Substance Abuse

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dopamine and serotonin

Damage to moderate number of ______ and ______ neurons could increase risk of depression or Parkinson's disease.

depression or parkinson's disease.

Damage to moderate number of dopamine and serotonin neurons could increase risk of _________ or ___________

marijuana

Decrease the brain damage caused by stroke

marijuana

dissolve in body fats and leave body very slowly so it does not produce intense withdrawal effects

predominant

drugs are categorized based on ________ action

false - unpleasant

drugs dominate the attention even if drug experience is unpleasant

false - any stimulus

drugs that reminds someone of past drug experiences can trigger a craving

cocaine

Similar behavioral effects with Amphetamine.

opiates

Stimulates endorphin (endo-genous morphins) receptors.

false-increase

The drugs amphetamine and cocaine decrease accumulation of dopamine in synaptic cleft but washes away faster than presynaptic cell can synthesize

substance abuse

A maladaptive pattern of substance abuse leading to clinically significant impairment or distress

false -more

After nicotine use, nucleus accumbens cells become more responsive

acetaldehyde,

Alcohol is metabolized by the body through converting it to _________ then converts it to acetic acid which the body can use as a source of energy.

acetic acid, energy

Alcohol is metabolized by the body through converting it to acetaldehyde, then converts it to ______ which the body can use as a source of ____.

acetic acid

Alcohol is metabolized by the body through converting it to acetaldehyde, then converts it to ______ which the body can use as a source of energy.

True

Almost any substance can be abused

dopamine

Brain stimulation is reinforcing only if it stimulates axons releasing ____________-

dopamine

Brain stimulation is reinforcing only if it stimulates axons that release

dangerous drugs

Cocaine,morphine, amphetamine

Marijuana

Contains the chemical ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids. Absorbed by the body through smoking or eating the leaves.

nucleus accumbens

Only in the _______ is the nicotine has more effect because if has plenty of nicotinic receptors

hallucinogenic Drugs

Distorts perceptions.

habit-forming

Drugs, gambling, video games, powerful habits

endorphins

EFFECT: Decreased response to stress and decreased memory storage.

marijuana

Excites negative-feedback receptors on presynaptic cells; thereby puts the brakes on release of either glutamate or GABA

dopamine synapses

Habit-forming or addictive behaviors have something to do with ________

marijuana

Increase lung cancer risk and Parkinson's disease.

Marijuana

Intensification of sensory experience and an illusion that time is passing very slowly. impair cognition increase appetite

methlyphenidate

It blocks the dopamine uptake in the same way (similar to Cocaine) but more gradually (dose and time) than Cocaine does

stimulant drugs

Known for their short-term effects, but repeated use of high doses can produce long-term problems.

marijuana

Used medically to relieve pain, nausea, and combat glaucoma.

marijuana

a drug that does not fit in any categorization

amphetamine

a stimulant drug that increases the release of dopamine from the presynaptic terminal

effects drugs on dopamine synapses

a. increasing release of dopamine b. decreasing reuptake by presynaptic cell

amphetamine

a. reverses the dopamine transporter (protein) b. blocks synapses that inhibit dopamine release

false- nearly all

all addicting drugs release dopamine in nucleus accumbens

classical conditioning

an event that do not require attention can cause release of dopamine

drugs

are able to dominate a user's attention

nucleus accumbens

are stimulated by sexual activity, video games, and gambling

endorphins

block the locus coeruleus (responds to arousing or stressful stimuli by releasing norepinephrine).

endorphin

blocks the locus coeruleus, that responds to arousal/stressful stimuli

cocaine

blocks the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, thus prolonging their effects (synapse).

cocaine

blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine

dopamine

can be released in many situations that do not require attention

presynatic

cannabinoid receptors are found in the _______ terminals

amphetamine on dopamine transporter

causes cells to excrete dopamine than reabsorb it

lysergic acid diethylamide

chemically resembles serotonin and stimulates serotonin type 2 receptors (5-HT₂). stimulate recpetors not serotonin itself

true

cocaine users have high risk of stroke, epilepsy and memory impairment

amhetamine and cocaine

effects are intense but short-lived

nicotine

excites acetylcholine receptors that release dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

autoreceptors

exerts negative feedback that reduces further release of dopamine

informative events

food and shock ---attention-getting

nicotinic receptors

found in the CNS and nerve muscular junction but abundant in nucleus accumbens

cannabinoid receptors

fround in the hippocampus, basal ganglia and cerebellum none in the medulla and brainstem

true

fully expected event draws little attention

alcohol

greater amounts of ______ cause damage to liver, impairs judgment and ruin lives

marijuana

has cannabinoids that decrease gaba and glutamate

nucleus accumbens

has many nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

.55

heritability of alcholism

dopamine

high _____ activity reduces background noise and increase signal-to-noise ratio

no dopamine

if a stimulus predicts food, ___ ______

stimulant drugs

increase activity at dopamine receptors, d2, d3, d4

endorphins

increase dopamine release by inhibiting an inhibitor, gaba and norepinephrine

nicotine

increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

methylphenidate

increases serotonin release, which has calming effects for people with ADD

dopamine

inhibitory neurotransmitter that decrease activity in much of the brain

alcohol

inhibits the flow of sodium across the membrane, expands the surface of membranes, decreases serotonin activity, facilitates response by the GABAA receptor, blocks glutamate receptors, and increases dopamine activity.

cocaine

interferes with the reuptake of released dopamine

alcoholism or alcohol dependence

is the continued use of alcohol despite medical or social harm, even after people decide to quit or decrease their drinking.

cocaine

mainly increasing dopamine effects, secondly, increasing serotonin effects

attention deficit disorder

marked by impulsiveness and poor control or attention

norepinephrine

memory storage

opiates

morphine heroin methodone

true

most researchers believe that genetics contribute to alcoholism (.55 heritability for alcoholism). t/f

true

nearly all drugs increase the activity at dopamine synapses

addiction

not product of the drug

false-can still continue

once a strong habit is formed, it cannot continue even with weak or erratic reinforcement

endorphins

peptides in the brain

nucleus accumbens

pleasure area

dopamine

pleasure chemical

stimulant drugs

produce excitement, alertness, elevated mood, decreased fatigue, sometimes increased motor activity

serotonin

produces hallucinogenic effect at high doses of ______

cocaine

prolongs the effect of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine

dopamine release

reinforces behavior among gamblers, sports fan video game players

true

repeated use of cocaine releases less dopamine

nucleus accumbens

sexual excitement,strong habits, habitual video game playing, drugs use, classical condition

nucleus accumbens

small subcortical area rich in dopamine receptors

methylphenidate ritalin

stimulant drug that is prescribed for people with ADD/ attention deficit disorder

LSD

stimulate serotonin type 2 receptors

nicotine

stimulates one type of acetylcholine receptor known as nicotinic receptor (found in the CNS and nerve-muscle junction of skeletal muscles)

ecstacy MDMA

stimulates release of dopamine at low doses stimulates the release of serotonin at high doses

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

stimulates the release of dopamine at low doses; at higher doses, it stimulates serotonin synapses giving hallucinogenic effects.

true

t/f Moderate amounts of alcohol helps people relax. May help prevent heart attacks

false - does not , true

t/f being an alcoholic requires severe deterioration (__) and should interfere with persons life (__)

d

the difference between the good and bad use of drugs: a. amount taken b. reason for taking it c. social settings d. all of the above

role of dopamine synapses and nucleus accumbens

they relate to the arousal or attention-getting potential of an event

amphetamine and cocaine

two drugs that increase dopamine activity and has the same behavioral effects

2

type _ early onset

1

type _ late onset

unpredictable

we enjoy almost any event that is ________

reinforcer

whatever causes an individual to repeat an act not something enjoyable

e

which of the ff is not an effect of alcohol a.inhibits the flow of sodium across the membrane b. expands the surface of membranes c. blocks glutamate receptors d. facilitates response by the GABAA receptor e. decreases dopamine activity f. increases dopamine activity. g.decreases serotonin activity

c

which of the ff is not an effect of alcohol a.inhibits the flow of sodium across the membrane b. expands the surface of membranes c. increase serotonin activity d. facilitates response by the GABAA receptor e. blocks glutamate receptors f. increases dopamine activity. g.decreases serotonin activity

c

which of the ff is not the effect of stimulant drugs on the body? a.produce excitement b. elevated mood c. decrease attention d. decreased fatigue


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