Byzantine Empire

Deterioration of Relations Between Alexios V & The Crusaders

(1) Alexios V Doukas "Mourtzouphlos" was the last emperor on the Byzantine throne in Constantinople before the city was conquered by the crusaders in April 1204 (2) many Greeks rejoiced that he had "restored the honor of Byzantium" by pushing aside Alexios IV and his father — and indeed, they depart the scene very quickly (a) Isaac II, completely shattered, soon died in confinement (b) orders were given that Alexios IV, in turn, be strangled in prison (February 8/9, 1204) (3) Alexios V Doukas's relations with the crusaders were rock from the start: (a) they considered him a usurper and loathsome tyrant, on account of the execution of Alexios IV (b) he of course refused to honor any outstanding promises of his predecessors to the crusaders, provoking a complete breakdown of relations with the crusaders (4) henceforth it was only a matter of time before the crusaders embarked on a "retaliatory war" against Alexios V, and the Byzantines who supported him. There were, in this regard, two important dimensions of their "preparation" and justification: (a) the crusade leaders as well as the clergy in the army developed justifications for an assault on Alexios V and his Christian subjects: - since Alexios V was a usurper and a murderer, he had no right to rule the Greek church, under Alexios V, had reverted to schism and "holy war" against schismatics was equivalent to any other right and just crusading action. In particular, in fighting the schismatic Byzantines the crusaders would still obtain their crusading indulgence. - at this stage, the army was fully justified in unleashing a war of conquest on Constantinople and the empire (b) what's interesting, also, is that in March 1204 the Venetians & crusaders concluded a formal agreement on how the conquest and spoils would be divided. This document is known as "The Partition Treaty": Constantinople would be captured by the Venetians and crusaders jointly, and "in the name of Christ" Control of the city would be established as follows: On the secular side, a Latin emperor and Latin empire would replace the Greek one. The new Latin emperor would be elected by a committee of six (6) Venetians and six (6) Frenchmen this emperor's task would be to govern the state "to the glory of the Holy Roman Church and the Empire" the emperor would be given one fourth (1/4) of Constantinople itself, including two palaces. On the church side, the decisions here would be made by those (either the Venetian or French electors) who did not provide the emperor: if the emperor elected was the Venetian candidate, then the French would determine church matters, and vice-versa; a Latin patriarch would be elected to replace the Greek one, and he would take control of Hagia Sophia as his church; in addition, exact provisions were made for dividing up the conquests outside Constantinople; the Latin emperor would be assigned control of one fourth (1/4) of territories conquered outside of Constantinople; the rest of territories conquered outside of Constantinople would be divided up according this ratio: fifty percent (50%) would go to the Venetians; the rest would be divided up among the other crusaders All crusaders who received any territory were to take a feudal oath of loyalty to the Latin emperor — excepting Enrico Dandolo.

Ethnic & Religious Tensions

- A second long-term "background factor" to what transpired in the Fourth Crusade was, as mentioned, an accelerating ethnic or cultural tension between Latins or West Europeans, and Greeks or Byzantines - The key dimensions of this, in a nutshell, are as follows: (1) at the religious level, a conflict over Latin and Orthodox doctrines or teachings on two major issues (a) first, the status of the pope in the Christian church and community. = the Latin view, by now, is that the pope is at the top of the hierarchy, with a mandate from Christ himself to govern the church on matters of doctrine and discipline. This is usually called the thesis of "Papal Primacy." = the Orthodox view, which continues to this day, is that the Pope has no such status or authority, but is one of five major patriarchs, who collectively work in council to govern the Christian community (Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria) (b) the second point of conflict was over conceptions of the Holy Spirit, as a member of element of the Godhead — which in Christian theology, is conceived as a "trinity" of Father, Son, and Spirit = the Latin view, by now, is that the Spirit proceeds from the Father AND the Son = the Orthodox view, to this day, is that the Spirit proceeds from the Father THROUGH the Son (2) beyond this, by the late 12th century we are seeing basic ethnic tensions between Byzantium and the West -- and these are particularly exacerbated or highlighted whenever Crusaders come into conflict with the Byzantine establishment. (a) After the First Crusade, the Norman commander Bohemund took it upon himself to launch a veritable propaganda campaign in the west against Byzantium, in which he broadcast the most negative possible image of Greeks as perfidious, treacherous heretics (b) In the second Crusade, Odo of Deuil finds the Byzantines all but repulsive: "for from the time we entered [Byzantine] territory, we endured robberies which [the Byzantine] people perpetrated on us because our strength did not equal theirs ... " (c) This kind of friction over the claims and pretensions of the Byzantines again surfaces with the German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa — who was a key figure in the Third Crusade = over a decade before that, in 1176, Barbarossa had written the Byzantine Emperor (Manuel I) an insulting letter in which he proclaimed: > the German Emperors were the direct descendants of the old Roman emperors; > it was the prerogative of the German emperors to rule not only the Roman Empire, but the "Greek Kingdom" as well; > the Byzantine emperor, therefore, should recognize the authority of the real Roman emperor — himself —, as well as that of the Pope. As Barbarossa passed through the Balkans to Anatolia in the Third Crusade, at one point relations with Byzantium so soured that he actually was contemplating a full military assault on Constantinople, which he deferred. (August 1189). - We can trace on ongoing pattern of tensions between Byzantium and westerners throughout the rest of the twelfth century and into the early thirteenth — leading us right up to the eve of the Fourth Crusade. - But now we must turn to specific events, the concrete developments that led to this Crusade, and in particular its transformation into a tool of attack on the Byzantine Empire

Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118)

- Nephew of Isaac I Komnenos - Distinguished general - Wars against Normans and Seljuk Turks - First Crusade => establishments of crusader states - Source: Anna Komnena's Alexiad

Organization & Negotiations With Venice

- The preaching of this Crusade was carried on by various papal legates, and the secular organization took shape primarily at the initiative of the great French barons of northern France (1) in the beginning stage of organization, from 1199-1201, Thibaut, count of Champagne, was acknowledged as the secular leader (2) after Thibaut died in 1201, the barons persuaded the marquis of Montferrat, Boniface, to carry on: (a) he was about fifty at the time, and was the brother of the Conrad of Montferrat who had played such an important role at the siege of Acre, during the Third Crusade, and who was mysteriously assassinated in Jerusalem in 1192 (b) while Boniface had never been on Crusade before, he seemed to have a kind of romantic interest in Outremer — and was well-connected with the major ruling families of western Europe - In spring 1201, the organizers concluded a fateful contract with Venice regarding terms for transportation to the scene of battle (1) the barons had resolved, first of all, that it would be best to sail East rather than take the land route through the Balkans and Asia Minor (2) thus, they approached Venice to strike a deal for Venetian naval transport — and a bargain was struck along these lines: (a) Venice would build transport ships to accommodate 33,500 fighters, as well as 4,500 horses — and these ships would be available for one year (b) Venice would provide sufficient food and fodder for a nine month period (c) the cost would be 5 marks per horse, 2 marks per man — the grand total due being 85,000 marks (d) Venice herself would contribute 50 armed warships, and expected half of all conquests (3) note, here, that this offer was drawn up and presented by the Venetians, led then by the aged and blind doge, Enrico Dandolo (a) although the crusade leaders accepted the figures, they probably were themselves uncertain whether they could really muster a contracted 33,500 force (b) some scholars question, at this point, whether Dandolo engineered this offer with such high figures anticipating, already in 1201, that the crusaders could not possibly assemble a force of this size (c) whatever the case, and the question is important, Dandolo was clearly a very shrewd operator — interested above all in the political, military, and economic well-being of Venice. - note that a secret clause of the agreement designated that the first military target of this naval operation would be an attack on Egypt — i.e., the Ayyubid Empire (the state based on Egypt, Syria & Mesopotamia over which Saladin had ruled) (1) it was secret because clearly the "crusaders at large" would not have welcomed a "first phase of the expedition" as anything but sailing to the Holy Land (2) the Venetians, guiding the course of this expedition, were keenly aware of the commercial and economic importance of Egypt, in particular the port of Alexandria, and they sincerely believed that control of this area would make the reconquest and continuing control of Jerusalem genuinely possible, and not just a "dream" as in the days of Richard Lionheart

Fourth Crusade

- This crusade was, without any doubt, one of the most significant events in the history of the East Mediterranean since the legendary "First Crusade," and the establishment of the crusader states in Syria-Palestine (1) it's most important consequence had nothing to do with "Latin recovery" in the Holy Land: rather, its crowning achievement was a powerful, crippling assault on the Byzantine Empire (a) by mid-April 1204, the participants of this crusade had captured and sacked Constantinople, capital of the Empire, and set about establishing a new, Latin"replacement Empire" which was to dominate that city for 57 years, down to 1261 (b) parallel to this, various European groups, primarily Italians & Frenchmen, set about carving up other sections of the Byzantine Empire, outside the capital, into new lordships and principalities. These developments changed the complexion of the Eastern Mediterranean for centuries to come, and obviously deeply affected the fortunes of Byzantium — contributing centrally to a fatal weakening, which would ultimately result in its disappearance for the political map of Europe in 1453. (2) a second major consequence of this Crusade was, in some sense, related more directly to the complex of ideas and agendas associated with most crusades — namely, the papacy's success in expanding its primacy into formerly Orthodox territory in the east (a) Latin control of Constantinople simultaneously meant that the papacy now had achieved one of its perennial ambitions: subordinating the Patriarchate of Constantinople to the authority of the pope of Rome (b) it was a curious kind of reduction, however — since it involved replacing the heretofore Greek orthodox ecclesiastical hierarchy with a new Latin counterpart. This was accepted by Rome, nonetheless, as a divinely sanctioned victory. (3) a third major consequence of this crusade is in a sense already obvious: the intensification of hostility between east and west, Franks and Byzantines (a) the aftermath of 1204 left hideous scars in the minds and hearts of Byzantines — which haven't been forgotten, to this day (b) thus, the Crusader sack of Constantinople sealed a distance and alienation between the Latin west and the Greek East which had been forming for centuries,and was never reversed in the remaining centuries of Byzantine history - Why the "Fourth Crusade" resulted in a brutal dismemberment of a Christian state is one of the major problems in the history of this period (1) from the broadest possible perspective, this transformation of a Crusade into an assault on Byzantium is somehow connected with two long-term developments: (a) first, a chronic and escalating antagonism between Europeans and Byzantines — a hostility rooted in centuries of negative, acrimonious contact, with repeated episodes of misunderstanding and mutual contempt for one another's culture and way of life (b) second, a vigorous expansion of the Venetian commercial empire, and a growing ambition on the part of Venetian traders and leaders to maximize their investments and business opportunities in the East, in conditions of maximum security (2) from a closer perspective, the outcome of the Fourth Crusade can be explained as the result of concrete political and military decisions the participants themselves made — in ways which may or may not have been the result of long-term, premeditated planning. - In approaching this crusade, then, we need to go backwards in time, considering some of the long-term conditions that formed a "background to catastrophe," as well as exploring the immediate chain of events leading to the sack and conquest of Constantinople in April 1204.

The Zara Deviation

- the crusaders accepted the bargain (the alternative was to abandon the crusade!), sailed to Zara, and captured the city for Venice on November 24, 1202 — even though it was a Christian city, and this had nothing to do with their official crusading agenda - did Pope Innocent know anything about this and what was his reaction? (1) before the crusaders sailed to Zara, the pope actually had received intelligence of the proposed deviation, and he warned the crusaders that if they embarked on this deviation and attacked Zara for Venice they would all be excommunicated (2) and in fact this is exactly what happened: when the pope learned of what happened, he responded by placing the crusaders under excommunication (i.e., they could not receive the sacraments) - this terrible situation for the crusaders was resolved in a couple of interesting ways: (1) the bishops in the army decided, on their own authority, to dispense absolution and lift the ban of excommunication (2) later on, envoys were sent to Pope Innocent pleading him to forgive the crusaders for what they had done, and he did relent on the following terms: (a) those who were sincerely contrite would receive repentance (b) the Venetians, however, would remain excommunicated because they didn't admit and accept that they were guilty of any wrongdoing (c) the absolved crusaders could still work with the excommunicated Venetians — for the good of the crusade! - the most important development after the capture of Zara was the decision, by the leaders of the crusade, to divert the army a SECOND time, namely to Constantinople! How did this come about? (1) the impetus was an embassy which arrived six weeks after the fall of Zara (i.e., January 1, 1203), from the court of King Philip of Swabia. The envoys, representing King Philip and Prince Alexios, directly asked the crusaders to help the cause of Prince Alexios, and making amazing offers: (a) they should proceed next to Constantinople, with the goal of restoring Isaac II and thus deposing his brother Alexios III (b) Prince Alexios would pay the crusaders a total of 200,000 silver marks and keep them supplied with provisions (c) finally, when the crusaders continued from Constantinople to the Holy Land, Prince Alexios would provide them with a force of 10,000 Byzantine knights, and he himelf would join the expedition, if the crusaders so desired! (2) this was quite a proposal, and it was likely that Boniface of Montferrat knew it was "in the works" — and of course he welcomed it when the envoys arrived at Zara and made these amazing proposals (3) on January 1, 1203, the army leaders discussed the proposal and reacted as follows (a) Enrico Dandolo, doge of Venice, liked the idea and was supportive (b) some of the key crusade leaders, notably the French, violently opposed the idea of diverting to Constantinple for some "regime change" which had nothing to do with their goal of recovering Jerusalem (c) still others thought this was a strategically sound idea, since after all the Byzantine payment would help them liquidate the debt they still owed to Venice (4) in the end, the leaders decided they would accept Prince Alexios' terms, though it did trigger some defections (i.e., some crusaders left the main expedition and either returned home, or sought passage directly to the Holy Land)

Journey to Constantinople & Steps In Regime Change

- thus a bargain was sealed between Prince Alexios and the crusaders — and evidently without - accordingly, in late May 1203, the crusader fleet sailed on to Constantinople and arrived a month later - in the following months, from June 1203 through April 13, 1204, the crusaders were involved in THREE regime changes, the last of which resulted in the Latin conquest of Constantinople and takeover of the government

Codex Lustinianus

-528 a commission of ten formed, including Tribonian to make a new law collection -529 codex finished

Christian Schools

-Alexandria: Catechetical school based on allegory. By Philo of Alexandria. Origen 1) literal meaning 2) ethical meaning 3) mystical or prophetic meaning. Clement of Alexandria -Antioch: Grammatical-historical approach. Close reading

Renovatio Imperii

-Conquest of North Africa -Campaigns against Ostrogothic Italy -Loyal general Belisarius -Cost of the empire is gigantic -Believed to be for pride, glory, and legitimacy

Apollinarius of Laodicea

-Teacher in Antioch -Human has 3 parts: Mind, body, and soul

Council of Lyon & Union

1274

Council of Chalcedon

451

The emergence of the ascetic as a central figure in Byzantine society occurred in the _____ century.

5th

Amorion

Anatolic

Palaeologoi

Army has heavy reliance on mercenaries. Border fortifications. Focus on Constantinople

The general who successfully defeated the Nika uprising was

Belisarius

The Dark Ages

Byzantine Empire encountered two major forces: -West: Carolingians/Charlemagne -East: Arabs

Flanders

City in Netherlands. Had wood for ships and wool from shep

Orthodoxy

Correct

Bulgars

Expansion under Krum. 807 Struma Valley. 809 Serdica (Sofia). Were Turkic before. Modern Bulgarians are Slavs. Huns were important. They were semi-nomadic people. They were sedentary during the 7th century, Khanata. Absorbed by Khazars. 680 Khan Asparukh conquered

Sassanid Persia

Focus was mainly east of the Black Sea. Had moving court

Alcuin

Harmony. Good partnership. Brothers. Charlemagne is strong and vigorous. The pope is pious and benevolent

Martyrdom

Hondorable to die for one's religion

Constantine V

Iconoclast. Husband of Irene. Lost the throne but got it back

Restoration of Icon-Veneration

Iconodule. Iconoclast tried to undermine. Eccumenical council in Nicaea venerated icons

Severitas

Self-control/sterness

Al-Baladhuri

In his description of the Battle of Yarmuk, this Arab chronicler states that Christians and Jews preferred Muslim rule:

Panegyric

Speech of praise to the emperor

Islam

Sunni: Abu Bakr Shia: Ali

Rhomaioi

Term medieval Greeks used to describe themselves

Charlemagne succeeded his father, Pepin the Short, and consolidated power after defeating the ___________ in the 770's.

Lombards

Michael I Rangabe was "kouropalates" which in the West would have best correlated to: _______________.

Mayor of the palace

Chronographia

Michael Psellus. History of Emperors

Christians as Scapegoats

Nero found Christians as scapegoats for fire that destroyed most of Rome. Christians were killed

Under Leo the Wise, the following was published

New laws (Novels)

Monotheism

One god alone

Nicomedia

Optimatoi

Byzantine Citizen

Orthodox, Greco-Roman, and spoke Greek

1261-1453

Palaiologan Byzantium

Procheiron

Preliminary law textbook

Doubling

-Two essences -Two natures -Two people

Michael I Rangabe

-Unsuccessful against Bulgars -Focus on Thrace, vicinity of Adrianople -June 813, Byzantines were unable to put a hold on Bulgar advancement towards Constantinople and Michael I was forced to step down

Allah

1. In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful 2. All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds 3. The Beneficent, the Merciful 4. Master of the Day of Judgment 5. Thee do we serve and Thee do we beseech for help 6. Keep us on the right path

Faith

10 commandments. Jesus: love/respect your fellow men. New testament

First Crusade

1096 - 1099 Urban II: Speech at Clermont 1095 Byzantine emperor: Alexius I Result: Crusader victory / Jerusalem captured 1099

Provinces/Themata Europe and Asia

10th century: 30+ themes -Strategoi (generals): Administrative and civil authority. Trouble arises with large land holding -Soldier-farmers: Hereditary grants of land -Borders protected by frontier troops like Digenis Akritas -Leo VI Tactiva based on Emperor Maurice's Strategicon (Book on fighting)

Second Crusade

1147-1149 Pope Eugene III Byzantine emperor: Manuel I Result: Decisive Muslim victories

Third Crusade

1189-1192 Pope Urban III Byzantine emperor: Isaac II Angelos Result: Saladin and Fall of Jerusalem

From the time of Constantine I's sons, Byzantine emperors were thought of as:

13th Apostle

Tertullian

160-230. What does Athens have to do with Jerusalem

Gallienus

253-268. Tolerant of Christianity before Constantine I. First Roman emperor to allow Christians to exercise their religion without punishment. Son of Valerian

Augustus Caesar

27 BCE-14 CE. Founder of the principate (princeps). Imperator. Had consular power and tribunician power. He was divi filius (son of a god)

Legion

3000-5000 men. Headed by a general. Under general is legates and under legates are centurions

Council of Nicaea

325. Word that became incarnate is Jesus Christ. Christ was both human and divine and was of the same substance as the Father

Gregory Nazianzus

329-390. Study and theory of truth. Why did pagan culture need to be retained. Oration 27 and Oration 43

Cyril of Alexandria

378-444. Vs. Nestorius and other Constantinopolitan patriarchs. Forces Council of Chalcedon in 451

Nestorius

386-451. 428 Patriarch of Constantinople. Theotokos (mother of God). Christokos (mother of Christ). Essence of God and the essence of man are different

Republic of Roman History

509 BCE-27 BCE. Broken into early, middle, and late. Late republic included triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Augustus Caesar suspends republic

The Nika Revolt took place in:

532. Blue and green were involved

First Jewish Revolt

66-73. Occurred in Caesara. Greeks vs. Jews. Resulted in the destruction of the temple by TItus in 70 CE. Temple tax henceforth went to Jupiter Capitolinus. New structures made like the colliseum and the Arch of Titus

Domitian

81-96. Lord and god (dominus et deus). Beast emperor

Macedonian Dynasty

867-1056. Middle Byzantine Period. Art-artistic expression-literature. Basil I inaugurated a complete revision of imperial law. Work was finished by Leo VI the son of Basil I. He hellenized the legal code of Justinian I. 113 novellae which represent the last substantial reform of the civil law code. Absolute autocracy of the emperor. Began with Basil I. - Basil I (r. 867-886) • Successful in the East against Arabs • Reintegration of S-Italy - Leo VI (r. 886-912) • 904, Loss of Thessaloniki to Muslims/Saracens • Unsuccessful against Simeon I of Bulgaria - Alexander (r. 912-913) - Constantine VII (913-959) • Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920-944) • Romanos II (r. 959-963), son Constantine VII • Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963 - 969) • John I Tzimiskes (r. 969 - 976), nephew of Nikephoros - Successful general - Successful against Bulgarians • Basil II (the Bulgar Slayer) • Constantine VIII (son of Romanos II, r. 1025- 1028) - Daughters: Zoe and Theodora • Zoe (in power 1028-1050) - Husbands: Romanos III (1028-1034), Michael IV (1034-1041) and Constantine IX (1042-1055) - Michael V (r. 1041-42, nephew of Michael IV) • Theodora (in power 1042-1056)

Trajan

98-117. Empire at its largest extension. General (imperator). Optimus princeps (best of all rulers). Garnered glory for the empire. Clientele are the legions. Good emperor

Donation of Constantine

A forgery but important text that was used to explain papal power and undermine Byzantine control in Italy in the 8th century

Harun al-Rashid

Abbasid ruler. Made deal with Irene. Flourishing

Themata

Administrative units after Heraclius. In the 10th century there were greater than 30 themes. Border were protected by frontier troops (Digenis Akritas). Leo VI Tactica based on emperor Maurice's Strategicon

Council of Constantinople

Agreement. Christ was eternally begotten of the father, not made. Christ was True God and consubstantial with the father. Incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary and became man

Who didn't serve as a regent under the reign of Constantine VII?

Alexander

It was the emperor _________ who first gave the Venetians special trading privileges.

Alexios I Komnenos

The Alexandrian School of Thought was based on:

Allegory

The collapse of Constantinople's central authority occurred at the time of

Andronikos Komnenos

The author of the Alexiad was

Anna Komnena

Nestorius was shaped by the "School" of __________.

Antioch

Saul (Paul)

Apostle. Focus was on converting people to Christianity and becoming more family friendly. Focused on making the best of life on earth. 45-57 CE went on missions and travels

Coin

Apple indicates power Cross indicates power

The poem Digenes Akritas speaks to the Byzantine - ______ conflict.

Arab

The Goths were converted to a branch of Christianity referred to as:

Arianism

The emperor of the Later Roman / Byzantine empire was most often referred to by these Latin and Greek terms:

Augustus Caesar / basileus

Life of Charlemagne

Author Einhard, a monk from St. Gallen, Switzerland, the Life was written circa 829-836

The "House of Wisdom" was located in _________ and was a major intellectual center of the _________.

Baghdad / Islamic Golden Age

Irene was the only female ruler of the Byzantine empire with the title

Basileus

Franks

Before Charlemagne. The Franks were part of large invasion and were reorganized into Rome mostly by Julian the Apostate. First Dynasty was the Merovingians whose founders were Merovech. Clovis I was the grandson of Merovech and he converted to Christianity and unified Frankish tribes. There was a growing importance of the mayor of the palace

Humanitas

Being learned and cultured

Jews in the Roman Empire

Believed Jerusalem is very important. Jews lived in Alexandria, Rome, Antioch, and Ephesus. Often present in large cities and urban areas. Diaspora. Romans viewed as ancient religion at it was accepted. Pax deorum = pax hominum meaning peace among gods = peace among humans. Privileges were often granted. Augustus' Decree gave them privileges. Could be given repressive measures

Chariot Teams

Blue, green, white, and red. Eventually blues and greens are two relevant teams. Blue team represents the orthodoxy and diophysite belief of Jesus as human and devine. The green team represents the monophyite belief of Jesus solely as devine

Ankyra

Bucellarian

Hungarian Crown

Byzantine base. Cross section is the corona latina

Baghdad

Capital of the Abassid dynasty was:

The siege of Zara (Zadra) was the first military action of the 4th crusade. It was an attack against a Catholic city by

Catholic crusaders.

Exercitus Comitatensis

Cavalry and infantry

House of Wisdom

Center of learning. Harun al Rashid and al-Ma'mun

Byzantine Empire

Christian Roman Empire

The Byzantine historian George Ostrogorsky asserted that the main elements, which determined Byzantine development were:

Christianity, Roman political concepts, and Greek culture,

The differing ideas about the person of Christ and the controversies that followed can be labeled:

Christological

Catholicos

Common

What work did Constantine VII not write?

Conquest of Bulgaria

John Meyendorff argued that this aspect of Byzantine society and religion was not only its major weakness but also allowed it to survive throughout the centuries of Arabic conquest.

Conservatism

Eusebius of Caesaria wrote a biography of:

Constantine I

The iconophiles viewed ______________ as their greatest enemy.

Constantine V

The author of the Life of Basil I, the founder of the Macedonian dynasty, was:

Constantine VII

Iconoclasm

Controversy over using icons

Arianism

Created by priest from Alexandria. Since God the Father creates the Son, the Son is subordinate to the Father; he cannot be identical with God and is instead less than God. Arius stressed Christ's human nature and denied the incarnation of God as Man. Constantine I steeped in to resolve the tension and called the Council of Nicaea in 325. The Son had a beginning and possessed neither the eternity nor the true divinity of the Father.

The Glagolitic alphabet was created by

Cyril

All of the following were influences that spread from the Byzantine Empire to Eastern Europe and Russia

Cyrillic alphabet, orthodox Christianity, and icons

Procopius

Described Justinian

High Command Structure of the East Roman Army

Emperor at the top. Generals under him. Dux under the generals

Songs of the Frontiersmen

Epic poetry - Specific Meter • Homeric Epic and Vergil's Aeneid, dactylic hexameter • Digenes Akritas, 15 syllable verse (decapentasyllabic verse), political verse = secular poetry, iambic meter - Milman Perry and Albert Lord • Oral composition • Byzantine-Arab Conflict (Eastern) • Chivalric Romance (Western) • Arethas of Caesaria (10th century) got upset and condemned local (agyrtae) Troubadours

Theodosius I

Established Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman empire.

Strategos

Exercised both civilian and military jurisdiction. Leader of theme. The leading authority (in both civilian and military terms) of a Byzantine province

Byzantine Coin

Face in front. Always had cross

Battle of Yarmuk

Factors included the skilled and effective Arab horsemen, dissension between the leaders of the Byzantine army, and a thunderstorm

After the Council of Chalcedon all matters related to the tripartite God were squared away.

False

Cyril of Alexandria was instrumental in integrating Nestorius' views.

False

Our numerals are based on Byzantine numbers.

False

The Ka'aba did not exist before Islam.

False

The allelengyon was a ceremonial hymn praising the emperor.

False

The conversion of the Bulgarians was never an important issue in the minds of Byzantine emperors

False

Pater Patriae

Father of the country. Ideal citizen

Vigiles

Fire fighters and night watchmen

Who was the Caesar of the West with Constantius Chlorus as Augustus?

Flavius Servius

Muhammad

From tribe of the Quraysh: merchants and business men. Messenger of Allah. In 622 he left Mecca for Medina (Hijra). Dies in 632

Of the following, Digenes Akritas was most notably a/an

Frontiersman

Edicts of Toleration 311/313

Galerius and Constantine. Milan 313. Any kinds of religious persecution was to be stopped. Issued by Constantine I and Licinius

Nabataean control reached as far as

Gaza

Hesteminon

Gold coin. Larger piece. Flattened out unlike solidus

The Byzantines were successful against the Arab fleet in 717/718 using _______________ .

Greek fire

Constantinople

Had Roman element such as forums. Had a hippodrome. Was surround by water on three sides. 451. Enjoys equal privileges as the old imperial city of Rome

At the time of the empress Irene, the Byzantine empire faced the caliph:

Harun-al-Rashid

Zoroastrianism

Has a dualistic aspect. Name of the omnipotent and omniscient creator is Ahura Mazda

Olga of Kiev was baptized and took the name of Constantine VII's wife. That name was:

Helena

Many of Digenes' deeds can be compared to the ones of

Hercules

Soldier-Farmers

Hereditary grants of land

Basil of Cesaria in Cappadocia (330-379)

How can the young benefit from greek literature?

Constantine VI

Iconoclast. Mustered forces against his mother Irene in 790. In 797 Irene organized a coup against her son. He tried to flee but was captured and dragged back to the palace. He died of his wounds

In an orthodox church, the _________ separates the nave from the sanctuary.

Iconostasis

Romanos I Lekapenos

In 922 and 934 put out laws to defend the small landowner against the powerful laws. Realization that the empire depended on the theme system based on the free, tax paying soldier-farmer and communities. Reality: Expense of reconquest of territories from the Arabs. Higher taxation

Nomadic Tribes

In North Africa and Saudi Arabia. Started unifying

Theophanes

In his 9th century Chronicles, attributed a speech to Heraclius addressing the Byzantine army

Panagoge

Introduction to the law. Dyarchy between emperor and patriarchL body and soul of the empire

Who wrote Apologetic Treatises against those Decrying Holy Images?

John of Damascus

We learn from the writer _____________ about the Slavs whom the Byzantine used as "foederati" starting in the 6th century.

Jordanes

Krites

Judge, exercised judicial power in themes

Showing his heroic abilities while hunting, Digenes

Kills animals with his bare hands.

What was the administrative language of the Byzantine empire from the 3rd to the 6th centuries?

Latin

All of the following were influences that spread from the Byzantine Empire to Eastern Europe and Russia EXCEPT:

Latin Alphabet

When studying the Byzantine economy, it is not only coins but also _________________ that can be of help in understanding this particular economy.

Lead seals

The uncle of Justinian I rose through the ranks during this emperor's reconstitution of the imperial bodyguard.

Leo I

This pope crowned Charlemagne on Christmas Day 800:

Leo III

Constantine I's elimination of his brother-in-law ___________ was a/n ____________ action.

Licinius / unnecessary and blatantly aggressive

Hagiograhy

Lives of the saints

Basil II

Macedonian Dynasty -Began with Basil I -Father: Romanos II He lived from 976-1025 and reigned from 958-1025. In 963 his father Emperor Romanos died. Basil and his younger brother, Constantine, ascended. Usurpers were Nicephorus Phocas (963-969) and John I Tzimisces (969-976). Once John died Basil attempted to rule independently. His great-uncle the euncuch Basil, the Chamberlain tried to stop him. Usurpers were Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas. Basil ousted Basil the Chamberlain. Great with the military. Rebellions of the two Bardases so Basil sought help from Prince Vladimir of Kiev who converted to Byzantine Christianity after. In 989 Bardas Phokas was stopped and Bardas Skleros surrendered shortly after. Basil II curtailed the aristocrats. In 990 Basil resumed his efforts against Bulgaria. 25 years of war between King Samuel of Bulgaria and Basil. Basil wore Samuel down. Segmentation of Bulgar territories. 1014, Byzantines captured the main Bulgarian army of some 14,000 men. After the dismemberment and annexation of Armenia occurred. Reconquest of Sicily expanded Byzantine authority in Italy. Died in 1025

Macedonius' Question

Macedonius, Patriarch of Constantinople. Is the Holy Spirit begotten or unbegotten. If either how does it differ from the Father and the Son. Answer: The Holy Spirit is neither a creature nor a son since it is neither fashioned nor begotten

Medieval Islamic culture made significant advances in all of the following areas

Medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy

Khan Tervel

Mentioned in Byzantine sources, 704. Justinian II Rhinotmetos. Ruled from 685 to 695 and 705 to 711. Deposed in 695. Recaptured the throne in 705 with the help of Tervel. Tervel named Ceasar (tsar)

Auxillaries

Mercenaries

Clementia

Mercy

Who wrote the Chronographia (Biographies of 14 Byzantine Rulers)?

Michael Psellus

The Byzantine emperor depicted on the Hungarian crown is:

Michael VII Doukas

The Palaeologan Dynasty

Michael VIII Palaiologos (Palaeologus), 1259-82 Andronikos II Palaiologos (Andronicus II Palaeologus), 1282-1328 Andronikos III Palaiologos (Andronicus III Palaeologus), 1328-41 John V Palaiologos (Palaeologus), 1341-91 John VI Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus), 1347-54 Andronikos IV Palaiologos (Andronicus IV Palaeologus), 1376-79 John VII Palaiologos (Palaeologus), 1390 Manuel II Palaiologos (Palaeologus), 1391-1425 John VIII Palaiologos (Palaeologus), 1425-48 Constantine XI Palaiologos, 1449-1453

Secondary Capitals

Milan and Antioch

The pioneering scholar, who explained the workings of epic formulas in his undergraduate thesis, was

Milman Perry

The scholar who figured out the formulaic system of (Homeric) oral poetry was:

Milman Perry

Periods of Roman History

Monarchy: 753 BCE-509 BCE Republic: 509 BCE-27 BCE Principate: Includes 27 BCE-337 CE

The first period of iconoclasm ended with the council of

Nicaea

The most important Greek successor state after the Latin sack of Constantinople in 1204 was

Nicaea

Khan Krum took delight in drinking from

Nicephoros' skull

The Vandals established their kingdom in:

North Africa

Death of Constantius Chlorus

Occurred in 306 CE. Flavius Severus and Galerius are Augusti. Tetrarchy fails on level of the Caesars. In the west a usurper arises of Constantine I in Maxentius. In the east Maximius Daia

Digenes Akritas

Oldest 2 manuscripts from 12th century. Escorial from outside Madrid has 1867 lines. Grottaferrate from outside Rome has 3749 lines.

The theme across the Bosphorus was called

Optimatoi

Sergius

Patriarch who increased the power of the Byzantine church by funding Heraclius' military campaigns

To whom did Jesus address these words: ... on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will loosed in heaven.

Peter

Alcuin, describing Charlemagne, stressed his _________.

Piety

Urban Cohorts

Police

The Ekloga was a ________________ for everyday use.

Practical handbook of law

A panegyric is a speech given to __________ an important person.

Praise

1212-1261

Proliferation, Independent Growth, of Many Small States

Arab Conquest

Rapid • 633 Arabs send first military force into Syria (as far as Caesarea), Byzantine forces defeated • 635 Damascus fell to Arabs • 636 Battle of Yarmuk (Yarmuq or Hieromyax) • 635 Persians defeated at Buwaib • 637 Battle of Kadesiya => Fall of Ctesiphon • 641 conquest of Syria, Palestine, and Iraq complete • 642 Alexandria surrendered • 650 area up Khurasan (Khorasan, Iran) conquered • 668 Arabs reached Chacedon and 669 besieged Constantinople • 674-678 Arab fleet at Cyzicus • 677 Arab land forces defeated before the walls of Constantinople

The Church schism of 1054 picked up the old theological issue of the ______________ .

Relationship between the three persons of the Trinity.

Byzantine artists made a lasting impression on:

Religious art and mosaics

Peace 629 and Aftermath

Reorganization of Empire into themes. Military units

Gravitas

Responsibility/sense of importance

Regime Change #1

Restoration of Isaac II & Installation of Prince Alexios (1) fairly soon after arriving at Constantinople, in early July 1203, the crusaders achieved the objective of assisting the cause of Prince Alexios, along the lines they had agreed in the previous pacts (a) militarily they were able to cause damages along the Golden Horn side of the city, partly as the result of fires they set which devastated northern portions of Constantinople (b) although the reigning emperor Alexios III — remember, the brother of the imprisoned/blinded Isaac II, and uncle of Prince Alexios — had not lost control of his capital to the crusaders, he recognized that he had lost credibility with his courtiers and much of the population owing to the arrival of the crusader fleet, and he resolved "to save his scalp" by taking flight and leaving Constantinople to its own fate (this was the night of July 17/18, 1203) (2) following Alexios III's flight, the Byzantine palace courtiers took matters into their own hands and decided that Isaac II should be brought back to the throne — even though he was technically "unfit to rule" owing to his blindness (a) the courtiers realized that Isaac was hardly fit to rule — indeed, he quickly became demented or senile (b) therefore the courtiers likewise agreed that Prince Alexios — Isaac's son — would be set up as joint ruler with his father, as soon as they could arrange his entry into the city. Prince Alexios will now rule as "Alexios IV Angelos," in the numbering of Byzantine emperors. (3) when the crusaders were apprised of this palace coup (i.e., the flight of Alexios III and restoration of Isaac II), they were willing to agree to Prince Alexios' assumption of power with his father — but they were chiefly concerned that this new regime would honor the terms of their pact with Prince Alexios, in particular the financial clauses (4) we have now the short joint reign of Isaac II & Alexios IV which lasted from early August 1203 — January 28/29, 1204

To whom did Alp Arslan say: "My punishment is far heavier. I forgive you, and set you free."

Romanos IV

The Latin emperors of Constantinople

Ruled at the top of a loose feudal hierarchy, but with little real power.

Khan Krum

Ruled late 790s-814. Final defeat of Avars. Border with Frankish empire

The Rhos or Rus were originally

Scandinavians

Phocius

Scholar and bishop. Let us know everything about Athenian tragedies. First schism of church

Petchenegs

Semi-nomadic Turkic people. Allies with Byznantine in 9th century. Mercenaries

What happened to the regent Zoe after she was deposed in 919?

She was sent to a nunnery.

Bulgaria's largest territorial expansion occurred under

Simeon

Nicaea

Site of the first ecumenical church council. In the theme Opiscian

In the poem, Digenes Akritas, women are often at risk to be

Snatched

Limitanei

Stay in spot. Border of Roman empire

The arrangement of the Digest or Pandects is according to:

Subject matter

The literary antecedent of Einhard's Life of Charlemagne is:

Suetonius' Lives of the Caesars

Irene

Symbolized as a male figure of power. 752-803. Born in Athens. Empress consort from 775-780. Empress Mother and Regent from 780-797. From 797-802 she became sole ruler. Her uncle was Constantine Sarantapechos who may have been the strategos of the the Hellas. May have been a bride show with Constantine V. Iconoclasm vs. Icon worship. Theory around iconoclasm. Iconodule. Fought off challenger Leo IV's half-brother Nikephoros. She ordained Nikephoros and his co-conspirators. Arrangement with the Abbasids (tributary payments) were made. Enlisted help of Tarasios who was made patriarch of Constantinople in 784. Improved relationship with the West (Charlemagne and Pope Leo III). Icons back

The most prominent of stylites was ____________ whose site of asceticism was in ___________.

Symeon - Syria

Henotheism

System of one all god among other gods

Regime Change #2

The Arrest of Alexios IV Angelos and Isaac II, & Accession of Alexios V Doukas [Mourtzouphlos] (1) the background to this second regime change was escalating hostility and tension within Constantionple towards Alexios IV's maneuvering with the crusaders, and the dangerous situation this had brought about for Constantinople and the empire (a) people felt that the overall situation was "out of control" and that the "crusaders had to go," along with the stupid young emperor who had engineered this impending catastrophe (b) in essence the populace was looking for strong and determined leadership that would stand up to the Latins, and do whatever was necessary to take command and eliminate them as a "danger and threat" (2) On the night of January 28/29, 1204, there took place another palace coup in which a high ranking official — Alexios "Mourtzouphlos" — basically was able to take control of the palace and push the reigning emperors aside (a) the epithet "Mourtzouphlos" could refer to this Alexios' prominent, bushy eyebrows, or it might simply mean "sullen" (b) as part of taking control, both Isaac II and Alexios IV were thrown in prison. (3) the new emperor — Alexios V Doukas [officially], or using his epithet Alexios V Mourtzouphlos — was destined to reign only two and a half months, down to April 13, 1204

Under Manuel Komnenos, the Byzantines experienced a disaster on a level with Manzikert. This disaster was

The Battle of Myriokephalon.

Regime Change #3

The Crusaders Take Constantinople (1) with these mental and strategic preparations in place, the crusaders opened siege on Constantinople, and succeeded on April 13, 1204, in taking it (2) Alexios V Doukas "Mourtzouphlos" imitated what Alexios III Angelos did "when he was in trouble and wanted to save his scalp" — fled from the city and high-tailed it to northern Greece (Thrace) (3) the conquering crusaders then embarked on a three (3) day orgy of plunder in which no one and nothing was spared (a) the city was literally gutted of its wealth (b) much of the "portable" Constantinopolitan art was looted, and eventually was shipped back to the west, outstanding examples being: 1) the four bronze horses adorning the entry gate of the Hippodrome, which made their way to Venice and were set up above the entrance to the Church of St. Mark (San Marco) 2) a magnificent icon of St. Michael, now in the San Marco cathedral treasury 3) patriarchal chalices, also now in the San Marco cathedral treasury 4) an exquisitely decorated reliquary of the True Cross, now in the Limburg cathedral treasury (Germany)

Some major new Latin or Frankish states which emerged on Byzantine soil after 1204 were, aside from the Latin Empire of Constantinople:

The Kingdom of Thessaloniki, The Principality of Morea, and the Duchy of Athens and Thebes.

Major Frankish "Latin" Political Entities Established 1204-1210

The Latin Empire of Constantinople • The Kingdom of Thessaloniki • The Lordship (later Duchy) ofAthens & Thebes • The Duchy of theArchipelago • The Triarchies of Euboea (Negroponte) • The Principality ofAchaea • Minor Lordships (~30) County of Bodonitza & Salona

One of the consequences of the 4th crusade was that

The Patriarchate of Constantinople was subordinated to the authority of the pope of Rome.

Mos Maiorum

The Roman state stands on ancient customs and men. Set of traditions and values inherited from antiquity

Julian

The apostate. Pagan. Security of empire. Son of Julian Constantius. 361-363. Successor of Constantius II. Edict of Education. Christian teachers can't use pagan texts

The period after Basil II's reign was marked by:

The dominance of the civil aristocracy and the neglect of the military needs of the state.

Leading up to the 4th crusade was also an internal problem,

The hostility and tension within Constantinople towards Alexios IV's maneuvering with the crusaders.

How did the Islam expand so quickly?

The religion forbade Muslims from making armed attacks on other Muslims. The razzias encountered little opposition when attacks started on Persian and Byzantine territory. The Muslims, knowingly or unknowingly, took advantage of the fact that the Persians and Byzantines got out of a large-scale and draining war. Necessity for change in areas of Byzantine occupation. Tolerance of other religions. The inclusion of women in public life and worship

One of John II Komnenos' objectives was

The restoration of Byzantine control over Anatolia.

Purposes of the Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine I

To provide effective government and to avoid usurpation

Abassid Caliphate

Traces back to Muhammad's uncle

Column of Trajan

Trajan. Many legions. Legionnaire standards

If you had to find out about the Petchenegs from a Byzantine source, you would go to Constantine VII's "On Administration".

True

The Bulgars were originally a Turkic people.

True

While the battle of Mantzikert has been seen as a fatal defeat from which the Byzantine empire never recovered, it was not the battle but its aftermath that caused difficulties.

True

The poem of Digenes Akritas has ________ distinct parts.

Two

What was the name of the major east-west Balkan road in the middle ages?

Via Egnatia

Theodora

Wife of Justinian. Actress. Not an aristocrat. Father was a bear keeper of the Green Faction in the hippodrome

Iconodule

Worshiped icons

Hercalius was considered a savior (soter). He successfully fought against the Persians (Sassanids) but toward the end of his reign, he was unable to stem the advance of the Arabs. The most decisive battle against the Arabs he fought at

Yarmouk

Constantine VIII

Younger brother of Basil II. Ruled from 1025-1028. Rapidly lost Basil's gains

Who was the individual who revoked the recognition of the Bulgarians at the time of Simeon?

Zoe

The Suda

• "Stronghold, Fortification" • Compilation of all things ancient • 12th century Byzantine encyclopedia; based on the work of Constantine VII [his earlier exposition]

Byzantium vs. Normans

• 1081, Battle of Dyrrachium (1081), which allowed Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond to occupy much of the Balkans. • February 1082, Dyrrachium in Norman hands - Normans advanced and captured most of Macedonia and Thessaly • Robert Guiscard returned W - Pope Gregory VII vs. Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV • Bohemond, son of Robert, in charge of the army in Greece • Larissa, Alexios I defeated Bohemond - Normans lost territory gained => Komnenian restoration

John II Komenos (r. 1118-1143)

• 1122, Battle of Beroia (Stara Zagora, S-Bulgaria) - Peace offering - Byzantine attack on on their defensive wagon fort • John II insured - Archers on horses attack on fort - Varangian Guard: Danish axes - Petchenegs disappeared as an independent people • Assimilated by Bulgarians and Magyars • War with Hungary and Serbia • War with Anatolian Seljuks • Campaigns in S-Turkey (Cilicia) and Syria • 1122, Battle of Beroia (Stara Zagora, S-Bulgaria) - Peace offering - Byzantine attack on on their defensive wagon fort • John II insured - Archers on horses attack on fort - Varangian Guard: Danish axes - Petchenegs disappeared as an independent people • Assimilated by Bulgarians and Magyars • War with Hungary and Serbia • War with Anatolian Seljuks • Campaigns in S-Turkey (Cilicia) and Syria • Reoganization of the Army - Professional Army - Kataphracts - Varangian Guard: Russian and Slavs (mercenaries) • Unexpected Death, 1143

Problem of Succession

• 1180, Death of Manuel Komnenos • Maria of Antioch, regent to infant Alexios II - favoritism toward Latin merchants - aristocratic land-owners • April 1182, Andronikos I Komnenos (Manuel's cousin) usurped throne

Lordship/Duchy of Athens & Thebes 1204-1450

• 1204 conquered by Boniface of Montferrat, but given to lord Otto de la Roche • 1311 overran and seized by the Grand Catalan Company, whose rule lasts to 1388 • 1388 sold to the FlorentineAcciajuoli family • 1450 Athens conquered by the Ottomans

Principality of Achaia (Achaea)

• 1205 founded by William of Champlitte, viscount of Dijon, & Geoffrey Villehardouin • Based on the Peloponnese (Morea), and key site of French settlement, centered in the NW atAndravida • 1430 recovered by Palaiologoi • 1460 Ottoman conquest of most of Peloponnese

Triarchies (Three Baronies) of Euboea (Negroponte)

• 1205-1209 conquered by Italian lords • 1209 divided into three baronies (Chalkis, Karystos, Oreos), subject to K. of Thessaloniki • Venetians held key ports, and came to master the island • 1470 conquered by Ottomans

On the Way

• 1258, Michael Palaiologos instigated a coup • Goal: Seize guardianship of 8-year old John IV Doukas Laskaris from George • => Michael "grand duke (megas doux) and in November 1258, despot (despotes) • January 1, 1259: Michael became co-emperor => Michael VIII Palaiologos

Recovery

• 1259: Battle of Pelagonia (Macedonia) • Michael VIII defeated the alliance of William II Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea and Michael II Komnenos Doukas of Epirus • => Constantinople 1261

The Turkic Invasions

• 1354 Ottomans Occupy Gallipoli • Piecemeal expansion & occupation • 1369 Ottoman capture ofAdrianople • Pattern of conquest: - Follow the highways and take key fortresses - Establish raiders on new frontiers - Push to reduce local rulers to "vassals" rather than direct conquest

John V Palaiologos

• 1369 sailed to Rome and personally converted • Coalitions in Balkans? • 1372/1373 accepts vassalage to the Ottomans

Aftermath

• A new dynasty: The Angeloi (1185-1204) • 4th Crusade: Constantinople captured

The Dynasty of the Komneni (Komnenids) 1081-1185

• Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118) - Nephew of Isaac I Komnenos - Distinguished general - Overthrew Nikephoros III • Constantine Doukas, co-emperor until 1087 • John Komnenos co-emperor in 1092. - Wars against Normans and Seljuk Turks - First Crusade => establishments of crusader states

Manzikert

• Alp Arslan • Romanos IV Diogenes Alp Arslan: "What would you do if I were brought before you as a prisoner?" Romanos: "Perhaps I'd kill you, or exhibit you in the streets of Constantinople." Alp Arslan: "My punishment is far heavier. I forgive you, and set you free."

Fallout

• Anna Komnene, Alexiad (Book 1), wrote: ...the fortunes of the Roman Empire had sunk to their lowest ebb. For the armies of the East were dispersed in all directions, because the Turks had over-spread, and gained command of, countries between the Euxine Sea [Black Sea] and the Hellespont, and the Aegean Sea and Syrian Seas [Mediterranean Sea], and the various bays, especially those which wash Pamphylia, Cilicia, and empty themselves into the Egyptian Sea [Mediterranean Sea] • Anatolia and agricultural areas

Crusaders At Corfu

• April 20, 1203 — Crusader fleet sails from Zara • Pope Innocent Forbids Diversion to Constantinople • May 1203 — Crusaders' confirm pact with Prince Alexios at Corfu

Massacre of Latins April 1182

• Areas of Italian Merchants • Maritime Traders and Financiers - Italian city-states: Genoa, Pisa, and Venice - Aggression amongst Italians • 1162: Pisans (with Venetians) raided the Genoese quarter => Pisans and Genoese expelled => Venetians gained upper hand • 1171: Venetians destroyed Genoese quarter - => arrest of Venetians - => Venice supported Serbian uprising; besieged Ancona (Cpl stronghold in Italy; treaty with Norman kingdom of S-Italy - => Genoese and Pisans benefitted

Duchy of the Archipelago 1207-1566

• Based on Naxos and the surrounding islands ("The Cyclades ") • Originally conquered for Venice by Marco Sanudi, but largely autonomous by 1210 • Sanudi & Crisi families rule till Ottoman conquest in 1566

Administrative Titles

• Basileus / Autokrator / Porphyrogennetos • Despotes / Sebastokrator • Kouropalates (in charge of the palace)

Byzantine Intellectual History

• Brief, General Overview: Best secondary source: Studies in Byzantine Intellectual History, by Milton V. Anastos (1979) • Aspects of Byzantine intellectual pursuits includes: -Preservation of ancient texts (e.g.: the Suda) -Conservatism in writing with language and style (Neo-Attic) -Christian coloring of ancient (and contemporary) sources -Analysis of biblical texts -Religious restraints to creativity (but also, religious inspiration) -Prominence of ancient Greek philosophy

Venetian Colonial Territories

• Colony in Constantinople, led by podesta • Castellanies of Modon (Methoni) & Coron (Koroni) • Duchy of Crete

Constantine VII: Politics During His Reign

• Constantine VII: Self-Rule (finally): r. 945-959 • Replaced many of the Romanoi dynasty's officials • Favored the dunatoi (the powerful ones) in this case, the family of Phokas • Yet, he limited land for aristocrats (for use as stratiotika ktemata) • Encouraged the development of art and literature • Cultural activity was modeled after and an attempt to restore classical art and literature • Also practical purposes: success of the dynasty & increasing the grandeur of the Byzantine state

The Doukas Dynasty (Doukids) 1059-1081

• Constantine X Doukas (r. 1059-1067) - General and ally of Isaac Komnenos - Named his sons Michael, Andronikos and Konstantios as co-emperors • Michael VII Doukas (r. 1067-78) - Co-emperor since 1059 - Regent his mother, Eudokia Makrembolitissa - 1067-1068, relegated to junior emperor under Eudokias' second husband Romanos IV • Romanos named his son Constantine co-emperor • Romanos abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates • Retired to a monastery and died c. 1090. • Romanos IV Diogenes (r. 1068 - 1071) - Battle of Manzikert, 1071 - 1072, blinded and and exiled • Nikephoros III Botaneiates (r. 1078-1081) - Strategos of the Anatolikon

Latin Empire of Constantinople 1204-1261

• Created 1204 by Crusaders, with Baldwin count of Flanders elected & crowned as first emperor • Initially included Cple (1/4), Thrace, NW Asia Minor, islands of Lesbos, Chios, & Samos • Recovered by Greeks from Nikaia in 1261 • ( Conquered by Ottomans May 29, 1453 )

Power in Clothing

• Crown: Many jewels. Pearl studded. Tassels of pearls • Shoes have jewels • Gold inlaid fibers • Trabea triumphalis: Wrap around. Becomes the loros which is worn on high holidays

Byzantium vs. Petchenegs

• Danubian Region • Alexios I forged alliance with Cumans • April 1091, Battle of Levounion (Thrace, at the delta of Evros river) - Petchenegs annihilated

The Works of Constantine VII

• De administrando imperio: On the Administration of the Empire • A foreign and domestic policy manual for Romanos II (Constantine VII's son) • De ceremoniis: On Ceremonies • A description of Byzantine court policies and ceremonies. Also diplomatic style sheets • De thematibus: On the Themes • A description of the theme system and how it works; often included with the De administrando imperio in the manuscript tradition. • Vita Basilii: Life of St. Basil • Hagiography: Saints' lives

Various Caliphates

• Difference between Suni (Abu Bakr) and Shi'a (Ali) • Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) (North African) • Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031) (Spain) • Almohad Caliphate (12th -13th century) (Successor of the two above) • Ottoman Caliphate (1453-1924)

The Empire of Tebizond

• Emerged April 1204, before Latin conquest of Cple, underAlexios and David Komnenos • Centered on Trebizond, and profited from proximity to spice trade. • 1461 Ottoman conquest of Trebizond

The Despotate of Epiros

• Emerged under Michael Komnenos Doukas (1204-1215), centered at Arta in Epiros • Situated with access to Via Egnatia which was a road • 1461 despotate conquered by Ottomans

The West in the 11th Century

• Feudalism - Service = reward • Powerful rulers • The Normans • Enemy within (1:19:50)

Kingdom of Thessaloniki 1204-1224

• Founded by Boniface marquis of Montferrat (though never crowned "king "), based on Macedonia & Thessaly • 1224 Greeks of Epiros take Thessaloniki, ending Latin control •Thrace •Birthplace of Ataturk

The Empire of Nikaia (Nicaea)

• Founded by Theodore I Laskaris, crowned emperor in 1208 • Laskarid dynasty based in Bithynia (NW Asia Minor) to 1261. • Greek recovery of Constantinople in 1261 technically on behalf of Laskarid dynasty.

Isaac I Komnenos (r. 1057-1059)

• General, Eastern Armies • Provincial Magnates • Constantinopolitan Elite (bureaucrats)

The Palaiologoi - Beginnings

• Importance of the Anatolikon • Powerful land owning family • Under Michael VII Doukas - Nikephoros Palaiologos in charge of Mesopotamian region - Then supported the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates Nikephoros' son George married Anna Doukaina - George supported Alexios I Komnenos - Became commander (dux) of Dyrrhachium • 1081, faced Robert Guiscard - Marriages between the Doukas and Komneni families - After 1204, joined Theodore Laskaris (Nicaea)

Mid-14th Century Massive Crisis

• Internal Strife - Prolonged Civil War • Extensive use of mercenaries and ravaging of countryside • Total impoverishment of the "state" • Developing social unrest — poor vs. rich • Developing religious tensions • Bubonic Plague • Invasion & Loss of Territory

Crusaders At Constantinople

• June 1203 — Crusaders Arrive • July 1203 — First Entry - Alexios III flees; - Isaac II restored, with Alexios IV as his co-emperor • Six months of negotiations between Crusaders & Alexios IV • January 1204 — Coup of Alexios Mourtzouphlos, leading to fall of Isaac II & Alexios IV • Alexios V Mourtzouphlos renegs on all agreements with Crusaders • February 8/9, 1204 — Alexios IV strangled, enraging Crusaders. • March 1204 — Partition Treaty • April 13, 1204 — Crusaders enter Cple, sack & plunder it for next three days • Eye-witness account of Niketas Choniates • Abbot Martin's Relic Hunt • Innocent III's horrified reaction

Digenes Akritas Storyline

• Lay of the Emir (Part 1) • Arab emir invades Cappadocia, snatches, and carries off the daughter of a Byzantine general. • The emir agrees to convert to Christianity for the sake of the kidnapped daughter • The new family and the emir's people resettle in the land of the Rhomaioi • The Digeneid (Part 2) • A son is born: Digenes Akritas • Digenes' development as a hero. He is the son of two religions and cultures but chooses Roman Christianity - Extraordinary bravery and strength - Killing of animals with bare hands (bears, lion), tearing a hind in half with bare hands, killing • Digenes snatches and he carries off the daughter of a Byzantine general and marries her • Digenes kills a dragon • Digenes takes on a group of bandits and defeats their three leaders in single combat • Digenes encounters the female warrior Maximu • After Digenes defeats all enemies, he builds a luxurious palace by the Euphrates

Constantine VII: Politics Before His Reign

• Macedonian Dynasty • Leo VI, r. 886-912 (Taktika) • Alexander, r. 912-913 (Balkans) • Regency of Constantine VII • Patriarch Nikolas Mystikos (didn't like Leo VI because he had multiple wifes) (& usurper Constantine Doukas) • Zoe Carbonopsina (second regency) (his mom) • Romanos I Lekapenos, r. 920-944 (naval commander; daughter Helena married to C VII) • The Sons of Romanos I Lekapenos, r. 944-945. Fail to get power • Highlighted: -Importance of political stability for intellectual developments -Constantine VII's efforts as a scholar important in our modern understanding of antiquity -Constantine VII's written works as key (yet, as always, biased) sources for our understanding of his age as well as the Macedonian Renaissance

Interlude After Macedonian Dynasty

• Michael VI Bringas (r. 1056-57) - Chosen by Theodora at her deathbed as successor - Elder statesman in charge of military finances • Isaac I Komnenos (r. 1057-59) - General, Eastern Armies

The Last Century 1360s/1460s

• Ottoman expansion accelerates with direct involvement of sultans - Murad I - Bayezid I - Murad II • West does organize a few "crusading expeditions" — spectacular as failures - 1396 Crusade of Nicopolis - 1444 Crusade of Varna

Christ

• Perfect in Godhead and Manhood • Truly God and truly Man • Begotten for all ages of the Father • Born to the Theotokos • Two natures (divine and human): exist in his person unconfused, unchangeably, indivisibly, and inseparably.

1st Crusade

• Pope Urban II • E: Alexios I recovered - Nicaea, Ephesos - Island of Rhodes - Antioch in Byzantine sphere

How to Gain Control?

• Provincial Magnates • Constantinopolitan Elite (bureaucrats) - Reliance on mercenaries • Russians, English, Normans, Germans, Bulgars, Saracens, Alani, Georgians, Turks, Petchenegs, Armenians, Albanians, Scandinavians

Michael VIII Palaiologos

• Ruled 1259-1282 • Governor of Melnik and Serres (Thrace) • 1253: Accused of plotting against John III Vatatzes - Trial by ordeal - Married John III's granddaughter • 1256-1258 Commander of Christian mercenaries in Seljuk's army

What Was Happening in the 11th Century?

• Seljuk Turks in the East • Normans in the West • Battle of Manzikert, 1071 => Beginning of cultural transformation of Asia Minor, cradle of what will become the core of the Ottoman empire => Byzantines had experienced devastating losses before, why was this loss different? Key Issues • Ethnic-religious differences in the provinces - Problems of a multicultural society - Failure to assimilate? • Accept Christian Orthodoxy • Economy: Surplus invested in land • Civil wars - Bureaucracy vs. army • Army leaders = large landholders, core area: Anatolia • Approx. 20 families (most prominent: Phokas, Skleros, Komnenos, Diogenes) • Prominent families in the W as well - Petchenegs and Bulgars • Civil Administration - Imperial administration and finance - Control of Constantinople - Control of imperial army stationed in the capital

Dangerous Decisions "At Birth"

• Shift of resources, focus, primarily military activity to Balkans & Europe • Consequent neglect of Anatolia and demoralization of frontier units • Steady impoverishment "spending beyond resources" • Unionist agendas alienate church & people

Pope Urban II 1088-1099

• Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095 • First Crusade, 1096-99

Successors to Mid-14th Century

• Successes in consolidating territory in Balkans • Return to more solidly orthodox stance & alliance with orthodox church • Steady erosion of territory/presence in Anatolia - Inability to confront proliferation of post-Seljuq beylik formations

Displays of Authority and Power

• The Palace of Diocletian • The Palace, World Heritage • In the Presence of Supreme Authority and Power • Prokynesis •When the Persians meet one another in the roads, you can see whether those who meet are of equal rank. For instead of greeting by words, they kiss each other on the mouth; but if one of them is inferior to the other, they kiss one another on the cheeks, and if one is of much less noble rank than the other, he falls down before him and worships him

Genoese Colonial Territories

• The mahona on Chios [after 1346] • Colony in Constantinople, led by podesta

Balance Disrupted

• Theodore Laskaris (r. 1205-1222) and crowned emperor in 1208 • Power base in Anatolia: Empire of Nicaea • Seljuk Sultanate of Rum • 1211: Arrival of Alexios III at port of Attalia (Antalya)

Dignitaries

• Two distinct categories of dignities: - By award: purely honorific court titles connected to rank -By proclamation: state offices conferred by imperial pronouncement •By award title depended on the gender of holder - "Bearded Ones" i.e. not eunuchs): Men - Eunuchs - Women =>Holders had combination of the two main categories

Constantine VII

•Son of Leo VI & Zoe Karbonopsina (his 4th wife) • Born before their marriage • Porphyrogenitus: "having been born in the purple [chamber]" • Byzantine succession: Primogeniture with an exception

Besides being a patriarch, Photius was also the author of

The Bibliotheca

The "The Partition Treaty" was a formal agreement between

The Venetians and the crusaders on how the conquest and spoils would be divided.

In writing Byzantine history, Constantine VII picked up where ____________ stopped.

Theophanes the Confessor

Cyril and Methodius came from the region of

Thessaloniki

What were some key territories Venice obtained after 1204?

Thessaloniki and the Macedonian hinterland

Adrianople

Thrace

Seljuks

Turks. Highly Persianized. Seljuk was the founder

Roman Navy

Was once strong. Later declined

Battle Antioch on the Maeander

• 1211 Antioch on the Maeander • Seljuks (+Alexios) vs. Byzantines (Nicaea) • Winner: Theodore Laskaris • => Alexios monastary

Golden Age

• Center: Baghdad (previously Damascus) - 1258, Siege of Baghdad: Monguls ended Golden age - Genghis Khan • House of Wisdom destroyed • Sciences - Astronomy, Chemistry, Optics, Geography ... • Medicine • Philosophy • Technology • Literature • Golden age over moved to Cairo

Byzantium's Defense Options

• Militarily incapable with own resources • Coalitions in Balkans? • Help from the West — - Papal Coordination from "on high" - Hope of big crusading armies • Cost? Return to Union

Manuel Komnenos (r. 1143-1180)

• Mother, Piroska of Hungary

Greek Successor States

• Nikaia (Nicaea), in Bithynia (NW Asia Minor) • Epiros (Epirus), in NW Greece • Trebizond, in NE Asia Minor

Crusaders at Zara/Zadar

• November 24, 1202 — Crusaders capture Zara • Excommunication Crisis Follows • January 1, 1203 — Arrival of Envoys from Philip of Swabia and Prince Alexios

Alexios IV Angelos' Efforts to Comply With His Pact

(1) if all had gone as planned at Zara, Isaac and Alexios would have paid off the crusaders, organized the 10,000 Byzantine troops to assist the crusaders in the Holy Land, and sent the crusaders forth with blessings and good wishes in reconquering Jerusalem (2) in fact, Alexios IV Angelos did try to honor his promises to the crusaders, but he faced serious internal problems (a) he was able to gather some money to pay the crusaders, but not the full amount — one problem being that his uncle, Alexios III, took large amounts of cash from the Byzantine treasury when he fled Constantinople "to save his scalp". Thus, Alexios IV had to plead for time with the crusaders as he tried to assemble the funds he still owed the crusaders. (b) in order to appease the crusaders at the religious level, Alexios IV agreed to accept the supremacy of Pope Innocent III (i.e., the thesis of "papal primacy") — but this concession was not at all popular with his orthodox courtiers or the Greek population who learned about it. (3) throughout following six months, the crusaders were basically playing a "waiting game" with Alexios IV, growing ever more impatient when he repeatedly came up with excuses as to why he was unable to dispatch his debt to them. (4) tensions also grew as Alexios IV himself began questioning the wisdom of his "dependence on the Latins" and began listening to courtiers advising him to adopt a tougher "anti-crusader" policy

Islamic Caliphates

- 1) Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) - 2) Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) - 3) Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517)

The Deviations

- As I said at the outset, this Crusade would not, in point of fact, culminate in any action to restore the Holy Land to Christian control - Instead, it experienced two important "diversions" or "deviations" — both of which entailed bloodshed and military action against fellow Christians, and neither of which were expressly authorized by Pope Innocent III (1) the first would occur in late November 1202, when Crusaders attacked the Hungarian-held city of Zara, on the Adriatic coast, and conquered it for Venice (2) the second was the decision to use the Crusading army to meddle in internal Byzantine dynastic politics at Constantinople, which ultimately led to the Crusaders attacking and sacking the imperial capital in April 1204. - Both episodes were quite remarkable, and arguably a complete perversion of authentic crusading ideals and objectives. - So how did this all come about? How and why did these Crusaders end up attacking fellow Christians on the Adriatic Coast of Croatia, and then breaking the back of the Byzantine Empire? To answer these questions, we'll need to sketch some background developments on the Byzantine side, and then plot out the course of the crusade from spring 1202 through spring 1204.

Macedonian Dynasty List of Emperors

- Basil I, the Macedonian, 867-86 - Leo VI, the Wise, 886-912 - Alexander, 912-13 - Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, 913-59 - Romanos I Lekapenos , 920-44 - Romanos (Romanus) II, 959-63 - Nikephoros II Phokas, 963-69 - John I Tzimiskes, 969-76 - Basil II, 976-1025 - Romanos III Argyros, 1028-34 - Michael IV, 1034-41 - Michael V, 1041-42 - Zoë and Theodora, 1042 - Constantine IX Monomachos, 1042-55 - Theodora(again), 1055-56

Pope Innocent III's Reaction to the Conquest

- Initially, Pope Innocent was horrified by the news of what transpired during the Latin conquest of Constantinople, as an excerpt from this letter shows: "... How can we expect the Greek Church, no matter what straits it is in, to return to ecclesiastical unity and devotion to the Holy See, when all that it sees of the Latins is an example of utter depravity and of the works of darkness, so that with justice it despises them as worse than dogs. Those defenders of Christ have drenched their swords, which they should have wielded against the pagans, in Christian blood. They have respected enither religion, nor age, nor sex ... They have committed in broad daylight adultery, fornication and incest. Matrons and virgins, even those vowed to God, were delivered to the ignominious brutality of the soldiers. And it was not enough for them to squander the treasures of the Empire and to rob private individuals, whether great or small. They have dared to lay their hands on the wealth of the churches. They have been seen tearing from the altars silver ornaments, breaking them in fragments over which they quarreled, violating the sanctuaries, carrying away the icons, crosses and relics." - Eventually, however, Pope Innocent was persuaded to relent and accept what transpired as the incomprehensible will of God, which after all brought about the unity of the church once again (1) he envisioned the new Latin patriarch (Thomas Morosini, a Venetian) to be directly subordinate the pope of Rome (2) the Greek hierarchy in Constantinople was restructured and put under Latin jurisdiction (3) Latin monastic orders (e.g., Franciscans, Cistercians) now proliferated within the Latin Empire - And what of Jerusalem and its recovery? For that, new crusading undertakings would have to be proclaimed.

Rise of the Italian Mercantile Empires, Notably Venice

- The development of several Italian city states into major maritime empires was a process that began in the decade before and after the First Crusade. (1) in the case of Venice, its first step in the rise to commercial dominance in the east came in 1082, when the doge (ruler) negotiated extensive trading privileges with the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (a) Alexios gave Venice these privileges because he was at war with the Normans of South Italy, and wanted naval assistance from the Venetians (b) in order to get this, he made some very extensive offers: => the Venetians could have three docks on the Goden Horn, plus extensive tax immunities in Constantinople => they were given the right to trade freely in Constantinople, and thirty other ports in the empire, without obligation to pay import or export duties This pact dramatically accelerated the rise of Venice as a commercial power in the east, and Alexios' successors would make similar grants, to other Italian powers, from the same defense considerations (2) other Italian states profited from the establishment of Christian control over the coast of Syria-Palestine, after the First Crusade (a) in the decade after the conquest of Jerusalem, i.e., 1099-1110, the great Italian naval powers (Genoa, Pisa, and again Venice) sold their naval services to the Franks in the Holy Land to aid in the ongoing conquest of coastal port towns (b) in exchange for naval help, the Italians got grants of territory in conquered ports, warehouses, markets, exemptions from harbor tolls and cargo taxes, etc. (c) a case in point is Genoa's role at the conquest of Caesarea in 1101: for its naval help, the Franks gave the Genoese captains 15% of all the catpured booty, and extensive privileges for setting up shop in Caesarea in the future - From these beginnings, the power and influence of the Italians grew steadily throughout the twelfth century (1) in 1123, for example, the Venetian fleet smashed the power of the Fatimid navy in a sea battle off the coast of Ascalon — the Muslim warfleet was completely destroyed, as was a merchant convoy accompanying it. From this point on, the Fatimid navy lost its dominance in the East Mediterranean, and Venetian seapower was on the rise. (2) throughout the middle decades of the 12th century, western merchants steadily expanded their presence and connections throughout the major ports of the Mediterranean, east and west (a) in Constantinople, the small Italian trading colony that went back to 1082 mushroomed into quite a significant percentage of the population: by 1171, over 10,000 "Franks" were established in Constantinople, mostly connected with commerce. (b) elsewhere, all the Italian merchants had close links in the major Fatimid market towns — notably Alexandria, Damietta, and Cairo (3) in short, by the 1170s, the Italians had established a dominant position in the Mediterranean carrying or transport trade, and the effects were twofold: (a) Byzantine merchants were increasingly pushed back as major players in international commerce — and were steadily reduced to involvements in more localized trade (b) likewise, the Muslim merchants were controlling less and less of the transit trade among the coastal ports of the East Mediterranean — though they still made a very profitable livelihood conducting the trade of items from the Far East (India and SE Asia), to outlets in the Mediterranean and Black Seas - Once the Italians had built up such a dominating monopoly, they became ever more determined to keep it. They had established maritime empires, and this was producing fabulous fortunes for their mercantile elite. Conversely, throughout the last quarter of the 12th century, the Byzantines were coming to regard the Italians with suspicion, xenophobia, and deep resentment.

The Pope's Actions In Calling Antoher Crusade

- The expedition we call "The Fourth Crusade" was originally conceived by Pope Innocent III as classic "Aid For the Holy Land," and he took his plans very seriously. (1) Innocent was profoundly disappointed by the outcome of the Third Crusade, and was determined to launch a new Crusade, firmly under papal control, to restore Latin control over the Holy Land (2) Consequently, he proclaimed this Crusade almost immediately after his election in 1198 — though the response was mixed: (a) the crowned heads (kings and the like) were not enthusiastic (b) on the other hand, the upper ranks of the feudal nobility were more receptive, contingents were organized from France, Flanders, England, Germany, and Sicily - Trained as a canon lawyer, Innocent showed a business-like, almost legalistic concern for the financing of operations in the Holy Land (1) he took rather striking measures, first, to directly tax the church: (a) the papacy would be contributing 10% of its revenues (b) in 1199, he introduced a direct tax on the clergy, demanding of all that they pay 1/40th of their annual incomes and revenues These ecclesiastically-generated revenues were intended to assist Crusaders in Palestine, and for upkeep of Christian castles there. (2) he likewise instructed that the faithful at large contribute whatever money they could for the Crusade, envisioning the following "collection scheme": "... We order that an empty trunk be placed in each church, locked with three keys; the first is to be put in the charge of the bishop, the second in charge of the priest of the church and the third in charge of some devout laymen. All the faithful should be advised to put their alms in it for the remission of their sins — and this ought to be publicly and repeatedly announced once a week at mass in all churches, for the remission of sins and especially for the remission of the sins of those who make offerings." (Riley-Smith, The Crusades [1981]: 147). These alms from the faithful intended mainly to help out indigent knights.

The Venice Negotiations

- after several false starts, the crusaders finally began assembling in Venice in the spring of 1202 - the total number assembled was only around 10,000 — but the Venetians had made arrangements to transport 33,500 - this "deficit" was a serious matter to the Venetians and they were not at all happy: (1) in order to build the necessary transport fleet for the crusade, Venice had suspended its trading relations the previous year, which was quite a financial sacrifice for them (2) the crusaders, according to their agreement, promised to pay Venice 85,000 silver marks. At the time of assembly in spring 1202, they had a total of 51,000 to hand over to Venice. This meant they were short 34,000 — and that represented a serious loss for the Venetians. - rather than have the whole crusade collapse at this point, the Venetians offered the crusaders a deal, which would be helpful for both sides and allow the crusade to go forward as planned: (1) a while back, the Venetians had lost control of the town of Zara (modern Zadar) on the Adriatic coast, and they wanted it back from the Hungarians (who had conquered it from them) (2) the deal Venice offered the crusaders was this: if the crusaders were willing to do a little "mercenary service" and help Venice recover Zara, then the remaining debt would be deferred until such time that the crusaders were able to make good on what they owed. But meanwhile, "the crusade would go on!"

Prince Alexios' Efforts to Gain Papal Support

- following this interesting gathering at Hagenau, Prince Alexios then journeyed south to Italy, intending to lay his case before Pope Innocent III (i.e., and get his support in his endeavors) - the pope and the young prince actually did meet in February 1202, but it did not have the results that Prince Alexios wanted (1) Pope Innocent was not inclined, in any way, to deploy his crusade to help Prince Alexios and his father Isaac II restore their situation, and dispense with "the evil brother Alexios III" (2) Pope Innocent reiterated his position to Boniface of Montferrat, as well - following this meeting, Prince Alexios journeyed back to Germany — probably, en route, meeting again with Boniface of Montferrat while he was proceeding to Venice, where the crusaders were assembling - at this juncture, all we can say regarding the origins of the "diversion of the crusade to Constantinople" is this: (1) Boniface may well have had the plan in mind when the crusaders were assembling at Venice, but even so, it was not presented publicly, and Boniface didn't act to implement this plan for some time (2) Pope Innocent had gotten wind of this possible "diversion scheme" but was emphatically opposed to it, and would not give official papal support to this possible diversion of his crusade

The Political Situation in Constantinople as of 1195

- let's begin with the political situation in Constantinople in the year 1195 (1) in that year, the reigning emperor was Alexios III Angelos [you will see the name Latinized as Alexius III Angelus], and he had attained power via a coup d'état (a) namely: he had deposed his brother Isaac II, the reigning emperor — who during the Third Crusade confronted Frederick Barbarossa, and formed a friendly relationship with Saladin (b) following the coup, Alexios III ordered that his brother Isaac be blinded and thrown into prison (c) also, Alexios III ordered that Isaac's son Alexios — we'll call him "Prince Alexios", and he is the future emperor Alexios IV — to be put under house arrest, though he wasn't blinded (2) Alexios III's aim was to "neutralize" his kinsmen politically, so they themselves wouldn't turn around and try to depose HIM - unfortunately for Alexios III, his planning did not entirely succeed (1) true, Isaac II stayed put, unhappily, in his dungeon abode (2) in 1201, however, Prince Alexios escaped from his uncle Alexios III's control, sailed off to Italy (perhaps in western guise), and then made his way to Germany (3) Prince Alexios' intention was to go and find his sister Irene — who was the wife of King Philip of Swabia [you saw one of his seals] — and implore them to help him free their father Isaac, depose their uncle Alexios III, and establish young Prince Alexios on the throne, perhaps jointly ruling with his father Isaac (4) in fact young Prince ALexios (now in his teens) was present at the Christmas 1201 feast in the court of Philip and Irene, in Hagenau in Swabia - what was going on at the Hagenau Christmas fête? (1) the guest list is particularly crucial to note: it included not only the refugee Prince Alexios, but also one of the leaders of the upcoming crusade — none other than Boniface of Montferrat (2) it would make sense, therefore, to suppose that Irene and her brother Prince Alexios exploited the opportunity to try and persuade Boniface that the crusaders should do something on Isaac II's behalf — in other words, help out the cause of Prince Alexios. (a) we have no evidence that any specific deals were struck at this time (b) it seems likely, though, that the germ of an idea was planted and that both King Philip and Boniface of Montferrat were sympathetic to doing something to help out Prince Alexios and obtain a "regime change" in Constantinople

Journey to Corfu & Direct Meeting With Prince Alexios

- thus a bargain was sealed between Prince Alexios and the crusaders — and evidently without the knowledge or consent of Pope Innocent III. This is crucially important to note: the pope, at this stage, never authorized or approved of the diversion of his crusade to Constantinople - following the agreement, word was sent to Prince Alexios in Germany (Swabia), who immediately packed his bags, headed south, and notified the crusaders he would contact them somewhere in the area of Zara (Zadar) - on April 20, 1203, the crusader fleet left Zara and sailed south to the island of Corfu; it was there, in late May, that they met up with Prince Alexios and he reaffirmed the terms of his agreement with the crusaders (1) he would pay the crusaders, for their help, a total of 200,000 silver marks (2) he would maintain their fleet for up to one year (3) he would provision the crusader army when it eventually set forth to campaign in the Holy Land (4) he would contribute 10,000 Byzantine troops to that campaign in the Holy Land - when did Pope Innocent find out about this arrangement and what was his reaction? (1) in April the pope learned that the crusaders were embarked on a deviation to Constantinople to assist the political ambitions of Prince Alexios (2) in response, the pope wrote up letters sternly forbidding this action - when the crusaders received the papal admonition, the leaders actually repressed (i.e., refused to publicize) this new communication from the pope — and effectively, at this point, the crusade "was out of control" from the ecclesiastical perspective

Digest

-16 member committee headed by Tribonian -530, charge: a compilation of laws, digest or pandects, categorized by subject matter -533, Digest completed -533 Institutes published: elementary textbook for students of law. Novels (laws passed after 534) (novellae constitutiones) -Corpus Iuris Civilis

Byzantium and Bulgars

-681, treaty between Asparukh and Constantine IV -Emperor ceded lands beyoned the North Slopes of the Haemus to the Danube and the Avar frontier -Paid tribute to the Khan -No raids in imperial territories. Independent state inside the Byzantine empire

Nikephoros (Nicephorus) I

-811 campaign against Krum -July, Byzantine army took Pliska, Bulgarian capital -Diplomatic solution rebuffed -Michael the Syrian: Nikephoros was victorious and killed many Bulgars. Devastated the capital. Smashed stones on children. -July 26 the Bulgarians trapped the retreating Byzantine army in the Varbic Pass -Byzantine army was destroyed, Nikephoros was killed his son Staurakios was severly wounded. Successor was Michael I Rangabe -Krum lined the emperor's skull with gold and used it as a drinking cup

Basil II's Legislation

-996: comprehensive legislation against landed families -Restitution of land acquired from soldier-farmers/peasants since 922 -Proof of land title -Dissolving of the allelengyon (collective responsibility) for tax payment -Payment for community: largest landowner -After Basil II's death they were no longer able to check landowners

Mayor of the Palace

-Also known as kouropalates -Charles Martel (688-741). In 714 he seized power from ruling family. 732-733 he defeated Spanish Muslims at Tours. Books include Son of Roland and El Sid. -Pepin the Short (714-768) succeeded his father Charles Martel as mayor of the palace

Ravenna

-Basilica of San Vitale -Art as propaganda -After the sack of Rome in 476, the focus of the Byzantine state was on this Italian city

Society of Bulgars

-Clans -Hereditary rulers -Military aristocracy (boyar) -Council of the Great Boyar -Religion: Henotheistic -Language: Oghur -Byzantine Sources: Using old names for new people (Procopius, Agathias and Menander called the Bulgars "Huns"while others, like the Byzantine Patriarch Michael II of Antioch, called them "Scythians" or "Sarmatians")

8th Century

-Core of the empire: Sicily, Crete, and the Aegean islands and Western Asia Minor -Constantinople protected by its walls and fleet -Plains between the Danube and Haemus controlled by Bulgars, 681 -Loss of Africa with Carthage in 698 -Fragmented control in Italy -Coastal outposts around the Balkan peninsula -Isolated holdings around the Black Sea -Basil II key leader -Low production -Reduced trade -Decrease in money minted -Depopulation -Deurbanization (territorial losses) -Balkans and Asia Minor stabilized towards the end of the century

Roman Law

-Corpus Iuris -Institutes of Gaius -Student's textbook, which formed the basis for Justinian's Institutes -Fragments of the Institutes of Gaius in the lex Romana Visigothorum

Social and Economic Change in 8th Century

-End of iconoclasm -Reconquest of eastern frontier and new class of high ranking military landowners -Rigidly controlled trade and industry in cities -Investment of profits in land -Peasant-soldiers dependent on agriculture results in rich becoming richer

Macedonian Dynasty Social and Economic Change

-End of iconoclasm -Reconquest of eastern frontier and new class of high ranking military landowners -Rigidly controlled trade and industry in cities. Investment of profits in land. Peasant-soldiers were dependent on agriculture. Economic growth where rich becomes richer

Stability Through Iron Fist

-Flourishing of the arts -Leo the mathematician 790-869 -The Suda: Massive 10th century Byzantine Greek historical encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean -Photius' Bibliotheca -St. Symeon the Theologian 949-1022

After Justinian I

-Frontiers: North and East -Persia -Importance of Armenia

Constantinople Defense

-Has 3 walls -Chain in channel -Difficult current

Monestaries

-Hosios Loukas Monestary -Nea Moni on the Island of Chios

Charlemagne

-Moves away from Mayor of the Palace -Papal States (Northern Italy). Lombards and Donation of Pepin -Emperor was once the highest priest -Charlemagne succeeded with his brother Carloman to rule Franks. 771 death of Carloman. Start of power consolidation -778 invasion of Spain; 801 capture of Barcelona -772-804 there was the struggle with Saxons in Germany (eventually successful) -788 Annexation of Bavaria -Creation of Papal State in exchange for Charlemagne as secular leader -799 helped Leo III become pope of Rome -800 Christmas Day, Charlemagne crowned by the pope as emperor of the Christian Empire -Proportionally tall -Could not write but was very good with languages -Made the church rich which in turn made him rich -Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Macedonian Dynasty Centralization of Government

-Official bureaucrats were appointed by emperor and given salaries -Prefect (eparch) of the City. 9th century book of the Eparch. Regulation of trade, commerce, and industry. Organization and control of guilds

After Krum

-Omurtag 814-831 -Boris I 852-889 -Simeon I 893-927 (largest territorial expansion) -Samual 997-1014

Importance of Church

-Patriarch Sergius (held see from 610-638) -Holy Cross (Jerusalem 614) -Khosrau (Chosroes) II

Middle Byzantine Period

-Reaction to a new Eastern power: Arabs (Caliphate) -First 5 themata in Asia Minor -Administrative divisions: themata

Response to Socio-Economic Change

-Romanos I Lecapenus, 922 and 934 -Laws to defend the small landowner against the powerful ones. Realization that the empire depended on the theme system based on the free, tax paying soldier-farmer and communities -Reality: Expense of reconquest of territories from the Arabs. Higher taxation. Nicephorus II Phokas (landholding family from Anatolia) no action against his class but curtailed accumulation of land by the church

High Command Structure of the West Roman Army

Emperor at the top. Supreme commander under him. Under supreme commander are the generals. Under the generals are the dux

Justinian I Building Projects

-Border Fortification -Hagia Sophia

Problems of Edicts of Toleration 311/313

-Christianity was not cohesive -Christological Problems based on relationship between: God-Father, God-Son, and the Holy Spirit -Bishops called together by Constantine at the First Ecumenical Church Council at Nicaea in the year 325

Periods of Byzantine Empire

-Early Byzantine Empire (324-867) (Constantine I - Michael III) -Middle Byzantine Empire (867-1204) (Basil I - Alexios V Murtzuphlos) -Nicaean (Byzantine) Empire (1204-1261) (Theodore I Laskaris - John IV Laskaris) -Late Byzantine Empire (1261-1453) (Michael VIII Palaiologos - Constantine XI Palaiologos)

Principate of Roman History

-Early Empire 27 BCE-96 CE -Middle Empire 96-192 CE (Trajan - Commodus) -Late Empire 193-337 CE (Septimus Severus - Constanine I)

Fundamental Changes in the Dark Ages

-Fedualism -Further fragmentation of what once was the Roman empire -Formation of new kingdomes -Religion as unifying force -Christianity (East Orthodoxy vs. West Catholicism) -Islam (Sunni vs. Shia) -If you have sons who are kinghts land must be split between them. Some are sent to monasteries. Land holding position means you can learn to read and write

Arabia

-Northern: Nomadism with Aramaic. Nabataeans controlled area from Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Rome and the Nabataeans -Southern: Sedentarism with kingdoms and dynasties -North and South are linguistically different -Had agriculture, cereals, incenses, and spices -Polytheistic religion -Political organization: sheikh, elected by tribal elders

Mecca

-Part of the spice route (south to north) but not really known -Trade route changed due to Byzantine-Persian conflict -Egypt in disorder, Nile Valley-Red Sea Route Problematic -Route via Syria through Arabia to Yemen

Justinian I and Beyond

-Reaction to the power in the East: Persia and the increase of barbarian soldiers -Increase in troops in Constantinople -Comitantenses (stratiotai) -Limitanei (frontiers) -Foederati (foreign volunteers) -Allies (huns and goths) -Bucellari (mostly cavalry connected to a general

540's

-Struggle with Persia -Plague -Earthquake -548, Death of Theodora

Komneni and the Angeloi

-Territorial losses: formation of professional army -Varangian Guard (emperor's body guard. norsemen and rus) -Focus on cavalry -Navy weakened -Beginnings of feudalism

Diocletian

284-305. Culmination of power from previous rulers. Seen in adulation as the most sacred emperor. He is living law. Lives in a sacred palace. Had to perform prokynesis in front of him (never look at him, bow, and eventually lay on the floor). Wears a diadem. Had a beard. Attempted to control prices. Economic and military reforms

Codex Theodosianus

438. Theodosius II formed a commission to make alterations and amendments in the interest of clarity and consistency

Chalcedon

451. Perfect in divinity. Perfect in humanity. Begotten from the father. Two natures of christ vs. one. Monophysitism vs. Chalcedonian Christianity. Imperial vs. provincial Christianity

Monarchy of Roman History

753 BCE-509 BCE. Period of 7 kings. Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinnius Superbus

Praetorian Guard

Bodyguard of the emperor

Constantine I

Born at Naissus in the province of Moesia Superior (271-273). Worked with Licinius who was in charge of eastern empire to unify empire. Chose Christians to be advisers. Christianity was not the largest religion at the time. Eventually became the sole ruler after murdering Lucinius. Found a new capital in the east called Constantinople. Had many visions and considered himself a chose won. Believed he saw Apollo and Sol Invictus. Found the Christian God. Chi Rho from the Battle at the Milvian Bridge shown to prove Christian God is with him. Son Crispus

Osthrogothic Italy

Byzantine Emperor was Justin. Italy's ruler was Theoderic and he was called rex (king). Problem of orthodoxy vs arianism. Theoderic was given the title magister militum after the fall of Rome

Christians and the Roman State

Christians separated themselves from the state and did not perform civic duties. Focused on life in heaven and not on earth. They interrupted pax deorum/pax hominum. Persecutions occurred. Showed virtue when they were thrown in the amphitheater as criminals. Early Christians were apocalyptic

Pietas

Dutifulness

Petrus Sabbatius

Justin. Traveled from Niš to Constantinople. Ruled 518-527. Orthodox. He was a member of the palace guards, the excubitors. Showed importance of military

Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus

Justinian. Nephew of Justin. Ruled 527-565. Appointed consul in 521. Married Theodora. Medium height. Slightly fleshy. Victory of religions

Feudalism

Lords. Allegiance for land. Way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor

Armed Forces of the Later Roman Empire

Magister Militum (2): -Magister peditum: Infantry -Magister equitum: Cavalry -Magister equitum et peditum in 4th century -Eastern Part: Magister militum per Orientem, per Thracias, per Illyricum

Heraclius

Replaced Phocas. Soter or savior. He was from Carthage and reigned from 610-641. He changed the ethnic landscape in the Balkans. He is linked with Constantine I as his reincarnation. He retrieved the Holy Cross of Jerusalem back from the Persians. Could be known as the 1st crusader. Wanted glory for God. First true Byzantine Emperor. Son of Constantine III

Tetrarchy

Rule of the four. Up to 305 CE. Diocletian set up system of succession. Successor was Maximianus. Diocletian partner was Galerius. Maximianius partner was Constantius Chlorus (Constantine's father). After Diocletion, Galerius picked Maximinus Daia as his junior and Constantius Chlorus in the west picked Flavius Severus as his junior. 2 augusti and 2 caesars

Maurice

Ruled from 582-602. In 591 he signed a peace treaty with Persians. In 602 his troops chose Phocas as the Emperor. He temporarily stabilized the economy

Phocas

Ruled from 602-610. He was a usurper who took control of the military. He was tyrannical and not well liked. Senate searched for a new leader and looked to Carthage

Maxentius

Son of Maximian. Fought with Constantine

Fathers in the Church

St. Basil, St. Gregory, and St. Augustine

Pliny's Panegyric of Trajan

Virtues of an emperor

Virtues

Virtus. Includes mos maiorum. -Gloria=Glory

Christianity

Was not solid. Arianism. Agreeable as one there was one powerful god which corresponds to one powerful ruler