compound exercises

8-10

Repetition zone for hypertrophy

8-12

How long does heat acclimation typically take and what factors impact how long it takes to occur?

8-12 days; age, fitness level, stress placed on body, duration of heat exposure

the biceps brachii is most effective between __ and __ degrees

80-100

supination of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees

80-90

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Auditory

8th cranial nerve/sensory in nature Contains two parts: 1. One for hearing, located in the cochlea, connecting to temporal lobe 2. Equilibrium, located in the semicircular canals, connecting with the cerebellum

how many muscles are primary movers of the phalanges?

9

without scapula movement, shoulder joint would be __ degrees during abduction and flexion

90

without scapula movement shoulder joint ROM would be..

90 degrees during abduction and flexion

{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Glossopharyngeal

9th cranial nerve Motor: innervates the muscles of the tongue and pharynx Sensory: sensory fibers connecting the brain with the taste buds of the tongue and the pharynx

Endurance 1RM

<=67% >=12 reps <=30 sec rest

waist to hip ratio for women

>=.86

waist to hip ratio for women (60-69)

>=.9

waist to hip ratio for men

>=.95

waist to hip ratio for men (60-69)

>=1.03

What is Spielberger's definition of stress?

A psychobiological process

What is the motor unit?

A single neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates

Which action would shorten the fibers of the pec minor?

ABduction of the scapula

What are the ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?

AC, coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid)

What are actions of rhomb min?

ADduct Elevate scapula Downward rotate

What is involved in Phase 2 of the PETTLEP Model

Acquisition

Thin filaments

Actin

Steiner's Model of Actual Productivity

Actual Productivity= potential productivity-- losses due to faulty processes

What scapular movement do rhombs and traps act as synergists

Adduction

Latissimus Dorsi

Adduction , Extension, Internal Rotation, Horizontal Abduction

Teres Major

Adduction, Extension, Internal Rotation

What is the purpose of the double condyloid?

Aids in rotation

4 Causes of Injury - Personal

Alignment, exhaustion, overuse, malnutrition/dehydration

Tarsus: Type of Joint/Action of Joint

All of the actions that occur at the articulations of the seven tarsal bones with each other. Action: Pronation and Supination

Sensory Receptors

All sensation begins with specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain. *Sense organs and sensory reception fall into several main classes based on the type of energy that is being detected. CLASSES: ~photoreception: detection of light. ~Mechanoreception: detection of pressure, vibration, and movement. ~Chemoreception: detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell or taste.

Which ribs articulate with the Thoracic Vertebrae?

All twelve pairs of ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae. -12 pairs of ribs: the first 7 pairs are true ribs, and the last 5 pairs are false ribs

Define a dynamic splint and name 2 purposes for a dynamic splint

Allows you to move affected joint or joints across a plane. ~Substitute for loss of motor function ~Allows movement of joints ~Allows for adjustments and ROM

Mass

Amount of matter in a system and has no direction

Dermatomes

An area of the skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion.

Rotation Forces

An aspect of the system is restrained which causes the system to rotate around that axis when an eccentric force is present

Motivational Specific

An athlete images a specific motivating setting (ex: making the winning basket)

Reaction Force

An equal and opposite force from environment onto the system

Autonomic Dysreflexia

An uninhibited and exaggerated reflex of the autonomic nervous system to stimulation.

Linear force

An unrestrained system is assumed/used Force causes CG to alter movement in linear path

Which muscles originate off of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?

Anconeus and Extensor/Supinator group

Ankle: Type of Joint/Action of Joint

Ankle Joint: formed by the articulation of the talus, the inferior articulating surface of the tibia, the lateral malleolus of the fibula, and the medial malleolus of the tibia. Action: Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion

Morton's Short Toe Injuries

Ankle/Tarsus sprains due to supination

Internal stability Posterior femur --> anterior tibia Most commonly injured

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

What make up non-nutrients?

Antioxidants, phytochemicals

Pressure Sores

Area of skin that breaks down, usually over a bony prominence, when a person is in one position for too long without shifting their weight to relieve pressure.

How many in a unit?

As few as 4 or as many as several 100 muscle fibers

What is the AA joint? How does it articulate? Movement?

Atlanto-axial odontoid process (dens) of axis articulates with the arch of the atlas and transverse ligament 50% of rotation of cervicle spide-rotation/lateral flexion opposite directions Hangmans fracture occur here( Lateral Portions: facet joints are horizontal)

What is the anatomy of the atlas?

Atlas (C1): has no significant body, but has two large articular facets that provide the surface where the skull and the spinal column articulate; first articulation within the skull. -shakes head up and down Axis (C2): shakes head yes and no; contains the dens (odontoid process), bifid split spinous process, and a foramen in each transverse process that provides passage of BV Transverse ligament: connects that transverse process of atlas holding axis (dens) in place

Shoulder Girdle Originates

Axial Skeleton & Scapula/Clavicle

Lift Rules

BOS as close as possible to load Stabalize vertebral column in upright position with natural curve Lower body to load using hip/knee flexion Raise load hip/knee extension

Insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus

Base of second meta carpal

location and characteristics of base/apex of heart

Base: wider at the upper end Apex: narrower and more pointed at the lower end

Lateral Pterygoid action?

Bilaterally: depression and protrusion Unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation

Motor End Plate Potential (MEPP)

Beginning of depolarization

Leadership Perspectives

Behavioral, Situational, Trait

3 primary areas in which staleness creates symptoms/changes?

Behavioral, psychological, physiological

Supinated grip

Biceps brachii

List the 3 muscles that flex the elbow in a supinated position, pronated position, neutral position (respectively).

Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Thin sheet of facia extending off the distal tendon to bicepts

Bicipitalaponrosis

Reverse grip

Brachialis

Dividing line between flexors and extensores

Brachioradialis

Neutral grip

Brachioradialis

Fibrocartilage

Buffer

Hangman's Ligament

C1 also known as the transverse ligament

What is the O/A joint? What type of motions? What are the surfaces of these joints like?

C1-C2-dens of xis articulates with arch of the atlas and traverse ligament 2+ degree of freedom;Movements:50% of F/E Atlas: concave; Occipital bone: convex

What are the common spinal landmarks?

C4-C5: carotid pulse C7-vertebral prominence T3-spine of scapula T7-inferior angle of scapula T11-12: kidneys T12-12th rib L4-illiac crest l5-ASIS s2-Psis "dimples"

coracoclavicular joint

CCL Ligament: tapezoid & conoid maintains relationship between scapula and clavicle connect clavicle with crooked process of scapula

Tendon

CT continuous with epimysium connects muscle to bone (epi, peri, endo extend past fibers to create tendon)

Endomysium

CT surrounding each muscle fiber

Perimysium

CT surrounding fasciculus

What minerals are necessary for bone health?

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

Myasthenia gravis treatments (5)

Cholinesterase inhibitors Immunosuppressants Corticosteroids Plasmaphoresis Thymectomy

Chordae Tendineae/Papillary muscles:

Chordae Tendinaea- tendonlike cords that attach to the cusps of each valve. These cords are also attached to the ventricular walls by the papillary muscles. Papillary muscles are responsible for maintaining appropriate tension on the valves to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles.

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

Ciliary, dilator pupillae, and sphincter pupillae

What bones make up the shoulder complex?

Clavicle, scapula, humerus

What is protein complimentary?

Combining two or more incomplete proteins to offset limitations of each other; vegetarians need to use this

the developmental continuum applied to kinesiology

Comprises all stages of the developmental continuum not just adults.

What methods both increase and decrease body temperature?

Conduction, radiation

The effects of pressure

Constant pressure against the skin reduces the blood supply to that area, which supplies the skin/tissue with nutrients and oxygen. Without the nutrients and oxygen the tissue dies and a pressure ulcer forms.

Direct approach

Consultatnt works directly with tam

What do "saturated" foods mean?

Contains only saturated fatty acids...high in cholesterol

Balance

Control of the body for a given purpose during duration of time Movement control

Resource Interdependence

Deals with resources

What is an action of the levator scapula?

Downwardly rotate

3 muscles Antagonist to themselves

Delt Trap Pec Major

Muscles tat perform flexion of the shoulder

Delt Biceps Pec major

What do out-of-whack levels of norepinephrine and serotonin correlate with?

Depression

What psychological conditions do physicians prescribe exercise?

Depression (85%) and anxiety (60%)

Lower Trapezius

Depression, Retraction, UPWARD ROTATION

Approaches to building a team

Direct and Indirect

5 mechanisms held responsible for psychological changes

Distraction, thermogenic, monoamines, opioids, endocannabinoids

What is an action of the levator scapula?

Downward rotation of the scapula

What are these test used for

Dynamometer: grip strength 9-hole-peg test: fine motor Purdue Pegboard: fine motor Berg Balance: fine motor and coordination Slosson Performance: fine motor/gross motor. Eye/hand coordination

Difference external (3), middle (3), and inner ear (2)

E: pinna/auricle, external meatus/auditory canal, tympanic membrane M: eustachian tube, fenestra rotunda (round window), and fenestra ovals (oval window) I: cochlea, vestibule

What is EAR vs RDA?

EAR= required amount of intake of nutrients RDA= recommended

Stability

Ease of which equilibrium is disturbed Neuromusclular mechanisms of control Resistance to loosing is equilibrium

Name 5 of the most frequent reasons for splinting

Edema Injury Prevent contractures Surgery Broken bone/fracture

What are the factors the therapist should consider when establishing a person with a splint wearing schedule?

Edema Pain Overall lifestyle Work/School Cognition Redness Home exercise program

Levator Scapulae

Elevation

Upper Trapezius

Elevation

Middle Trapezius

Elevation, UPWARD ROTATION, Retraction

Interphalangeals are what type of joints

Ellipsoid

What are opioids?

Endorphins (runner's high)

Difference between eustress and distress

Eustress=good stress, distress=bad stress

What methods decrease body temperature?

Evaporation, convection

What are monoamines?

Examination of norepinephrine and serotonin levels

Anconeus

Extension

Origin of the Serratus Anterior

External surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs

T or F: loss of function at the wrist can be replaced by movements at the other joints

F...CANNOT

Newton's 2nd Law

F=ma ; law of acceleration

GTarget Body Weight

FFM/1-(desired%BF/100)

Lateral stability Joins fibula and femur

Fibular collateral ligament (LCL)

Ankle Action of Gravity

Flexion

Knee Action of Gravity

Flexion

The motions that occur at the ulnohumeral joint are?

Flexion and Extension

Which movement shortens the brachioradialis

Flexion of the elbow

Hip Action of Gravity

Flexion, Adduction, and Inward Rotation

Brachioradialis

Flexion, Pronation, Supination

Biceps Brachii

Flexion, Supination

Which muscles originate off of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

Flexor/Pronator group

Coracobrachialis

Flexsion, Adduction, Horizontal

Which B-vitamins are involved in cell division?

Folate, vitamin B12

What is nutrient density?

Foods that supply a high amount of nutrients compared to calories

External Force

Forces acting outside the body or system Only forces that create movement

Internal Force

Forces acting within the body or system Cannot create movement Ex: peristalsis

Collinear forces

Forces that go along the same line

What are triglycerides?

Formed from glycerol and three fatty acids; make up natural fats and oils

How many muscles in the thenar eminence

Four

Static Friction

Friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it's resting

Dynamic Friction

Friction that exists between two objects moving relative to each other.

Unstageable

Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough and/or eschar.

Stage 4

Full thickness tissue loss. -damage to the tissue extends into the muscle and can extend as far down as the bone. -slough or eschar (thick black or dark brown leather like necrotic tissue) may be present on parts of the wound bed.

Stage 3

Full thickness tissue loss. -damage to the tissue extends through the dermis (second skin layer) into the subcutaneous and fat tissue. -slough (necrotic yellow or gray tissue that is separating from living tissue) may be present.

Spinal Cord C7

Functional movement includes: ~Thyroids, right and left hands, wrist, shoulders, arms, elbow. ~Independent with bed/wheelchair, dressing UE, grooming, bathing upper body, communication, and homemaking. ~Some assist with bowel, bathing lower body, standing/ambulation, and respiratory.

Spinal Cord C6

Functional movement includes: ~tonsils, left and right arms and left and right shoulders. ~Independent with eating ~Some assist with bed mobility, bladder and bowel, dressing LE, and lower body bathing. ~Total assist with standing/ambulation

Patellofemoral joint type?

Gliding

3 monosaccharides?

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Muscles causing hip extension

Gluteus maximus, Long head of Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, posterior fibers of gluteus medius

Muscles that make up the pes anserine

Gracilis, Sartorius, Semitendinosus

What is the iceberg profile?

Graph of athletes vs non-athletes that shows that athletes have higher levels of energy and lower levels of anxiety, depression, etc. than the rest of the population

Constant in Our Lives that Creates Muscular Imbalances in Our Body

Gravity

Manual muscle testing can be tested in which 2 positions?

Gravity Gravity Eliminated

Pec Major attaches to...

Greater tubercle

Tools for measuring Cohesion

Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)

difference between gyri and sulci

Gyri: raised portion of cerebrum folds sulci: depressed portion of cerebrum folds

No resting HR

HRmax(75%) HRmax(90%)

How many bones are in the head?

Head consists of 28 bones -eight of which are in the skull: one ethmoid, one frontal bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, one sphenoid bone, and one occipital bone

How do healthy individuals feel from acute exercise vs fatigue patients?

Healthy individuals feel less fatigue, but patients feel more tired and discomfort

common environmental problems

Heat, cold, atmospheric pressure, humidity, altitude and pollution

Tibiofemoral joint type

Hinge

Magnitude

How much force is produced How strong the contraction is How heavy the push/pull is Uses net amounts in more complex situations

Role Satisfaction

How satisfied are you with your role in the group

Role acceptance

How well you accept/act out your role in the group

IT band syndrome

IT band rubs against the lateral epicondyle

True or False

If a person has a wound that requires dressing, the therapist should fabricate the splint over the dressing and instruct the person to apply new dressings at appropriate interval. Answer: TRUE

When should you not test for MMT

If person has: *injury *amputation *ROM is affected *edema *pain *arthosis

During lateral flexion the Spinalis and longissimus are synergists to what other muscle?

Iliocostalis

Muscles causing hip flexion

Iliopsoas, iliacus, tensor fascia latae, Adductors (assist in hip flexion), pectineus, anterior fibers of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus

Origin of the triceps long head

Imfraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

Physiological symptoms of stress

Increased heart rate and blood pressure, tense muscles, increased perspiration

Line of Action

Indefinitely extending line along which the force moves Allows addition/subtraction of common forces to determine net force Inc complex analysis, changes as system moves through rotation

Superficial and deep Lubricate inferior patellar tendon

Infrapatellar

What muscle is synergist to teres minor

Infraspinatus

Which muscles externally rotate the shoulder?

Infraspinatus, teres minor

State 5 benefits of PROM (passive range of motion)

Inhibit pain Sensory awareness Improve circulation Prevent contractures Skin and muscle integrity

Skeletal muscle cell input for control

Innervated (nerves)

Pectoralis Major (lower fibers)

Internal rotation, Horizontal Adduction, Extension, adduction

Thin, strong fibrous sheath that binds radius and ulna

Interosseus membrane

Toes: Type of Joint/Action of Joint

Interphalangeal joints & Phalangeal/Metatarsal joints. Actions: Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension.

What kind of relationship is there between physical fitness and psychopathy?

Inverse relationship

What is the definition of isometric exercises and isotonic exercises and give an example of each

Isometric exercises-no lengthening or shortening of the muscle. Ex. doing a plank Isotonic exercises-muscles move to perform tasks. Ex. bicep curls

glenohumeral joint

It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid fossa of the scapula) Enarthrodial

What is the temporalis muscle?

It is a facial muscle that covers the temporal bone and aids in mastication; crushes and grinds objects between the molars.

Where is the pleural space located?

It is located in the pleural membrane between the parietal pleura(outer layer) and the visceral membrane (inner layer)

Hip: Type of Joint/Action of Joint

Joint: Made up of the head of the femur fitting into the acetabulum of the pelvis. Action: Sagittal Plane: Flexion, Extension Frontal Plane: Abduction, Adduction Transverse Plane: Outward rotation, inward rotation, circumduction

Knee: Type of Joint/Action of Joint

Joint: formed by the articulation of the femur and tibia and is encased in the joint capsule, which is lined with synovial membrane. Actions: Flexion, extension, and slight rotation when the knee is in a flexed position.

Flexion Extension Internal rotation External rotation

Knee Movements

Chondromalacia

Knees: consistent grating and crunching of the knee in movement

spondylolisthesis affects older generations in the _____ and younger in the ____

L4 and L5 L5-S1

Situational

Leaders are negated by situational demands

Trait

Leaders as key figure, leadership depends on your traits

Anatomy of lungs regarding space for other organs

Left lung: cardiac notch Right lung: shorter because liver lies underneath

ABduction of the scapula will ___ the fibers of the middle trapezius?

Lengthen

Lateral flexion of the spine would ___ Iliocostalis

Lengthen

Lateral rotation will ___ Subscapularis

Lengthen

Pronation of biceps brachii

Lengthen

Rotation to the opposite side would ___ oblique Capitis Inferior

Lengthen

Supination of the forearm will ___ the pronator quadratus

Lengthen

Altitude Illness

Less oxygen can lead to: o (AMS) acute mountain sickness -nauseous, headaches o (HAPE) high altitude pulmonary edema- fluid on lungs, very severe o (HACE) high altitude cerebral edema- coma, death, brain bleeding

attentional selectivity

Letting some info into the processing system while other information is ignored

Center of Gravity

Line of action on upon which gravity acts Center of Gravity over BOS=Balanced

Direction

Linear direction along which the force is applied Where the force is coming from/going to

What is the normal resting position for the mouth? How can the TMJ be subject to injury and dysfunction?

Lips closed teeth apart Head, neck, and postural dysfunctions, and malocclusion

Mechanistic Theory

Lock & Latham Goals influence performance in 4 ways: - direct attention to important task elements -mobilize effort - increase persistence -Foster new learning strategies

What type of athletes often sustain injuries in the mid-region of the graph?

Long distance athletes, endurance sports.

What is allostatic load?

Long-term wear and tear of stress response

What muscle is a complete Antagonist during spinal flexion?

Longissimus

Which muscle would be a complete Antagonist to trunk flexion performed by rectus abdominis?

Longissimus acting Bilaterally

What are the different movements of the TMJ?

Mandibular depression-opening Mandibular elevation-closing Protraction-move jaw forward retraction-return from protrusion lateral deviation-side to side motion

Potential Energy

Mass * Gravity * Height units=joules

Force

Mass*Acceleration Units=Newtons

Balance Factors

Mass/weight of body or part Height of CoG of body or part Size of BOS of body or part Magnitude of friction that determines "sticking" to form axis of rotation Net torque applied to body or part

Insertion of coracobrachialis

Medial surface of the mid humoral shaft

Which nerve innervates most of the flexor/pronator group?

Median

What separates the pleural cavities?

Mediastinal Septum

Where is the respiratory center in the brain located?

Medulla Oblongata

Recommendation for intake of added sugars in our diets?

Men-37.5 grams Women-25 grams

Associative Attentional Strategy

Monitoring bodily functions/feelings such as HR, breathing, muscle tension

What kind of bonds are in mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats?

Mono-one Poly-more than one

What is the origin, insertion and action of the supraspinatus?

O: I: A: abduction, stabilize humerus N: subscapular

Rectus femoris

O: AIIS I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension

Sartorius

O: ASIS I: Pes anserine A: Flex the hip, abduct the hip, flex the knee, laterally rotate the hip, medially rotate the flexed knee

Piriformis

O: Anterior surface of the sacrum I: Superior aspect of the greater trochanter A: Laterally rotate the hip, abduct the hip when flexed

Vastus intermedius

O: Anterior-lateral shaft of the femur I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension

Vastus lateralis

O: Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension

Iliacus

O: Iliac fossa I: Lesser trochanter A: When origin is fixed: Hip flexion, laterally rotate hip When insertion is fixed: Flex trunk towards thigh, tilt pelvis anteriorly

Adductor brevis

O: Inferior ramus of pubis I: Distal 2/3 from lesser trochanter A: Adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist in hip flexion

Adductor magnus

O: Inferior surface of ischium tuberosity I: Linea aspera, adductor tubercle A: Adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist in hip flexion Posterior fibers: Extend the hip

Biceps femoris long head

O: Ischial tuberosity I: Head of the fibula A: Flex the knee, laterally rotate flexed knee, extend the hip, assists to laterally rotate the hip, posterior tilt of pelvis

Semimembranosus

O: Ischial tuberosity I: Medial surface of the proximal tibia A: Knee flexion, internal rotation

Semitendinosus

O: Ischial tuberosity I: Pes anserine A: Flex the knee, medially rotate flexed knee, extend the hip, posterior tilt of the pelvis, assists to medially rotate the hip

Quadratus femoris

O: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity I: Intertrochanteric crest (between greater and lesser trochanters) A: Laterally rotate the hips

Popliteus

O: Lateral condyle of the femur I: Posterior surface of tibia A: Knee flexion, HUGE internal rotation

Biceps femoris short head

O: Lateral lip of the linea aspera I: Head of the fibula A: Flex the knee, laterally rotate the flexed knee, posterior tilt of pelvis

Vastus medialis oblique

O: Medial lip of the linea aspera I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension

Tensor facsia latae

O: Outer lip of iliac crest and outer surface of ASIS I: Lateral condyle of the tibia A: Flex the hip Medially rotate the hip Abduct the hip

Gluteus medius

O: Outer surface of ilium (iliac crest) I: Greater trochanter A: All fibers: Abduct the hip Anterior fibers: flex the hip, medially rotate the hip Posterior fibers extend the hip, laterally rotate the hip

Gluteus maximus

O: Posterior/superior surface of the Iliac crest I: Gluteal tuberosity (femur) A: All fibers: Extend the hips, laterally rotate the hips, abduct the hips Lower fibers: adduct the hip

Adductor longus

O: Pubis I: Linea aspera A: Adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist in hip flexion

Iliopsoas

O: Transverse processes L1-L5 T12-L5 vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs I: Lesser trochanter A: Hip flexion Anterior pelvic rotation External rotation of the hip Flexion (also lateral flexion) of the lumbar spine

pec major originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: clavicle, sternum, and ribs I: greater tubercle of humerus

the latissimus dorsi originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: ilium, sacrum, lumbar, and thoracic spinous process I: medial intertubercular groove

the biceps brachii originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: scapula and coracoid process I: radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis

the triceps brachii originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

O: scapula, humerus, humerus I: olecranon process of ulna

the pronator teres originates at the __ and inserts at the __

O:medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna I: radius

What is Spondylosis?

OA, DJD of spine

Special Senses

Olfactory-smell Vision Gustatory-taste Auditory

"All-or-none" Principle

Once threshold (-60mV) is reached, the cell depolarizes at the same level each time.

What physiological mechanism is linked to addiction?

Opioids

Rectus femoris

Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine Groove above acetabulum Insertion: Patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Actions: hip flexion Knee

Vastus intermedius

Origin: Anterior two thirds of femur shaft Insertion: upper patella and patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Actions: Knee extension

Vastis medius

Origin: Entire linea aspera length and medial condyloid ridge Insertion: Medial patella and patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Actions: Knee extension

Vastus lateralis

Origin: Intertrochanteric line Insertion: Lateral patella and patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Action: Knee extension

Popliteus

Origin: Posterior lateral condyle Insertion: Upper posterior medial tibia Actions: Knee flexion Internally rotates tibia

Muscle Groups used in a Standing Position

Outward rotators, abductors, exterior hip/knee/ankle

Which muscle is an Antagonist to itself?

Pec Major

Coracobrachialis is deep to which two muscles

Pec Major Anterior Deltoid

Which muscles flex the shoulder?

Pec major, coracobrachialis, deltoid

What mineral is vital to the energy structure in ATP?

Phosphorus

PETTLEP Model

Physical Environment Timing Task Learning Emotion Perspective

Synovial membrane fold Extends from joint capsule Forms suprapatellar bursa

Plica

Rhomboid

Retraction, Downward Rotation, Elevation

Pectoralis Minor

Protraction, Downward Rotation, Depression

Serratus Anterior

Protraction, Upward Rotation

What is the action of the rhomboid major?

Retracts scapula

Internal stability Anterior --> posterior tibia

Posterior Cruciate ligament (PCL)

Causes of pressure sores

Pressure Shearing Friction Moisture *Starts as an area of reddened skin, and without relief of pressure will progress to an open sore, and then an ulcer.

Posterior muscles

Primarily knee Flexion Biceps femoris Semimembranosis Semitendinosis Sartorius Gracilis Popliteus Gastrocnemius

Anterior muscles

Primarily knee extension Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis

What is an action of pronator quadratus?

Pronate the forearm

Tarsus Action of Gravity

Pronation

Anteverted hip

Pronation at ankle Toes in

Which movement would lengthen the biceps brachii

Pronation of the forearm

Which muscle is an Antagonist to supinator and biceps brachii

Pronator teres

OT interventions for pressure sores cont..

Proper positioning in chair and bed! ~Recommend adaptive equipment for correct chair and bed positioning. ~Use positioning devices to keep bony prominences from direct contact with each other. ~Provide pillows or foam wedges to assist in proper alignment both in bed and chair. ~Utilize a trapeze, bed linen and other positioning devices during transfers to avoid dragging patients across surfaces while repositioning.

Vagus

Provides sensory information (touch, temperature and pressure) from the external auditory meatus (ear canal) and a portion of the external ear. It carries taste sensation and sensory information from the esophagus, respiratory tract, and abdominal viscera (stomach, intestines, liver, etc.). Receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis.

Push/Pull Rules

Pulling with some upward lift reduces load friction and increases feet friction High friction load=pull with short rope Low friction load=pull with long rope

Line from anterior illiac crest --> patella Line of pull of patellar tendon Angle of line intersection Greater in females

Q angle

Cue Words

Quick reminders during practice or competition

What is quiet respiration? What is forced respiration?

Quiet respiration: normal inspiration and expiration of the lungs Forced Respiration: movement of the air in and out of the lungs during physical exertion

Calc magnitude of Resultant Vector

R = sqrt(xRV^2 + yRV^2)

Which ligament complex prevents against varus forces?

RCL

Which nerve innervates the extensor/supinator group?

Radial

Pronation and supination occur where?

Radial ulnar joint

What is the purpose of a goniometer?

Range of motion

Which anterior muscle of the trunk flexes the lumbar and thoracic spine?

Rectus Abdominis

Characteristics of Deep Muscles

Reddish color, higher myoglobin count, holder muscles, deeper & slower, greater proportion of slow twitch fibers, closer to the bone

Articular Cartilage

Reduces Friction

Synovial Fluid

Reduction of friction and shock absorber

What 4 things did McEwen indicate as being helpful when dealing with stress?

Regular physical activity, balanced diet, enough sleep, social support

Role Conflict

Relates to an incompatibility of responsibilities

Who is at risk for pressure sores?

Residents who are: ~bedridden ~in a wheelchair most of the time. ~unable to move certain parts of their body without assistance. ~incontinent of bowel and/or bladder. ~malnourished ~obese ~Dementia, Alzheimer's disease or other mental disabilities. ~diabetes ~a history of pressure ulcers. ~vascular disease (poor blood flow). ~fragile skin

Angular/Rotary Stability

Resistance to tipping Resistance to a change in angular motion Depends on: -size of BOS -action line of gravity -height of center of gravity -direction of tip force

Exteroreceptors:

Respond to external stimuli

Interoreceptors:

Respond to internal stimuli

Posterior to the lens lies a 3 layered wall consisting of....

Retina=inner layer Choroid= middle layer Sclera= outer layer

How do you lengthen the fibers of the Multifidi on the right?

Rotate to the right

What action of head and neck would lengthen the fibers of the Lev. Scap to the right?

Rotate to the right

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Anterior longitudinal ligament:

Runs along the anterior aspect of the bodies of all 33 vertebrae -weakest of all spinal ligaments

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Supraspinous ligament:

Runs between dorsal tips of each vertebrae's spinous process, from coccyx to external protuberance of the occipital bone

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Interspinous ligament:

Runs between the spinous process of the successive vertebrae.

Shoulder Girdle Made of

SC and AC joints

what is forward head syndrome?

SSCM, Protrusion with Posterior cranial rotation

Most common sites of pressure sites

Sacrum (tail bone)-most common site. Heels-2nd most common (20% of all pressure ulcers)

Most common sites of pressure sores

Sacrum (tail bone)-most common site. Heels-2nd most common (20% of all pressure ulcers)

Vestibulocochlear

Senses sound, rotation, and gravity. The vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium and the cochlear brand carries impulses for hearing.

Sensory Stimulation Activities

Sensory kits Relaxation cd's Lighted toys Aromatherapy Bean bags Textured toys Cold/hot rooms

Somatosensory System (touch, tactile)

Sensory receptors cover the skin, skeletal muscles, bones, joints, internal organs. Process stimulus such as touch, temperature, proprioception (body position), pain, and send messages through the spinal cord to the brain.

Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

Sequence of events by which transmission of an AP along sarcolemma causes myofilaments to slide

What muscle is the "boxers muscle"?

Serratus Anterior

Which muscle acts as a synergist with pec minor for aBduction

Serratus Anterior

What is the Insertion of Multifidi and Rotatores

Spinous process of lumbar through 2nd cervical M skips 2-4 R skips 1-2

Myasthenia gravis

Shortage of ACh receptors characterized by ptosis, dysphagia, dysarthtra and generalized muscle weakness

During elbow flexion the brachioradialis will ___

Shorten

Flexion of the wrist will ___ the palmaris longus

Shorten

Lateral flexion of the head would ___ splenius cervicis on the same side

Shorten

How does the ACh move?

Simple diffusion

Ligaments of the Knee

Six major ligaments: 2 collateral, 2 cruciate, 2 popliteal

Origin of rhomb maj

Spinous process t2-t5

What mineral are involved in muscle contraction?

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron

Electrochemical gradients (3)

Sodium: high outside, low inside Potassium: low outside, high inside Anions: only inside cell

Soluble vs insoluble fiber

Soluble absorbs in water, while insoluble doesn't

What are complex CHOs?

Starches, dietary fiber (polysaccharidess, oligosaccharides)

Point of Application

Starting point of force being applied to the system Allows for accurate interpretation of force when drawn to scale

Equilibrium

State of a body when not changing speed or direction Two types: static and dynamic

Dynamic vs Static Equilibrium

Static-not moving Dynamic-moving body not changing speed or direction

Linear Stability

Stationary body: resistance to being moved Moving body: resistance to being stopped or direction changed Directionally related to friction required to upset equilibrium Depends on mass & friction

What muscle serves as an antagonist during the extension of the cervical spine?

Sternocleidomastoid

What are endocannabinoids?

Still being researched...may be linked to runner's high

Is cardiac muscle striated?

Striated with intercalated discs (complex junction between cells)

Functions of protein

Structural, body constituents (clot blood and transfer proteins), fluid balance, acid base balance, regulation, immune system, neurotransmitters, energy

Patellar surface, below skin

Subcutaneous Prepatellar

Which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle?

Subscapularis

What is table sugar?

Sucrose

3 disaccharides?

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

What are simple CHOs?

Sugars (monosaccharides, disaccaride)

What is the difference between the sulci and the gyri?

Sulci: the depressions between the gyri Gyri: the raised folds of tissue in the cerebrum

What mineral is part of certain amino acids?

Sulfur

5 Causes of Injury - Environmental

Temperature fluctuation, uneven surface, altitude change, hard surface, sticky surface

Retraction?

Temporalis

Ipsilateral lateral deviation?

Temporalis and Masseter

Moment

Tendency of one or more applied forces to rotate an object about an axis, but not necessarily to change the angular momentum of the object

Lateral epicondylitis

Tennis Elbow

The force of the quadriceps pulling on the tibia to cause knee extension is an example of which type of load?

Tension

Lats little helper

Teres major

Cognitive General

The athlete images strategies, plans, or routines

Receiving Forces

The body's BOS should be enlarged horizontally parallel to the direction of the horizontal force to be given or received

Which ligament complex prevents against valgus forces?

UCL

Tommy John

UCL reconstruction / replacement of the UCL with another tendon - first performed in 1974

Tommy John Surgery

UCL tear

Palpable edge of which bone runs the length of the forearm

Ulna

Nuclei of cardiac muscle

Uninucleate

Nuclei of smooth muscle

Uninucleate

Action of the traps

Upwardly rotate, flex head and neck, laterally flex, adduct scapula

Coaching Behavioral Assessment System

Used to observe and quantify 12 coaching behaviors. -Whereas the CBAS focused very much on coding behaviors as they happened and providing a summary of coaches' behaviors from over a period of time like a practice/game

Are research methods regarding opioid/endorphins consistent or mixed?

Very mixed

How to Identify Pes Planes (Flat Food): 3 Stages and How to Prevent

Weak muscles, stretched ligaments, and degeneration of the bone/joint system. Strengthen supinators, patterning, tracking through 2nd & 3rd toes, stretch hips (OR & ABD), strengthen IR & ADD, stretch gastrocnemius, soleous, PT, plantaris in parallel

Internal Imagery

What you feel inside. You image the execution of a skill from your own vantage point

Characteristics of Superficial Muscles

White color, lower myoglobin count, mover muscles, activate & deactivate quickly, greater proportion of fast twitch fibers, further from the bone

Yes or No Splenius muscles are the most superficial on the spine

Yes, between SCM and traps

Is skeletal muscle movement voluntary?

Yes, but does not require conscious control

Synchondrosis

a cartilaginous joint connected by hyaline cartilage

Meniscus

a crescent shaped chunk of fibrocartilage

Ligament

a dense strap of connective tissue that stabilizes and limits the mobility of a joint

Suture

a fibrous joint formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue

Syndemosis

a fibrous junction that demands strength and a bit of movement

Neutralizer

a fixating force that prevents an undesired action and dictates which end of the agonist's body attachments will move

Shear

a force directed parallel to a surface

Diarthrotic Joint

a freely moveable articulation

Biaxial Joint

a joint that can move in two planes

Isotonic Contraction

a muscle changes length, shortening or lengthening

Contractility

a muscle's ability to develop tension when stimulated

Sarcomere

a muscle's base unit of contraction

Elasticity

a muscle's tendency to return to its original length after being stretched

Joint

a point of contact between two or more bones that allows for movement

Compression

a pressing or squeezing force through the body

Force (F)

a push or pull on a body (its a vector so it has a magnitude and a direction) (english: lb / metric: Newtons)

Joint Mobility

a range of motion it can move through without limitation affected by the shape of the bones, the design of the joint capsule and ligaments and the surrounding muscles and faciae

Bursa

a small, synovial membrane pillow filled with synovial fluid

Ball and Socket

a spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish shaped depression of another bone

Torsion

a twisting force of a body around its longitudinal axis

Fascia Profunda

a type of dense, irregular connective tissue that lines the walls and limbs of the body and binds together muscles while providing space for nerves, blood and lymph vessels to pass, and to fill the space between muscles

Which is NOT a 1st layer plantar muscle of the foot? a. flexor hallucis brevis b. flexor digitorum brevis c. abductor hallucis d. abductor digiti minimi

a. flexor hallucis brevis

Ellipsoid Joint

accomplishes smaller movements, like a wrist. Consists of the oval shaped end of one bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone

this is the joint between the scapula and clavicle

acromioclavicular joint

acromioclavicular joint structures

acromion of scapula and acromial extremity of clavicle

Proteins in membrane

act as voltage sensors

Tropomysin

actin chain coverings held in place by troponin

latissimus dorsi muscle actions

adduction of shoulder, extension, internal rotation, horizontal abduction

teres major muscle actions

adduction of shoulder, extension, medial rotation, horizontal abduction

hip adductors

adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis, pectineus, gluteus maximus (lower)

hip extensors

adductor magnus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius

factors that contribute to glenohumerol stability

adhesion and cohesion stabilized the GH joint synovial fluid reduces friction of sliding and gliding cohesion reduces ability to pull apart negative intra articular pressure is result of osmotic response of pulling water from surrounding tissues capsule integrity is critical to maintenance of negative pressure

what ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

all 12 ribs articulate the 12 thoracic vertebrae by fovea

When a signal travels down the axon, it reaches

all the fibers in the motor unit and all will normally activate (acts as a unit)

Amphiarthrotic Joint

allows a limited amount of movement

Broad

allows a person to perceive several occurrences simultaneously. When an athlete needs to be aware and sensitive to rapidly changing environment (dribbling up field who to pass to?)

Motor Neuron aka

alpha motor neuron, somatic neuron

Motor Tract Nerves:

as the motor tract of nerves passes from the motor aspect of the brain's cortex through the medulla oblongata, a major portion of nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side as the fibers enter the spinal cord. This process is known as pyramidal decussation.

centriole, centromere, aster

aster and centriole are both the star-shaped structure that pulls apart the chromatids during anaphase of mitosis. centromere refers to the junction between two chromatids.

Bending

asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of the longitudinal axis and compression on the other side (also called '3 point loading')

location of suprasternal/ jugular notch

at the superior edge of the manubrium

anatomy and position of axis and atlas

atlas: C1, has no significant, two large articular facets, base of skull axis: C2, vertebrae in which head rotation occurs, has the dens

Skeletal muscle location

attached to bones (exerts force on bone when contracted)

Motor Unit

attaching a motor neuron to the muscle fibers to innervate

screw home mechanism

automatic external rotation of the tibia as the knee moves from 15˚ knee flexion to full extension

the clavicle attaches joint to ___, but NOT part of the joint

axial

Which best describes Morton's neuroma? a. swelling or bleeding with increased pressure on vessels, nerves and muscles b. enlargement of nerve creating pain in the foot c. disruption of the musculotendinous unit d. swollen, hot, red lower extremity

b. enlargement of nerve creating pain in the foot

Which nerve is NOT found in one of the lower leg compartments? a. tibial b. femoral c. superficial peroneal d. deep peroneal

b. femoral

Which of the following is NOT a muscle of the anterior compartment of the lower leg? a. extensor hallucis longus b. posterior tibialis c. extensor digitorum longus d. peroneus tertius

b. posterior tibialis

Joints are designed to

bear weight and/or absorb shock by using the fluid inside their joint cavities as a cushion

an injury to the thumb from fighting is called ___

bennets fracture

Which muscles flex the elbow?

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

the three muscles in elbow flexion are...

biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

external knee rotator

biceps femoris

major knee flexors

biceps femoris (both heads), semitendinosus, semimembranosus

the agonists in elbow flexion are ___, ___, ___

biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis

Db

body density

Mb

body mass

Bony Barrier

bone meets bone

scapulothoracic joint

bone to bone connecting thorax and scapula

genu varum

bowleggedness

this muscle inserts on the styloid process of the radius

brachioradialis

this muscle is located in both pronation and supination of the radioulnar joint

brachioradialis

which muscle is involved in both pronation and supination

brachioradialis

A fracture is the ___ of a bone. Examples are ___, ___,___,___

break stress, avulsion, closed, open

Aponeurosis

broad, thin tendon sheet (typically muscle to muscle)

Synovial Joints

built with movement in mind

Fasciculus

bundle of muscle tissue within muscle

___ is the inflammation of the bursa caused by direct trauma or overuse (ligament or muscle tear)

bursitis

Which ligament is tested with the anterior drawer test of the ankle? a. calcaneofibular ligament b. anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament c. anterior talofibular ligament d. posterior talofibular ligament

c. anterior talofibular ligament

Which of the following ligaments does not necessarily protect against an eversion ankle sprain? a. posterior tibiotalar ligament b. tibiocalcaneal ligament c. calcanofibular ligament d. anterior tibiotalar ligament

c. calcanofibular ligament

What is the innervation of the lateral compartment? a. tibial b. femoral c. superficial peroneal d. deep peroneal

c. superficial peroneal

Which is NOT a lateral ligament of the ankle? a. posterior talofibular ligament b. calcaneofibular ligament c. tibiocalcaneal ligament d. anterior talofibular ligament

c. tibiocalcaneal ligament

joints in transverse/midtarsal joint

calcaneuscuboid joint, talonavicular

_____ results from repetitive stress to tissue and accounts for 64% of work injuries. Caused by a pinched nerve

carpal tunnel

Efferent fiber (reason)

carries information from spinal cord/brain to muscle

Motor neurons

carry info from spinal cord or brain to periphery (supply impulse muscles need in order to contract)

What is the purpose of a goniometer?

check the degrees of motion/ROM

chromatin vs. chromosome

chromatin is DNA that is not condensed while chromosomes are the most condensed form of DNA.

chromosome vs. chromatid

chromosomes are condensed DNA, once replication happens there are two chromosomes that are connected, but still called a chromosome. each individual strand in the chromosome is called a chromatid

What is ankylosing spondyllitis?

chronic inflammation, rhematoid condition of spine and SI joint

carpal tunnel syndrome

chronic pain, numbness or tingling in the hand caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist (repetitive flexion or hyper-extension of wrist)

the shoulder girdle includes the following bones

clavicle and scapula

these bones make up the shoulder girdle

clavicle and scapula

sternoclavicular joint structures

clavicular notch of sternum and sternal extremity of clavicle

This is a type of exercise in which the distal end of an extremity is fixed to something

closed-chain exercise

What is a compression fx.?

collapse of vertebral body (pieces blow out and severs spinal cord)

Arteries that supply blood to brain (4)

common carotid internal carotid external carotid subclavian temporal

lower leg injury/condition characterized by excessive muscle/nerve compression

compartment syndrome

Hypomobility

constraints to joint mobility

Triaxial Joint

contains three planes and is capable of circumduction

Eccentric

contraction that moves "away from the middle" when the muscle elongates

Concentric

contraction that moves "toward the middle" when the muscle shortens

a bruise is also known as a ___

contustion

This muscle originates on the coracoid process and inserts on the medial side of the humeral shaft

coracobrachialis

which muscle is involved in shoulder joint flexion

coracobrachialis

this is where the pectoralis minor inserts

coracoid process

the coracobrachialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

coracoid process, humeral shaft

What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

costoclavicular, interclavicular, anterior SC, posterior SC

Four muscle tissue functions

create movement, stabilizes posture, assists the circulation of fluids and performs thermogenesis

A syndesmotic sprain of the ankle occurs between which two bones? a. talus and calcaneus b. talus and fibula c. proximal tibia and fibula d. distal tibia and fibula

d. distal tibia and fibula

Which muscles' action creates 2-5 toe flexion? a. tibialis anterior b. tibialis posterior c. extensor digitorum longus d. flexor digitorum longus

d. flexor digitorum longus

Which is NOT a band of the plantar fascia? a. medial b. central c. lateral d. proximal

d. proximal

atrophy

decrease in muscle size

Convex-Concave Rule

describes how the convex joint rotates in the opposite direction and the concave joint rotates in the same direction

Hinge Joint

designed like a doorknob, having the surface of one bone spin within the ring shaped surface of another bone; used for rotation

movement of the humerus in a diagonal plane away from the the midline of the body

diagonal abduction

Potential difference (Voltage)

difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell membrane, resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles across semi-permeable membrane.

dislocations are caused from..

direct force or extreme motion beyond normal ROM

What does the sign on velocity tell you?

direction

External

directs attention outward to an object, anything but you

menisci

discs of fibrocartilage attached to tibial plateau, deepen tibial plateau and absorb shock

the annular ligament in the elbow prevents ___

dislocation

acromioclavicular injuries

dislocation - falling on shoulder

Velocity

displacement/time vector

lateral epicondylitis

disruption of fiber tennis elbow/construction/food proccessig repetitive pronation and supination of the forearm accompanies forceful gripping force overload resulting from improper technique/heavy racket 7/10 x more common lateral ligaments, forearm supinator, extensor muscle

The navicular is found __________ to the calcaneus

distal

digit 2-5 carpometacarpal joint structures

distal carpals and metacarpals

the scapulothoracic joint is supported..

dynamically by muscles with no ligamentous support. (not a true synovial joint)

radiocarpal joint structures

distal radius and proximal carpals

ulnocarpal joint structures

distal ulna and proximal carpals (articular disc)

Distance vs. Displacement

distance- length of path traveled (scalar) displacement- final change in position from starting point to ending point (vector)

Supporter

does not function near the main action, but supports another part of the body in position while the main action occurs

M line

down the middle of the H zone

Free Body Diagram

drawing of a defined system in isolation w/ all of the force vectors acting on the system

Emotion (PETTLEP)

effective images have emotional content

this is the number of carpal bones in each wrist

eight

ligaments in the elbow are not very ___ to ensure ___

elastic, stability

brachialis actions

elbow flexion

upper fibers of the trapezius muscle actions

elevate, retract, upward rotation

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Aqueous humor:

fluid in the chambers

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Vitreous humor:

fluid that fills the area between the lens and the retina

bursae

fluid-filled sacs and synovial pockets that are present inside or outside of the joint capsule

Osteokinematic Motion

focuses on action with respect to planes and axes

this phase brings about deceleration of the body

follow through phase

How are these changed in a runner who strikes the ground with their forefoot?

forefoot strikers have no impact peak and they have a lower loading rate

what is spondylitis? what can occur with ankylosing spondylitis?

form of arthritis that causes inflammation in the facet joints vertebrae can fus together if left untreated

What is Spondylolisthesis

forward slippage of vertebrae due to defect or fracture of pars interarticularis

MM of supra hyoid group (4)

geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, and digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)

this is the anatomical name for the shoulder joint

glenohumeral joint

glenohumeral joint structures

glenoid cavity of humerus and humeral head

scapular muscles move shoulder girdle so that the..

glenoid fossa is in optimal position

the carpometacarpal is a ___ joint

gliding

the intercarpal and midcarpal are ___ joints

gliding

the radiohumeral is a ___ joint, is composed of the ___ and ___, and is involved in ___, ___, and ___ motions

gliding, capitulum and radius, flexion, extension and rotation

acromioclavicular joint movements

gliding, elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, upward/downward rotation

hip abductors

gluteus medius, sartorius, tensor fascia latae, gluteus maximus (upper), gluteus minimus

_____ results from gripping handle bars too tightly by putting pressure on ulnar nerve

handlebar pulsy

Anatomical features of C2

has "dens" (odontoid process) that helps turn C1 vertebrae

Symphysis Joint

has articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage, but additionally contains a fibrocartilage disc to connect the bones together

Fibrous Joints

have no synovial cavity and is bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue

proximal radioulnar joint structures

head of radius and radial notch of ulna

after every injury occurs, a set of cascade physiological outcomes occur and is called ___. The 3 phases of this are called ___-___ ___, ___-___ ___, ___-___ ___

healing continuum inflammatory-response phase, fibroblastic-repair phase, maturation-remodeling phase

Evaporation

heat loss by changing water to gas o Sweating gives off heat o Some respiratory

pes cavus

high arched foot

COPD

higher quality of life through exercise

the interphalangeal is a ___ joint

hinge

the humeroulnar is a ___ joint, is composed of the ___ and ___, and is involved in ___ and ___ motions

hinge, trochlea and ulna, flexion and extension

herniated discs are caused from ___ with lateral bending

hyperflexion

amphiarthrodial/cartilaginous joint

hold bones together by hyline cartliage pubic symphysis

pectoralis major all fibers action

horizontal adduction, internal rotation of humerus, adduction

femora offset

horizontal line of the central femoral head and diaphysis of femur measured by radiographs taken in neutral or external rotation will underestimate the actual femoral offset

Speed

how fast an object is moving (scalar) d/t

the rotator cuff provides dynamic support and attaches to the..

humeral head

Vector addition

if in same direction, add if in opposite direction, subtract

Why hand position placement is important in CPR

if you use the landmark of the xiphoid process of the sternum, you will fracture the xiphoid process and hinder the resuscitation

ligaments of coxofemoral joint

iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral (none restrict flexion)

ligaments of sacroiliac joint

iliolumbar, sacroiliac, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous

Environment (PETTLEP)

image should be as real as possible—replicate the actual performing environment

Barrier

impedes the extend of movement; there are three blocks (bony, tissue and the elastic limit of the joint capsules and ligaments)

___ is an injury that occurs in people under 35 who play a sport or have a job with overhead movement. Usually occurs in supraspinatus and bursae

impingement

myositis ossification

improper treatment of deep bruise leads to calcification of the muscle

Delayed responses

improvements occur only after weeks of training

secondary injury is caused from..

inflammatory or hypoxia resulting from primary injury

the supraspinatus pulls the head of the humerus..

inwards

medial epicondylitis

irritation of the insertion site of the wrist flexor on the medial side stressed with the valgus force accompanied by writst actions golf/throwing arm/spiking in vball medial ligaments, forearm flexor, pronators

Internal

is directed inward to thoughts and feelings

which is involved in adduction of the shoulder joint

latissmus dorsi

labrum

joint cavity that is deependd by a rim of fibrocartilage reinforcement from the surrounding ligaments and tendons located in glenoid cavity increases contact area to 75% and concavity by 5-9mm triangular in shape

JRF

joint force reaction net force between the bone surfaces within a joint not including muscle forces 1/6 Bodyweight in each leg 5/6 rest of body in a single leg stance with the pelvis level is found to be 2.7xBodyweight

Scalar

just has magnitude (mass/speed)

An acute injury has..

just occurred or is only a few days old

condylar

knee

genu valgum

knock-knees

Ground reaction force curve for running

know: impact peak, push off peak, loading rate, impulse

extrinsic glenohumeral muscles are..

latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii

reasons for frequent knee injuries

lack of bony and muscular support, positioned between the 2 longest bones, weight bearing and locomotion functions

Cartilaginous Joint

lacks a synovial cavity and permits little or no movement

What type of injury occurs at each end of the graph?

large magnitude: acute large loading: overuse

a chronic injury has..

lasted several weeks

The cuboid is found _________ to the lateral cuneiform

lateral

the radiocarpal joint allows motion in these two planes

lateral and sagittal

the extensor carpi radialis longus originates at the __ and inserts at the __

lateral epicondyle of humerus 2nd metacarpal

the extensor carpi ulnaris originates at the __ and inserts at the __

lateral epicondyle of humerus fifth metacarpal

the brachioradialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

lateral epicondyle of humerus lateral styloid process of radius

tennis elbow

lateral epicondylitis, inflammation on the outside of the upper arm near elbow

Function of the quadrutus lumborum

lateral flexion of the lumbar spine

Prime mover for mandible depression?

lateral pterygoid

the shoulder joint allows motion in which planes

lateral, sagittal, and transverse

Which muscles elevate the scapula?

levator scapulae, upper trapezius

a sprain is an injury to a ___

ligament

Compound Joints

linking three or more bones, ex. an elbow

functions of plantar arches

load absorption and weight-bearing stability

pes planus

low arched foot

Immune System

low intensity increases number of lymphocytes, creates more white blood cells

the teres minor originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

lower posterior scapula, head of humerus

which muscle causes depression of the shoulder girdle

lower trapezius

Wa

mass out of water

Ww

mass under water

Density

mass/volume

strength

maximum force at a specific velocity

Cancer

may have a role in treatment

impingement syndrome at shoulder

may occur anywhere within the body @shoulder - underside of acromion and humeral head anomiles in acromial shape - (flat, curved, or hook acromion- increase risk) usually found in tennis players butterfly swimmers or baseball

Ultimate failure point

means fracture or tearing of tissue

shape and role of menscii

medial - crescent shaped larger lateral - oval shaped more mobile, 2x distance of medial lateral translate more than medial serve important roles in the knee joint by offering shock, absorption, stability, and lubrication and by increasing the contact area between the tibia and femur

ligaments of the knee

medial collateral, lateral collateral, anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate

The _________ (tarsal bone) articulates most directly with the 1st metatarsal

medial cuneiform

golfers elbow

medial epicondylitis, inflammation of proximal wrist flexors

carpal tunnel syndrome

median nerve compressed that causes paresthesia (tingling/burning), pain, numbnesss and symptoms in distribution of median nerve due to compression at wrist in carpal tunnel

What separates the pleural cavities

mediastinal septum

respiratory center of brain

medulla oblongata

Sarcolemma

membrane of muscle cell (fiber)

most common injury in the knee

meniscus tearing

metacarpophalangeal joint structures

metacarpals and proximal phalanges

Instructional self talk

more effective than motivational self talk but both improve confidence.

Osteoporosis

more impact training increases bone density; jump/landing activities help this. Stimulate bone growth.

medulla oblongata (4 major portions)

most important part of brain stem (myelencephalaon) - contains major portion of: respiratory center, cardioinhibitory, vasomotor center, sweat center

All or none Law

motor neuron's electrical stimulation when contracted simultaneously and completely contract

Nerve supply to skeletal muscles (2)

motor neurons sensory neurons

radial deviation

move the thumb side of the hand down towards the wrist

Explain what to do when splashing chemical in your eye.

move to the eyewash station and flush your eyes with water.

summation of forces occur during this phase of movement

movement phase

Physiological Movement

movement that a person can actively produce at an articulation

Accessory Movement

movement that could occur at a joint, but is not reliant on voluntary control

ulnar deviation

moving the little finger side down

a strain is an injury to a ___

muscle

my/o, mys, sarco

muscle

Myofascial Units

muscle and fascia that create movement by pulling on one or both of the bones that form a joint

Multidimensional Model

o Leader effectiveness in sport will vary depending on the characteristics of athletes and constraints of the situation - An athlete's satisfaction/performance depends on 3 types of leader behavior • Preferred • Required • Actual

the deltoid originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

o: clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula i: deltoid tuberosity

Elastic region

object returns to original shape

Plastic region

object stays deformed

hip rotation only muscles

obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior, gemellus superior, piriformis

hip external rotators

obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, illiopsoas, biceps femoris, sartorius, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus

Passive Insufficiency

occurs when an action is inhibited because the antagonist muscle cannot lengthen too far

Cranial Nerves (12)

olfactory optic trochlear abducens vagus hypoglossal cranial accessory oculomotor trigeminal facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal

Repetitive vs. Acute loading

on a load magnitude vs. frequency graph

Myofilaments

pairs of the chain-like protein structures in myofibrils

This muscle causes flexion of the wrist without any finger action or wrist add/abduction

palmaris longus

the palmar aponerousis attaches to the ___

palmaris longus

End-Feel

palpable quality to the restriction, can be bony or soft tissue

Blood supply to skeletal muscles

passes through muscle tissue (muscles need oxygen with contracting)

assistive hip flexors

pectineus, tensor fascia latae, sartorius, rectus femoris, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius

these three muscles are involved in shoulder joint flexion

pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, and anterior deltoid

which muscle directly acts on the shoulder girdle

pectoralis minor

Synarthrotic Joint

permits very little movement at a joint

muscles of lateral compartment of lower leg

peroneus longus, peroneus brevis

name four muscles involved in shoulder joint extension

posterior deltoid, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, latissmus dorsi, subscapularis, lower pectoralis major

lateral side (fibio side)

posterior talofibular ligament anterior talofibular ligament calcaneofibular ligament

medial side (tibio side) deltoid complex

posterior tibiotalar ligament tibiocalcaneal ligament tibionavicular ligament anterior tibiotalar ligament

This is the most critical phase in achieving the desired result of the activity

preparatory phase

Location of the heart valves and the defining characteristics of each: Pulmonary and Aortic Valves-

prevent backflow of blood from the two largest arteries of the heart: the pulmonary artery, coming from the right ventricle, and the aorta, coming from the left ventricle.

ACL function

prevents femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia or the tibia from sliding anteriorly on the femur

foot everters

primary: peroneus brevis, peroneus longus; assistive: peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus

foot inverters

primary: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior; assistive: extensor hallucis longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus

Agonist

prime mover, the muscle that produces the "main action"

Explain what to do when hearing the fire alarm.

proceed in a calm and orderly manner out of the building to the class's designated fire evacuation location.

Appraisals

promoting appraisals or events as challenging vs. threat -"this is an opportunity to show just how great I really am NOT this guy is so good I can't compete with him"

pronator quadratus actions

pronates forearm

pronator teres actions

pronation of forearm, weak elbow flexion

radioulnar movements

pronation/supination distal axis: head of ulna proximal axis: radial head

the agonists in radioulnar pronation are ___,___,___

pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis

PRICE

protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation

role of patella

protects the ligaments in the knee increase the moment arm which the force of muscles act upon -if patella is removed - muscle force for extension becomes greater bc lever arm shortens lengthens the lever arm for the quadriceps muscle group to extend the knee -widens the area of compressive forces on femur

serratus anterior muscle

protraction of scapula, upward rotation

midcarpal/intercarpal joint structures

proximal and distal carpal, adjacent carpals

MM responsible for mastication (3)

pterygoid (internal and external) masseter temporalis

where rectus abdominis originates

pubic symphysis

cause of muscular lower back pain associated with hamstrings

pulling down on the PSIS, eccentrically loading the muscles of the lower back over a given time

arteries of the heart (4)

pulmonary aorta right coronary left coronary

location and defining characteristics of each heart valve

pulmonary semilunar - 3 flap valve controlling blood flow to pulmonary system aortic semilunar - similar valve for the aorta to the rest of the body

coxa vara genu valgum

q<125 for hip q>17 for knee shortens limb increases the effectiveness of the hip abductors decreases the load on femoral head increases stress of the femoral neck association of knock knee

coxa valga genu varum

q>125 for hip q<17 for knee lengthens the limb reduces the effectiveness of the hip abductors increases the load on the femoral head decreases with stress on femoral neck association of bow leg

radius fracture

radial head dislocation/subluxation

power

rate of performing work

MM involved in anterior, flexes thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (3)

rectus abdominus internal/external oblique transversus abdominis

MM that laterally flex and rotate cervical spine (4)

rectus capitis anterior rectors capitis lateralis longus capitis longus colli flex

knee extensors

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius,

cardinal signs of inflammation are..

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Parallel Muscle

required long muscle fibers and two short tendons

proper terminology to describe the failure of the heart to fully close

regurgitation - the rushing of blood backwards is the result of the valve not completely closing, heard after the "dup" sound

RV

residual lung volume

middle fibers of trapezius muscle actions

retract

all fibers of trapezius muscle actions

retract, upward rotation

rhomboids major/minor actions

retration/adduction of scapula, downward rotation, stabilization of scapula

Which muscles retract the scapula?

rhomboid major, rhomboid minor

the subclavius originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

rib, clavicle

the pec minor originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

ribs, coracoid process

the serratus anterior (boxers muscle) originates at the ___ and inserts at the ____

ribs, medial border of the scapula

What is the primary motion of the C2-C7? what is the primary motion of c5-c6?

rotation and lateral flexion to same side maximum flexion and extension of lower cervical spine

some common instability problems in the glenohumeral joint are

rotator cuff impingement, subluxation, and dislocations

intrinsic glenohumeral muscles are..

rotator cuff, deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Posterior longitudinal:

runs along the posterior aspect of the bodies of all 33 vertebrae

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Ligamentum Flavum:

runs between the laminae of the successive vertebrae.

{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Transverse ligament:

runs from one transverse process of the atlas, across the vertebral foramen, to the other transverse process and holds down the dens of axis in place

a bursa is a

sac filled with synovial fluid (subacromial and subscapular)

the elbow joint allows motion in this plane

sagittal

the joint cavity in the glenohumeral joint is __ while the joint capsule is __

shallow, loose

MM that elevate ribs during forced respiration (3)

scalenus anterior scalenus medius scalenus posterior

carpal

scaphoid (boat shaped) lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate

the teres major originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

scapula, medial intertubercular groove

scapulothoracic joint structures

scapula, posterior thoracic wall: muscles

internal knee rotators

semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus

Saphenous Nerve Function

sensory

Sural Nerve Function

sensory (only goes to skin, not muscles)

Deep Peroneal Nerve Function

sensory and motor function

Superficial Peroneal Nerve Function

sensory and motor function

Tibial Nerve (lateral and medial plantar) Function

sensory and motor function

acromioclavicular separation is the same as..

separated shoulder

raising the arm laterally requires the what muscles to do what

serratus anterior: upwardly rotate the scapula supraspinatus and deltoid muscles: perform glenohumeral abduction

purpose of patella

serves as a pulley to make knee extension easier

the brachialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

shaft of humerus coronoid process of ulna

8 structures covering the brain

skull epidural space dura mater subdural space arachnoid subarachnoid space pia mater brain

the trapezius originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

skull and vertebrae, clavicle and spine of scapula

what are the flexor muscles roles in throwing motions?

slow down rapid extension and prevent injuries

Slow fiber

slow twitch muscles

Muscle Tone

small amount of passively maintained muscle tension prompted by small contractions

BIA Scale:

small electric current sent through body via electrodes; sent through one foot/hand to tr1avel to the other. The time it takes gives BF%

neck sprain (whiplash) is a ____

soft tissue injury

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Anterior chamber:

space between the iris and the cornea

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Posterior chamber:

space between the iris and the lens

MM that extend lumbar spine (3 groups - spinalis: 3, semispinalis: 3, iliocostalis: 3)

spinalis: spinalis dorsi, spinalis cervicus, spinalis capitis semispinalis: semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis iliocostalis: iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis dorsi, iliocastalis cervicis

MM that attach to mastoid process (2)

splenius capitis sternocleidomastoid muscles

___ is the translation or slippage between adjacent joints

spondylolisthesis

___ is the defect of the vertebrae lamina

spondylolysis

Muscle fibers are...

spread through out the cell, not clustered (stimulus of a single motor unit causes weak contraction of entire muscle)

lifting task of trapezius

stabilize scapula, fixator for shoulder joint

the 3 functions of the shoulder girdle:

stabilize the scapula, maintain the scapula in relatively static position during shoulder joint actions, move shoulder girdle to enhance movement of upper extremity

Tip to Tail method of vector composition

start at one, and play connect the dots

______ is an injury to the ligaments connecting the sternum to the clavicle

sternoclavicular sprain

Antagonist muscle to extension of cervical spine

sternocleidomastoid

anatomical landmarks for thorax

sternum ribs (bottom pairs)

Pressure inside of the body is called

stress

valgus stress is..

stress at the distal end away from the body in anatomical position (MCL)

varus stress is..

stress at the distal end towards body in anatomical position (LCL)

What things affect running speed/velocity?

stride length x stride frequency

Densitometry

submerge under water or air displacement o Errors: volume of air in lungs, amount of fluid in body, intestine contents, gas o +- 3%

the subscapular originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___

subscapular fossa, head of humerus

this muscle is located on the anterior surface of the scapula

subscapularis

Which muscles internally rotate the shoulder?

subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major

The gastrocnemius is found ____________ to the soleus

superficial

location of hyoid bone

suspended under the tongue between the larynx and the mandible

synarthrodial joint

sutures of skull limited in movement

sacroiliac joint classifications

synovial gliding/plane, non-axial diarthrotic

knee joint classification

synovial modified hinge (some rotation), uniaxial diarthrotic

Triad

t-tubule and terminal cisterna on either side

Sensory neurons

take into from periphery to brain or spinal cord (eg. eye sight)

most congruent joint in human body

talocrual

tarsal

talus calcaneus midtarsal cuboid navicular cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral) metatarsals phalanges (distal, middle, proximal)

bones in subtalar joint

talus and calcaneus

names and positions of the seven tarsals

talus, calcaneus, navicular, cunieforms, cuboid

Calc direction of Resultant Vector

tan-1(yRV/xRV)

skeletal maturity in pelvis how is it measured

tanner-whitehouse and grulich-pyle

articulation of the mandible

temporal bone of the skull

a dislocation is a...

temporary movement of a bone from its original position

What type of soft-tissue injury would be likely to develop in the leg of a long distance runner who ran at least 10 miles a day for a year?

tendinitis

an injury to the lateral epicondylitis

tennis elbow

a basic bicep injury that is repetitive

tenosynovitis

hip internal rotators

tensor fascia latae, gluteus minimus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis

which of the following is involved in should joint extension

teres major

Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?

teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis

Weight

the amount of gravitational force exerted on a body (lbs and Newtons)

Range of Motion (ROM)

the amount of movement of a joint

Origin

the attachment to the more stationary bone

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

the axon terminal + motor end plate + synapse/synaptic cleft

Extensibility

the capacity of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged

Excitability

the capacity to respond to stimuli

Joint Stability

the capacity to withstand displacement

the brachial plexus is..

the network of nerve fibers that run from the spine to the upper extremity

Recruitment

the number of a muscle's motor units that are activated

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Pupil:

the opening in the center of the iris/eye

Epimysium

the outer fascial layer, found beneath the deep fascia and swathes the entire muscle belly

Wave Simulation

the pace at which nerve signals are fired through a motor unit

Center of Gravity

the point around which a body's weight is equally balanced no matter how the body is positioned

Mass (m)

the quantity of matter in an object (english: slug / metric: kg)

Acceleration

the rate of change of velocity

Torque

the rotary effect of a force T=fd

Force-velocity Relationship

the speed of a muscle's contraction will dictate its maximal force production

Area that contains cerebrospinal fluid

the subarachnoid space, the area below the arachnoid and between the arachnid and pia mater coverings

What area contains the cerebrospinal fluid?

the subarachnoid spce

Inertia

the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion

the scapula and clavicle are often fractured because..

their shape and they are held in place by ligaments

Positive Affirmations

thoughts that focus on desirable characteristics

Diabetes

through exercise, helps body become more insulin sensitive

ulnar collateral ligament injury (UCL)

throwing athletes - pain, looseness, decreased performance

tarsal bones articulate with

tibia medial malleolus and fibula lateral malleolus @ the troclear of the talus

dorsiflexors

tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius

muscles of anterior compartment of lower leg

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius

{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Cornea:

transparent layer just under the eyelid

the radioulnar joint allows motion in this plane

transverse

MM group that assists rectus abdomens and assists in trunk rotation

transverse abdominis

1st digit carpometacarpal joint structures

trapezium and base of 1st metacarpal bone

macrotraumatic injuries are a result of ___ and produce immediate pain, and also include ___,___,___,___,___,___

trauma fractures, dislocations, subluxations, etc

motor tract of nerves

travel to and from cerebrum through brain stem, passing from motor aspect of brain's cortex through medulla oblongata crossing over to the opposite side (ex. left cortex to right medulla oblongata)

What separates the ulna from the distal row of carpals?

triangular fiber cartilage

these two muscles are involved in elbow extension

triceps brachii and anconeus

Which muscles extend the elbow?

triceps brachii, anconeus

the agonists in elbow extension are ___,___

triceps, anconeus

ulnohumeral joint structures

trochlea of humeral condyle and trochlea notch of ulna

distal radioulnar joint structures

ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna

an accident is an..

unexpected, unavoidable, and unintentional event

classification of talocrual joint

uni-axial diarthrotic, synovial hinge

Anthropometric BFC:

uses skin folds, girths o Errors: not accurate reading unless you go to the same person to be measured o +- 7%

VMO

vastus medialis obliques fibers of vastus medialis that are distal as they approach medial border of patella medial stabilizer of the patella

the levator scapulae originates at the ___ and inserts on the _____

vertebrae, medial border of scapula above the spine

Smooth muscle location

walls of hollow organs and tubes (stomach, intestines, blood vessels)

anconeus actions

weak extension of elbow

discussion question 1 (ch. 6)

what are strengths and weaknesses of each of the major types of epidemiologic study? --randomized controlled trial --cohort --case-control

discussion question 2 (ch. 4)

what has epidemiology contributed to peoples understanding of: -heart disease? -lung cancer?

Attributions

what you have direct control over, not cause of luck, or something your opponent is going to do.

Fat Pad

when a joint's non-articulating regions require some stuffing

Passive tension

when a muscle fiber is stretched beyond its resting length, it builds up tension and tries to return to its normal length

Contract

when a muscle shortens

Active Insufficiency

when an action is weakened or incomplete due to excessive shortness of the multi-joint agonist

the metabolic and structural adaptations to anaerobic and aerobic training and the cardiorespiratory responses to endurance training

• Anaerobic: adapt neurologically the first 4 weeks; after we adapt hypertrophy (muscles increasing in size) body gets better at storing glycogen in the muscles • Aerobic: adapt first by increasing blood volume (red blood cells carry O2), then we get increased stroke volume (blood pumped per beat), cardiac output (HRxSV), leads to more ability to use oxygen. Nothing happens to lungs, healthy lung is a healthy lung

the basic principles of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism and what these terms mean

• Anaerobic: without oxygen, energy sources have limited supply. Relatively short/high intensity output. Happens in the sarcoplasm, energy comes from glycogen and glucose • Aerobic: with oxygen, duration of exercise determines what is burned. Relatively long/low intensity output. Happens in the mitochondria.

Physical (PETTLEP)

• Athlete should wear correct clothing as in competition • Adopt the correct stance • Hold any props

what blood pressure is and what systolic and diastolic pressures are

• Blood pressure flows from high to low o Systolic: blood pressure when heart is contracting, ventricular system occurs o Diastolic: minimum arterial pressuring during relaxation and dilation of ventricles of the heart when the ventricles fill with blood

the role of blood flow in temperature regulation

• Body regulates by controlling amount of blood that flows to the skin o Skin blood flow enough to not lose all heat o Cardiac output and muscle blood flow are limiting factors

the concept of energy balance

• Carbs, fats, proteins • Weight will not change if caloric intake is equal to energy expenditure • Weight gain is stored as fat, but weight loss takes away protein from muscles • Muscle loss lowers metabolic rate

the difference in core and shell temperatures

• Core not changed as easily because of internal features • Shell changes easier because it's exposed to the temperatures

the definition of cardiac output and the components which go into its determination

• Determined by heart rate x stroke volume o @ rest: CO (5 L/min) a o @ exercise: CO (25 L/min)

the difference between physical fitness and health

• Easier to get healthy rather than being physically fit • Physical fitness is a measure of one's capability to complete tasks, health is a description

the process of carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis) and fat metabolism (beta oxidation)

• Energy conversion requires enzymes- glycolysis (converting glucose to ATP), beta oxidation (converting free fatty acids), kreb's cycle and electoral transport chain. Only 20-30% of food is converted for mechanical use

role of exercise in heart disease and hypertension

• Exercise can help reduce the risk of heart disease because it strengthens the heart • Exercise can reduce high blood pressure, especially with cardiorespiratory endurance training

the importance intensity, frequency, duration, mode and rate of progression for exercise

• FIT: can manipulate any of these to disrupt homeostasis. This is a way to reach fitness goals.

which nutrient (carbs, fats) is primarily used for different intensities of exercise

• Fats are used at lower intensity; carbs are used at higher intensity.

the body's main ways to gain and lose heat

• Gain: increasing metabolic energy. Behavioral changes are more effective and improper attire can be dangerous • Lose: evaporation (sweating)

understand the importance of fluid and electrolyte intake and when sports drinks are appropriate

• Important because they spread nutrients around the body, prevent fatigue, removes waste, regulates temperature • Sport drinks are appropriate when trying to absorb more fluid and they add a carb. o Best time to drink them are during a workout

the difference between intervals and continuous training

• Interval training: rest periods lead to more training at a higher intensity • Continuous training: 60-80% of max heart rate, no rest time

the difference between isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions

• Isometric: no change in action, example would be pulling on locked door • Concentric: muscle shortens, example would be doing a bicep curl • Eccentric: muscle lengthens, example would be

what forms of cholesterol exist and recommended values of each

• LDL: lazy (worse) more diet related • HDL: good thing o Total: <200 o LDL: <100 o HDL:>46

exercise prescription components (frequency, intensity, duration)

• Lower intensity, higher duration exercise may help the most.

the basics of VO2max test, its significance, and factors affecting it

• Measures how much oxygen your body can get • Important to see how in shape someone is and how hard they can train • Relative score, depends person to person o Genetics: 70-90% o Training: 10-30%

the time course for muscular strength (neural vs hypertrophy)

• Most gains occur in first month, neural advances in strength • Hypertrophy begins after month one, muscle fibers increase in size, not number

the function and purpose of the cardiovascular system

• Network responsible for connection tissues of the body together • Delivers O2 and blood to body

the intensity and duration components of the ATP-PC, lactic acid, and aerobic energy systems and the type of exercise associated with each

• PC/Immediate: short (10 seconds>), max intensity, sarcoplasm, type 2b, stored ATP-PC, phosphate group from PC is added to ADP to form ATP • Lactic Acid: short (10-90 seconds), high intensity, sarcoplasm, type 2a, glycogen (glucose), glycogen broken down to form lactic acid/pyruvic acid • Aerobic: long (90 seconds<), low intensity, mitochondria, type 1, fat (glucose), fat broken down for ATP

the significance of lactate threshold

• Point where lactate acid dramatically increases • Slow down before lactate has to accumulate • Want to stay around lactate threshold when shifted to right, aerobic moves go longer faster, improves performance • The better your body is regulated to it, better off you'll be

the purpose of the pulmonary system and what are the effects of training on the lung

• Purpose is moving oxygen and blood from the heart. The lungs breathe in air and allow it to get to the heart and then oxygen is dispersed. When you have trained lungs, they can get more oxygen to the heart.

the difference in CO, SV, heart rate, and VO2 between trained and untrained subjects

• Trained athletes will increase CO, stroke volume, which increases VO2. Heart rate will decrease.

the characteristics and properties of skeletal muscle fiber types and type of physical activity associated with each

• Type 1: red, slow, aerobic, slower to fatigue • Type 2a: fast, twitch, oxidative • Type 2b: white muscle fiber, fast, twitch, fast, anaerobic, quicker to fatigue

approximate values for breathing frequency and tidal volume

• V= breathing frequency x tidal volume • V= ventilation per minute • F= breaths/minute (12-15) • Tidal volume: amount of air moved per breath (.4-.5L/breath)

the importance of body composition (including the two compartment model)

• Want to have a higher percentage of lean fat with little fat body mass • Men= 15%; women= 23% • BMI gives an idea of how physically fit you are

what happens to the distribution of cardiac output from rest to maximal exercise and how this happens

• cardiac output will increase • it will go to skeletal muscles instead of organs during exercise

factors responsible for individual differences in body fat

• cultural factors: 30% • genetic factors: 25% • other (lifestyle, environment): 45%

what stroke volume, heart rate, and oxygen consumption are

• stroke volume: amount of blood pumped out of the heart • heart rate: number of contractions of the heart • oxygen consumption: amount of oxygen taken up and utilized by the body per minute

the general structure of muscle and where energy for muscular contraction comes from

• structure o 75% water o 20% proteins (myosin, actin) o 5% minerals • muscles rebuild themselves • Energy comes from ATP

what components (and percentages) go into total energy expenditure over a typical day

• thermogenic influence of food composition: 10% • physical activity: 15-30% • resting metabolic rate: 60-75% (maintains life) burn 1500-2000 calories at rest

Hamstring Group

•Semimembranosus •Semitendinosus •Biceps femoris •Previously covered