Substance Abuse
dopamine and serotonin
Damage to moderate number of ______ and ______ neurons could increase risk of depression or Parkinson's disease.
depression or parkinson's disease.
Damage to moderate number of dopamine and serotonin neurons could increase risk of _________ or ___________
marijuana
Decrease the brain damage caused by stroke
marijuana
dissolve in body fats and leave body very slowly so it does not produce intense withdrawal effects
predominant
drugs are categorized based on ________ action
false - unpleasant
drugs dominate the attention even if drug experience is unpleasant
false - any stimulus
drugs that reminds someone of past drug experiences can trigger a craving
cocaine
Similar behavioral effects with Amphetamine.
opiates
Stimulates endorphin (endo-genous morphins) receptors.
false-increase
The drugs amphetamine and cocaine decrease accumulation of dopamine in synaptic cleft but washes away faster than presynaptic cell can synthesize
substance abuse
A maladaptive pattern of substance abuse leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
false -more
After nicotine use, nucleus accumbens cells become more responsive
acetaldehyde,
Alcohol is metabolized by the body through converting it to _________ then converts it to acetic acid which the body can use as a source of energy.
acetic acid, energy
Alcohol is metabolized by the body through converting it to acetaldehyde, then converts it to ______ which the body can use as a source of ____.
acetic acid
Alcohol is metabolized by the body through converting it to acetaldehyde, then converts it to ______ which the body can use as a source of energy.
True
Almost any substance can be abused
dopamine
Brain stimulation is reinforcing only if it stimulates axons releasing ____________-
dopamine
Brain stimulation is reinforcing only if it stimulates axons that release
dangerous drugs
Cocaine,morphine, amphetamine
Marijuana
Contains the chemical ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids. Absorbed by the body through smoking or eating the leaves.
nucleus accumbens
Only in the _______ is the nicotine has more effect because if has plenty of nicotinic receptors
hallucinogenic Drugs
Distorts perceptions.
habit-forming
Drugs, gambling, video games, powerful habits
endorphins
EFFECT: Decreased response to stress and decreased memory storage.
marijuana
Excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells; thereby puts the brakes on release of either glutamate or GABA
dopamine synapses
Habit-forming or addictive behaviors have something to do with ________
marijuana
Increase lung cancer risk and Parkinson's disease.
Marijuana
Intensification of sensory experience and an illusion that time is passing very slowly. impair cognition increase appetite
methlyphenidate
It blocks the dopamine uptake in the same way (similar to Cocaine) but more gradually (dose and time) than Cocaine does
stimulant drugs
Known for their short-term effects, but repeated use of high doses can produce long-term problems.
marijuana
Used medically to relieve pain, nausea, and combat glaucoma.
marijuana
a drug that does not fit in any categorization
amphetamine
a stimulant drug that increases the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal
effects drugs on dopamine synapses
a. increasing release of dopamine b. decreasing reuptake by presynaptic cell
amphetamine
a. reverses the dopamine transporter (protein) b. blocks synapses that inhibit dopamine release
false- nearly all
all addicting drugs release dopamine in nucleus accumbens
classical conditioning
an event that do not require attention can cause release of dopamine
drugs
are able to dominate a user's attention
nucleus accumbens
are stimulated by sexual activity, video games, and gambling
endorphins
block the locus coeruleus (responds to arousing or stressful stimuli by releasing norepinephrine).
endorphin
blocks the locus coeruleus, that responds to arousal/stressful stimuli
cocaine
blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, thus prolonging their effects (synapse).
cocaine
blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
dopamine
can be released in many situations that do not require attention
presynatic
cannabinoid receptors are found in the _______ terminals
amphetamine on dopamine transporter
causes cells to excrete dopamine than reabsorb it
lysergic acid diethylamide
chemically resembles serotonin and stimulates serotonin type 2 receptors (5-HT₂). stimulate recpetors not serotonin itself
true
cocaine users have high risk of stroke, epilepsy and memory impairment
amhetamine and cocaine
effects are intense but short-lived
nicotine
excites acetylcholine receptors that release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
autoreceptors
exerts negative feedback that reduces further release of dopamine
informative events
food and shock ---attention-getting
nicotinic receptors
found in the CNS and nerve muscular junction but abundant in nucleus accumbens
cannabinoid receptors
fround in the hippocampus, basal ganglia and cerebellum none in the medulla and brainstem
true
fully expected event draws little attention
alcohol
greater amounts of ______ cause damage to liver, impairs judgment and ruin lives
marijuana
has cannabinoids that decrease gaba and glutamate
nucleus accumbens
has many nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
.55
heritability of alcholism
dopamine
high _____ activity reduces background noise and increase signal-to-noise ratio
no dopamine
if a stimulus predicts food, ___ ______
stimulant drugs
increase activity at dopamine receptors, d2, d3, d4
endorphins
increase dopamine release by inhibiting an inhibitor, gaba and norepinephrine
nicotine
increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
methylphenidate
increases serotonin release, which has calming effects for people with ADD
dopamine
inhibitory neurotransmitter that decrease activity in much of the brain
alcohol
inhibits the flow of sodium across the membrane, expands the surface of membranes, decreases serotonin activity, facilitates response by the GABAA receptor, blocks glutamate receptors, and increases dopamine activity.
cocaine
interferes with the reuptake of released dopamine
alcoholism or alcohol dependence
is the continued use of alcohol despite medical or social harm, even after people decide to quit or decrease their drinking.
cocaine
mainly increasing dopamine effects, secondly, increasing serotonin effects
attention deficit disorder
marked by impulsiveness and poor control or attention
norepinephrine
memory storage
opiates
morphine heroin methodone
true
most researchers believe that genetics contribute to alcoholism (.55 heritability for alcoholism). t/f
true
nearly all drugs increase the activity at dopamine synapses
addiction
not product of the drug
false-can still continue
once a strong habit is formed, it cannot continue even with weak or erratic reinforcement
endorphins
peptides in the brain
nucleus accumbens
pleasure area
dopamine
pleasure chemical
stimulant drugs
produce excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased fatigue, sometimes increased motor activity
serotonin
produces hallucinogenic effect at high doses of ______
cocaine
prolongs the effect of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
dopamine release
reinforces behavior among gamblers, sports fan video game players
true
repeated use of cocaine releases less dopamine
nucleus accumbens
sexual excitement,strong habits, habitual video game playing, drugs use, classical condition
nucleus accumbens
small subcortical area rich in dopamine receptors
methylphenidate ritalin
stimulant drug that is prescribed for people with ADD/ attention deficit disorder
LSD
stimulate serotonin type 2 receptors
nicotine
stimulates one type of acetylcholine receptor known as nicotinic receptor (found in the CNS and nerve-muscle junction of skeletal muscles)
ecstacy MDMA
stimulates release of dopamine at low doses stimulates the release of serotonin at high doses
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
stimulates the release of dopamine at low doses; at higher doses, it stimulates serotonin synapses giving hallucinogenic effects.
true
t/f Moderate amounts of alcohol helps people relax. May help prevent heart attacks
false - does not , true
t/f being an alcoholic requires severe deterioration (__) and should interfere with persons life (__)
d
the difference between the good and bad use of drugs: a. amount taken b. reason for taking it c. social settings d. all of the above
role of dopamine synapses and nucleus accumbens
they relate to the arousal or attention-getting potential of an event
amphetamine and cocaine
two drugs that increase dopamine activity and has the same behavioral effects
2
type _ early onset
1
type _ late onset
unpredictable
we enjoy almost any event that is ________
reinforcer
whatever causes an individual to repeat an act not something enjoyable
e
which of the ff is not an effect of alcohol a.inhibits the flow of sodium across the membrane b. expands the surface of membranes c. blocks glutamate receptors d. facilitates response by the GABAA receptor e. decreases dopamine activity f. increases dopamine activity. g.decreases serotonin activity
c
which of the ff is not an effect of alcohol a.inhibits the flow of sodium across the membrane b. expands the surface of membranes c. increase serotonin activity d. facilitates response by the GABAA receptor e. blocks glutamate receptors f. increases dopamine activity. g.decreases serotonin activity
c
which of the ff is not the effect of stimulant drugs on the body? a.produce excitement b. elevated mood c. decrease attention d. decreased fatigue