Structural Kinesiology Test #5 -
Applying Forces
Applied forces have reactions that must be anticipated
What are some factors that influence a person's appraisal of a stressor?
Aptitude/ability, coping skills, past experience, trait anxiety
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Costovertebral Ligament:
Articulate the 12 pairs of ribs of the thorax with the 12 thoracic vertebrae
What muscle inserts into the base of the 3rd metacarpal
Flexor carpi radialis
Which muscle is located between the pisiform and the 5th finger
Flexor carpi ulnaris
The lumbricals share a tendon w/ which muscle?
Flexor digitorum profundis
Bucket Handle Tear
Medial Meniscus Injury.
Insertion to the levator scapula
Medial boarder of the scapula
The flexor/pronator group of the elbow originates:
Medial epicondyle
What is the order of the respiratory tree?
Oral/Nasal Cavity --> Pharynx-->Larynx-->Trachea-->Bronchi-->Bronchioles-->Respiratory Bronchioles-->Aveolar ducts--> Atria --> Air Sacs
the flexor carpi radialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
O: medial epicondyle of humerus I: base of 2 and 3 metacarpals
the palmaris longus originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
O: medial epicondyle of humerus I: palmar aponeurosis
the flexor carpi ulnaris originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
O: medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna I: carpals
the flexor digitorm superficialis originates at the __ and inserts at the __
O: medial epicondyle, radius, ulna I: four tendons on phalanges
Which suboccipital does not attach to the occiput?
Oblique Capitis Inferior
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} What are the extrinsic muscles of the eye?
Obliquus (superior and inferior) Orbitals Four recti muscles (superior, medialis, lateralis, inferior)
List and describe the steps of the scientific method.
Observation - something that probes a question Question - something that can be tested to form an answer Hypothesis - a possible solution to the question usually in the if, then, because format Experiment/Test - what is done to determine the answer to the question Results - information collected from the experiment Analysis - compilation of the results to come to a conclusion Conclusion - the final answer to the posed question
Quadriceps
- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus intermedius - vastus medialis
Qualities to effective images
- vividness -controllability
2 Types of Attention Training
-Association -Self-talk
Dystrophin
-structural protein -links thin filaments to integral proteins of sarcolemma
Sesamoids
- plantar surface of foot - found in the tendons of the flexor hallicus brevis
Superficial Posterior Compartment
- plantaris - soleus - gastrocnemius - popliteus ** innervated by tibial nerve ** calf muscles ** action: plantar flexion ** inserts at calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon
Where is the hyoid bone located?
-Suspended under the tongue between the larynx and the mandible -has no articulation with other skull bones -serves as point of attachment for # of muscles of neck and tongue
Joints of the Ankle Complex
- subtalar joint (talus and calcaneus) - talocrural joint (tib/fib and talus- plantar and dorsiflexion) - distal tibiofibular joint (tibia and fibula)
subclavius muscle
- support scapula
What articulates at the mandible?
-Temporomandibular joint and the temporal bone -Articulation b/w the head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone form the diarthrodial joint.
Attentional forces
-attentional selectivity -attentional capacity -attentional alertness
ozone
-highly reactive variant of oxygen -produced by sunlight acting on other air pollutants -irritates eyes and respiratory system -increases mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
carbon monoxide
-highly toxic gas -mostly produced in vehicle exhaust -especially harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease -causes headaches and impairs mental proceses
epidemiology and chronic diseases
-identify risk factors -observe long-term trends -studies of chronic diseases are more complicated than for infectious diseases/toxic contamination -heart disease is leading cause of death in U.S. -Lung cancer and smoking studies followed in early 1950s
Primary function of iron
Healthy red blood cells
What is factor P?
Purposeful physical activity...eg: walking the dog
actions of the posterior deltoid
abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation
Heat acclimation
Biological adaptations that reduce physiological strain, improve physical work capabilities, etc. from heat injury
Vitamin D functions
Bone health, absorption of calcium
Subcutaneous prepatellar Infra patellar Plica
Bursae
clavicle injuries
broken usually in the middle / most commonly fractured bone
Tuckman's Theory of Group Development
Can be linear but it can lead to adjourning. Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
What subunits are starches made from?
Carbs
movements of the humeroulnar joint are ___ and ___
flexion/extension
Radiation
gain/loss without intervening middle o Body heat given off o Amount based on surface area, temperature, ability to give off/absorb radiation (emissity)
plantar flexors
gastrocnemius and soleus
Proteins of SR form
gated channels for calcium
The peroneus brevis is found _________ to the peroneus longus
inferior
shoulder dislocation: other fractures
inferior surface of the glenoid and tear of the glenoid labrum
Simple Joints
linking two bones
Contralateral lateral deviation?
medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid
Protraction?
medial pterygoid and lateral pterygoid
subscapularis muscle actions
medial rotation of shoulder joint, adduction, extend humerus
assistive knee flexors
sartorius, gracilis, popliteus, gastrocnemius
tendons of pes anserinus
sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus
What bone is located in the anatomical snuff box?
scaffold
radiohumeral joint movements
sliding
the glenoid labrum slightly enhances..
stability (acts like a suction cup)
Brachialis
Flexion
plane or gliding
tarsal/carpal
amortization phase
time it changes to get from concentric to eccentric
Pace
time/distance
Plantar Pressure Measurement
used in the shoe industry and in medicine to treat/ prevent ulceration of the plantar surface of the foot
Cardiac muscle location
wall of heart
Medial epicondylitis
Golfers elbow
Power
work/time Units=watts
extensor digiti minimi
wrist and little finger extension; inserts on 5th phalange only
abductor pollicis longus
wrist and thumb extension and abduction
this is also known as dorsiflexion of the wrist
wrist extension
Pectoralis Minor attaches to what bony landmark
Ribs 3,4 5
Full ROM dependent on
Scapular Motion
VO2max
Vo2max/weight(%)
RVO2max
Vo2max/weight-3.5(%)+3.5
((mb-Mbuw)/DH20)-Rv-GV
Volume of body equation
Theories of Group development
Linear, Circular, Pendular
What methods increase body temperature?
Metabolism (on rare occasions, convection)
What methods does your body use for temperature regulation?
Metabolism, evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation
the General Adaptation Syndrome
Must train to disrupt homeostasis, work capacity drops during training, so you must have adequate recovery time in order to increase work capacity
Composition of thick filaments
Myosin
Thick filaments
Myosin
Lateral Collateral Ligament
- posterior talofibular ligament - calcaneofibular ligament - anterior talofibular ligament * lateral side of the foot - anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Ligament components of the medial ankle
- posterior tibiotalar - tibiocalcaneal - anterior tibiotalar - tibionavicular
Semitendinosus
- origin: ischial tuberosity - insertion: medial tibial condyle - action: hip extension and knee flexion - innervation: tibial
Plantaris
- origin: lateral condyle of the femur - insertion: calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon - action: plantar flexion, knee flexion - innervation: tibial nerve ** missing in about 10% of humans
Extensor Digitorum Longus
- origin: lateral condyle of the tibia - insertion: middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5 - action: ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, extends PIP and DIP joints of the toes - innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Popliteus
- origin: lateral femoral condyle - insertion: posterior tibia (lateral meniscus) - action: knee flexion (internal rotation of tibia) - innervation: tibial nerve
Tibialis Anterior
- origin: lateral tibial condyle - insertion: medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal - action: dorsiflexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Vastus Medialis
- origin: linea aspera of the femur - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon - action: knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve
Biceps Femoris
- origin: long head- ischial tuberosity, short head- linea aspera - insertion: long head- head of fibula, short head- head of fibula - action: long head- hip extension and knee flexion, short head- knee flexion - innervation: long head- tibial, short head- common peroneal
Gastrocnemius
- origin: medial and lateral condyles of the femur - insertion: calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon - action: plantar flexor, knee flexion - innervation: tibial nerve
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
- origin: posterior-lateral aspect of femur - insertion: antero-medial aspect of tibial plateau
Peroneus Longus
- origin: proximal fibular shaft - insertion: 1st metatarsal - action: eversion, plantar flexion - innervation: superficial peroneal nerve
Soleus
- origin: proximal tibia and fibular head - insertion: calcaneal tuberosity via the Achilles tendon - action: plantar flexor - innervation: tibial nerve
Flexor Digitorum Longus
- origin: tibial shaft - insertion: distal phalanges of toes 2-5 - action: flexion of toes 2-5, ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: tibial nerve ** "Dick"
Lateral Compartment
- peroneus longus - peroneus brevis ** innervation: superficial peroneal nerve
What are the four motions of the foot and ankle?
- plantar and dorsiflexion - inversion and eversion
Talocrural (ankle) motion
- plantar flexion (~50 degrees of motion from neutral position) - dorsiflexion (~15-20 degrees of motion from neutral)
4th Layer of Plantar Muscles
- plantar interossei - dorsal interossei
Other Posterior Muscles
- popliteus - gastrocnemius - plantaris
Deltoid Ligament
- posterior tibiotalar ligament - tibiocalcaneal ligament - tibionavicular ligament - anterior tibiotalar ligament ** medial side of the foot
Anterior Thigh Muscles
- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedius - sartorius - TFL
"itis" injuries
- remember the 5 cardinal s/s of inflammation * achilles tendonitis * posterior tibialis tendonitis * peroneal fascitis * plantar fascitis * sesamoiditis * bursitis
Which 3 distinct joints work together in the knee?
- tibiofemoral joint - patellofemoral joint - proximal tibiofibular joint
Stable Equilibrium
-Greater torque is needed to tip over -Larger base of support -Flat base of support -COG well inside BOS
Types of outcome interdependence
-Group Outcome Interdependence -Individual Outcome Interdependence
Group Outcome Interdependence
-Group, overall goal
cohort study examples
-Framingham heart study -Nurses' health study -British study of physicians on smoking and lung cancer -Hammond-Horn study on smoking and lung cancer in US
What are the muscles classified as part of the suprahyoid muscle group?
-Geniohyoid -Mylohyoid -Stylohyoid -Digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)
Function and sources of vitamin B6
-Make neurotransmitters, serotonin, & norepinephrine, normal brain function -Fish, beef liver, meats
GlenoHumeral- Horizontal Adduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-
-Protraction -Bench Press
What is the term used to describe the failure of the heart valve to fully close?
-Regurgitation: rushing of the blood backward -can be heard during and after the "dub" sound
Glenohumeral- Horizontal Abduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-
-Retraction -Reverse Fly
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Optic
-Second Cranial Nerve/Sensory/Sight -impulses are conducted between the retina and the center of vision located in the occipital lobe
External Imagery
-Seeing yourself and everything around you -You view yourself from the perspective of an outside observer
Goal setting programs- Circular process
-Set goals -Secure Commitment -Identify Barriers -Obtain Feedback -Evaluate goal attainment -Reinforce goal attainment
Define Outcome Interdependence
-Shared influence over each other's results -Our outcome as a group depends on contributions of each individual member
Indirect approach
-Specialists works with group leader providing education and developing strategies for the leader to apply with the group: • Educate • Acquisition • Implementation
SMART Goals
-Specific -Measurable -Attainable -Realistic -Timely
Process Goals
-Specify actions the individual must engage in during performance in order to perform well (HOW goals) -Ex: shift weight on forward swing -Depends on time and effort
Outcome Goals
-Standards that focus on the result of a contest relative to others • Ex: beating the other team -Depends on time, effort, ability of you AND time, effort, and ability of others
Motivational General- Mastery
-The athlete images being able to remain focused -Images that will promote calm, focus, relaxed.
Cognitive Specific
-The athlete images correctly executing a specific skill -Imagine correct technique, mechanics, skill, etc. -Seeing yourself perform a skill
Motivational General- Arousal
-The athlete images/experiences general emotions and/or feelings -Images that will provoke energy, enthusiasm
Which arteries supply blood to the brain?
-The epidural space contains the major arteries of the brain -Left and right common carotid arteries: ascend toward the head -Subclavian artery: they are the vertebral arteries -External carotid artery --> ascending pharyngeal artery -The internal carotid artery supplies to most of the brain -Anterior and middle cerebral arteries: supplies numerous structures of the brain
Sarcomere
-muscle segment -smallest functional unit of muscle -repeating unit of myofibrils -divided into units by z-discs
What alteration in the GRF curve do proponents of barefoot running say make barefoot running more healthy?
.
Macrocycle takes
1 year
Muscle fiber (cell) characteristics (4)
1. huge cells (10x avg body cell size; up to 30cm long) 2. multinucleate 3. sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) 4. sarcoplasm
Lumen
continuous with SR
Myofibrils
cylindrical contractile organelles in muscle fibers
Cytokinesis vs. Karyokinesis
cytokinesis is splitting of cells while karyokinesis is splitting of nuclei. Both happen during mitosis.
Sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle cell (fiber)
There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 3:
1. iliocostalis lumborum 2. iliocostalis dorsi 3. iliocostalis cervicis
extensor digitorum
extends digits 2-5, extends wrist, weak elbow flexion
triceps brachii actions
extends elbow, extends shoulder joint (long head)
True or False: ALL 5 digits have proximal, middle, and distal phalanx associated with them
false
True or False: the 5 phalanges of the foot are comprised of a proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
false
True or False: the gastrocnemius and soleus are both two-joint muscles
false
True or False: the lower leg is divided into 3 compartments. (anterior, lateral and posterior compartments)
false
True or False: the peroneus tertius muscle is located in the lateral compartment
false
True or False: the subtalar joint is responsible mainly for inversion and plantarflexion
false
True or False: together, the tibia, fibula and calcaneus form the talocrural joint
false
Fast Fiber
fast twitch muscles
coxa vara
femoral neck angle <125˚
coxa valgum
femoral neck angle >125˚
which motions occur at the radiocarpal joint
flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
the brachioradialis (beer drinking muscle) does what movements?
flexion, pronation, supination
1st metacarpophalangeal joint movements
flexion/extension
interphalangeal joint movements
flexion/extension
primary hip flexors
iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major)
Ovoid Joint
includes two bones that form a concave-convex link
The calcaneus is found __________ to the talus
inferior
inflammation is the response to ___
injury
syndesmotic (high) ankle sprain
injury to distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous ligament
What question would you ask a client to get supraspinatus to contract?
Abduct the arms
Middle Deltoid
Abduction
Posterior Deltoid
Abduction, Extension, Horizontal Abduction, External Rotation
Anterior Deltoid
Abduction, Flexion, Horizontal Adduction, Internal Rotation
Muscles that make up the anatomical snuff box
Abductor pollicus longus Extensor pollicus and brevis
Where do the axon terminals connect?
About midway along the muscle cell
If you know pace, can you calculate speed?
its the reciprocal
the triceps brachii inserts on this part of the ulna
olecrannon process
pitchers shoulder is also known as ____
osteochondritis dissecans
Respiratory tree (7) from largest to smallest
pharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles alveolar ducts air sacs
diathrodial joint
plane or gliding hinge pivot condylar ellipsoid saddle ball and socket
The talocrural joint is responsible for _________ and _________ at the ankle
plantar, dorsiflexion
elbow joint complex
radiohumeral joint, ulnohumeral joint, radioulnar joint
pivot
radioulnar
these two bones make up the radioulnar joint
radius and ulnar
carpal bones articulate with
radius at the radiocarpal joint
ulnocarpal joints movements
sliding
Arthrokinematic Motion
small, unseen movement happening within the joint
what muscle stabilizes and protects the sternoclavicular joint?
subclavius
1/3 fat located
subcutaneously
Muscle Belly
the portion between tendons bound together with a neighboring muscle by a layer of fascia profunda
Impulse
the product of a force and the time over which it acts l=Ft
iliotibial band
thick, strong band of tissue connecting tensor fascia latae to femur and tibia
Specific Weight
weight/volume
{Be able to differentiate between the parts of the ear} External
The external ear is divided into: 1. pinna or auricle 2. External meatus (auditory canal) 3. Tympanic membrane
Weight
The force the earth uses to pull on mass. Downward direction
Task (PETTLEP)
The image of performing the task should be identical to the actual performance of the task. (ex: a gymnast mimicking the exact elements of performing on a balance beam)
What is the action of the Masseter?
Bilaterally: elevation Unilaterally: ipsilateral lateral deviation(uses a lot of force to close mandible against gravity)
Medial Pterygoid action?
Bilaterally: elevation and protrusion Unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation
Botulinium Toxin (Botox)
Blocks release of ACh from terminal, which paralyzes the muscle
What is thermogenic?
Changes in body temperature that occur during exercise and that are associated with increased central and peripheral neuron activity in the brain
the energy values of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Carbs: typical source of energy for endurance athletes; glucose is most common. Two different types: starch and sugar. Fats: saturated and unsaturated (better). They are necessary to absorb certain vitamins. Fuel used when train at low intensity. Proteins: need more protein when there is more muscle breakdown. If endurance athlete or working out at higher intensity, need more. Because it is responsible for repairing tissue, energy is dependent on the intensity.
The 3 Types of Muscles
Cardiac, Smooth, and Striated
Glossopharyngeal
Carries sensory information (touch, temperature, and pressure) from the pharynx and soft palate. Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
Facial
Carries sensory information from the face and taste information.
Trigeminal
Carries sensory information from the face, forehead, nasal cavity, tongue, gums and teeth.
Moisture
Caused by excessive perspiration or incontinence can irritate or soften the skin and contribute to the development of pressure ulcers.
Which muscles help put away dishes?
Coracobrachiali Pec Major Deltoid
List 3 muscles that originate (or insert) on the coracoid process.
Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii (short head), pectoralis minor
Pec minor attaches to...
Corocoid process
Insertion of pec major
Crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus
What factors of the crowd lead to the effect of HFA?
Crowd... -size -density -proximity
Over stretching this muscle may decrease ability of flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Which extensor can be palates along the shaft of the ulna?
Extensor carpi ulnaris
How to calc x-cordinate of Vector 1
Vector1(cosO)
How to calc y-cordinate of Vector 1
Vector1(sinO)
How to calc x-cordinate of Vector 2
Vector2(cosO)
How to calc y-cordinate of Vector 2
Vector2(sinO)
Identifying Alignment of the Body
Visual, touch, analyze the bony landmarks
What make up nutrients?
Water, macronutrients, micronutrients
Horizontal adduction of the shoulder joint is associated with this action of the shoulder girdle
abduction
shoulder dislocation: most vulnerable position
abduction (excessive extension) and external rotation
supraspinatus muscle actions
abduction of shoulder
actions of the anterior deltoid
abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation
all fibers of deltoid muscle actions
abducts shoulder
muscular endurance
ability of a muscle to perform repeated contractions
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Iris:
an elastic membrane located between the cornea and the lens; portion of the eye that is colored
which muscle is involved in elbow extension
anconeous
carrying angle
angle between arm and forearm
quadriceps (Q) angle
angle formed by intersection of lines connecting the ASIS and mid-patella AND the tibial tuberosity and mid-patella
angle of anteversion
angle of the femoral neck in the transverse plane
most common injury in sports setting
ankle sprain
The anterior tibialis can be found ____________ to the gastrocnemius
anterior
What are the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?
anterior GH, posterior GH, inferior GH, coracohumeral
the agonists in glenohumeral flexion are
anterior delt, upper pec, coracobrachialis
which muscle is involved with horizontal adduction of the shoulder joint
anterior deltoid
lateral ankle ligaments
anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, and posterior talofibular
Ligaments of spinal column (13)
antlantoocicipital (attach to occipital and C1) occipitoaxial (membrana tectoria, occipital bone of skull to dens of C2) atlantoaxial (attach atlas and axis) costovertebral (not involved in movement of spinal column, six per rib, 12 pairs of ribs of thorax with 12 thoracic vertebrae) transverse ligament (hangman's ligament, C1 to dens of C2) 2 interbody (length of spinal column) Anterior longitudinal (anterior aspect of all vertebrae) posterior longitudinal (posterior aspect of all vertebrae) ligamentum flavum (laminae of successive vertebrae) interspinous ligament (coccyx to external occipital) ligmentum nuchae (external occipital and 7th cervical) iliolumbar ligament (5th lumbar to ilium of pelvis) intervertebral disc (spaces in-between vertebrae)
occipital bone and orientation to cervical bone (movement)
any movement of the head is the result of movement at the joints between the occipital bone of the skull and the first and second skull and cervical spine
Pain Perception
Fast Pain >sharp and well localized, transmitted by myelinated axons. Slow Pain >dull aching sensation, not well localized, transmitted by unmyelinated axons.
What foods can you find cholesterol in?
Fast foods, meat, poultry, high-fat dairy products
Knee Bones
Femur Tibia Fibula Patella
Knock Knees
Femur: Medial condyle is taller than the lateral condyle
Applied Force
Force inflicted on the environment Muscular Force
Coefficient of Dynamic Friction
Force of dynamic friction/force perpendicular(normal)
Coefficient of Static Friction
Force of static friction/Force perpendicular (normal)
Work
Force*Distance (W=Fd) Units=Joules
Torque
Force*Force Arm units=Newton meters(Nm)
Pressure
Force/Area Units=N/m2
Pressure
Force/Area (metric: N/m^2 - english: psi)
5 shapes of muscles
Fusiform, Pinnate, Bipinnate, Multipinnate, and Radiate
Stage 1 pressure sore
Intact skin with non-blanchable (does not turn white when pressed) areas of redness usually over a bony prominence. May be warm to the touch.
the acute effects of high altitude on aerobic performance
Intensity and duration of the work is reduced due to the lower than normal air pressure, less oxygen getting to the brain
Pectoralis Major(upper fibers)
Internal Rotation, Horizontal Adduction, flexion, abduction, adduction
On lateral tibia Also c shaped, tapered Smaller than medial
Lateral Menisci
All but one of the wrist extensor muscles originate off?
Lateral epicondyle
Origin of the supinator
Lateral epicondyle
The extensor/supinator group of the elbow originates:
Lateral epicondyle
Which muscle is a synergist with pec major in the action of medial rotation shutting the door
Latissimus Dorsi
Newton's 1st Law
Law of Inertia - object at rest stays at rest, motion stays in motion unless acted upon
Cons of plant protein
Low biological value
Pros of plant protein
Low fat, low saturated fat, no cholesterol, high fiber
4 characteristics of Force
Magnitude Direction Line of action Point of application
Sensory Transduction
Receptors: transform an external signal into a membrane potential. Two types of receptor cells: --specialized epithelial cell --nerve cell
Daily fiber recommendations?
Males-40 grams/day Females-25 grams/day
What percentage of male and female athletes experience staleness in elite distance running?
Males-64% Females-60%
On medial tibia C shaped Thick outside border Tapers to the middle
Medial menisci
Cardiac muscle cell input for control
Nervous system and hormones
Smooth muscle cell input for control
Nervous system and hormones
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) at the NMJ that is produced in the neuron and stored in synaptic vesicles.
Are overtraining and staleness the same thing?
No
Linear Equilibrium
No net external force can be causing a change in motion All linear forces must be equal to 0
Rotary Equilibrium
No net external torque causing a change in a system rotary motion All rotary forces must equal 0
Yes or No Supraspinatus rotates the shoulder
No. It does not
basis of coronary heart disease; causes, risk factors (primary, secondary)
Often because of an accumulation of cholesterol in arteries o Primary: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, lack of exercise, family history, male, older age o Secondary: stress, obesity, diabetes -Cannot get heart disease based on secondary
Friction
Occurs when force is available to overcome the body's resistance to movement, even slight rubbing or friction on the skin may cause minor pressure ulcers. Slideboard
Shearing
Occurs when the skin moves in one direction, and the underlying bone moves in another. This type of movement stretches and tears cell walls and small blood vessels. Ex. Sitting in bed with head of bed elevated. Gravity pulls person down, skin in opposite direction.
Which three cranial nerves innervate the voluntary muscles of the eye?
Oculomotor, Trochlear, and Abducens
Explain how to use a fire extinguisher.
PASS. Pull pin, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep side to side.
State 4 contraindications for NOT taking blood pressure (BP) on an arm
PICC line Lymphedema DVT Masectomy
Stage 2
Partial thickness loss -epidermis or topmost layer of the skin is broken. -presenting as an abrasion or shallow open ulcer with a pink/red wound bed. -no necrotic (dead) tissue. -the ulcer may also present as an intact or open blister.
The serratus anterior aBducts the scapula, making it a direct antagonist to which muscle?
Rhomboids
Name one of the muscles that assist with stabilizing the scapula
Rhomboids Levator Scap Traps Serratus anterior
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Iliolumbar ligament:
Runs between transverse process of the 5th lumbar vertebrae to the ilium of the pelvis
What are the muscles that attach to the mastoid process?
Splenius Capitis and the sternocleidomastoid
Staging of pressure sores
Stage 1 (first sign) to Stage 4 (worst)
Where is the suprasternal notch located?
Superior edge of the manubrium
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Suprascapularis
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Suspensory Ligament:
Suspends the lens in the eyeball
Inertia
System's ability to resist external forces
T or F: Shoulder girdle is NOT dependent on the shoulder joint and its muscles
T
T or F: The trapezius is most superficial
T
T or F: shoulder dislocations are likely to reoccur
T
How does the Upper and Lower thoracic spine motions differ?
T1-T3 function with cervical spine-SB and Rotation coupled togethe T4-T12 function with lumbar spine: 1In erect posture SB and Rotation occur in opposite directions 2In flexion: SB and Rotation occur together
What is the origin of the rhomboid major?
T2-T5
Pennate Belly
calls for a larger number of muscle fibers than a parallel muscle, but with fibers of shorter length
Mental Health
can reduce anxiety, stress, and depression
radiohumeral joint structures
capitulum of humeral condyle and head of the radius (little contact)
Saddle Joint
composed of convex and concave articulating surfaces and affords back and forth as well as side to side motions
Joint capsule
comprised of two layers, an external layer of dense fibrous tissue that supports the articulating bones and acts as a container for the joint contents
the metacarpophalangeal is a ___ joint
condyloid
the radiocarpal is a ___ joint
condyloid
Insertion
connection to the more mobile bone
accuracy_______ with higher levels of obesity
decreases
Sarcolemma protrudes
deep into muscle cell repeatedly
What is spondylolysis
defect or Fx of "pars interarticularis"
medial ankle ligaments
deltoid ligaments: ant/post tibiotalar, tibiocalcaneal, and tibionavicular
Which muscles extend the shoulder?
deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Which muscle abduct the shoulder?
deltoid, supraspiantus
what is a hangmans fx?
dens c2 forceful hyperextension
lower fibers of trapezius muscle actions
depress, retract, upward rotation
levator scapulae muscle actions
elevates scapula, downward rotation, flex neck laterally, weak adduction of scapula
Shoulder joint flexion is associated with this movement of the shoulder girdle
elevation
the levator scapulae is involved in which motion of the scapula
elevation
actions of the trapezius are...
elevation, depression, upward rotation, and depression
actions of the levator scapulae are...
elevation, retraction, downward rotation
scapulothoracic joint movements
elevation/depression, retraction/protraction, upward/downward rotation
sternoclavicular joint movements
elevation/depression, rotation
Muscle Fibers
elongated tubes that have incredible movement potential
patterns of disease occurrence
epidemiologists can infer why a disease is occurring if they know: -WHO is getting the disease? -WHEN did they get it? -WHERE is it occurring? --use this knowledge to control and prevent spread of disease
Three layers of connective tissue
epimysium, perimysium and endomysium
Number of sinus (4) and which sinuses contain which artery/nerve
ethmoid - olfactory nerve frontal - olfactory nerve maxillary - olfactory nerve sphenoid - carotid arteries and optic nerve
movements that combine for pronation of foot
eversion and dorsiflexion
Antagonist
executes the action opposite of the agonist when it shortens
Obesity
exercise increases metabolic rate, create lean mass; lower intensity and higher duration
extensor carpi radialis longus/brevis actions
extend wrist, abducts wrist, weak elbow extension
extensor digiti minimi actions
extends 5 digital joints, extends wrist
extensor indicis actions
extends digital joints of 2nd digit, extends wrist
lower fibers of pec major muscle actions
extends humerus from a flexed position
abductor pollicus longus actions
extension and abduction
posterior fibers of deltoid actions
extension of shoulder, horizontal abduction, abduction, external rotation
extensor pollicis longus
extension of thumb and wrist, abduction of wrist; inserts on distal thumb
extensor pollicis brevis actions
extension, abduction
extensor pollicis longus actions
extension, abduction
the long head of the triceps assists with what motions
extension, adduction, and horizontal abduction
this muscle causes extension of the little finger
extensor digiti minimi
This thumb extensor inserts on the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb
extensor pollicis longus
Divisions of common iliac artery (2)
external iliac hypogastric/internal iliac
infraspinatus and teres minor muscle actions
external rotation, horizontal abduction, extension
extensor carpi ulnaris actions
extned wrist, adducts wrist, weak elbow extension
Epimysium
fibrous CT surrounding entire muscle attaches muscle to periosteum
joint capsule
fibrous layer covering the tibio-femoral and patello-femoral joint, outer fibrous layer and inner synovial layer
Classifications of Joint
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Describe the location of the safety equipment in your laboratory classroom.
fire extinguisher in the southeast corner of the room next to the door; fire blanket on the east wall by another door; eyewash station on the middle of the south wall
Tissue Barrier
flesh comes up against flesh
brachioradialis actions
flex elbow, pronate and supinate forearm
biceps brachii muscle actions
flex elbow, supinate, flex shoulder
lumbricales muscle - intrinsic muscle of the hand
flex index, middle, ring, & proximal phalanges extend middle & distal phalanges of index, middle, ring & little
flexor digitorum superficialis actions
flex wrist, flex CMC, flexes ditis 2-5
flexor pollicus longus actions
flexes 1st cmc, mcp, ip, flexes wrist
deep digital flexor acitons
flexes digits 2-5, flexes CMC, flexes wrist
upper fibers of pec major actions
flexes shoulder joint, abducts humerus
flexor carpi ulnaris actions
flexex wrist, adducts wrist, weak elbow flexor
the biceps brachii assists in what motion
flexion
the brachialis does what movement?
flexion (isolated if forearm is pronated)
Which motions occur at the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
flexion and extension
which motions occur at the humeroulnar joint
flexion and extension
anterior fibers of deltoid actions
flexion of humerus, horizontal adduction, abduction, assists in internal rotation
coracobrachialis muscle actions
flexion of humerus/shoulder, adduction, horizontal adduction
palmaris longus actions
flexion of the wrist, weak elbow flexor
flexor digitorum profundus
flexion of wrist and fingers; deep
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexion of wrist and fingers; superfical
flexor pollicis longus
flexion of wrist and thumb, abduction of wrist; radial side of forearm
Which motions occur at the metacarpophalangeal joints
flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
ulnohumeral joint movements
flexion/extension
2-5 metacarpophalangeal joint movements
flexion/extension, adduction/abduction
glenohumeral joint movements
flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, horizontal ad/ab, internal/external rotation, circumduction
radiocarpal joint movements
flexion/extension, radial/ulna flexion
movements of the radiohumeral joint are ___, ___, and ___
flexion/extension/rotation
These three muscles cause wrist flexion only
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and palmaris longus
which muscle is involved in wrist adduction
flexor carpi ulnaris
Which two muscles ulnar deviate the wrist?
flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris
muscles of deep posterior compartment of lower leg
flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior
Which muscle acts to cause both wrist and finger flexion
flexor digitorum profundus
any type of lesion in the brachial plexus area leads to..
functional impairment
Convection
gain/loss through movement of fluid/gas o Amount depends on temperature/velocity of fluid/gas o Ex. Fanning self
Conduction
gain/loss through physical contact o Related to amount of surface area touching o Ex. Cold car seat warms up after sitting in car
muscles of superficial posterior compartment of lower leg
gastrocnemius (both heads), soleus, plantaris
these rotator cuff muscles are involved in external rotation of the humerus
infraspinatus and teres minor
the agonists in glenohumeral external rotation are
infraspinatus, t major
the infraspinatus originates at the ___ and inserts at the___
infraspinous fossa, head of humerus
borders of femoral triangle
inguinal ligament, adductor longus, sartorius
ligaments that support sternoclavicular joint
interclavicular ligament costoclavicular ligament sternoclavicular ligament (main supporter )
2 deep veins of the head
internal jugular vertebral
Perspective (PETTLEP)
internal or external perspective
name four actions of the anterior deltoid on the shoulder joint
internal rotation, flexion, horizontal adduction, diagonal adduction, and abduction
do sprains mostly occur as a result of inversion or eversion?
inversion (90%)
movements that combine for supination of foot
inversion and plantar flexion
Which is the most common type of ankle injury?
inversion ankle sprain
The subtalar joint is responsible for _________ and __________ at the ankle (both blanks are movements)
inversion, eversion
Nonaxial Joints
involve no rotation about an axis
the agonists in glenohumeral adduction are
lats, t major, lower pecs
the agonists in glenohumeral internal rotation are
lats, t major, pec major, subscapularis
the agonists in glenohumeral extension are
lats, t major, post delt, lower pec
Newton's 3rd Law
law of rxn; for every action, there is an equal and opposite rxn
the ROM in the glenohumeral joint is..
lax until extreme ROM
Resting membrane potential (RMP)
measured when the cell is at rest about -95vM
torque
muscle momentum force x perpendicular distance longer the lever arm increase resistance shorter the lever arm decrease resistance
Factors affecting a muscle's roll
muscle size, shape and design of a joint, muscle location in relationship to the joint axis and the line of pull
Common problems in Goal Setting
o Convincing students, athletes, and exercisers to set goals o Failing to set specific goals o Setting too many goals too soon o Failing to adjust goals o Failure to recognize individual differences o Not providing goal follow-up and evaluation
Effects of imagery on muscular strength
o Internal imagery is better in strength training o Strength gains using imagery are larger on distal muscles o Imagery helps prevent strength losses during immobility
temporalis muscle (attachement site and function)
one of the MM involved in mastication, attached in the temporal fossa and the coronoid process
Examples of this type of exercise include dumbbell arm curls and seated knee extension exercise
open-chain exercise
hypothenar eminence - intrinsic muscle of the pinky (ulnar)
opponens digit minimi abductor digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis
thenar eminence - 4 intrinsic muscle of the thumb (radial)
opponens pollicis adductor pollicis brevis flexor pollicis brevis adductor brevis
MM responsible for bringing lips together (4)
orbicularis oris orbicularis oculi buccinator risorius
microtraumatic injuries are often called ___ and result from repetitive loading or ___ ___. This results in ___,____,___
overuse injuries, incorrect mechanics tendinitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis
Which muscles adduct the shoulder?
pec major, coracobrachialis, latissimus dorsi, teres major
Which muscles protract the scapula?
pec minor, serratus anterior
Explain what to do when breaking a glass beaker during lab.
pick up pieces without cutting yourself and place them in the bin labeled glass; sweep around area where glass broke to remove smaller shards
an injury to the medial epicondylitis
pitchers elbow or golfers elbow
the distal radiounar is a ___ joint
pivot
the proximal radioulnar is a ___ joint and is involved in ___ and ___ motions
pivot, pronation/supination
assistive plantar flexors
plantaris, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus longus
Sellar Joint
possesses two articular surfaces, each of which are concave in one direction and convex in another
The deep posterior muscle tendons run __________ to the medial malleolus
posterior
pectoralis minor muscle actions
protraction, downward rotation, depression
movements of the sternoclavicular joint are..
protraction, retraction, elevation, depression
Limits of ROM
shape of the joint capsules and surrounding ligaments, muscle strength and tightness
Timing (PETTLEP)
should be in real time, should be equal to actual experience
shoulder joint: horizontal adduction
shoulder girdle: abduction/protraction
shoulder joint: internal rotation
shoulder girdle: abduction/protraction
shoulder joint: external rotation
shoulder girdle: adduction/retraction
shoulder joint: horizontal abduction
shoulder girdle: adduction/retraction
shoulder joint: extension
shoulder girdle: depression/downward rotation
shoulder joint: adduction
shoulder girdle: downward rotation
shoulder joint: flexion
shoulder girdle: elevation/upward rotation
shoulder joint: abduction
shoulder girdle: upward rotation
ball and socket
shoulder/hip
Small motor units
single motor neuron innervates few muscle cells (fine motor control)
Large motor units
single motor neuron innervates many muscle cells (gross motor control)
Muscle fiber
single muscle cell found within fasciculus many in each fasciculus
Gliding Joint
situated between two flat articular surfaces and their movement is like a book sliding on a table top
muscle cell types (3)
skeletal smooth cardiac
Largest axon goes to...
skeletal muscle (longest and largest diameter) which splits into numerous axon terminals
costoclavicular ligament and interclavicular ligaments prevent..
superior displacement
supinator actions
supinate forearm
the biceps is stronger in what position?
supination
which motions occur at the radioulnar joint
supination and pronation
movements of the proximal radioulnar joint are ___ and ___
supination/pronation
this muscle is only involved in supination of the forearm
supinator
Connective tissue coverings and associated structures function
support cells and hold muscle cells together
functions of ankle and foot complex
support for different positions of weight bearing, accommodation of varied terrain and shock absorption during gait
this rotator cuff muscle cause shoulder abduction
supraspinatus
which muscle is most superior
supraspinatus
which muscle is not involved with either internal or external rotation of the shoulder joint
supraspinatus
____ is the most common shoulder injury
supraspinatus rupture
the agonists in glenohumeral abduction are
supraspinatus, deltoid, upper pecs
name the four rotator cuff muscle
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
the supraspinatus originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
supraspinous fossa, head of humerus
factors that demonstrate flexibility
surface joint motion at the hip produces gliding of the joint surfaces older adults take shorter strides less flexion/extension at the hip incongruity leads to abnormal force distribution leading to compression and distraction of articular cartilage
Conduct signal for contraction from
surface of sarcolemma deep into muscle cell
fractures of the humerus
surgical neck (fall on hand) transverse fractures of the shaft fractures of the distal humerus (supracondylar ridges)
How is the GRF curve altered when a person wears 'high cushion' shoes, such as the Hoka shoe?
the high cushioned shoe did not reduce the force and the vertical load rates and peak lateral ground reaction forces are higher
Active ROM
the degree of movement that a client can produce using his or her own strength and volition
where does the deltoid insert at
the deltoid tuberosity
Passive ROM
the distance that you can passively mobilize your client's joint
Excursion
the extent that a muscle can change in length
Endomysium
the innermost layer of fascia
Force-length Relationship
the length of a muscle will determine the maximum force it can produce
Isometric Contraction
the length of the muscle does not change
Perimysium
the middle layer of fascia that separates the muscle belly into compartments called fascicles
___ ___ ___ is the compression of nerves, arteries, and/or veins coming from the spine towards the arm
thoracic outlet syndrome
True or False: TOM, DICK, and HARRY are located in the deep posterior compartment
true
True or False: all of the muscles of the posterior thigh are two jointed
true: act on hip and knee - biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus
Roll
when one joint surface rolls along another
Spin
when one joint surface rotates over the fixed surface of another
Glide
when one joint surface slides across the surface of another
Reverse Muscle Action
when the origin and insertion switch
Narrow
when you respond to only 1 or 2 cues (basketball player prepares to hit a pitch)
ellipsoid
wrist
this is also known as ulnar deviation
wrist adduction
extensor indicis
wrist and index finger extension; inserts on second phalange only
extensor pollicis brevis
wrist extension and abdcution; thumb extension; inserts on proximal thumb
extensor carpi radialis brevis
wrist extension and abduction; inserts on 3rd metacarpal
extensor carpi radialis longus
wrist extension and abduction;inserts on 2nd metacarpal
extensor carpi ulnaris
wrist extension and adduction only; ulnar side of forearm
flexor carpi radialis
wrist flexion and abduction only; radial side of forearm
flexor carpi ulnaris
wrist flexion and adduction only; ulnar side of forearm
palmaris longus
wrist flexion only
flexor carpi radialis actions
wrist flexion, abducts the wrist, weak elbow flexor
treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome
wrist splint, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids or muscle atrophy (surgery)
Calc x-cordinate of Resultant Vector
x1 + x2 = xRV
Calc y-cordinate of Resultant Vector
y1 + y2 = yRV
Is skeletal muscle striated?
yes
acclimatization and adaptations
• Acclimatization: becoming tolerant of conditions, allows earlier swear onset, lower core temperature, and lower skin temperatures o Adaptation to heat
the concept of muscular contraction (sliding filament theory) and key components
• Actin filaments slide over the myosin, creating cross bridges. Each cross bridge forms some movement. This built up creates muscle contraction • Calcium gets introduced through motor neuron activating it.
the proteins involved in skeletal muscle contraction
• Actin: contracts together when muscle contracts • Myosin: attaches to actin when muscle contracts
the best training program for training the aerobic vs the anaerobic system
• Aerobic: long marathons, things lasting longer than 2 minutes; 60-80% of max heart rate • Anaerobic: short interval sprints, weight lifting
What is Osteoporosis?
"porous bone" Low BMI
medial tibial stress syndrome
"shin splints", catchall for pain in anterior portion of shin, 10-15% of running injuries
Transformational Leadership
- Idealized influence - Inspirational motivation - Intellectual stimulation - Individualized consideration
Unhappy Triad
- MCL - ACL - medial meniscus
Inversion (lateral) ankle sprains
- MOI: ankle plantar flexion with ankle inversion - S/S: pain in lateral ankle, swelling, heat and redness, loss of motion - structures involved: ATF ligament, CF ligament, PTF ligament
Acute Compartment Syndrome
- MOI: direct contact injury to one compartment, leads to compression and swelling of an artery - S/S: pressure, pain, passive ROM, paresthesia, pallor, pulse - Rx: medical emergency
Syndesmotic (high) ankle sprains
- MOI: forced dorsiflexion - S/S: takes a long time to heal, pain on anterior side on ankle, swelling, heat and redness, loss of motion - structures involved: AITF, PITF, syndesmosis
Eversion (medial) ankle sprains
- MOI: forced eversion of ankle, sprain of inside ligament - S/S: pain in medial ankle, swelling, heat and redness, loss of motion - structures involved: deltoid ligament
Transactional Leadership
- You do something for me I'll do something for you -Leaders treat their relationships with followers as a transaction
Binding of ACh to receptors causes: (3)
1. Opening of ligand-gated channels 2. Na+ diffuses in, K+ diffuses out 3. Temporary change in membrane potential (DEPOLARIZATION)
Muscle Relaxation Steps (5)
1. Proteins return to original shape 2. AChE breaks ACh down (acetic acid and choline) 3. Ca pumped back into SR by active transport 4. Troponin returns to original shape 5. Tropomyosin blocks myosin binding sites again
What are the muscles considered "the muscles of mastication?"
1. Pterygoid (internal and external) 2. Masseter 3. Temporalis
Importance of tension and shortening in muscle cells (7)
1. movement of body parts 2. maintain posture/positions 3. stabilize joints 4. generate heat 5. change diameter of tubes in body to move substances through them 6. excretion of substances 7. pumping blood through heart
Motor End Plate (3)
1. region of sarcolemma that lies near axon terminal 2. highly folded for large surface area 3. only one per cell
There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 5:
1. sacrospinalis (erector spinae) 2. quadratus lumborum 3. multifidus
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (5)
1. smooth ER 2. network of channels formed from membrane 3. extends throughout muscle fiber and surrounds each myofibril 4. have terminal cisterns (end sacs) that form large, perpendicular cross channels at A/I band junction 5. contains calcium in relaxed muscle
Contraction Cycle
1. the unattached myosin heads become energized, 2. a myosin head reaches out and attaches to actin, forming a cross bridge, 3. the cross bridge generates force that pulls the thin filament one "notch" towards the M-line and 4. with the power stroke complete, the myosin head detaches from actin and the cycle continues back at step one.
"turf toe"
1st metatarsalphalangeal joint sprain caused by hyperextension of the joint (cleats stuck in ground)
anular ligament
2
Training Frequency
2-3 days/week/muslce group
Amount of sets
2-4
Air displacement
2.2-3.7%
How many amino acids are found in nature?
20
as the elbow flexes past __ degrees, stability decreases
20 degrees
the degree total gliding and rotational movement of the acromioclavicular ligament is..
20-30 degrees (often known as separated shoulder)
What % of daily intake should be from fat?
20-35%
HRmax
220-age(%)
HRR
220-age-rHR(%)+rHR
How many bones are in the wrist and hand?
29
Explain scapula/humeral rhythm and the relationship ratio
2:1 ~For every 2 degrees your shoulder is in flexion, your shoulder will rotate 1 degree. **Needed for efficient arm movement
The plantar fascia is made up of _________ bands of tissue
3
What percent of the population meet criteria for exercise addiction?
3%
When a patient completes full range of motion against gravity and withstands slight pressure what grade are they performing?
3+
Exercise lasting how long results in greatest reduction of anxiety symptoms?
3-12 weeks
Mesocycle takes
3-4 months
Repetition zone for strength
3-6
Obesity Class 1
30-34.9
How much do contracting muscles shorten?
30-35% of total resting length
Number of sutures that connect the skull
34
What is the number of sutures that connect the skull?
34 sutures: bones of the skull articulate with each other through immovable joints known as sutures.
Obesity Class 2
35-39.9
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Oculomotor
3rd cranial nerve/motor -contracts the pupil
Fitnessgram VO2 max standards for girls 5-9
40 ml/kg/min
Obesity Class 3
40<=
a tennis serve is equivalent to holding a __ lb weight on head of racket
42
Fitnessgram VO2 max standards for boys 5-17
42 ml/kg/min
injuries account for over ___ million dollars and ___% of hospital admissions
435, 40%
What is the lateral flexion and rotation of cervical spine?
45 degrees
What is the normal mouth opening?
45-40 mm or 2-3 fingers
Rest up to
48-72
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Trochlear
4th cranial nerve
DEXA:
5 minute xray of entire body analyzed for components; radiation is equivalent to 8 hours in the sun
there are ___ muscles involved in shoulder girdle movements and they originate on the ____ skeleton and insert on the ____ and/or ____
5, axial skeleton, scapula, clavicle. They do not attach to humerus and do not cause shoulder joint movements
external rotation of foot during normal stance
5-7˚
waist circumference of men
>=102cm (40 inches)
Intermediate/advanced
>=80% 1RM
Strength 1RM
>=85% <=6 reps 2-5 minutes rest
waist circumference for women
>=88cm (35 inches)
sternoclavicular joint
@medial end of the clavicle with the manubrium gliding synovial joint
acromioclavicular joint
@top of the shoulder - between the acromion and clavicle diathrodial joint
Nuclei of skeletal muscle cells
Multinucleate
What happens when there are successive "puffs" of calcium released?
Muscle cells do not completely relax, resulting in a stronger and more sustained contraction
4 Muscles of the Quadriceps & Their Actions
Muscles & Actions: 1. Rectus Femoris (Extension/Flexion) 2. Medial Vastus (Extension/Inward Rotation) 3. Lateral Vastus (Extension/Outward Rotation) 4. Intermediate Vastus (Extension)
Part of the muscle that exhibits the dark and light bands (due to arrangement of myofilaments)
Myofibrils
{Be able to differentiate between the parts of the ear} Middle
The middle ear contains 3 ear bones: 1. Malleus (hammer) 2. Incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (Stirrup) -Also contains the upper end of the eustachian tube and the round window (fenestra rotunda) and the oval window (fenestra ovales); these separate the middle and inner ear.
How do the neurons reach all the muscle fibers?
The motor neurons branch to supply the muscle fibers because there is a limited amount of neurons.
Antagonist
The muscle which is opposing the action of the agonist muscle during the movement of an exercise i.e Tricep in bicep curl
Agonist
The muscle which is the prime mover during the movement of an exercise i.e Bicep in bicep curl
Location of the heart valves and the defining characteristics of each: Mitral Valve-
The opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle; has two cusps -also known as the bicuspid valve -also designed to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria
Location of the heart valves and the defining characteristics of each: Tricuspid Valve-
The opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle; a valve with three cusps (flaps) covering the orifice -designed to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria
Ringlemann Effect
The phenomenon by which individuals performance decreased as the number of people in the group increases
What is gluconeogenesis?
The process of producing sugars in the body
Resultant force
The single force and associated torque obtained by combining a system of forces and torques acting on a rigid body. The defining feature of a resultant force, or resultant force-torque, is that it has the same effect on the body as the original system of forces
Lateral (medial) stability Attaches to the medial meniscus
Tibial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
Shin Splints
Tibialis Anterior/overuse of specific muscles
Absolute Refractory Period
Time during depolarization and repolarization (cell cannot be stimulated again during this time)
Relative Refractory Period
Time during hyperpolarization
Elastic filaments
Titin
Name the 7 levels of assistance and their percentages for functional transfers
Total dependence-pt gives 25% or less Max assist-pt gives 25-49% Mod assist-pt gives 50-74% Min assist-pt gives 75% Independent Contact guard assist (CGA) Stand by assist (SBA)
Name the 7 levels of assistance and their percentages for functional transfers
Total dependence-pt gives 25% or less Max assist-pt gives 25-49% Mod assist-pt gives 50-74% Min assist-pt gives 75% Independent/standby assist Contact guard assist
Olfactory
Transmits the sense of smell.
Optic
Transmits visual information to the brain.
Where is the only saddle joint in the carpals?
Trapezium
Insertion of brachioradialis
Tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna
Active tension
muscle that is actively producing tension by pulling itself toward its center
Width
narrow vs. broad
Negative acceleration vs. slowing down
negative acceleration means decreasing velocity
Is smooth muscle movement voluntary?
no
Is smooth muscle striated?
no
Is cardiac muscle movement voluntary?
no (can slow or increase but not stop)
scapulohumeral rhythm: first 30 degrees of shoulder abduction...
no scapular motion
What are the ligaments of the coracoacromial joint?
none
What are the ligaments of the scapulothoracic joint?
none
the triceps act as a __ during bicep supination
nuetralizer
Exercise images
o Appearance (before activity) o Technique (before activity) o Self-Efficacy enhancing (before activity) o Overcome pain/ Negative feelings (during activity)
Yield point
point at which deformation becomes permanent
Hypermobility
an excess of joint motion
Retroverted hip
Supination at ankle Toes out
How to increase/decrease stability
.
levator scapula
- elevation
Action of the carpi radialis brevis
Assist to flex the elbow
Direction
External vs. Internal
THR Direct
Linear plot HR and Vo2
Tension
a pulling ot stretching force through a body
actions of the middle deltoid
abduction
hinge
ankle
Synergist
any muscle that assists the agonist in producing the main action
Dw
density of water
Vector
has a magnitude and a direction (force/velocity)
rhomboid
- adductor of scapula
trapezius
- elevation
shoulder dislocation
95% anterior 5% posterior
Hyperextended Knees
Knees:
Which Condyle is larger?
Medial
Downward rotation of the scapula will ___ levator scap
Shorten
Types of attentional forces
Width and Direction
Middle fibers of deltoid actions
abduction
Trig method of vector resoluion
add x and y coordinates
common elbow injury is ___
hyperextension
saddle
thumb
Role Overload
Can be defined as an excessive amount of responsibilities
brozek equation
%body fat=[(4.57/Db)-4.142](100)
siri equation
%body fat=[(4.95/Db)-4.5](100)
Kinematics
'cinema' the form, pattern, or sequencing of movement with respect to time
Hallux Valgus
- aka "bunion" - MOI: born with it (congenital), improper shoewear, after injury - S/S: bunionplasty- surgery to fix
location of pleural space
(mediastinal septum), separates the left and right pleural cavities)
Dorsal Interossei (action and innervation)
* DAB- abducts - action: abduct and flex the MTP joints and extend PIP and DIP joints of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Plantar Interossei (action and innervation)
* PAD- adducts - action: adduct and flex the MTP joints and extend PIP and DIP joints of 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Tensor Fascia Latae
**TFL - origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - insertion: lateral tibia condyle (Gerdy's tubercle), ITB - action: hip flexion and abduction - innervation: superior gluteal nerve
OT interventions for pressure sores cont...
*Encourage activity that results in changes of position. ~Encourage person to change position every 15 minutes. ~Find out occupational history and current interests. Provide programming that interests the resident/patient to be more active. *Provide pressure reducing surfaces. ~Provide positioning devices, cushions, wedges and pillows for wheelchair and bed positioning. ~Pad all splints and casts-especially over bony prominences. ~Remove splints daily to check for reddened areas.
OT interventions for pressure sores
*Evaluate lifestyle and occupation patterns influencing resident/patient/family participation in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Develop occupational therapy-specific strategies to promote resident/patient ability to participate in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Contribute occupational therapy-specific expertise to the development of an interdisciplinary intervention plan. **Prevent fiction and shearing. **Educate
OT interventions for pressure sores
*Evaluate lifestyle and occupation patterns influencing resident/patient/family participation in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Develop occupational therapy-specific strategies to promote resident/patient ability to participate in desired pressure ulcer prevention behaviors. *Contribute occupational therapy-specific expertise to the development of an interdisciplinary intervention plan. **Prevent friction and shearing. **Educate
Types of sensory receptors
*Exteroceptors: respond to external stimuli. Related to special senses. *Interoceptors: Resond to stimuli provided by internal organs. *Proprioceptors: Located in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and inner ear. They detect changes in body position and movement.
List 4 safety concerns/precautions when assisting a patient with transfers
*Falling *Hazards *Privacy *Shoes *Gait belt *Transfer assist level
Name the 4 common symptoms with decreased activity tolerance
*Fatigue *Medication *SOB-shortness of breath *Age *Excessive sweating
How to prevent pressure sores?
*Reposition residents at least every two hours to relieve pressure. *Use items that can help reduce pressure--pillows, natural sheepskin, foam padding. *Provide healthy, well-balanced meals. *Assist with daily range-of-motion exercises for limited mobility residents. *Limit moisture, residents who are incontinent should be kept clean and dry.
Sensory receptors
*Somatic* >Chemoreceptors (taste, smell) >Thermorceceptors (temperature) >Photoreceptors (vision) >Baroreceptors (sound, balance) >Proprioreceptors (muscle stretch)
Sensory receptors
*Somatic* >Chemoreceptors-taste, smell >Thermorceceptors-temperature >Photoreceptors-vision >Baroreceptors-sound, balance >Proprioreceptors-muscle stretch
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
*The most important part of the brain stem It contains the major portion of the: -Respiratory center -The cardio-inhibitory center: which decreases heart rate through the vagus nerve -Vasomotor Cortex: controls the size of the small blood vessels -Sweat Center: stimulates the sweat glands to secrete sweat as a result of a rise in body temperature -Also contains the origins of the 9th,10th,11th, and 12th cranial nerve -Contains the reflex center
skinfolds error percentage
+-3.5
BMI error
+-5
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome
- "shin splints" - pain generator??? (deep posterior muscles, soleus, fascial defects, periosteum, bone) - predispositions (hyperpronation, pes planus, overtraining) - MOI: overtraining/overuse, irritation of all possible things that attach to medial tibia - S/S: inflammation, pain along distal 1/3 of tibia, redness, heat, potential swelling, loss of function
Knee Meniscus
- aka cartilage - crescent, semi-lunar, "half moon c-shaped" - open side faces eminence - modestly deepen the tibiofemoral articulations - enhance stability of an inherently unstable joint - provide some lubrication function to reduce friction - when viewed in frontal cross-section, wedge-shaped - medial meniscus is larger than lateral - peripheral margins blend with joint capsule
Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)
- aka fibular collateral ligament - origin: lateral condyle of the femur - insertion: lateral side of the head of the fibula
Coupled motions of the shank, ankle, and subtalar joint
- Pronation (PEAP): abduction, plantarflexion - Supination (SIAD): inversion, adduction, dorsiflexion
rotator cuff muscle
- SITS -flexion or abduction
Plantar Fascia
- a tough fibrous structure deep to skin - somewhat like a huge ligament - runs from calcaneus to the metatarsal heads and proximal phalanges of the toes - provides another layer of protection to the plantar surface - maintains longitudinal arch - composed of medial band, central band, lateral band
pectoralis minor
- abductor of scapula
serraturs anterior
- abductor of scapula
Abductor Hallucis (action and innervation)
- action: abducts and flexes the 1st MTP joint - innervation: medial plantar nerve
Abductor Digiti Minimi (action and innervation)
- action: abducts and flexes the 5th MTP joint - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Adductor Hallucis (oblique head) (action and innervation)
- action: adducts the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Adductor Hallucis (transverse head) (action and innervation)
- action: adducts the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Quadratus Plantae (action and innervation)
- action: assists the flexor digitorum longus; flexes the MTPs, PIPs, and DIPs of toes 2-5 - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Extensor Hallucis Brevis (action and innervation)
- action: extends the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Extensor Digitorum Brevis (action and innervation)
- action: extends the PIP and DIP joints of toes 2-4 - innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (action and innervation)
- action: flexes the MTP joint of the 5th toe - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Flexor Hallucis Brevis (action and innervation)
- action: flexes the MTP joint of the great toe - innervation: medial plantar nerve
Flexor Digitorum Brevis (action and innervation)
- action: flexes the MTP joints and PIP joints of toes 2-5 - innvervation: medial plantar nerve
Lumbricals (action and innervation)
- action: flexion of the MTPs, extension of the PIPs of toes 2-5 - innervation: lateral plantar nerve
Distal Tibiofibular Joints
- aka inferior tib/fib joint - aka syndesmosis joint - ligaments: anterior inferior tibiofibular (AITF) and posterior inferior tibiofibular (PITF) and interosseus membrane
The Subtalar Joint
- aka talo-calcaneal joint - two points of contact, one anterior and one posterior, between inferior aspect of the talus and superior aspect of the calcaneus
The Ankle Joint
- aka talocrural joint - a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the talus of the foot with the distal tibia and fibula
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
- aka tibial collateral ligament - origin: medial condyle of the femur - insertion: medial condyle of tibia - firmly attached to medial meniscus
Name the Four Muscular Compartments of the Leg
- anterior - deep posterior - superficial posterior - lateral
Ligament components of the lateral ankle
- anterior talofibular - calcaneofibular - posterior talofibular
Structure of the tibiofemoral joint
- articulation between the femoral condyles and the tibial plateau - support from: menisci, cruciate ligaments, joint capsule, collateral ligaments
Motions of the Foot- MTP joints
- biaxial - flexion/extension - abduction/adduction
Posterior Thigh Muscles
- biceps femoris - semitendinosus - semimembranosus
Long Plantar Ligament
- calcaneus to the cuboid to the bases of the 2nd-4th metatarsals - longest of the ligaments of the tarsus
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
- compression of tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel - MOI: running/jumping repetitively, muscle hypertrophy in small space, tendons get bigger and compress nerves - S/S: pain around medial mallelous, numbness and tingling into foot, burning sensation into foot and toes and invert ankle ** overuse injury
discussion question 1 (ch. 21)
- do you know how polluted your community's air is?
Other important knee structures
- joint capsule - medial and lateral patella retinaculum - bursa (anserine) - fat pad
Semimembranosus
- origin: ischial tuberosity - insertion: medial tibial condyle - action: hip extension and knee flexion - innervation: tibial
infraspinatus
- external rotation
teres minor
- external rotation
1st Layer of Plantar Muscles
- flexor digitorum brevis - abductor hallucis - abductor digiti minimi
Deep Posterior Compartment
- flexor digitorum longus - tibialis posterior - flexor hallucis longus ** ankle inverters ** innervated by tibial nerve (Tom, Dick, and Harry)
3rd Layer of Plantar Muscles
- flexor hallucis brevis - adductor hallucis - flexor digiti minimi brevis
Other ankle-foot motion
- forefoot abduction - forefoot adduction
Proximal Tibiofibular Joint
- head of fibula is attachment site for structures acting on the knee (LCL, biceps femoris tendon)
Vascular Supply to the Lower Leg
- iliac artery (hip) - femoral artery (thigh) - popliteal artery (knee) - anterior tibial artery (shank) - posterior tibial artery (shank) - peroneal artery (shank) - medial/lateral plantar artery (foot/ankle)
subscapularis
- internal rotation
supraspinatus
- internal rotation
Subtalar Motion
- inversion (~20-30 degrees of motion from neutral) - eversion (~5-15 degrees of motion from neutral)
Subtalar Joint
- joint between talus and calcaneus - anterior/posterior joint - sinus tarsai - tri planar motion (pronation/supination)
The Knee
- largest and arguably most complex joint in the body - three articulations within single synovial joint capsule * tibiofemoral articulations (2)- lateral femoral condyle and lateral tibial condyle * patellofemoral articulation - biaxial diarthroidal joint * flexion and extension (sagittal plane around mediolateral axis, ROM ~135 degrees) * internal and external rotation (transverse plane around vertical or longitudinal axis, internal rotation <30 degrees, external rotation <40 degrees)
Patella (kneecap)
- largest sesamoid bone in the body - functions to increase the moment arm (leverage) of the knee extensor mechanism (quadriceps)
Vascular Supply- Anterior Tibial Artery (dorsal pedal pulse)
- lateral tarsal artery - dorsal metatarsal artery - digital artery
2nd Layer of Plantar Muscles
- lumbricals - quadratus plantae
Arches of the Foot
- medial longitudinal arch - lateral longitudinal arch - transverse arch - provide a shock absorption function because of their elasticity - supported by ligaments, muscles, and other fascia
Vascular Supply- Posterior Tibial Artery (posterior tibial pulse)
- medial plantar artery - lateral plantar artery
Static Restraints of the Patellofemoral Joint
- medial retinaculum - lateral retinaculum - patellotibial ligaments - patellofemoral ligaments - iliopatella band
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
- origin: anterior aspect of femur - insertion: postero-lateral aspect of tibial plateau
Extensor Hallucis Longus (OIAN)
- origin: anterior aspect of the fibula - insertion: distal phalanx of the great toe - action: extends the great toe, ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Rectus Femoris
- origin: anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patella tendon - action: hip flexion, knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve
Sartorius
- origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) - insertion: medial tibial epicondyle via pes anserine tendon - action: hip flexion, external rotation, knee flexion, abduct hip - innervation: femoral nerve ** two joint muscle
Peroneus Tertius
- origin: distal third of the fibula - insertion: base of the 5th metatarsal - action: ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion - innervation: deep peroneal nerve
Peroneus Brevis
- origin: fibular shaft - insertion: 5th metatarsal - action: eversion, plantar flexion - innervation: superficial peroneal nerve
Flexor Hallucis Longus
- origin: fibular shaft - insertion: distal phalanx of the great toe - action: flexes the great toe, ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion - innervation: tibial nerve ** "Harry"
Vastus Lateralis
- origin: greater trochanter - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon - action: knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve
Gracilis
- origin: inferior pubic ramus - insertion: anteromedial tibia via pes anserine tendon - action: hip adduction, knee flexion, internal rotation of tibia - innervation: obturator nerve
Tibialis Posterior
- origin: interosseus membrane - insertion: navicular tuberosity - action: subtalar inversion, plantar flexion - innervation: tibial nerve ** "Tom"
Vastus Intermedius
- origin: intertrochanteric line of femur - insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar tendon - action: knee extension - innervation: femoral nerve
Pes Anserine Muscles
- sartorius - gracilis - semitendinosus
Pen Anserine Tendon
- sartorius - semitendinosus - gracilis ** cause of medial knee pain (tendinitis)
Total knee replacement surgery
- severe osteoarthritis in which articular surfaces have degraded considerably - lasts 10-15 years max.
Turf Toe
- sprain of 1st MTP joint - MOI: forced hyperextension of the first toe - S/S: pain in the first MTP joint, swelling, redness, heat, loss of motion in 1st MTP
Knee Injuries
- sprains (ligaments) - strains (muscles) - meniscal tears- fibrocartilage - subluxations/dislocations (patellofemoral, tibiofemoral, proximal tibiofibular) - tendonitis/bursitis- inflammation (patellar tendon and bursa, pes anserine tendon and bursa)
Tibia and Fibula
- the tibia is the large weight-bearing bone of the leg - the slender fibula is on the lateral side - unlike the forearm, the tibiofibular joints are rigid articulations with little motion occurring between the bones
Anterior Compartment
- tibialis anterior - peroneus tertius - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus ** primary dorsiflexors of ankle ** innervated by deep peroneal nerve
What are the three main arches of the foot?
- transverse arch - lateral longitudinal arch - medial longitudinal arch
Motions of the Foot- Subtalar joint
- triplanar - pronation/supination
Name the four ligaments in the knee
- two intra-articular (within joint) cruciate ligaments: ACL, PCL - two extra-articular collateral ligaments: MCL, LCL
Motions of the Foot- DIP joints
- uniaxial - flexion/extension
Motions of the Foot- PIP joints
- uniaxial - flexion/extension
Quadriceps Femoris
- vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedius - rectus femoris - suprapatellar tendon - infrapatella tendon
A band
-"dark" repeating band -contains all of thick filaments and ends of thin (in relaxed cell)
arsenic
-"king of poisons" -long-term exposure leads to risk of diabetes and cancer -people who have private wells may be drinking water w/ 50-90 micrograms of arsenic per liter
I band
-"light" repeating part -end of one thick filament to end of next (in relaxed cell)
How to make sure norms are adopted.
-Formalize the norms -Make the norms of the group -Reinforce norm adoption positively and negatively -Members must trust one another
WTC response
-13,000-15,000 people evacuated -2,801 died -failures of communication and coordination occurred -protection of rescue and cleanup workers from environmental hazards failed -victim location services were established, and shelters for displaced residents were set up -monitoring for biological agents was done
other aid pollutants
-1990 clean air act amendments directed EPA to set standards for 187 specific chemicals -as of 1993, EPA had only acted on asbestos, mercury, beryllium, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic, radionuclides, and coke oven emissions -controversy exists for each standard
dietary supplement health and education act
-1994 -forbids FDA from regulating herbs and food supplements
Cohesion
-A dynamic process reflected in tendency for group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member affective needs
Interactional Approach
-A relationship oriented leader focuses on developing/maintaining good interpersonal relationships -A task oriented leader focuses on setting goals/getting the job done -What are the expectations what is demands of the leader?
Vividness
-A sharp, clear image enhanced by incorporating more than 1 sense -Tying in all of the senses
Function and sources of vitamin B12
-Activates vitamin B6, neural transmission -Liver, fish, crab, soy products
Vitamin E functions and sources
-Antioxidant -Nuts, seeds, green leafy veggies
What are the divisions of the common iliac artery?
-At L4, the abdominal aorta divides into the right and left common iliac arteries -The arteries in the lower abdominal cavity and pelvic region are divisions of the CIA: the external iliac and the hypogastric (internal iliac) arteries -The external iliac arteries: supply the abdominal muscles, the iliacus, psoas muscles, the Sartorius, and the tensor fasciae latae of the lower extremity -At the inguinal ligament, the external iliac artery becomes known as the femoral artery. -The hypogastric (internal) iliac artery has branches that supply muscles of the pelvic girdle and the hip joint.
attentional capacity
-Automatic processing is less restrictive than controlled processing -One person can only process two much info at once
Centrifugal Force
-Force rotating body exerts on radius -Force of pull away from the center -Tendency of an object following a curved path to fly away from the center of curvature. Might be described as "lack of centripetal force."
Motive vs Resistive Forces
-Both are external -Motive causes faster current movement while resistive causes system to resist change in direction -Motive causes change in direction while resistive causes system to resist change in direction
What muscles are responsible for bringing the lips together?
-Buccinator -Caninus -Mentalis -Orbicularis Oris -quadratus labii (inferior and superior) -Zygomaticus -Risorius -Triangularis -Caput Infraorbitale -Caput Angulare
Neutral Equilibrium
-CG is always directly over BOS -Inclines allow torque to happen due to object correcting CG over BOS -Neutral-spherical object on level surface
Positive Norms
-Can facilitate performance -Member behavior can be anticipated -Issues/embarrassment can be avoided -Group values are promoted
What is the anatomy of the lungs regarding the space needed for other organs?
-Cardiac Notch: in the left lung; creates a space for the heart -The right lung is shorter than the left lung because most of the liver resides under the right side of the diaphragm; this pushes the right lung higher in the thoracic cavity of the left lung.
Function and sources of folate
-Cell division & replication -Dark green leafy veggies
Centripetal Force
-Center-directed force in change of pushing the rotating object along its circular path -The force that keeps an object moving with a uniform speed along a circular path.
{Be able to differentiate between the parts of the ear} Inner
-Contains the cochlea and the vestibule -The vestibule consists of the utriculus, sacculus, and the semicircular canals
pesticides and industrial chemicals
-DDT and some other pesticides are now banned --endocrine disruptors affect reproduction, nervous system, and immune system, may cause cancer -PCB production halted in US in 1977 -POPS are soluble in fat, persist in the environment, and are very stable
GlenoHumeral- Extension Scapulothoracic- Exercise-
-Depression -Close grip low row
Cyclical Group development
-Develop in a manner similar to the life cycle of individuals—experiencing birth, growth, and death
Formal Roles
-Dictated by the nature and structure of the organization carries out specific associated expectations
GlenoHumeral- Adduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-
-Downward rotation -Lateral Pulldown
safe drinking water (cont.)
-EPA has set standards for 87 identified contaminants -secondary standards have been set for 15 contaminants that may affect taste, odor, or color, or that cause discoloration of teeth -annual reports are required for customers' "right-to-know" about contaminants and health effects -CDC collects data on water-borne disease outbreaks
additives and contaminants
-EPA sets tolerance levels for pesticide residues --hormones: estrogen is banned in chickens --bovine growth hormone is allowed for cows --antibiotics: cause antibiotic resistance --organic foods: USDA set standards in 2004 --additives: used to prevent deficiency diseases
GlenoHumeral- Flexion Scapulothoracic- Exercise-
-Elevation -Front Raise
Pendualr Group Development
-Emphasizes the shifts that occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth and development of groups -A group does not move progressively through stages in a linear fashion from the instant it forms
Informal Roles
-Evolve from interactions among group members—depends on character than on any specific knowledge. (mentor= most important)
Which muscle group assists the rectus abdominis in trunk rotation?
-External and internal obliques -Transverse abdominis
Vitamin A functions and sources
-Eyesight & cell replication -Fish, liver, milker, orange & dark green veggies
politics of the FDA
-FDA is subject to intense political pressures -complaints are that FDA is too slow in approving drugs -drug companies pay a fee to speed up the review process -new complaints: FDA is too cozy with the industry
drugs
-FDA must approve after studies by the pharmaceutical company -if NDA is approved, there are 3 phases of trial -FDA can evoke approval through postmarking surveillance
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Olfactory
-First Cranial Nerve/Sensory/Smell -runs from the upper aspect of the nose to the temporal lobe where the center of smell is located
Performance Goals
-Focus on improvements relative to one's own performance -depends on time, effort, ability -Try and focus on things you have control over
Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)
-Guarantees reliability and validity -Focusses on how attractive the group is to individual members and how the members perceive the group -Distinguishes between the individual and the group and between task/social concerns
Why is hand position during CPR important?
-If pressure is applied to the xiphoid process, it produces ineffective compressions and could cause a fracture.
Symbolic Learning Theory
-Imagery may function as a coding system to help people understand and acquire movement patterns. -Imagine doing a movement so your brain can encode it -programs motor response
What are the structures covering the brain?
-Immediately beneath the scalp is the periosteum --> Epidural space --> dura mater --> subdural space --> arachnoid --> subarachnoid space --> pia mater (meninges) --> brain
Cohesion-Adherence Relationship
-Individuals in exercise groups who feel more cohesive: -Are likely to attend more classes -Likely to arrive on time -Less likely to drop out -More resistant to disruptions
Social Loafing
-Individuals within a group or team putting forth less than 100% effort due to motivation losses -Example: saving effort, putting forth least amount necessary
Role efficacy
-Individuals' beliefs about their abilities to complete their assigned role responsibilities
Which muscles elevate the ribs to allow expansion of the lungs during forced respiration?
-Internal and external intercostals -subcostal -serratus posterior
Which veins are considered deep veins of the head?
-Internal jugular vein and the vertebral vein -internal jugular vein: drains blood from the face, pharynx, thyroid gland, cochlea, and tongue into the subclavian vein
Vitamin C functions and sources
-Iron absorption, antioxidant, immune function, collagen synthesis -Fruits
Role Performance
-Is concerned with individual's general ability to complete the assigned role responsibilities
Where does the rectus abdominis originate?
-It originates on the pubic symphysis and inserts on the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs and the xiphoid process of the sternum. -It flexes the lumbar and thoracic spine
Role ambiguity
-Lack of clear, consistent information about the expectations associated with one's position
water pollution incidents
-Lake Michigan, CHI -- cholera -Minamata bay, japan -- mercury -Hudson River, NY -- PCBs -Lake Superior, Duluth -- asbestos -James River, VA -- ketone -Cuyahoga river, OH -- oil caught fire -Lake Michigan, WI --cryptosporidiosis
What is the function that the quadratus lumborum provides regarding the spinal column?
-Lateral flexion of the lumbar spine
Behavioral
-Leadership is all about a specific set of behavior
Unstable Equilibrium
-Less torque needed to tip over -Smaller BOS -COG close to edge of BOS
Linear vs Rotary motion
-Linear system CG caused by net external forces with a line of action directed through the system CG -Rotary motion occurs when torque is applied on an object with a fixed axis -Both can occur without restraint to a fixed axis -Torque on the wheel of wheelchair turns the wheel that reacts with the friction of the ground to move the chair forward -Curveball thrown with a torque spin moves forward to the hitter
Characteristics of Cohesion
-Multidimensional -Dynamic -Instrumental -Involves affect -Emergent
dilemmas in compliance
-NYC fought EPA in order not to filter its water (too costly) -cost is a problem in many communities -disinfectants may produce harmful byproducts -a new concern is trace amounts of hormones, pharmaceuticals, and household chemicals in many waterways
Cohesion-Performance Relationship
-Not different statistically, and limited differences across gender, sport type -Cohesion leads to performance -Performance leads to cohesion
Base of Support
-Outermost limits of contacting surfaces and all of the space in between -Region bounded by a body part in contact with a surface -The applied force of the body part receives a reaction force from the surface of contact
Peer Leadership
-Peer leader are ground to have higher perceived competence, are most liked by their teammates, exhibit positive social behaviors, and are intrinsically motivated. Increases cohesion
Task Interdependence
-The extent that group members must exchange efforts, information, or expertise during performance -After your at bat you tell your teammate, "What out for the pitcher's curve ball." -Reflects the degree to which members of a group work together to achieve common goals
Individual Outcome Interdependence
-The extent to which people on your team compete against one another
Cue Utilization Theory
-The greater that anxiety, the narrower the attention
Attentional alertness
-The greater the anxiety the narrower the attention
Where is the base and the apex of the heart located?
-The heart is a hollow organ with thick muscular walls and is wider at the upper end, BASE, and narrower at the lower end, APEX. -The heart is wrapped in a membrane known as the pericardium.
Social loafing is increased when...
-The individuals output cannot be independently evaluated -The task is perceived to be low on meaningfulness -The individual's personal involvement in the task is low -A comparison against group standards is not possible
What are the arteries of the heart?
-The largest arteries of the heart are the pulmonary artery (coming from the right ventricle) and the aorta (coming from the left ventricle) -The right and left coronary arteries come from the aorta and are located on the outer surface of the heart, supplying blood flow to the myocardium -The branches of the coronary artery
Controllability
-The personal control an individual has to manipulate images
Group norms for productivity and who makes them
-The standard for effort and performance accepted by the -Captain or top performer can make norm productivities -A coach can also create a norm productivity
What are the anatomical areas used to describe the location of the thorax and the abdomen?
-Thoracic cavity: chest cavity/heart and lungs --> Pertaining to the trunk, the area between the cervical region and the diaphragm. -The Abdomen: pertaining to the trunk, the area between the diaphragm and the hips
Torque defined
-Turning effect that an off-axis force has on the body -Force applied that does not pass axis of rotation-eccentric force -distance of a forces line of action to the axis
irrationality of system
-USDA has bigger budge and more authority --regulates 20% of food --has detailed laws on regulation of meat -FDA has smaller budget and less authority --regulates 80% of food --regulates imported food ---more than 80% of seafood is imported ---about 50% fresh fruits are imported ---20% of fresh vegetables are imported
GlenoHumeral- Abduction Scapulothoracic- Exercise-
-Upward Rotation -Lateral Raise
Psychoneuromusuclar Theory
-Vividly imagined events innervate the muscles in somewhat the same way that physically practicing the movement does
distribution of disease
-WHO: sex/age/occupation/race/SES -WHEN: season/year, elapsed time since exposure. is crucial in tracking an outbreak -WHERE: neighborhood, latitude, urban vs. rural, national variations. looks at comparisons of disease frequency in different countries/states/counties
Self-Presentation
-When there is an opportunity to claim a desired identity in front a supportive audience, self-presentation is heightened
What is a team
-a collection of interacting individuals who share interdependence along with: -a collective identity -Structured forms of communication -Distinct roles -norms
risk-benefit analysis
-absolute safety is impossible -over-regulation can cause under-regulation -risk just be balanced against other societal goals, including economic well-being -political groups sometimes favor economic and business interests over environment and public health -a hope for the current administration is to put more priority on public health
global effects of air pollution
-acid rain damages forests and crops, turns lakes and rivers acidic, kills fish and plants -depletion of the ozone layer -production of CFCs being phased out -ozone layer has stabilized -carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels causes greenhouse effect and global warming
GOOD NEWS
-air pollution has decreased 54% since 1970 -California, with the worst pollution, has instituted many special regulations and incentives with some success
factory farms
-animals are crowded together and tended by automated systems -factory farms produce "lagoons" of waste -produce air pollution (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane) and water pollution after rain -political power makes environmental regulation difficult
radiation
-artificially produced radiation often worries people -sun's UV light causes skin cancer and melanoma -radon gas is naturally radioactive and potentially causes lung cancer -early scandals with radium in patent medicines led to regulation -chronic exposure to x-radiation used in medicine and dentistry cause cancer -heath effects of radiation were confirmed by long-term studies of survivors of atomic bombings in japan
causes of food borne illness
-bacteria -viruses -parasites
new concern about endocrine disruptors
-bisphenol A (BPA) is a component of hard plastics used in baby bottles and linings of cans -phthalates are components of soft plastics used in water bottles -both leach into liquids and are found at low levels in humans --they interfere with normal hormone action in wildlife and maybe in humans --FDA declared them safe but now reconsidering
mercury
-causes neurological damage in workers (Minamata, Japan) -emissions from U.S. coal-burning power plants pollute water and air, contaminating fish -nursing mothers & young children should not eat fish with high mercury content -fever thermometers and school lab equipment are exposure concerns
federal legislation
-clean water act - 1972, 1977, 1987: lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable -safe drinking water act -1974, 1996: EPA should set standards for local systems, states should enforce
sulfur dioxide
-combustion of sulfur-containing feels, especially coal -irritation of respiratory tracts -acid rain -potential for causing respiratory damage
superfund
-comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability act, 1980 --law required emergency cleanup of old waste --fund would be paid for by a tax on industry -superfund controversy --much effort was focused on determining who is liable --tax not reauthorized in 1995
pandemic flu
-concern about pandemic avian flu -- high mortality but not transmitter easily -H1N1 (swine flu) in 2009 -- less severe than avian flu but more widespread
What does positive self talk help?
-confidence -concentration -stress -skill learning
hormone replacement therapy
-conflicting results exist between 2 major studies -previous positive evidence has all come from observational studies -clinical trial is the gold standard -results of cohort study were confounded by associated factors that made women taking HRT healthier, even without the therapy
disease frequency
-count # of people w/ disease & relate that to the population at risk (PAR) -PAR (denominator) may be total population or exposed population, or one gender/age group -two ways to measure frequency: --incidence (# of new cases) --prevalence (# existing cases) -incidence used for studying causes
lead (pt.2)
-damages nervous system, blood, and kidneys -poses special risk to the development of children's intellectual abilities -was used in leaded gasoline but was banned in the 1980s -has decreased dramatically as an air pollutant
Step 1: define the disease
-death is easy to determine -blood test/stool culture needed to verify diagnosis of certain diseases -some diseases are hard to define -sometimes definition changes as more is learned -other health outcomes include injuries and risk factors
epidemiology
-diagnostic discipline of public health -major part of public health's assessment function -investigates causes of diseases -identifies trends in disease occurrence -evaluates effectiveness of medical and PH interventions -observational science
regulated contaminants
-disinfectants: chlorine -disinfection byproducts: chlorite -inorganic chemicals: metals, asbestos, cyanide -organic chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, PCBs -microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, cryptosporidium -radionuclides -turbidity
Strategies for Enhancing Group Cohesion
-distinctiveness -individual positions -group norms -individual sacrifices -introduction/communication
conflicts of interest in drug trials
-drug companies are required to conduct randomized controlled trials on a new drug before it can be approved -harmful side effects have frequently become obvious after drugs were approved -there is evidence that drug companies sometimes suppress negative findings -all clinical trials must now be registered in advance with a public database
surveillance activities
-emergency room visits -calls to 911 and poison control centers -pharmacy recors -veterinary diseases
role of government in environmental health
-environment is beyond the control of individuals -local governments provide clean water and disposal of wastes -as population grew, environmental problems transcended local government -in the 1960s and 70s, state and federal governments took more responsibility -now, world population growth has led to global environmental problems -depletion of the earth's ozone layer and accumulation of greenhouse gases are major concerns
intervention study
-epidemiologists do not perform the studies -start w/ 2 groups: experimental & control-watch them over time and compare outcomes -experimenter chooses who is in which group -2 groups should be as similar as possible so intervention is only difference
human population
-epidemiology studies human population, usually using observational rather than experimental methods -biomedical approach uses animal models to investigate the causes of disease -experiments conducted on animals can yield clear answers as to cause and effect -for ethical reasons, experiments cannot usually be done on humans
discussion question 4 (ch. 5)
-explain 3 major types of epidemiological studies -which is most likely to yield a valid result? why? -which is likely to yield an answer in the shortest period of time? why?
discussion question 2 (ch. 5)
-explain the interaction between incidence, prevalence, and prognosis -examples?
case-control study
-faster and cheaper (advantages) -least accurate approach -commonly done to follow up on a hypothesis generated by "shoe-leather" epidemiology -choose people who already have disease -choose health control group of individuals, as similar as possible to cases -interview all & ask for previous exposures -estimate strength of association between exposure/disease by calculating odds ratio
Triceps Brachii
Extension, extension
John Snow & Cholera
-first example of use of epidemiology to study and control a disease -London Cholera epidemics 1800s -Snow suspected association w/ water supply -natural experiment -most deaths associated with 1 water supply company
cohort study
-for situations when doing intervention study would be unethical -choose large # of healthy people, collect data on their exposures, and track outcomes over time -only difference from intervention is that people choose exposures
indoor air quality (cont.)
-formaldehyde: insulation, particle board, plywood, floor coverings, textiles -consumer products: pesticides, dry-cleaning solvents, paints & paint thinners, hair spray, air fresheners -microbes: legionella, hantavirus -allergens: mold, house mites, and animal dander
H zone
-from tip of thin filament to tip of thin filament -center of sarcomere -centers of thick filaments only in relaxed cell
kinds of epidemiological studies
-goal is to determine association between exposure and disease -studies can be prospective or retrospective -intervention study -cohort study -case-control study
gov't food safety activities
-major inconsistencies exist in the way safety is regulated for different types of food -responsibility is divided among many agencies --USDA: meat, poultry, processed eggs --FDA: all other foods --states: shellfish --state and local gov't: stores, restaurants, institutions
lead
-harmful to brain and nervous systems, especially in children -has caused poisoning since Roman Empire -drinking water gets contaminated by lead pipes and lead solder used on copper pipes -gasoline emitted lead air pollutant until the 1980s when banned -lead paint was used until 1977 and is a threat in old houses' peeling paint and contaminated dust -children should be screened for lead levels in blood
discussion question 2 (ch. 6)
-have you heard of the Tuskegee syphilis study? -why was it unethical? -what influence has it had on the conduct of clinical trials?
safety measures
-hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP): focuses on procedures, reduces need for inspections -irradiation: kills bacteria, parasites, pests -refrigeration: at 40F -heating: internal temperatures above 140F -CDC surveillance for food borne disease: FoodNet, PulseNet: DNA fingerprinting of bacteria
discussion question 2 (ch. 21)
-how have provisions of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know act os 1988 and the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 overcome some of the problems caused by the overregulation described in ch. 19?
discussion question 3 (ch. 20)
-how many overly strict gov't regulation of environmental hazards be self-defeating? -can you think of any specific examples of laws intended to benefit public health that may do more harm than good?
principles of emergency preparedness
-importance of advance planning involving all agencies: practice at least once -importance of good communication and coordination -incident command system: puts single person in charge -national incident management system: standardizes the organizational structures, processes, and procedures that communities should employ -Fed gov't funding to states and metropolitan areas for planning -strategis national stockpile of medical supplies, antibiotics, vaccines, antidotes for chemical agents
epidemic surveillance
-major line of defense in protecting public from disease -"shoe-leather epidemiology" -system created to control spread of known disease but also helps recognize new disease -importance increased with bioterrorism
problems with studying humans
-intervention study problem: subjects may not follow prescribed behavior throughout study period -cohort study problem: sometimes it is hard to isolate which of many factors are responsible for health differences -case-control study problems: control group may not be truly comparable, errors may exist in reporting or recalls -for all studies, differential drop-outs are worrisome
WTC response: routine public health functions
-issued death certificates and burial permits -monitored safety of food and drinking water served to emergency workers -cleaned up food in abandoned restaurants -sampled dust and debris to assess risk -surveyed cleanup workers and area residents for symptoms -CDC sent officers to monitor hospital emergency rooms for patients with unusual symptoms -arranged for mental health counseling
clean water act
-lakes and rivers should be swimmable/fishable --point source pollution: requirements for treating wastewater, sewage treatment plants or septic systems, sludge, pretreatment of industrial wastes --nonpoint-source pollution: agricultural runoff, urban runoff, air pollutants deposited by rain
Characteristics of Actin
-long chain of globular subunits (G-actin) -2 chains of G-actin twist upon themselves -binding sites for Myosin heads
cosmetics
-loosely regulated by FDA -no req. exist for safety testing of cosmetics, but a warming label must be attached to any product not tested -several ingredients that were used in the past have been shown to be harmful to health, and their use is prohibited by law
hazardous wastes
-love canal, NY, 1978 -times beach, MO, 1972-1976 -resource conservation and recovery act 1976, 1984
nitrogen oxides
-main sources are on-road vehicles exhaust, off-road equipment, and power plant emissions -nitrogen oxides are responsible for yellowish-brown appearance of smog -they contribute to: respiratory tract irritation, acid rain, ozone formation
types of disasters
-many natural disasters are predictable -technological disasters are less predictable -response is similar for both types -all types of disasters require response planning
setting standards
-most chemicals have not been tested for health effects -federal government is empowered by various acts to set standards --occupational safety and health act --toxic substances control act --federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act --clean air act -process of standard setting is slow and always controversial --national toxicology program
smallpox preparedness
-most dreaded of possible bioterrorism agents -highly contagious, no immunity in population -tabletop exercise lessons: PH is a major national security issue -vaccination campaign for military and health workers before the Iraq war
discussion question 1 (ch. 20)
-most environmental hazards, like infectious pathogens, must reach human hosts to be considered harmful -think of 5 or more environmental agents that can cause disease in humans; for each, describe 2 or more routes by which people might be exposed to them
particulate matter
-most visible air pollution form -can be products of combustion -6 cities study found that death rates were higher in the most polluted cities -smaller particles penetrate deeper into lungs -in 1987 EPA set standards for PM10 -in 1997, 2006, and 2012 EPA set more stringent standards for PM2.5. -lung cancer, other lung diseases, and heart disease are proportional to PM2.5
shortages of potable water
-most water on the earth's surface is salt water or ice -less than 1% is fresh water suitable for drinking, cooking, bathing, etc. -water shortages exist in much of the world -water shortages in the US south and west -political disputes already occur in the US over water
ethical issues
-nazi experiments on humans -Tuskegee syphilis study -AIDS epidemis -bone marrow treatment for advanced breast cancer -new rules: informed consent, institutional review board -importance of clinical trials -possibility of conflict of interest with medical providers who stand to profit
safe drinking water
-nearly half of drinking water in the US comes from rivers & lakes -surface water: helped by clean water act -ground water: generally cleaner -community water treatment to produce potable water --coagulation and flocculation, settling, filtration, disinfection
Dissociative Attentional Strategy
-not monitoring bodily functions -distraction and tuning out
before the 1970s
-often dumps were: outlawed by the resource conservation and recovery act in 1976, supported large populations of vermin and produced toxic leaches that contaminated groundwater -garbage was burned in incinerators or in the open--outlawed by clean air act of 1970 -garbage was poured into rivers, lakes, or oceans--outlawed by clean water act (1972)
criteria air pollutants
-particulate matter -sulfur dioxide -carbon monoxide -nitrogen oxides -ozone -lead
indoor air quality
-people spend more time indoors than out -- "sick building syndrome" -sources of indoor air pollution are: tobacco smoke, wood-burning stoves and fireplaces, gas ranges and furnaces, radon. --danger is unclear --seeps up from oil and rock --can be sealed out
Types of self talk
-positive affirmations -appraisals -attributions -cue words
disease frequency (cont.)
-prevalence depends on incidence and prognosis --if causes/risk factors increase, incidence and prevalence increase --if ability to diagnose increases, incidence and prevalence appear to increase -prevalence rates are most useful in assessing the societal impact of a disease and planning for health care services
Composition of elastic filaments
-protein Titin -extends from z-disc to thick filament and attaches to M line -holds thick filament in place -helps muscle spring back -helps muscle resist excessive stretching
environmental hazards
-radiation, mercury, lead, arsenic, asbestos, pesticides and industrial chemicals -federal government does research, sets standards for exposure limits, monitors, and enforces (EPA)
sources of error
-random variation -confounding variables -bias: selection bias, reporting bias or recall bias
intervention study (cont.)
-randomized, double-blind, placebo control = ideal -pharmaceutical companies conduct many clinical trials for new drugs -physicians health study was a prevention study: aspirin to prevent heart disease, beta carotene to prevent cancer -field trial of polio vaccine in 1954 was randomized and double-blind -Kingston-Newburgh study of fluoridation to prevent tooth decay was a community trial
alternatives to landfills
-reduce, reuse, recycle -waste-to-energy incineration
response to hurricane Katrina
-response was problematic: lack of planning for populations w/ special needs -poor communication -too little help from outside New Orleans -racist incidents -Katrina was the deadliest hurricane since 1928 and costliest natural disaster on record in the US -hurricane rita made landfall 26 days later, interfering with response activities
Role elements
-role ambiguity -role efficacy -role conflict -role overload -role acceptance -Role satisfaction -role performance
Anatomical features of the Axis:
-rotation of the head occurs -dens -superior and inferior articular surface -groove for the transverse ligament -bifid spine -transverse foramen
strategies for industrial sources
-scrubbers on smokestacks -less polluting feels -market approach: buy/sell pollution allowances -new source review provision: industry has flouted the rules, lawsuits have been pressed by states, Bush administration replaced this provision with the weaker Clean Skies Initiative -emergency planning and community right-to-know act
Characteristics of Myosin
-shaped like a golf club with 2 globular heads -about 300 molecules/1 cell -heads at the ends not the center -heads attached by flexible hinge -heads form cross bridge with Actin
sanitary ladnfills
-site should be dry, impervious to clay soil: lined with plastic, drained of liquids, venter to control explosive gases -tipping fee is the cost of disposing of one ton of municipal waste--highest cost in northeast -NYC fresh kills landfill on Staten Island epitomizes the garbage crisis -big drawback is that landfills use a lot of space
Characteristics of Troponin
-smaller globular protein attached to Tropomyosin -part binds to Actin -part binds to Tropomyosin -part binds to Calcium
possible bioterrorism agents
-smallpox -anthrax -ebola -plague -botulism -tularemia -hemorrhagic fever viruses
acromioclavicular injuries - degrees of separation
-sprain or partial tear of AC ligament -complete tear of AC ligament and sprain of coracoclavicular ligament -complete separation
bioterrorism preparedness
-strategy is very different than for natural disasters -response must be the same as for natural disease outbreak -recognizing that an attack is occurring is very challenging: surveillance is important -response requirements include: laboratory capability, public health laws enabling authorities to take action -whether uninsured will seek care is a problem
factors that lend validity to results
-strong association -dose-response relationship -known biological explanation -large study population -consistent results from several studies -high relative risk or odds ratio
strategies for motor vehicles
-tailpipe emission limits -vapor recovery systems on gasoline pumps -inspection and maintenance requirements -requirements that auto makers develop 0 emission vehicles -public transportation development -encouraging carpooling
Characteristics of Tropomyosin
-thread/rod-shaped molecule lies on surface of Actin -spirals around Actin -stabilizes thin filaments -blocks Myosin binding sites in relaxed muscle
interossei
-three palmar interossei adduct 2,4,5 phalanges -four dorsal interossei flex and adduct index, middle, ring proximal phalanges assist with extension of middle & distal phalanges of index, middle, and ring -third dorsal interossei adducts middle finger
politics of the FDA (cont.)
-too many drugs are found to be unsafe only after approved for marketing -problems exist with the way clinical trials are reported -there are calls for a database of all clinical trials, w/ the substance registered at the beginning of the trial, and w/ all trial results reported
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Interbody ligaments:
-two ligaments that run entire length of the spinal column
outbreak investigation
-verify diagnosis -construct a working case definition -find cases systematically=active surveillance -ask who/where/when to describe epidemic by person/place/time -look for common source of exposure
coal ash
-waste from coal-burning power plants -stored in open dumps, often near rivers -contains heavy metal contaminants, which leach into nearby water -unregulated by EPA -major spill in 2008 on the banks of the Tennessee River brought attention to coal ash
air pollution events
-weather inversion in London in 1952 caused more than 4000 deaths -Donora, PN in 1948 has a similar weather inversion -smog in LA in the 50s and 60s was severe -clean air act of 1970 set air quality standards, limited some major pollutants, and mandated emission reduction of autos and factories
discussion question 2 (ch. 20)
-what do we mean when we say that workers often serve as "guinea pigs" for environmental exposures?
discussion question 1 (ch. 5)
-what is difference between incidence and prevalence? -why is incidence more useful in identifying the cause of a disease? -when is it most useful to use prevalence? -examples?
discussion question 3 (ch. 5)
-why are the who/when/where questions useful in determining the causes of disease? -examples?
determinants of disease
-why is distribution as it is? -can make inferences from distribution -epidemiologists usually speak of risk factors not causes
discussion question 1 (ch. 4)
-why is epidemiological surveillance important for public health? -what role would it play if there were a bioterrorism attack?
discussion question 1 (ch. 22)
-why were state and local laws concerning air and water pollution ineffective, leading the federal gov't to pass legislation in 1970s?
asbestos
-wide use was for strength and fire resistance. asbestos was used in insulation and still is used in roofing, gaskets, and brake linings -fibrous dust causes scarring of lungs (asbestosis) and mesothelioma (cancer) -Manville Corporation went bankrupt in 1982 due to lawsuits concerning workers injured by asbestos -Libby, Montana was severely affected by mining -WTC clean-up and rescue workers were affected
occupational exposures
-workers are often 1st to sugar effects of an exposure; serve as guinea pigs -carcinogens are recognized through occupational cancers --scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps --bladder cancer in dye factory workers --lung & lymphatic cancer from arsenic -neurotoxins also have been recognized through occupational illness --hexane --trichloroethylene --pesticide applicators
What must a substance have in order to identify as a nutrient?
1) Deficiency 2) adequacy 3)toxicity
What are the major electrolytes in the body?
1) Sodium 2) Potassium 3) Chloride 4) Calcium 5) Magnesium
3 primary roles of nutrients
1) Structure 2) energy 3) regulation
the interosseous membrane is the ________, distributes ___, and has ___ ____
1) connective tissue between radius and ulna 2) pressure 3) muscular attachment
the three articulations of the elbow joint are...
1) humerus and ulna 2) humerus and radius 3) ulna and radius
Microcycles
1-4 weeks
Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling Steps (6)
1. AP propagates down t-tubules 2. Voltage-sensitive proteins change shape 3. Calcium channels open, releasing Ca into sarcoplasm 4. Ca binds to troponin, changing its shape 5. Tropomyosin pulls off myosin binding sites 6. Contraction begins with cross-bridge formation
Composition of thin filaments (3)
1. Actin 2. Tropomyosin 3. Troponin
What are the three ligaments that attach the occipital bone to parts of the cervical vertebra?
1. Atalanto-occipital ligament: attach the occipital bone of the skull to the first cervical vertebra (atlas) 2. Occipitoaxial ligament: attach occipital bone of the skull to the dens (odontoid process) of the second vert. (Axis) 3. Atlanto-axial ligament: attach the atlas and the axis
What happens as a muscle cell shortens (4)
1. I bands shorten and disappear 2. Distance between Z discs shortens 3. H zone disappears 4. A bands move closer together (length does not change)
Depolarization (7)
1. MEPP produces AP and opens voltage-dependent Na+ channels 2. Na+ enters cell 3. Once threshold is reached, AP generated 4. AP propagates along NMJ 5. Voltage-dependent gates open 6. Na+ enters 7. Voltage depolarizes to +30mV
Insertion of Serratus Anterior
Anterior side of the medial boarder of the scapula
What are the three muscles responsible for keeping the spinal column in an erect position?
1. Erector spinae 2. Quadratus lumborum 3. multifidus
What are the sinuses and which sinus contains which artery and or nerve?
1. Ethmoid sinus: located in the ethmoid bone b/w the eyes and the middle turbinate (bony walls of the nasal cavity) 2. Frontal Sinus: two-triangular shaped cavities located at the base of the frontal lobe (forehead); communicate with nasal cavity 3. Maxillary Sinus: located in the cheeks; communicating with the middle meatus and the nasal cavity 4. Sphenoid Sinus: located in the anterior body of the sphenoid bone -carotid artery and the optic nerve lie in this area
What needs to happen for a muscle cell to contract? (4)
1. Muscle fiber must be activated (Stimulated so membrane potential occurs) 2. Generate an electrical current (action potential) 3. AP propagated 4. Intracellular calcium ion levels rise briefly (trigger)
5 Principles of Kinesiology
1. Muscles only pull; they do not push 2. Muscles contract in the center and pull equally on both ends 3. The action of a muscle on a joint will be determined by the attachments and the path of the muscle 4. Muscles must oppose gravity to produce a movement or maintain a position 5. Three types of contraction are possible in opposing gravity; A. Shortening contraction: force greater than resistance. B. Static Contraction: force equal to the resistance. C. Lengthening contraction: force less than the resistance.
Repolarization (6)
1. Na+ gates close, K+ gates open 2. K+ leaves the cell, which restores negatively charged inside 3. Hyperpolarization occurs 4. Sarcolemma raises potential back to RMP. 5. K+ comes back into cell via voltage-dependent gates 6. Muscle fiber contraction occurs
How does a motor neuron stimulate a skeletal muscle fiber? (4)
1. Nerve impulse reaches end of axon and causes calcium to enter axon terminal 2. Synaptic vesicles fuse and release ACh by exocytosis 3. ACh diffuses to the MEP 4. ACh binding triggers electrical events that generate action potential
How are electrochemical gradients maintained? (3)
1. Selectively permeable membrane 2. Ion specific gates 3. Na+/K+ ATP pump
There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 2:
1. Semispinalis dorsi 2. Semispinalis cervicis 3. Semispinalis capitis
3 Muscles of the Hamstrings & Their Actions
1. Semitendinosus (Flexion, inward rotation, extension, adduction) 2. Semimembranosus (Flexion, inward rotation, extension, Adduction) 3. Biceps Femoris & Popliteus (BF- Flexion, extension, outward rotation. P- Flexion, inward rotation)
There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 1:
1. Spinalis Dorsi 2. Spinalis cervicis 3. Spinalis capitis
Sliding Filament Theory Steps (5)
1. Thin filaments slide past thick filaments 2. Cross-bridges form 3. Tension causes bridges to break and propel toward center 4. Muscle cell shortens 5. Z discs pulled towards the M line
4 Muscular Imbalances of the Hip
1. Tight and weak abductor muscles 2. Imbalance between inward and outward rotators 3. Tightness of hip flexors, low back pain, bubble buns and thunder thighs, anterior snapping hip 4. Imbalance between medial and lateral hamstrings
12 structures in the anatomy of the eye
1. cornea (transparent layer just under eyelid) 2. iris (elastic membrane between cornea and lens - where color is) 3. lens (area of eye where light is refracted for vision) 4. pupil (opening in center where light enters) 5. anterior chamber (space between iris and the cornea) 6. posterior chamber (space between iris and lens) 7. aqueous humor (what both chambers are filled with) 8. suspensory ligament (suspends lens in the eyeball) 9. sclera (outer layer of lens) 10. retina (inner layer of lens) 11. choroid (layer between sclera and retina) 12. vitreous humor (fluid between lens and retina)
Myofibrils characteristics (4)
1. found within muscle fiber 2. run parallel to length of muscle 3. densely packed (80% of volume of cell) 4. several per cell (100-1000)
Sarcoplasm contains (4)
1. glycosomes (granules stored glycogen) 2. myoglobin (store oxygen) 3. mitochondria (energy source) 4. myofibrils
There are five groups of muscles that extend the lumbar spine: what are they? Group 4:
1. longissimus capitis 2. longissimus cervicis 3. longissimus dorsi
If new drug application (NDA) is approved, 3 phase trial:
1. use a small number of subjects; measure absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion; look for side effects and toxicities 2. test a larger number of patients for signs that the new drug is effective 3. conduct a clinical trial
Kinetic Energy
1/2m*v2 units=watts
Origin of deltoid
1/3 clavicle, acromion process and spine of the scapula
How long can contraction phase of a muscle fiber persist?
100ms or more
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Vagus/Pneumogastric
10th cranial nerve/ contains both sensory and motor fibers Motor: innervates the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, stomach, intestines, other abdominal viscera, and the heart Sensory: involves the heart, lungs, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, and gastrointestinal tract
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Spinal Accessory
11th cranial nerve/ Motor -traps and sternocleidomastoid -originating in the brain stem, innervates the tongue, face, and neck
If the scapula was immobile who much shoulder abduction or flexion would be possible?
120 degrees
What is the normal BP range and Stage 1 hypertension
120/80 Normal 139/99-149/100 Stage 1 Hypertension 120/80 Normal 120/80-149/100 Stage 1 139/99-149/100 160 and up ??
{Cranial Nerves: number, M/S, function} Hypoglossal
12th cranial nerve/ Motor -mainly the tongue muscles -originating in the brain stem, innervates the tongue, face, and neck
flexion/extension of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees
145-150 degrees
Repetition zone for endurance
15-20
How many minutes of exercise a week is needed for health benefits?
150 minutes/week
How do you determine fluid replenishment?
16-20 oz/pound of body weight
What occurs during Protrusion and Retrusion?
1Anterior/Posterior movement along horizontal plane 2Mandible condyles move as one unit
What is the functional normal degrees of shoulder flexion and shoulder abduction
180 degrees
scapulohumeral rhythm
180 degrees: 120: shoulder joint 60: scapula
What is the Tranversospinalis responsible for? What are the three different types?
1Assist in lumbar extension 2Stabilizes segments 3result in rotation of spine to opposite side 1Semispinalis: span 5+ vertebrae 2Multifidus-spans 2-4 segments 3Rotators-Spans 1 segment
What is the action of the temporalis?
1Bilaterally: elevation and retrusion Unilaterally: Ipsilateral deviation
What are the stabilizers of the spine?
1Core stabilization:Thoracolumar fascia, Tranverse abdominis, and multifidus-SEGMENTAL STABILIZATION 2Tranverseospinalis
Where is HNP?
1Herniated nucleus puposus-L4-L5 is most common w/ L5-S1 nerve involvement
What occurs during left lateral deviation?
1Horizontal plane motion-Spin of left condyle with forward slide of right condyle, rotation around a vertical axis
What are the primary muscles for the TMJ? Their innervation?
1Masseter 2temporalis 3Medial pterygoid 4lateral pterygoid Cranial Nerve 5-trigeminal
What are the Characteristics of the Lumbar region? Most injuries of spine occur where? What motions occur the most here?
1Massive vertebral bodies-weight bearing 2Greatest mobility-least stability @ L4-L5 L4-L5 and L5-S1 Facets favor flexion extension(sagittal plane)-limited lateral flexion and rotation
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
1Olfactory 2Oculomotor 3Optic 4Trochlear 5Trigeminal(neuralgia) 6Abducens 7Facial(bells palsy) 8Vestibulococchlear (Acoustic nerve) 9Glossopharyngeal 10Vagus: Heart, lungs GI 11Accessory (SCM, Trap) 12Hypoglossal
What are the muscles of the thoracic region?
1Revtus Abdominis 2External obliue 3Internal obliue 4Tranverse abdominis
What are the extensors of the cervical spine?
1Splenius capitis 2Splenius cervicis 3Suboccipital group 4Erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)
What is the Erector Spinae useful for? What are the three different muscles of it?
1Strong stabilizer of the lumbar spine on illium 2This is continuous with those of the neck 3Performs spinal extension, lateral flexion, and rotation at trunk 4Medial to lateral-spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis
What are the functions of the cervical vertebrae?
1Supports head 2Protection of the spinal cord 3Joint capsules are lax: significant mobility(not meant to lift things)
What are the prime movers for elevation?
1Temporalis 2Massester 3medial pterygoid
What are primary types of pathology in lumbar spine?
1spondylosis 2spondylolysis 3Spondylitis 4Spondylolithesis
What percentage of adults do not meet the daily recommended level of physical activity? College students?
50%; 35-50%
Unintentional injuries are the ___th leading cause of death in the US
5th
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Trigeminal
5th cranial nerve -sensory fibers that sense warmth, cold, pressure, and pain in the teeth and skin of the face -motor fibers that innervate the muscles of mastication
how many muscles move the wrist?
6
Carb recommendation for athletes
6-10 g/kg of body weight or 50-65% of total daily calories
Beginners
60 to 70% 1RM
upper fibers of pec major: flexion up to __ degrees, abduction after __ degrees, and adduction below __ degrees
60, 90, 90
the scaphoid is ___ to ___ %
60-70
THR is between
60-80%
What percentage of running at your max speed will decrease tension?
60-80%, not lower
Hypertrophy 1RM
67-85% 6-12 reps 30-90 sec rest
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Abducens
6th cranial nerve
__% of fractures are humeral fractures
7
pronation of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees
70-90 degrees
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Facial
7th cranial nerve Sensory: sensory fibers connecting the brain with the taste buds of the tongue and the pharynx Motor: innervates the muscles of the face
amount of compound exercises
8-10
Repetition zone for hypertrophy
8-12
How long does heat acclimation typically take and what factors impact how long it takes to occur?
8-12 days; age, fitness level, stress placed on body, duration of heat exposure
the biceps brachii is most effective between __ and __ degrees
80-100
supination of the elbow is about _ to _ degrees
80-90
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Auditory
8th cranial nerve/sensory in nature Contains two parts: 1. One for hearing, located in the cochlea, connecting to temporal lobe 2. Equilibrium, located in the semicircular canals, connecting with the cerebellum
how many muscles are primary movers of the phalanges?
9
without scapula movement, shoulder joint would be __ degrees during abduction and flexion
90
without scapula movement shoulder joint ROM would be..
90 degrees during abduction and flexion
{Cranial Nerves: numer, M/S, function} Glossopharyngeal
9th cranial nerve Motor: innervates the muscles of the tongue and pharynx Sensory: sensory fibers connecting the brain with the taste buds of the tongue and the pharynx
Endurance 1RM
<=67% >=12 reps <=30 sec rest
waist to hip ratio for women
>=.86
waist to hip ratio for women (60-69)
>=.9
waist to hip ratio for men
>=.95
waist to hip ratio for men (60-69)
>=1.03
What is Spielberger's definition of stress?
A psychobiological process
What is the motor unit?
A single neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates
Which action would shorten the fibers of the pec minor?
ABduction of the scapula
What are the ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint?
AC, coracoclavicular (trapezoid, conoid)
What are actions of rhomb min?
ADduct Elevate scapula Downward rotate
What is involved in Phase 2 of the PETTLEP Model
Acquisition
Thin filaments
Actin
Steiner's Model of Actual Productivity
Actual Productivity= potential productivity-- losses due to faulty processes
What scapular movement do rhombs and traps act as synergists
Adduction
Latissimus Dorsi
Adduction , Extension, Internal Rotation, Horizontal Abduction
Teres Major
Adduction, Extension, Internal Rotation
What is the purpose of the double condyloid?
Aids in rotation
4 Causes of Injury - Personal
Alignment, exhaustion, overuse, malnutrition/dehydration
Tarsus: Type of Joint/Action of Joint
All of the actions that occur at the articulations of the seven tarsal bones with each other. Action: Pronation and Supination
Sensory Receptors
All sensation begins with specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to sensory (afferent) nerves and the brain. *Sense organs and sensory reception fall into several main classes based on the type of energy that is being detected. CLASSES: ~photoreception: detection of light. ~Mechanoreception: detection of pressure, vibration, and movement. ~Chemoreception: detection of chemical stimuli, perceived as smell or taste.
Which ribs articulate with the Thoracic Vertebrae?
All twelve pairs of ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae. -12 pairs of ribs: the first 7 pairs are true ribs, and the last 5 pairs are false ribs
Define a dynamic splint and name 2 purposes for a dynamic splint
Allows you to move affected joint or joints across a plane. ~Substitute for loss of motor function ~Allows movement of joints ~Allows for adjustments and ROM
Mass
Amount of matter in a system and has no direction
Dermatomes
An area of the skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion.
Rotation Forces
An aspect of the system is restrained which causes the system to rotate around that axis when an eccentric force is present
Motivational Specific
An athlete images a specific motivating setting (ex: making the winning basket)
Reaction Force
An equal and opposite force from environment onto the system
Autonomic Dysreflexia
An uninhibited and exaggerated reflex of the autonomic nervous system to stimulation.
Linear force
An unrestrained system is assumed/used Force causes CG to alter movement in linear path
Which muscles originate off of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
Anconeus and Extensor/Supinator group
Ankle: Type of Joint/Action of Joint
Ankle Joint: formed by the articulation of the talus, the inferior articulating surface of the tibia, the lateral malleolus of the fibula, and the medial malleolus of the tibia. Action: Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion
Morton's Short Toe Injuries
Ankle/Tarsus sprains due to supination
Internal stability Posterior femur --> anterior tibia Most commonly injured
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
What make up non-nutrients?
Antioxidants, phytochemicals
Pressure Sores
Area of skin that breaks down, usually over a bony prominence, when a person is in one position for too long without shifting their weight to relieve pressure.
How many in a unit?
As few as 4 or as many as several 100 muscle fibers
What is the AA joint? How does it articulate? Movement?
Atlanto-axial odontoid process (dens) of axis articulates with the arch of the atlas and transverse ligament 50% of rotation of cervicle spide-rotation/lateral flexion opposite directions Hangmans fracture occur here( Lateral Portions: facet joints are horizontal)
What is the anatomy of the atlas?
Atlas (C1): has no significant body, but has two large articular facets that provide the surface where the skull and the spinal column articulate; first articulation within the skull. -shakes head up and down Axis (C2): shakes head yes and no; contains the dens (odontoid process), bifid split spinous process, and a foramen in each transverse process that provides passage of BV Transverse ligament: connects that transverse process of atlas holding axis (dens) in place
Shoulder Girdle Originates
Axial Skeleton & Scapula/Clavicle
Lift Rules
BOS as close as possible to load Stabalize vertebral column in upright position with natural curve Lower body to load using hip/knee flexion Raise load hip/knee extension
Insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus
Base of second meta carpal
location and characteristics of base/apex of heart
Base: wider at the upper end Apex: narrower and more pointed at the lower end
Lateral Pterygoid action?
Bilaterally: depression and protrusion Unilaterally: contralateral lateral deviation
Motor End Plate Potential (MEPP)
Beginning of depolarization
Leadership Perspectives
Behavioral, Situational, Trait
3 primary areas in which staleness creates symptoms/changes?
Behavioral, psychological, physiological
Supinated grip
Biceps brachii
List the 3 muscles that flex the elbow in a supinated position, pronated position, neutral position (respectively).
Biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
Thin sheet of facia extending off the distal tendon to bicepts
Bicipitalaponrosis
Reverse grip
Brachialis
Dividing line between flexors and extensores
Brachioradialis
Neutral grip
Brachioradialis
Fibrocartilage
Buffer
Hangman's Ligament
C1 also known as the transverse ligament
What is the O/A joint? What type of motions? What are the surfaces of these joints like?
C1-C2-dens of xis articulates with arch of the atlas and traverse ligament 2+ degree of freedom;Movements:50% of F/E Atlas: concave; Occipital bone: convex
What are the common spinal landmarks?
C4-C5: carotid pulse C7-vertebral prominence T3-spine of scapula T7-inferior angle of scapula T11-12: kidneys T12-12th rib L4-illiac crest l5-ASIS s2-Psis "dimples"
coracoclavicular joint
CCL Ligament: tapezoid & conoid maintains relationship between scapula and clavicle connect clavicle with crooked process of scapula
Tendon
CT continuous with epimysium connects muscle to bone (epi, peri, endo extend past fibers to create tendon)
Endomysium
CT surrounding each muscle fiber
Perimysium
CT surrounding fasciculus
What minerals are necessary for bone health?
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
Myasthenia gravis treatments (5)
Cholinesterase inhibitors Immunosuppressants Corticosteroids Plasmaphoresis Thymectomy
Chordae Tendineae/Papillary muscles:
Chordae Tendinaea- tendonlike cords that attach to the cusps of each valve. These cords are also attached to the ventricular walls by the papillary muscles. Papillary muscles are responsible for maintaining appropriate tension on the valves to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria from the ventricles.
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?
Ciliary, dilator pupillae, and sphincter pupillae
What bones make up the shoulder complex?
Clavicle, scapula, humerus
What is protein complimentary?
Combining two or more incomplete proteins to offset limitations of each other; vegetarians need to use this
the developmental continuum applied to kinesiology
Comprises all stages of the developmental continuum not just adults.
What methods both increase and decrease body temperature?
Conduction, radiation
The effects of pressure
Constant pressure against the skin reduces the blood supply to that area, which supplies the skin/tissue with nutrients and oxygen. Without the nutrients and oxygen the tissue dies and a pressure ulcer forms.
Direct approach
Consultatnt works directly with tam
What do "saturated" foods mean?
Contains only saturated fatty acids...high in cholesterol
Balance
Control of the body for a given purpose during duration of time Movement control
Resource Interdependence
Deals with resources
What is an action of the levator scapula?
Downwardly rotate
3 muscles Antagonist to themselves
Delt Trap Pec Major
Muscles tat perform flexion of the shoulder
Delt Biceps Pec major
What do out-of-whack levels of norepinephrine and serotonin correlate with?
Depression
What psychological conditions do physicians prescribe exercise?
Depression (85%) and anxiety (60%)
Lower Trapezius
Depression, Retraction, UPWARD ROTATION
Approaches to building a team
Direct and Indirect
5 mechanisms held responsible for psychological changes
Distraction, thermogenic, monoamines, opioids, endocannabinoids
What is an action of the levator scapula?
Downward rotation of the scapula
What are these test used for
Dynamometer: grip strength 9-hole-peg test: fine motor Purdue Pegboard: fine motor Berg Balance: fine motor and coordination Slosson Performance: fine motor/gross motor. Eye/hand coordination
Difference external (3), middle (3), and inner ear (2)
E: pinna/auricle, external meatus/auditory canal, tympanic membrane M: eustachian tube, fenestra rotunda (round window), and fenestra ovals (oval window) I: cochlea, vestibule
What is EAR vs RDA?
EAR= required amount of intake of nutrients RDA= recommended
Stability
Ease of which equilibrium is disturbed Neuromusclular mechanisms of control Resistance to loosing is equilibrium
Name 5 of the most frequent reasons for splinting
Edema Injury Prevent contractures Surgery Broken bone/fracture
What are the factors the therapist should consider when establishing a person with a splint wearing schedule?
Edema Pain Overall lifestyle Work/School Cognition Redness Home exercise program
Levator Scapulae
Elevation
Upper Trapezius
Elevation
Middle Trapezius
Elevation, UPWARD ROTATION, Retraction
Interphalangeals are what type of joints
Ellipsoid
What are opioids?
Endorphins (runner's high)
Difference between eustress and distress
Eustress=good stress, distress=bad stress
What methods decrease body temperature?
Evaporation, convection
What are monoamines?
Examination of norepinephrine and serotonin levels
Anconeus
Extension
Origin of the Serratus Anterior
External surface of upper 8 or 9 ribs
T or F: loss of function at the wrist can be replaced by movements at the other joints
F...CANNOT
Newton's 2nd Law
F=ma ; law of acceleration
GTarget Body Weight
FFM/1-(desired%BF/100)
Lateral stability Joins fibula and femur
Fibular collateral ligament (LCL)
Ankle Action of Gravity
Flexion
Knee Action of Gravity
Flexion
The motions that occur at the ulnohumeral joint are?
Flexion and Extension
Which movement shortens the brachioradialis
Flexion of the elbow
Hip Action of Gravity
Flexion, Adduction, and Inward Rotation
Brachioradialis
Flexion, Pronation, Supination
Biceps Brachii
Flexion, Supination
Which muscles originate off of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
Flexor/Pronator group
Coracobrachialis
Flexsion, Adduction, Horizontal
Which B-vitamins are involved in cell division?
Folate, vitamin B12
What is nutrient density?
Foods that supply a high amount of nutrients compared to calories
External Force
Forces acting outside the body or system Only forces that create movement
Internal Force
Forces acting within the body or system Cannot create movement Ex: peristalsis
Collinear forces
Forces that go along the same line
What are triglycerides?
Formed from glycerol and three fatty acids; make up natural fats and oils
How many muscles in the thenar eminence
Four
Static Friction
Friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it's resting
Dynamic Friction
Friction that exists between two objects moving relative to each other.
Unstageable
Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered by slough and/or eschar.
Stage 4
Full thickness tissue loss. -damage to the tissue extends into the muscle and can extend as far down as the bone. -slough or eschar (thick black or dark brown leather like necrotic tissue) may be present on parts of the wound bed.
Stage 3
Full thickness tissue loss. -damage to the tissue extends through the dermis (second skin layer) into the subcutaneous and fat tissue. -slough (necrotic yellow or gray tissue that is separating from living tissue) may be present.
Spinal Cord C7
Functional movement includes: ~Thyroids, right and left hands, wrist, shoulders, arms, elbow. ~Independent with bed/wheelchair, dressing UE, grooming, bathing upper body, communication, and homemaking. ~Some assist with bowel, bathing lower body, standing/ambulation, and respiratory.
Spinal Cord C6
Functional movement includes: ~tonsils, left and right arms and left and right shoulders. ~Independent with eating ~Some assist with bed mobility, bladder and bowel, dressing LE, and lower body bathing. ~Total assist with standing/ambulation
Patellofemoral joint type?
Gliding
3 monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Muscles causing hip extension
Gluteus maximus, Long head of Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, posterior fibers of gluteus medius
Muscles that make up the pes anserine
Gracilis, Sartorius, Semitendinosus
What is the iceberg profile?
Graph of athletes vs non-athletes that shows that athletes have higher levels of energy and lower levels of anxiety, depression, etc. than the rest of the population
Constant in Our Lives that Creates Muscular Imbalances in Our Body
Gravity
Manual muscle testing can be tested in which 2 positions?
Gravity Gravity Eliminated
Pec Major attaches to...
Greater tubercle
Tools for measuring Cohesion
Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)
difference between gyri and sulci
Gyri: raised portion of cerebrum folds sulci: depressed portion of cerebrum folds
No resting HR
HRmax(75%) HRmax(90%)
How many bones are in the head?
Head consists of 28 bones -eight of which are in the skull: one ethmoid, one frontal bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, one sphenoid bone, and one occipital bone
How do healthy individuals feel from acute exercise vs fatigue patients?
Healthy individuals feel less fatigue, but patients feel more tired and discomfort
common environmental problems
Heat, cold, atmospheric pressure, humidity, altitude and pollution
Tibiofemoral joint type
Hinge
Magnitude
How much force is produced How strong the contraction is How heavy the push/pull is Uses net amounts in more complex situations
Role Satisfaction
How satisfied are you with your role in the group
Role acceptance
How well you accept/act out your role in the group
IT band syndrome
IT band rubs against the lateral epicondyle
True or False
If a person has a wound that requires dressing, the therapist should fabricate the splint over the dressing and instruct the person to apply new dressings at appropriate interval. Answer: TRUE
When should you not test for MMT
If person has: *injury *amputation *ROM is affected *edema *pain *arthosis
During lateral flexion the Spinalis and longissimus are synergists to what other muscle?
Iliocostalis
Muscles causing hip flexion
Iliopsoas, iliacus, tensor fascia latae, Adductors (assist in hip flexion), pectineus, anterior fibers of the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
Origin of the triceps long head
Imfraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Physiological symptoms of stress
Increased heart rate and blood pressure, tense muscles, increased perspiration
Line of Action
Indefinitely extending line along which the force moves Allows addition/subtraction of common forces to determine net force Inc complex analysis, changes as system moves through rotation
Superficial and deep Lubricate inferior patellar tendon
Infrapatellar
What muscle is synergist to teres minor
Infraspinatus
Which muscles externally rotate the shoulder?
Infraspinatus, teres minor
State 5 benefits of PROM (passive range of motion)
Inhibit pain Sensory awareness Improve circulation Prevent contractures Skin and muscle integrity
Skeletal muscle cell input for control
Innervated (nerves)
Pectoralis Major (lower fibers)
Internal rotation, Horizontal Adduction, Extension, adduction
Thin, strong fibrous sheath that binds radius and ulna
Interosseus membrane
Toes: Type of Joint/Action of Joint
Interphalangeal joints & Phalangeal/Metatarsal joints. Actions: Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension.
What kind of relationship is there between physical fitness and psychopathy?
Inverse relationship
What is the definition of isometric exercises and isotonic exercises and give an example of each
Isometric exercises-no lengthening or shortening of the muscle. Ex. doing a plank Isotonic exercises-muscles move to perform tasks. Ex. bicep curls
glenohumeral joint
It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid fossa of the scapula) Enarthrodial
What is the temporalis muscle?
It is a facial muscle that covers the temporal bone and aids in mastication; crushes and grinds objects between the molars.
Where is the pleural space located?
It is located in the pleural membrane between the parietal pleura(outer layer) and the visceral membrane (inner layer)
Hip: Type of Joint/Action of Joint
Joint: Made up of the head of the femur fitting into the acetabulum of the pelvis. Action: Sagittal Plane: Flexion, Extension Frontal Plane: Abduction, Adduction Transverse Plane: Outward rotation, inward rotation, circumduction
Knee: Type of Joint/Action of Joint
Joint: formed by the articulation of the femur and tibia and is encased in the joint capsule, which is lined with synovial membrane. Actions: Flexion, extension, and slight rotation when the knee is in a flexed position.
Flexion Extension Internal rotation External rotation
Knee Movements
Chondromalacia
Knees: consistent grating and crunching of the knee in movement
spondylolisthesis affects older generations in the _____ and younger in the ____
L4 and L5 L5-S1
Situational
Leaders are negated by situational demands
Trait
Leaders as key figure, leadership depends on your traits
Anatomy of lungs regarding space for other organs
Left lung: cardiac notch Right lung: shorter because liver lies underneath
ABduction of the scapula will ___ the fibers of the middle trapezius?
Lengthen
Lateral flexion of the spine would ___ Iliocostalis
Lengthen
Lateral rotation will ___ Subscapularis
Lengthen
Pronation of biceps brachii
Lengthen
Rotation to the opposite side would ___ oblique Capitis Inferior
Lengthen
Supination of the forearm will ___ the pronator quadratus
Lengthen
Altitude Illness
Less oxygen can lead to: o (AMS) acute mountain sickness -nauseous, headaches o (HAPE) high altitude pulmonary edema- fluid on lungs, very severe o (HACE) high altitude cerebral edema- coma, death, brain bleeding
attentional selectivity
Letting some info into the processing system while other information is ignored
Center of Gravity
Line of action on upon which gravity acts Center of Gravity over BOS=Balanced
Direction
Linear direction along which the force is applied Where the force is coming from/going to
What is the normal resting position for the mouth? How can the TMJ be subject to injury and dysfunction?
Lips closed teeth apart Head, neck, and postural dysfunctions, and malocclusion
Mechanistic Theory
Lock & Latham Goals influence performance in 4 ways: - direct attention to important task elements -mobilize effort - increase persistence -Foster new learning strategies
What type of athletes often sustain injuries in the mid-region of the graph?
Long distance athletes, endurance sports.
What is allostatic load?
Long-term wear and tear of stress response
What muscle is a complete Antagonist during spinal flexion?
Longissimus
Which muscle would be a complete Antagonist to trunk flexion performed by rectus abdominis?
Longissimus acting Bilaterally
What are the different movements of the TMJ?
Mandibular depression-opening Mandibular elevation-closing Protraction-move jaw forward retraction-return from protrusion lateral deviation-side to side motion
Potential Energy
Mass * Gravity * Height units=joules
Force
Mass*Acceleration Units=Newtons
Balance Factors
Mass/weight of body or part Height of CoG of body or part Size of BOS of body or part Magnitude of friction that determines "sticking" to form axis of rotation Net torque applied to body or part
Insertion of coracobrachialis
Medial surface of the mid humoral shaft
Which nerve innervates most of the flexor/pronator group?
Median
What separates the pleural cavities?
Mediastinal Septum
Where is the respiratory center in the brain located?
Medulla Oblongata
Recommendation for intake of added sugars in our diets?
Men-37.5 grams Women-25 grams
Associative Attentional Strategy
Monitoring bodily functions/feelings such as HR, breathing, muscle tension
What kind of bonds are in mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats?
Mono-one Poly-more than one
What is the origin, insertion and action of the supraspinatus?
O: I: A: abduction, stabilize humerus N: subscapular
Rectus femoris
O: AIIS I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension
Sartorius
O: ASIS I: Pes anserine A: Flex the hip, abduct the hip, flex the knee, laterally rotate the hip, medially rotate the flexed knee
Piriformis
O: Anterior surface of the sacrum I: Superior aspect of the greater trochanter A: Laterally rotate the hip, abduct the hip when flexed
Vastus intermedius
O: Anterior-lateral shaft of the femur I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension
Vastus lateralis
O: Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension
Iliacus
O: Iliac fossa I: Lesser trochanter A: When origin is fixed: Hip flexion, laterally rotate hip When insertion is fixed: Flex trunk towards thigh, tilt pelvis anteriorly
Adductor brevis
O: Inferior ramus of pubis I: Distal 2/3 from lesser trochanter A: Adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist in hip flexion
Adductor magnus
O: Inferior surface of ischium tuberosity I: Linea aspera, adductor tubercle A: Adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist in hip flexion Posterior fibers: Extend the hip
Biceps femoris long head
O: Ischial tuberosity I: Head of the fibula A: Flex the knee, laterally rotate flexed knee, extend the hip, assists to laterally rotate the hip, posterior tilt of pelvis
Semimembranosus
O: Ischial tuberosity I: Medial surface of the proximal tibia A: Knee flexion, internal rotation
Semitendinosus
O: Ischial tuberosity I: Pes anserine A: Flex the knee, medially rotate flexed knee, extend the hip, posterior tilt of the pelvis, assists to medially rotate the hip
Quadratus femoris
O: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity I: Intertrochanteric crest (between greater and lesser trochanters) A: Laterally rotate the hips
Popliteus
O: Lateral condyle of the femur I: Posterior surface of tibia A: Knee flexion, HUGE internal rotation
Biceps femoris short head
O: Lateral lip of the linea aspera I: Head of the fibula A: Flex the knee, laterally rotate the flexed knee, posterior tilt of pelvis
Vastus medialis oblique
O: Medial lip of the linea aspera I: Tibial tuberosity A: Knee extension
Tensor facsia latae
O: Outer lip of iliac crest and outer surface of ASIS I: Lateral condyle of the tibia A: Flex the hip Medially rotate the hip Abduct the hip
Gluteus medius
O: Outer surface of ilium (iliac crest) I: Greater trochanter A: All fibers: Abduct the hip Anterior fibers: flex the hip, medially rotate the hip Posterior fibers extend the hip, laterally rotate the hip
Gluteus maximus
O: Posterior/superior surface of the Iliac crest I: Gluteal tuberosity (femur) A: All fibers: Extend the hips, laterally rotate the hips, abduct the hips Lower fibers: adduct the hip
Adductor longus
O: Pubis I: Linea aspera A: Adduct the hip, medially rotate the hip, assist in hip flexion
Iliopsoas
O: Transverse processes L1-L5 T12-L5 vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs I: Lesser trochanter A: Hip flexion Anterior pelvic rotation External rotation of the hip Flexion (also lateral flexion) of the lumbar spine
pec major originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
O: clavicle, sternum, and ribs I: greater tubercle of humerus
the latissimus dorsi originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
O: ilium, sacrum, lumbar, and thoracic spinous process I: medial intertubercular groove
the biceps brachii originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
O: scapula and coracoid process I: radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
the triceps brachii originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
O: scapula, humerus, humerus I: olecranon process of ulna
the pronator teres originates at the __ and inserts at the __
O:medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna I: radius
What is Spondylosis?
OA, DJD of spine
Special Senses
Olfactory-smell Vision Gustatory-taste Auditory
"All-or-none" Principle
Once threshold (-60mV) is reached, the cell depolarizes at the same level each time.
What physiological mechanism is linked to addiction?
Opioids
Rectus femoris
Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine Groove above acetabulum Insertion: Patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Actions: hip flexion Knee
Vastus intermedius
Origin: Anterior two thirds of femur shaft Insertion: upper patella and patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Actions: Knee extension
Vastis medius
Origin: Entire linea aspera length and medial condyloid ridge Insertion: Medial patella and patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Actions: Knee extension
Vastus lateralis
Origin: Intertrochanteric line Insertion: Lateral patella and patellar tendon --> tibial tuberosity Action: Knee extension
Popliteus
Origin: Posterior lateral condyle Insertion: Upper posterior medial tibia Actions: Knee flexion Internally rotates tibia
Muscle Groups used in a Standing Position
Outward rotators, abductors, exterior hip/knee/ankle
Which muscle is an Antagonist to itself?
Pec Major
Coracobrachialis is deep to which two muscles
Pec Major Anterior Deltoid
Which muscles flex the shoulder?
Pec major, coracobrachialis, deltoid
What mineral is vital to the energy structure in ATP?
Phosphorus
PETTLEP Model
Physical Environment Timing Task Learning Emotion Perspective
Synovial membrane fold Extends from joint capsule Forms suprapatellar bursa
Plica
Rhomboid
Retraction, Downward Rotation, Elevation
Pectoralis Minor
Protraction, Downward Rotation, Depression
Serratus Anterior
Protraction, Upward Rotation
What is the action of the rhomboid major?
Retracts scapula
Internal stability Anterior --> posterior tibia
Posterior Cruciate ligament (PCL)
Causes of pressure sores
Pressure Shearing Friction Moisture *Starts as an area of reddened skin, and without relief of pressure will progress to an open sore, and then an ulcer.
Posterior muscles
Primarily knee Flexion Biceps femoris Semimembranosis Semitendinosis Sartorius Gracilis Popliteus Gastrocnemius
Anterior muscles
Primarily knee extension Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis
What is an action of pronator quadratus?
Pronate the forearm
Tarsus Action of Gravity
Pronation
Anteverted hip
Pronation at ankle Toes in
Which movement would lengthen the biceps brachii
Pronation of the forearm
Which muscle is an Antagonist to supinator and biceps brachii
Pronator teres
OT interventions for pressure sores cont..
Proper positioning in chair and bed! ~Recommend adaptive equipment for correct chair and bed positioning. ~Use positioning devices to keep bony prominences from direct contact with each other. ~Provide pillows or foam wedges to assist in proper alignment both in bed and chair. ~Utilize a trapeze, bed linen and other positioning devices during transfers to avoid dragging patients across surfaces while repositioning.
Vagus
Provides sensory information (touch, temperature and pressure) from the external auditory meatus (ear canal) and a portion of the external ear. It carries taste sensation and sensory information from the esophagus, respiratory tract, and abdominal viscera (stomach, intestines, liver, etc.). Receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis.
Push/Pull Rules
Pulling with some upward lift reduces load friction and increases feet friction High friction load=pull with short rope Low friction load=pull with long rope
Line from anterior illiac crest --> patella Line of pull of patellar tendon Angle of line intersection Greater in females
Q angle
Cue Words
Quick reminders during practice or competition
What is quiet respiration? What is forced respiration?
Quiet respiration: normal inspiration and expiration of the lungs Forced Respiration: movement of the air in and out of the lungs during physical exertion
Calc magnitude of Resultant Vector
R = sqrt(xRV^2 + yRV^2)
Which ligament complex prevents against varus forces?
RCL
Which nerve innervates the extensor/supinator group?
Radial
Pronation and supination occur where?
Radial ulnar joint
What is the purpose of a goniometer?
Range of motion
Which anterior muscle of the trunk flexes the lumbar and thoracic spine?
Rectus Abdominis
Characteristics of Deep Muscles
Reddish color, higher myoglobin count, holder muscles, deeper & slower, greater proportion of slow twitch fibers, closer to the bone
Articular Cartilage
Reduces Friction
Synovial Fluid
Reduction of friction and shock absorber
What 4 things did McEwen indicate as being helpful when dealing with stress?
Regular physical activity, balanced diet, enough sleep, social support
Role Conflict
Relates to an incompatibility of responsibilities
Who is at risk for pressure sores?
Residents who are: ~bedridden ~in a wheelchair most of the time. ~unable to move certain parts of their body without assistance. ~incontinent of bowel and/or bladder. ~malnourished ~obese ~Dementia, Alzheimer's disease or other mental disabilities. ~diabetes ~a history of pressure ulcers. ~vascular disease (poor blood flow). ~fragile skin
Angular/Rotary Stability
Resistance to tipping Resistance to a change in angular motion Depends on: -size of BOS -action line of gravity -height of center of gravity -direction of tip force
Exteroreceptors:
Respond to external stimuli
Interoreceptors:
Respond to internal stimuli
Posterior to the lens lies a 3 layered wall consisting of....
Retina=inner layer Choroid= middle layer Sclera= outer layer
How do you lengthen the fibers of the Multifidi on the right?
Rotate to the right
What action of head and neck would lengthen the fibers of the Lev. Scap to the right?
Rotate to the right
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Anterior longitudinal ligament:
Runs along the anterior aspect of the bodies of all 33 vertebrae -weakest of all spinal ligaments
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Supraspinous ligament:
Runs between dorsal tips of each vertebrae's spinous process, from coccyx to external protuberance of the occipital bone
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Interspinous ligament:
Runs between the spinous process of the successive vertebrae.
Shoulder Girdle Made of
SC and AC joints
what is forward head syndrome?
SSCM, Protrusion with Posterior cranial rotation
Most common sites of pressure sites
Sacrum (tail bone)-most common site. Heels-2nd most common (20% of all pressure ulcers)
Most common sites of pressure sores
Sacrum (tail bone)-most common site. Heels-2nd most common (20% of all pressure ulcers)
Vestibulocochlear
Senses sound, rotation, and gravity. The vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium and the cochlear brand carries impulses for hearing.
Sensory Stimulation Activities
Sensory kits Relaxation cd's Lighted toys Aromatherapy Bean bags Textured toys Cold/hot rooms
Somatosensory System (touch, tactile)
Sensory receptors cover the skin, skeletal muscles, bones, joints, internal organs. Process stimulus such as touch, temperature, proprioception (body position), pain, and send messages through the spinal cord to the brain.
Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling
Sequence of events by which transmission of an AP along sarcolemma causes myofilaments to slide
What muscle is the "boxers muscle"?
Serratus Anterior
Which muscle acts as a synergist with pec minor for aBduction
Serratus Anterior
What is the Insertion of Multifidi and Rotatores
Spinous process of lumbar through 2nd cervical M skips 2-4 R skips 1-2
Myasthenia gravis
Shortage of ACh receptors characterized by ptosis, dysphagia, dysarthtra and generalized muscle weakness
During elbow flexion the brachioradialis will ___
Shorten
Flexion of the wrist will ___ the palmaris longus
Shorten
Lateral flexion of the head would ___ splenius cervicis on the same side
Shorten
How does the ACh move?
Simple diffusion
Ligaments of the Knee
Six major ligaments: 2 collateral, 2 cruciate, 2 popliteal
Origin of rhomb maj
Spinous process t2-t5
What mineral are involved in muscle contraction?
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron
Electrochemical gradients (3)
Sodium: high outside, low inside Potassium: low outside, high inside Anions: only inside cell
Soluble vs insoluble fiber
Soluble absorbs in water, while insoluble doesn't
What are complex CHOs?
Starches, dietary fiber (polysaccharidess, oligosaccharides)
Point of Application
Starting point of force being applied to the system Allows for accurate interpretation of force when drawn to scale
Equilibrium
State of a body when not changing speed or direction Two types: static and dynamic
Dynamic vs Static Equilibrium
Static-not moving Dynamic-moving body not changing speed or direction
Linear Stability
Stationary body: resistance to being moved Moving body: resistance to being stopped or direction changed Directionally related to friction required to upset equilibrium Depends on mass & friction
What muscle serves as an antagonist during the extension of the cervical spine?
Sternocleidomastoid
What are endocannabinoids?
Still being researched...may be linked to runner's high
Is cardiac muscle striated?
Striated with intercalated discs (complex junction between cells)
Functions of protein
Structural, body constituents (clot blood and transfer proteins), fluid balance, acid base balance, regulation, immune system, neurotransmitters, energy
Patellar surface, below skin
Subcutaneous Prepatellar
Which rotator cuff muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle?
Subscapularis
What is table sugar?
Sucrose
3 disaccharides?
Sucrose, lactose, maltose
What are simple CHOs?
Sugars (monosaccharides, disaccaride)
What is the difference between the sulci and the gyri?
Sulci: the depressions between the gyri Gyri: the raised folds of tissue in the cerebrum
What mineral is part of certain amino acids?
Sulfur
5 Causes of Injury - Environmental
Temperature fluctuation, uneven surface, altitude change, hard surface, sticky surface
Retraction?
Temporalis
Ipsilateral lateral deviation?
Temporalis and Masseter
Moment
Tendency of one or more applied forces to rotate an object about an axis, but not necessarily to change the angular momentum of the object
Lateral epicondylitis
Tennis Elbow
The force of the quadriceps pulling on the tibia to cause knee extension is an example of which type of load?
Tension
Lats little helper
Teres major
Cognitive General
The athlete images strategies, plans, or routines
Receiving Forces
The body's BOS should be enlarged horizontally parallel to the direction of the horizontal force to be given or received
Which ligament complex prevents against valgus forces?
UCL
Tommy John
UCL reconstruction / replacement of the UCL with another tendon - first performed in 1974
Tommy John Surgery
UCL tear
Palpable edge of which bone runs the length of the forearm
Ulna
Nuclei of cardiac muscle
Uninucleate
Nuclei of smooth muscle
Uninucleate
Action of the traps
Upwardly rotate, flex head and neck, laterally flex, adduct scapula
Coaching Behavioral Assessment System
Used to observe and quantify 12 coaching behaviors. -Whereas the CBAS focused very much on coding behaviors as they happened and providing a summary of coaches' behaviors from over a period of time like a practice/game
Are research methods regarding opioid/endorphins consistent or mixed?
Very mixed
How to Identify Pes Planes (Flat Food): 3 Stages and How to Prevent
Weak muscles, stretched ligaments, and degeneration of the bone/joint system. Strengthen supinators, patterning, tracking through 2nd & 3rd toes, stretch hips (OR & ABD), strengthen IR & ADD, stretch gastrocnemius, soleous, PT, plantaris in parallel
Internal Imagery
What you feel inside. You image the execution of a skill from your own vantage point
Characteristics of Superficial Muscles
White color, lower myoglobin count, mover muscles, activate & deactivate quickly, greater proportion of fast twitch fibers, further from the bone
Yes or No Splenius muscles are the most superficial on the spine
Yes, between SCM and traps
Is skeletal muscle movement voluntary?
Yes, but does not require conscious control
Synchondrosis
a cartilaginous joint connected by hyaline cartilage
Meniscus
a crescent shaped chunk of fibrocartilage
Ligament
a dense strap of connective tissue that stabilizes and limits the mobility of a joint
Suture
a fibrous joint formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue
Syndemosis
a fibrous junction that demands strength and a bit of movement
Neutralizer
a fixating force that prevents an undesired action and dictates which end of the agonist's body attachments will move
Shear
a force directed parallel to a surface
Diarthrotic Joint
a freely moveable articulation
Biaxial Joint
a joint that can move in two planes
Isotonic Contraction
a muscle changes length, shortening or lengthening
Contractility
a muscle's ability to develop tension when stimulated
Sarcomere
a muscle's base unit of contraction
Elasticity
a muscle's tendency to return to its original length after being stretched
Joint
a point of contact between two or more bones that allows for movement
Compression
a pressing or squeezing force through the body
Force (F)
a push or pull on a body (its a vector so it has a magnitude and a direction) (english: lb / metric: Newtons)
Joint Mobility
a range of motion it can move through without limitation affected by the shape of the bones, the design of the joint capsule and ligaments and the surrounding muscles and faciae
Bursa
a small, synovial membrane pillow filled with synovial fluid
Ball and Socket
a spherical surface of one bone fits into the dish shaped depression of another bone
Torsion
a twisting force of a body around its longitudinal axis
Fascia Profunda
a type of dense, irregular connective tissue that lines the walls and limbs of the body and binds together muscles while providing space for nerves, blood and lymph vessels to pass, and to fill the space between muscles
Which is NOT a 1st layer plantar muscle of the foot? a. flexor hallucis brevis b. flexor digitorum brevis c. abductor hallucis d. abductor digiti minimi
a. flexor hallucis brevis
Ellipsoid Joint
accomplishes smaller movements, like a wrist. Consists of the oval shaped end of one bone articulating with the elliptical basin of another bone
this is the joint between the scapula and clavicle
acromioclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint structures
acromion of scapula and acromial extremity of clavicle
Proteins in membrane
act as voltage sensors
Tropomysin
actin chain coverings held in place by troponin
latissimus dorsi muscle actions
adduction of shoulder, extension, internal rotation, horizontal abduction
teres major muscle actions
adduction of shoulder, extension, medial rotation, horizontal abduction
hip adductors
adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis, pectineus, gluteus maximus (lower)
hip extensors
adductor magnus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius
factors that contribute to glenohumerol stability
adhesion and cohesion stabilized the GH joint synovial fluid reduces friction of sliding and gliding cohesion reduces ability to pull apart negative intra articular pressure is result of osmotic response of pulling water from surrounding tissues capsule integrity is critical to maintenance of negative pressure
what ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae
all 12 ribs articulate the 12 thoracic vertebrae by fovea
When a signal travels down the axon, it reaches
all the fibers in the motor unit and all will normally activate (acts as a unit)
Amphiarthrotic Joint
allows a limited amount of movement
Broad
allows a person to perceive several occurrences simultaneously. When an athlete needs to be aware and sensitive to rapidly changing environment (dribbling up field who to pass to?)
Motor Neuron aka
alpha motor neuron, somatic neuron
Motor Tract Nerves:
as the motor tract of nerves passes from the motor aspect of the brain's cortex through the medulla oblongata, a major portion of nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side as the fibers enter the spinal cord. This process is known as pyramidal decussation.
centriole, centromere, aster
aster and centriole are both the star-shaped structure that pulls apart the chromatids during anaphase of mitosis. centromere refers to the junction between two chromatids.
Bending
asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side of the longitudinal axis and compression on the other side (also called '3 point loading')
location of suprasternal/ jugular notch
at the superior edge of the manubrium
anatomy and position of axis and atlas
atlas: C1, has no significant, two large articular facets, base of skull axis: C2, vertebrae in which head rotation occurs, has the dens
Skeletal muscle location
attached to bones (exerts force on bone when contracted)
Motor Unit
attaching a motor neuron to the muscle fibers to innervate
screw home mechanism
automatic external rotation of the tibia as the knee moves from 15˚ knee flexion to full extension
the clavicle attaches joint to ___, but NOT part of the joint
axial
Which best describes Morton's neuroma? a. swelling or bleeding with increased pressure on vessels, nerves and muscles b. enlargement of nerve creating pain in the foot c. disruption of the musculotendinous unit d. swollen, hot, red lower extremity
b. enlargement of nerve creating pain in the foot
Which nerve is NOT found in one of the lower leg compartments? a. tibial b. femoral c. superficial peroneal d. deep peroneal
b. femoral
Which of the following is NOT a muscle of the anterior compartment of the lower leg? a. extensor hallucis longus b. posterior tibialis c. extensor digitorum longus d. peroneus tertius
b. posterior tibialis
Joints are designed to
bear weight and/or absorb shock by using the fluid inside their joint cavities as a cushion
an injury to the thumb from fighting is called ___
bennets fracture
Which muscles flex the elbow?
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
the three muscles in elbow flexion are...
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis
external knee rotator
biceps femoris
major knee flexors
biceps femoris (both heads), semitendinosus, semimembranosus
the agonists in elbow flexion are ___, ___, ___
biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis
Db
body density
Mb
body mass
Bony Barrier
bone meets bone
scapulothoracic joint
bone to bone connecting thorax and scapula
genu varum
bowleggedness
this muscle inserts on the styloid process of the radius
brachioradialis
this muscle is located in both pronation and supination of the radioulnar joint
brachioradialis
which muscle is involved in both pronation and supination
brachioradialis
A fracture is the ___ of a bone. Examples are ___, ___,___,___
break stress, avulsion, closed, open
Aponeurosis
broad, thin tendon sheet (typically muscle to muscle)
Synovial Joints
built with movement in mind
Fasciculus
bundle of muscle tissue within muscle
___ is the inflammation of the bursa caused by direct trauma or overuse (ligament or muscle tear)
bursitis
Which ligament is tested with the anterior drawer test of the ankle? a. calcaneofibular ligament b. anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament c. anterior talofibular ligament d. posterior talofibular ligament
c. anterior talofibular ligament
Which of the following ligaments does not necessarily protect against an eversion ankle sprain? a. posterior tibiotalar ligament b. tibiocalcaneal ligament c. calcanofibular ligament d. anterior tibiotalar ligament
c. calcanofibular ligament
What is the innervation of the lateral compartment? a. tibial b. femoral c. superficial peroneal d. deep peroneal
c. superficial peroneal
Which is NOT a lateral ligament of the ankle? a. posterior talofibular ligament b. calcaneofibular ligament c. tibiocalcaneal ligament d. anterior talofibular ligament
c. tibiocalcaneal ligament
joints in transverse/midtarsal joint
calcaneuscuboid joint, talonavicular
_____ results from repetitive stress to tissue and accounts for 64% of work injuries. Caused by a pinched nerve
carpal tunnel
Efferent fiber (reason)
carries information from spinal cord/brain to muscle
Motor neurons
carry info from spinal cord or brain to periphery (supply impulse muscles need in order to contract)
What is the purpose of a goniometer?
check the degrees of motion/ROM
chromatin vs. chromosome
chromatin is DNA that is not condensed while chromosomes are the most condensed form of DNA.
chromosome vs. chromatid
chromosomes are condensed DNA, once replication happens there are two chromosomes that are connected, but still called a chromosome. each individual strand in the chromosome is called a chromatid
What is ankylosing spondyllitis?
chronic inflammation, rhematoid condition of spine and SI joint
carpal tunnel syndrome
chronic pain, numbness or tingling in the hand caused by compression of the median nerve in the wrist (repetitive flexion or hyper-extension of wrist)
the shoulder girdle includes the following bones
clavicle and scapula
these bones make up the shoulder girdle
clavicle and scapula
sternoclavicular joint structures
clavicular notch of sternum and sternal extremity of clavicle
This is a type of exercise in which the distal end of an extremity is fixed to something
closed-chain exercise
What is a compression fx.?
collapse of vertebral body (pieces blow out and severs spinal cord)
Arteries that supply blood to brain (4)
common carotid internal carotid external carotid subclavian temporal
lower leg injury/condition characterized by excessive muscle/nerve compression
compartment syndrome
Hypomobility
constraints to joint mobility
Triaxial Joint
contains three planes and is capable of circumduction
Eccentric
contraction that moves "away from the middle" when the muscle elongates
Concentric
contraction that moves "toward the middle" when the muscle shortens
a bruise is also known as a ___
contustion
This muscle originates on the coracoid process and inserts on the medial side of the humeral shaft
coracobrachialis
which muscle is involved in shoulder joint flexion
coracobrachialis
this is where the pectoralis minor inserts
coracoid process
the coracobrachialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
coracoid process, humeral shaft
What are the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?
costoclavicular, interclavicular, anterior SC, posterior SC
Four muscle tissue functions
create movement, stabilizes posture, assists the circulation of fluids and performs thermogenesis
A syndesmotic sprain of the ankle occurs between which two bones? a. talus and calcaneus b. talus and fibula c. proximal tibia and fibula d. distal tibia and fibula
d. distal tibia and fibula
Which muscles' action creates 2-5 toe flexion? a. tibialis anterior b. tibialis posterior c. extensor digitorum longus d. flexor digitorum longus
d. flexor digitorum longus
Which is NOT a band of the plantar fascia? a. medial b. central c. lateral d. proximal
d. proximal
atrophy
decrease in muscle size
Convex-Concave Rule
describes how the convex joint rotates in the opposite direction and the concave joint rotates in the same direction
Hinge Joint
designed like a doorknob, having the surface of one bone spin within the ring shaped surface of another bone; used for rotation
movement of the humerus in a diagonal plane away from the the midline of the body
diagonal abduction
Potential difference (Voltage)
difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell membrane, resulting from the separation of oppositely charged particles across semi-permeable membrane.
dislocations are caused from..
direct force or extreme motion beyond normal ROM
What does the sign on velocity tell you?
direction
External
directs attention outward to an object, anything but you
menisci
discs of fibrocartilage attached to tibial plateau, deepen tibial plateau and absorb shock
the annular ligament in the elbow prevents ___
dislocation
acromioclavicular injuries
dislocation - falling on shoulder
Velocity
displacement/time vector
lateral epicondylitis
disruption of fiber tennis elbow/construction/food proccessig repetitive pronation and supination of the forearm accompanies forceful gripping force overload resulting from improper technique/heavy racket 7/10 x more common lateral ligaments, forearm supinator, extensor muscle
The navicular is found __________ to the calcaneus
distal
digit 2-5 carpometacarpal joint structures
distal carpals and metacarpals
the scapulothoracic joint is supported..
dynamically by muscles with no ligamentous support. (not a true synovial joint)
radiocarpal joint structures
distal radius and proximal carpals
ulnocarpal joint structures
distal ulna and proximal carpals (articular disc)
Distance vs. Displacement
distance- length of path traveled (scalar) displacement- final change in position from starting point to ending point (vector)
Supporter
does not function near the main action, but supports another part of the body in position while the main action occurs
M line
down the middle of the H zone
Free Body Diagram
drawing of a defined system in isolation w/ all of the force vectors acting on the system
Emotion (PETTLEP)
effective images have emotional content
this is the number of carpal bones in each wrist
eight
ligaments in the elbow are not very ___ to ensure ___
elastic, stability
brachialis actions
elbow flexion
upper fibers of the trapezius muscle actions
elevate, retract, upward rotation
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Aqueous humor:
fluid in the chambers
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Vitreous humor:
fluid that fills the area between the lens and the retina
bursae
fluid-filled sacs and synovial pockets that are present inside or outside of the joint capsule
Osteokinematic Motion
focuses on action with respect to planes and axes
this phase brings about deceleration of the body
follow through phase
How are these changed in a runner who strikes the ground with their forefoot?
forefoot strikers have no impact peak and they have a lower loading rate
what is spondylitis? what can occur with ankylosing spondylitis?
form of arthritis that causes inflammation in the facet joints vertebrae can fus together if left untreated
What is Spondylolisthesis
forward slippage of vertebrae due to defect or fracture of pars interarticularis
MM of supra hyoid group (4)
geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, and digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)
this is the anatomical name for the shoulder joint
glenohumeral joint
glenohumeral joint structures
glenoid cavity of humerus and humeral head
scapular muscles move shoulder girdle so that the..
glenoid fossa is in optimal position
the carpometacarpal is a ___ joint
gliding
the intercarpal and midcarpal are ___ joints
gliding
the radiohumeral is a ___ joint, is composed of the ___ and ___, and is involved in ___, ___, and ___ motions
gliding, capitulum and radius, flexion, extension and rotation
acromioclavicular joint movements
gliding, elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, upward/downward rotation
hip abductors
gluteus medius, sartorius, tensor fascia latae, gluteus maximus (upper), gluteus minimus
_____ results from gripping handle bars too tightly by putting pressure on ulnar nerve
handlebar pulsy
Anatomical features of C2
has "dens" (odontoid process) that helps turn C1 vertebrae
Symphysis Joint
has articulating bones covered with hyaline cartilage, but additionally contains a fibrocartilage disc to connect the bones together
Fibrous Joints
have no synovial cavity and is bound together by dense, fibrous connective tissue
proximal radioulnar joint structures
head of radius and radial notch of ulna
after every injury occurs, a set of cascade physiological outcomes occur and is called ___. The 3 phases of this are called ___-___ ___, ___-___ ___, ___-___ ___
healing continuum inflammatory-response phase, fibroblastic-repair phase, maturation-remodeling phase
Evaporation
heat loss by changing water to gas o Sweating gives off heat o Some respiratory
pes cavus
high arched foot
COPD
higher quality of life through exercise
the interphalangeal is a ___ joint
hinge
the humeroulnar is a ___ joint, is composed of the ___ and ___, and is involved in ___ and ___ motions
hinge, trochlea and ulna, flexion and extension
herniated discs are caused from ___ with lateral bending
hyperflexion
amphiarthrodial/cartilaginous joint
hold bones together by hyline cartliage pubic symphysis
pectoralis major all fibers action
horizontal adduction, internal rotation of humerus, adduction
femora offset
horizontal line of the central femoral head and diaphysis of femur measured by radiographs taken in neutral or external rotation will underestimate the actual femoral offset
Speed
how fast an object is moving (scalar) d/t
the rotator cuff provides dynamic support and attaches to the..
humeral head
Vector addition
if in same direction, add if in opposite direction, subtract
Why hand position placement is important in CPR
if you use the landmark of the xiphoid process of the sternum, you will fracture the xiphoid process and hinder the resuscitation
ligaments of coxofemoral joint
iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral (none restrict flexion)
ligaments of sacroiliac joint
iliolumbar, sacroiliac, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous
Environment (PETTLEP)
image should be as real as possible—replicate the actual performing environment
Barrier
impedes the extend of movement; there are three blocks (bony, tissue and the elastic limit of the joint capsules and ligaments)
___ is an injury that occurs in people under 35 who play a sport or have a job with overhead movement. Usually occurs in supraspinatus and bursae
impingement
myositis ossification
improper treatment of deep bruise leads to calcification of the muscle
Delayed responses
improvements occur only after weeks of training
secondary injury is caused from..
inflammatory or hypoxia resulting from primary injury
the supraspinatus pulls the head of the humerus..
inwards
medial epicondylitis
irritation of the insertion site of the wrist flexor on the medial side stressed with the valgus force accompanied by writst actions golf/throwing arm/spiking in vball medial ligaments, forearm flexor, pronators
Internal
is directed inward to thoughts and feelings
which is involved in adduction of the shoulder joint
latissmus dorsi
labrum
joint cavity that is deependd by a rim of fibrocartilage reinforcement from the surrounding ligaments and tendons located in glenoid cavity increases contact area to 75% and concavity by 5-9mm triangular in shape
JRF
joint force reaction net force between the bone surfaces within a joint not including muscle forces 1/6 Bodyweight in each leg 5/6 rest of body in a single leg stance with the pelvis level is found to be 2.7xBodyweight
Scalar
just has magnitude (mass/speed)
An acute injury has..
just occurred or is only a few days old
condylar
knee
genu valgum
knock-knees
Ground reaction force curve for running
know: impact peak, push off peak, loading rate, impulse
extrinsic glenohumeral muscles are..
latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, triceps brachii
reasons for frequent knee injuries
lack of bony and muscular support, positioned between the 2 longest bones, weight bearing and locomotion functions
Cartilaginous Joint
lacks a synovial cavity and permits little or no movement
What type of injury occurs at each end of the graph?
large magnitude: acute large loading: overuse
a chronic injury has..
lasted several weeks
The cuboid is found _________ to the lateral cuneiform
lateral
the radiocarpal joint allows motion in these two planes
lateral and sagittal
the extensor carpi radialis longus originates at the __ and inserts at the __
lateral epicondyle of humerus 2nd metacarpal
the extensor carpi ulnaris originates at the __ and inserts at the __
lateral epicondyle of humerus fifth metacarpal
the brachioradialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
lateral epicondyle of humerus lateral styloid process of radius
tennis elbow
lateral epicondylitis, inflammation on the outside of the upper arm near elbow
Function of the quadrutus lumborum
lateral flexion of the lumbar spine
Prime mover for mandible depression?
lateral pterygoid
the shoulder joint allows motion in which planes
lateral, sagittal, and transverse
Which muscles elevate the scapula?
levator scapulae, upper trapezius
a sprain is an injury to a ___
ligament
Compound Joints
linking three or more bones, ex. an elbow
functions of plantar arches
load absorption and weight-bearing stability
pes planus
low arched foot
Immune System
low intensity increases number of lymphocytes, creates more white blood cells
the teres minor originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
lower posterior scapula, head of humerus
which muscle causes depression of the shoulder girdle
lower trapezius
Wa
mass out of water
Ww
mass under water
Density
mass/volume
strength
maximum force at a specific velocity
Cancer
may have a role in treatment
impingement syndrome at shoulder
may occur anywhere within the body @shoulder - underside of acromion and humeral head anomiles in acromial shape - (flat, curved, or hook acromion- increase risk) usually found in tennis players butterfly swimmers or baseball
Ultimate failure point
means fracture or tearing of tissue
shape and role of menscii
medial - crescent shaped larger lateral - oval shaped more mobile, 2x distance of medial lateral translate more than medial serve important roles in the knee joint by offering shock, absorption, stability, and lubrication and by increasing the contact area between the tibia and femur
ligaments of the knee
medial collateral, lateral collateral, anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate
The _________ (tarsal bone) articulates most directly with the 1st metatarsal
medial cuneiform
golfers elbow
medial epicondylitis, inflammation of proximal wrist flexors
carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve compressed that causes paresthesia (tingling/burning), pain, numbnesss and symptoms in distribution of median nerve due to compression at wrist in carpal tunnel
What separates the pleural cavities
mediastinal septum
respiratory center of brain
medulla oblongata
Sarcolemma
membrane of muscle cell (fiber)
most common injury in the knee
meniscus tearing
metacarpophalangeal joint structures
metacarpals and proximal phalanges
Instructional self talk
more effective than motivational self talk but both improve confidence.
Osteoporosis
more impact training increases bone density; jump/landing activities help this. Stimulate bone growth.
medulla oblongata (4 major portions)
most important part of brain stem (myelencephalaon) - contains major portion of: respiratory center, cardioinhibitory, vasomotor center, sweat center
All or none Law
motor neuron's electrical stimulation when contracted simultaneously and completely contract
Nerve supply to skeletal muscles (2)
motor neurons sensory neurons
radial deviation
move the thumb side of the hand down towards the wrist
Explain what to do when splashing chemical in your eye.
move to the eyewash station and flush your eyes with water.
summation of forces occur during this phase of movement
movement phase
Physiological Movement
movement that a person can actively produce at an articulation
Accessory Movement
movement that could occur at a joint, but is not reliant on voluntary control
ulnar deviation
moving the little finger side down
a strain is an injury to a ___
muscle
my/o, mys, sarco
muscle
Myofascial Units
muscle and fascia that create movement by pulling on one or both of the bones that form a joint
Multidimensional Model
o Leader effectiveness in sport will vary depending on the characteristics of athletes and constraints of the situation - An athlete's satisfaction/performance depends on 3 types of leader behavior • Preferred • Required • Actual
the deltoid originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
o: clavicle, acromion process, spine of scapula i: deltoid tuberosity
Elastic region
object returns to original shape
Plastic region
object stays deformed
hip rotation only muscles
obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior, gemellus superior, piriformis
hip external rotators
obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, illiopsoas, biceps femoris, sartorius, gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus
Passive Insufficiency
occurs when an action is inhibited because the antagonist muscle cannot lengthen too far
Cranial Nerves (12)
olfactory optic trochlear abducens vagus hypoglossal cranial accessory oculomotor trigeminal facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal
Repetitive vs. Acute loading
on a load magnitude vs. frequency graph
Myofilaments
pairs of the chain-like protein structures in myofibrils
This muscle causes flexion of the wrist without any finger action or wrist add/abduction
palmaris longus
the palmar aponerousis attaches to the ___
palmaris longus
End-Feel
palpable quality to the restriction, can be bony or soft tissue
Blood supply to skeletal muscles
passes through muscle tissue (muscles need oxygen with contracting)
assistive hip flexors
pectineus, tensor fascia latae, sartorius, rectus femoris, adductor longus, adductor brevis, gracilis, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius
these three muscles are involved in shoulder joint flexion
pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, and anterior deltoid
which muscle directly acts on the shoulder girdle
pectoralis minor
Synarthrotic Joint
permits very little movement at a joint
muscles of lateral compartment of lower leg
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
name four muscles involved in shoulder joint extension
posterior deltoid, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, latissmus dorsi, subscapularis, lower pectoralis major
lateral side (fibio side)
posterior talofibular ligament anterior talofibular ligament calcaneofibular ligament
medial side (tibio side) deltoid complex
posterior tibiotalar ligament tibiocalcaneal ligament tibionavicular ligament anterior tibiotalar ligament
This is the most critical phase in achieving the desired result of the activity
preparatory phase
Location of the heart valves and the defining characteristics of each: Pulmonary and Aortic Valves-
prevent backflow of blood from the two largest arteries of the heart: the pulmonary artery, coming from the right ventricle, and the aorta, coming from the left ventricle.
ACL function
prevents femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia or the tibia from sliding anteriorly on the femur
foot everters
primary: peroneus brevis, peroneus longus; assistive: peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus
foot inverters
primary: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior; assistive: extensor hallucis longus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
Agonist
prime mover, the muscle that produces the "main action"
Explain what to do when hearing the fire alarm.
proceed in a calm and orderly manner out of the building to the class's designated fire evacuation location.
Appraisals
promoting appraisals or events as challenging vs. threat -"this is an opportunity to show just how great I really am NOT this guy is so good I can't compete with him"
pronator quadratus actions
pronates forearm
pronator teres actions
pronation of forearm, weak elbow flexion
radioulnar movements
pronation/supination distal axis: head of ulna proximal axis: radial head
the agonists in radioulnar pronation are ___,___,___
pronator teres, pronator quadratus, brachioradialis
PRICE
protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation
role of patella
protects the ligaments in the knee increase the moment arm which the force of muscles act upon -if patella is removed - muscle force for extension becomes greater bc lever arm shortens lengthens the lever arm for the quadriceps muscle group to extend the knee -widens the area of compressive forces on femur
serratus anterior muscle
protraction of scapula, upward rotation
midcarpal/intercarpal joint structures
proximal and distal carpal, adjacent carpals
MM responsible for mastication (3)
pterygoid (internal and external) masseter temporalis
where rectus abdominis originates
pubic symphysis
cause of muscular lower back pain associated with hamstrings
pulling down on the PSIS, eccentrically loading the muscles of the lower back over a given time
arteries of the heart (4)
pulmonary aorta right coronary left coronary
location and defining characteristics of each heart valve
pulmonary semilunar - 3 flap valve controlling blood flow to pulmonary system aortic semilunar - similar valve for the aorta to the rest of the body
coxa vara genu valgum
q<125 for hip q>17 for knee shortens limb increases the effectiveness of the hip abductors decreases the load on femoral head increases stress of the femoral neck association of knock knee
coxa valga genu varum
q>125 for hip q<17 for knee lengthens the limb reduces the effectiveness of the hip abductors increases the load on the femoral head decreases with stress on femoral neck association of bow leg
radius fracture
radial head dislocation/subluxation
power
rate of performing work
MM involved in anterior, flexes thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (3)
rectus abdominus internal/external oblique transversus abdominis
MM that laterally flex and rotate cervical spine (4)
rectus capitis anterior rectors capitis lateralis longus capitis longus colli flex
knee extensors
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius,
cardinal signs of inflammation are..
redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function
Parallel Muscle
required long muscle fibers and two short tendons
proper terminology to describe the failure of the heart to fully close
regurgitation - the rushing of blood backwards is the result of the valve not completely closing, heard after the "dup" sound
RV
residual lung volume
middle fibers of trapezius muscle actions
retract
all fibers of trapezius muscle actions
retract, upward rotation
rhomboids major/minor actions
retration/adduction of scapula, downward rotation, stabilization of scapula
Which muscles retract the scapula?
rhomboid major, rhomboid minor
the subclavius originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
rib, clavicle
the pec minor originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
ribs, coracoid process
the serratus anterior (boxers muscle) originates at the ___ and inserts at the ____
ribs, medial border of the scapula
What is the primary motion of the C2-C7? what is the primary motion of c5-c6?
rotation and lateral flexion to same side maximum flexion and extension of lower cervical spine
some common instability problems in the glenohumeral joint are
rotator cuff impingement, subluxation, and dislocations
intrinsic glenohumeral muscles are..
rotator cuff, deltoid, coracobrachialis, teres major
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Posterior longitudinal:
runs along the posterior aspect of the bodies of all 33 vertebrae
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Ligamentum Flavum:
runs between the laminae of the successive vertebrae.
{Know the ligaments of the spinal column} Transverse ligament:
runs from one transverse process of the atlas, across the vertebral foramen, to the other transverse process and holds down the dens of axis in place
a bursa is a
sac filled with synovial fluid (subacromial and subscapular)
the elbow joint allows motion in this plane
sagittal
the joint cavity in the glenohumeral joint is __ while the joint capsule is __
shallow, loose
MM that elevate ribs during forced respiration (3)
scalenus anterior scalenus medius scalenus posterior
carpal
scaphoid (boat shaped) lunate triquetrum pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate
the teres major originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
scapula, medial intertubercular groove
scapulothoracic joint structures
scapula, posterior thoracic wall: muscles
internal knee rotators
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus
Saphenous Nerve Function
sensory
Sural Nerve Function
sensory (only goes to skin, not muscles)
Deep Peroneal Nerve Function
sensory and motor function
Superficial Peroneal Nerve Function
sensory and motor function
Tibial Nerve (lateral and medial plantar) Function
sensory and motor function
acromioclavicular separation is the same as..
separated shoulder
raising the arm laterally requires the what muscles to do what
serratus anterior: upwardly rotate the scapula supraspinatus and deltoid muscles: perform glenohumeral abduction
purpose of patella
serves as a pulley to make knee extension easier
the brachialis originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
shaft of humerus coronoid process of ulna
8 structures covering the brain
skull epidural space dura mater subdural space arachnoid subarachnoid space pia mater brain
the trapezius originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
skull and vertebrae, clavicle and spine of scapula
what are the flexor muscles roles in throwing motions?
slow down rapid extension and prevent injuries
Slow fiber
slow twitch muscles
Muscle Tone
small amount of passively maintained muscle tension prompted by small contractions
BIA Scale:
small electric current sent through body via electrodes; sent through one foot/hand to tr1avel to the other. The time it takes gives BF%
neck sprain (whiplash) is a ____
soft tissue injury
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Anterior chamber:
space between the iris and the cornea
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Posterior chamber:
space between the iris and the lens
MM that extend lumbar spine (3 groups - spinalis: 3, semispinalis: 3, iliocostalis: 3)
spinalis: spinalis dorsi, spinalis cervicus, spinalis capitis semispinalis: semispinalis dorsi, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis iliocostalis: iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis dorsi, iliocastalis cervicis
MM that attach to mastoid process (2)
splenius capitis sternocleidomastoid muscles
___ is the translation or slippage between adjacent joints
spondylolisthesis
___ is the defect of the vertebrae lamina
spondylolysis
Muscle fibers are...
spread through out the cell, not clustered (stimulus of a single motor unit causes weak contraction of entire muscle)
lifting task of trapezius
stabilize scapula, fixator for shoulder joint
the 3 functions of the shoulder girdle:
stabilize the scapula, maintain the scapula in relatively static position during shoulder joint actions, move shoulder girdle to enhance movement of upper extremity
Tip to Tail method of vector composition
start at one, and play connect the dots
______ is an injury to the ligaments connecting the sternum to the clavicle
sternoclavicular sprain
Antagonist muscle to extension of cervical spine
sternocleidomastoid
anatomical landmarks for thorax
sternum ribs (bottom pairs)
Pressure inside of the body is called
stress
valgus stress is..
stress at the distal end away from the body in anatomical position (MCL)
varus stress is..
stress at the distal end towards body in anatomical position (LCL)
What things affect running speed/velocity?
stride length x stride frequency
Densitometry
submerge under water or air displacement o Errors: volume of air in lungs, amount of fluid in body, intestine contents, gas o +- 3%
the subscapular originates at the ___ and inserts at the ___
subscapular fossa, head of humerus
this muscle is located on the anterior surface of the scapula
subscapularis
Which muscles internally rotate the shoulder?
subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major
The gastrocnemius is found ____________ to the soleus
superficial
location of hyoid bone
suspended under the tongue between the larynx and the mandible
synarthrodial joint
sutures of skull limited in movement
sacroiliac joint classifications
synovial gliding/plane, non-axial diarthrotic
knee joint classification
synovial modified hinge (some rotation), uniaxial diarthrotic
Triad
t-tubule and terminal cisterna on either side
Sensory neurons
take into from periphery to brain or spinal cord (eg. eye sight)
most congruent joint in human body
talocrual
tarsal
talus calcaneus midtarsal cuboid navicular cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral) metatarsals phalanges (distal, middle, proximal)
bones in subtalar joint
talus and calcaneus
names and positions of the seven tarsals
talus, calcaneus, navicular, cunieforms, cuboid
Calc direction of Resultant Vector
tan-1(yRV/xRV)
skeletal maturity in pelvis how is it measured
tanner-whitehouse and grulich-pyle
articulation of the mandible
temporal bone of the skull
a dislocation is a...
temporary movement of a bone from its original position
What type of soft-tissue injury would be likely to develop in the leg of a long distance runner who ran at least 10 miles a day for a year?
tendinitis
an injury to the lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
a basic bicep injury that is repetitive
tenosynovitis
hip internal rotators
tensor fascia latae, gluteus minimus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis
which of the following is involved in should joint extension
teres major
Which muscles make up the rotator cuff?
teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, subscapularis
Weight
the amount of gravitational force exerted on a body (lbs and Newtons)
Range of Motion (ROM)
the amount of movement of a joint
Origin
the attachment to the more stationary bone
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
the axon terminal + motor end plate + synapse/synaptic cleft
Extensibility
the capacity of a muscle tissue to stretch without being damaged
Excitability
the capacity to respond to stimuli
Joint Stability
the capacity to withstand displacement
the brachial plexus is..
the network of nerve fibers that run from the spine to the upper extremity
Recruitment
the number of a muscle's motor units that are activated
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Pupil:
the opening in the center of the iris/eye
Epimysium
the outer fascial layer, found beneath the deep fascia and swathes the entire muscle belly
Wave Simulation
the pace at which nerve signals are fired through a motor unit
Center of Gravity
the point around which a body's weight is equally balanced no matter how the body is positioned
Mass (m)
the quantity of matter in an object (english: slug / metric: kg)
Acceleration
the rate of change of velocity
Torque
the rotary effect of a force T=fd
Force-velocity Relationship
the speed of a muscle's contraction will dictate its maximal force production
Area that contains cerebrospinal fluid
the subarachnoid space, the area below the arachnoid and between the arachnid and pia mater coverings
What area contains the cerebrospinal fluid?
the subarachnoid spce
Inertia
the tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of motion
the scapula and clavicle are often fractured because..
their shape and they are held in place by ligaments
Positive Affirmations
thoughts that focus on desirable characteristics
Diabetes
through exercise, helps body become more insulin sensitive
ulnar collateral ligament injury (UCL)
throwing athletes - pain, looseness, decreased performance
tarsal bones articulate with
tibia medial malleolus and fibula lateral malleolus @ the troclear of the talus
dorsiflexors
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius
muscles of anterior compartment of lower leg
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius
{Be familiar with the anatomy of the eye} Cornea:
transparent layer just under the eyelid
the radioulnar joint allows motion in this plane
transverse
MM group that assists rectus abdomens and assists in trunk rotation
transverse abdominis
1st digit carpometacarpal joint structures
trapezium and base of 1st metacarpal bone
macrotraumatic injuries are a result of ___ and produce immediate pain, and also include ___,___,___,___,___,___
trauma fractures, dislocations, subluxations, etc
motor tract of nerves
travel to and from cerebrum through brain stem, passing from motor aspect of brain's cortex through medulla oblongata crossing over to the opposite side (ex. left cortex to right medulla oblongata)
What separates the ulna from the distal row of carpals?
triangular fiber cartilage
these two muscles are involved in elbow extension
triceps brachii and anconeus
Which muscles extend the elbow?
triceps brachii, anconeus
the agonists in elbow extension are ___,___
triceps, anconeus
ulnohumeral joint structures
trochlea of humeral condyle and trochlea notch of ulna
distal radioulnar joint structures
ulnar notch of radius and head of ulna
an accident is an..
unexpected, unavoidable, and unintentional event
classification of talocrual joint
uni-axial diarthrotic, synovial hinge
Anthropometric BFC:
uses skin folds, girths o Errors: not accurate reading unless you go to the same person to be measured o +- 7%
VMO
vastus medialis obliques fibers of vastus medialis that are distal as they approach medial border of patella medial stabilizer of the patella
the levator scapulae originates at the ___ and inserts on the _____
vertebrae, medial border of scapula above the spine
Smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs and tubes (stomach, intestines, blood vessels)
anconeus actions
weak extension of elbow
discussion question 1 (ch. 6)
what are strengths and weaknesses of each of the major types of epidemiologic study? --randomized controlled trial --cohort --case-control
discussion question 2 (ch. 4)
what has epidemiology contributed to peoples understanding of: -heart disease? -lung cancer?
Attributions
what you have direct control over, not cause of luck, or something your opponent is going to do.
Fat Pad
when a joint's non-articulating regions require some stuffing
Passive tension
when a muscle fiber is stretched beyond its resting length, it builds up tension and tries to return to its normal length
Contract
when a muscle shortens
Active Insufficiency
when an action is weakened or incomplete due to excessive shortness of the multi-joint agonist
the metabolic and structural adaptations to anaerobic and aerobic training and the cardiorespiratory responses to endurance training
• Anaerobic: adapt neurologically the first 4 weeks; after we adapt hypertrophy (muscles increasing in size) body gets better at storing glycogen in the muscles • Aerobic: adapt first by increasing blood volume (red blood cells carry O2), then we get increased stroke volume (blood pumped per beat), cardiac output (HRxSV), leads to more ability to use oxygen. Nothing happens to lungs, healthy lung is a healthy lung
the basic principles of anaerobic and aerobic metabolism and what these terms mean
• Anaerobic: without oxygen, energy sources have limited supply. Relatively short/high intensity output. Happens in the sarcoplasm, energy comes from glycogen and glucose • Aerobic: with oxygen, duration of exercise determines what is burned. Relatively long/low intensity output. Happens in the mitochondria.
Physical (PETTLEP)
• Athlete should wear correct clothing as in competition • Adopt the correct stance • Hold any props
what blood pressure is and what systolic and diastolic pressures are
• Blood pressure flows from high to low o Systolic: blood pressure when heart is contracting, ventricular system occurs o Diastolic: minimum arterial pressuring during relaxation and dilation of ventricles of the heart when the ventricles fill with blood
the role of blood flow in temperature regulation
• Body regulates by controlling amount of blood that flows to the skin o Skin blood flow enough to not lose all heat o Cardiac output and muscle blood flow are limiting factors
the concept of energy balance
• Carbs, fats, proteins • Weight will not change if caloric intake is equal to energy expenditure • Weight gain is stored as fat, but weight loss takes away protein from muscles • Muscle loss lowers metabolic rate
the difference in core and shell temperatures
• Core not changed as easily because of internal features • Shell changes easier because it's exposed to the temperatures
the definition of cardiac output and the components which go into its determination
• Determined by heart rate x stroke volume o @ rest: CO (5 L/min) a o @ exercise: CO (25 L/min)
the difference between physical fitness and health
• Easier to get healthy rather than being physically fit • Physical fitness is a measure of one's capability to complete tasks, health is a description
the process of carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis) and fat metabolism (beta oxidation)
• Energy conversion requires enzymes- glycolysis (converting glucose to ATP), beta oxidation (converting free fatty acids), kreb's cycle and electoral transport chain. Only 20-30% of food is converted for mechanical use
role of exercise in heart disease and hypertension
• Exercise can help reduce the risk of heart disease because it strengthens the heart • Exercise can reduce high blood pressure, especially with cardiorespiratory endurance training
the importance intensity, frequency, duration, mode and rate of progression for exercise
• FIT: can manipulate any of these to disrupt homeostasis. This is a way to reach fitness goals.
which nutrient (carbs, fats) is primarily used for different intensities of exercise
• Fats are used at lower intensity; carbs are used at higher intensity.
the body's main ways to gain and lose heat
• Gain: increasing metabolic energy. Behavioral changes are more effective and improper attire can be dangerous • Lose: evaporation (sweating)
understand the importance of fluid and electrolyte intake and when sports drinks are appropriate
• Important because they spread nutrients around the body, prevent fatigue, removes waste, regulates temperature • Sport drinks are appropriate when trying to absorb more fluid and they add a carb. o Best time to drink them are during a workout
the difference between intervals and continuous training
• Interval training: rest periods lead to more training at a higher intensity • Continuous training: 60-80% of max heart rate, no rest time
the difference between isometric, concentric, and eccentric contractions
• Isometric: no change in action, example would be pulling on locked door • Concentric: muscle shortens, example would be doing a bicep curl • Eccentric: muscle lengthens, example would be
what forms of cholesterol exist and recommended values of each
• LDL: lazy (worse) more diet related • HDL: good thing o Total: <200 o LDL: <100 o HDL:>46
exercise prescription components (frequency, intensity, duration)
• Lower intensity, higher duration exercise may help the most.
the basics of VO2max test, its significance, and factors affecting it
• Measures how much oxygen your body can get • Important to see how in shape someone is and how hard they can train • Relative score, depends person to person o Genetics: 70-90% o Training: 10-30%
the time course for muscular strength (neural vs hypertrophy)
• Most gains occur in first month, neural advances in strength • Hypertrophy begins after month one, muscle fibers increase in size, not number
the function and purpose of the cardiovascular system
• Network responsible for connection tissues of the body together • Delivers O2 and blood to body
the intensity and duration components of the ATP-PC, lactic acid, and aerobic energy systems and the type of exercise associated with each
• PC/Immediate: short (10 seconds>), max intensity, sarcoplasm, type 2b, stored ATP-PC, phosphate group from PC is added to ADP to form ATP • Lactic Acid: short (10-90 seconds), high intensity, sarcoplasm, type 2a, glycogen (glucose), glycogen broken down to form lactic acid/pyruvic acid • Aerobic: long (90 seconds<), low intensity, mitochondria, type 1, fat (glucose), fat broken down for ATP
the significance of lactate threshold
• Point where lactate acid dramatically increases • Slow down before lactate has to accumulate • Want to stay around lactate threshold when shifted to right, aerobic moves go longer faster, improves performance • The better your body is regulated to it, better off you'll be
the purpose of the pulmonary system and what are the effects of training on the lung
• Purpose is moving oxygen and blood from the heart. The lungs breathe in air and allow it to get to the heart and then oxygen is dispersed. When you have trained lungs, they can get more oxygen to the heart.
the difference in CO, SV, heart rate, and VO2 between trained and untrained subjects
• Trained athletes will increase CO, stroke volume, which increases VO2. Heart rate will decrease.
the characteristics and properties of skeletal muscle fiber types and type of physical activity associated with each
• Type 1: red, slow, aerobic, slower to fatigue • Type 2a: fast, twitch, oxidative • Type 2b: white muscle fiber, fast, twitch, fast, anaerobic, quicker to fatigue
approximate values for breathing frequency and tidal volume
• V= breathing frequency x tidal volume • V= ventilation per minute • F= breaths/minute (12-15) • Tidal volume: amount of air moved per breath (.4-.5L/breath)
the importance of body composition (including the two compartment model)
• Want to have a higher percentage of lean fat with little fat body mass • Men= 15%; women= 23% • BMI gives an idea of how physically fit you are
what happens to the distribution of cardiac output from rest to maximal exercise and how this happens
• cardiac output will increase • it will go to skeletal muscles instead of organs during exercise
factors responsible for individual differences in body fat
• cultural factors: 30% • genetic factors: 25% • other (lifestyle, environment): 45%
what stroke volume, heart rate, and oxygen consumption are
• stroke volume: amount of blood pumped out of the heart • heart rate: number of contractions of the heart • oxygen consumption: amount of oxygen taken up and utilized by the body per minute
the general structure of muscle and where energy for muscular contraction comes from
• structure o 75% water o 20% proteins (myosin, actin) o 5% minerals • muscles rebuild themselves • Energy comes from ATP
what components (and percentages) go into total energy expenditure over a typical day
• thermogenic influence of food composition: 10% • physical activity: 15-30% • resting metabolic rate: 60-75% (maintains life) burn 1500-2000 calories at rest
Hamstring Group
•Semimembranosus •Semitendinosus •Biceps femoris •Previously covered
