TEAS 6 practice test NEED TO KNOW,,, stay on this CLS
DNA
a macromolecule that contains coded instructions for the body to produce proteins. COmposed of 4 nucleotide letters
nonmetals
accept electrons in order to become more stable ; poor heat/electrical ; brittle ; not shiny
osteoblasts
cells that make bone
parietal cells
cells that produce acid in the stomach
osteoclasts
cells that removebone
Protein/amino acids
are linked together by peptide bonds
salvilary amylase
carbohysrate - digesting enzyme produced by salvilary glands
autotroph formula
carbon dioxide + water + energy (sun) > oxygen + glucose
differentiation
cells becoming specific types of cells - occurs in embryos as well as adults
zygote
comes before embryo , this is where the fertilized egg (one cell) ; then start to divide to become a mass of cells AKA embryo
immigration
coming into a certain region
peristalsis
moves bolus down the esophagus to the stomach, through the gastric sphincter, which prevents reflux
reason for ionic/covalent bonding
it to make the atoms more stable
catabolism
large molecules to smaller ones
pH scale
neutral is water at 25 degrees celcius ; 1 very acidic and 14 very basic - acid dissociates metals ; acids are sour ; bases are bitter ; - blue = basic ; red = acidic - H = acid ; OH = base - pH = -log (aH) - acid + base = 14
acid + base >
neutralization ; salt + water
chloroplast
plastid in plants that contains its own genetic information and can sometimes synthesis own proteins, does photosynthesis
function of nucleic acid
store & transmit hereditary information
nucleus (organelle)
stores and processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cell what its functions are.
mitosis
when two daughter cells receive the same amount of material as the original (diploid > 2 diploid cells) - used for repairing old/dying cells - IDENTICAL to parent
placenta
nourishes fetus and removes wastes
plasma
pale yellow component of blood that carries RBCs, WBCs, and platelets throughout the body
PEMDAS
parentheses exponent multiply/divide add/subtract
hydrochloric acid
parietal cells
nephron
part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion
persuade
particular viewpoint from the writer ; advertisements
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
parts of the excretory system
topic sentence
usually found in early part of the passage ; main point of the paragraph or larger text structure
topic
usually look at the title and that will give an idea ; couple of words
cytokinesis
usually occursing around telophase ; this is the separation of the cells ; pinching off from one another
themes
usually words/topics that are brought up in the essay
electron configuration
valence electrons 1s2 2s2 2p6 ....
Lewis dot structure
valence electrons on both elements
pyloric pshincter
valve through which chyme passes from stomach to duodenum
codons
when the nucleotide letters are arranged into 64 possible different combinations
non-mendelian inheritance
when there are factors other than dominant/recessive in play
damage to the spleen causes massive blood loss
why is damage to the spleen crucial?
short bones
wider than they are long (metatarsals, collar bone)
centimeter
width of a pinky nail
homologous
" same / twin " : same size, shape, function, genes
*(Ext.)* Testes (Testicles)
"*Male Gonads*" -Produce *sperm and testosterone.*
Protein Hormones
Change the activity of *existing enzymes* in target cells.
Vesicles
Small organelle *within* a cell, has a membrane. -Functions: *Moving materials* within a cell.
2 Types of Bone cells
-Multinucleate *Osteoclasts*:Remove Bone -Mononucleate *Osteoblasts*: Make Bone
How do you form a possessive case of a plural noun that ends in an "s"
Apostrophe Ex. The tree's look beautiful
"is less than vs less than"
is < VS -
"is greater than vs more than"
is > VS +
sinotorial node
pacemaker
Sentence: Comparison
Explains how two items are similar
plasma cell
a WBC that produces a single type of antibody
macrophage
a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
Combustion Reactions
"Burning" *Sequence of chemical reactions involving fuel and an oxidant that produces head and sometimes light.* -*Types:* Rapid, Slow, Complete, Turbulent, Microgravity, and Incomplete. -Exothermic process
Synthesis Reaction
"Combination" "Analysis Reaction" - 2 or more reactants combine to form a single product. ~*(A+B->C)* *Example*: Burning hydrogen in air to produce water 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O *Example*: Water and Sulfur trioxide react to form Sulfuric Acid H2O + SO4 -> H2SO4
Decomposition Reaction
"Destruction" -Reactant is broken down into 2 or more products ~*(A->B+C)* *Example*: Decomp of water to hydrogen and oxygen gas 2H2O -> 2H2 + O2 -Most decomposition reactions are *endothermic*. ~Heat needs to be added -*Separation Process:* Can be mechanical or chemical, and usually recognizing a mixture of substances without changing their chemical nature. Separated products may *differ* from Original mixture in terms of Chemical or Physical properties. ~Include: *Filtration, Crystallization, Distillation, and Chromatography.*
Third person
"He, she, or it" Objective
ie
"I" before "e" except after "c" or in words like neighbor and weigh
Double Replacement Reactions
"Substitution" *When ions or bonds are exchanged by 2 compounds to form different compounds* ~*(AC + BD -> AD + BC)* *Example:* Silver nitrate and Sodium chloride form 2 different products (silver chloride and sodium nitrate) when they react. AgNO3 + NaCl -> AgCl + NaNO3 -Chemical reactants exchange ions but the oxidation state stays the same.
Topic answers what questions?
"Who or what is the paragraph about?"
Plural nouns typically end in what letter?
"s" at the end of the noun
Singular verbs typically end in what letter?
"s" at the end of the verb
10 gases in the periodic table
(noble gases)
*(Int.)* Overies
*"Female Gonads"* -Produce *the ova* and secrete *estrogen and progesterone.* -Graafian follicle: In response to changing hormones. Eggs is released as follicle matures. ~*Corpus Luteum*: Empty Graafian follicle. Produces large amounts of *progesterone* to prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg. Uterine lining sheds if fertlizations doesn't occur.
Cell Membrane
*"Plasma Membrane"* -Made of *Lipids and Proteins* -*Isolates* the cell from its external environment while still enabling the cellar to communicate with the outside environment. -Consists: *Phospholipid bilayer* with the hydrophilic ends of the outer layer facing external environment. *~Cholesterol*: Adds stiffness and flexibility *~Glycolipids*: Help cell to recognize other cells of the organisms. *~Proteins*: Help give cells shape *~Special Proteins:* Helps cell communicate with external environment. *~Other Proteins:* Transport molecules across membrane
Chemical Synapse
*"Point of Contact"* -A substance is released that *stimulates or inhabits* the action of the adjoining cell.
Inference defintion
*"Reading between the lines"* of what is stated. Otherwise, applying logic to facts and evidence coupled with recognizing the context clues provided. Suggests an idea by details and evidence in passage.
Cell Body of Neuron
*"Soma"* - Contains the *nucleus* of the neuron.
Leukocytes
*"White Blood Cells"* -Produced in the *Red Bone Marrow* -Classified as Monocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells), Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils), T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, or Natural Killer (K) Cells.
Autonomic Nervous System
*(ANS) maintains homeostasis within the body*. -Controls the functions of the *internal organs, blood vessels, smooth muscle tissue, and glands*. Accomplished through the direction of the *hypothalamus* (located above the midbrain). -
Where does text appear?
*-Excerpt from a novel, Short story, Magazine/Television AD.* -If in magazine, could have tried to *inform* -Novels, short stories, and poems are created to *entertain* -Advertisments are created to *persuade* -*Can have more than one purpose or a different purpose.*
Lysosome
*-Functions:* Digest proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Also *transports* undigested substances to the membrane do they can be *removed*. Shape depends on material being transported.
The Nucleus
*-Nucleus:* Small structure that contains *Chromosomes* and *Regulates the DNA of a cell*. Defining structure of eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for *the passing on of genetic traits between generations.* -Contains: nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, a nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes.
Cell Parts
*-Organelles:* Cell parts that function within a cell. They coordinate with other organelles to performs a cell's basic function, like energy processing and waste excretion. ~Examples: *Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, The Nucleus.*
3 Primary Body Planes
*-Transverse Plane* (Horizontal): Divides the patient's body into *upper* and *lower* halves. *-Sagittal Plane* (Vertical): Divides the body, or any body part, into *right* and *left* sections. Runs *parallel* to the midline of the body. *-Coronal Plane* (Vertical/Frontal): Divides the body, or any body part, into *front* and *back*. Runs through the body at right angles.
Central Nervous System
*2 Primary Components:* -*Spinal Cord and The Brain*
States of Matter
*3 States of Matter*: Solid, Liquid, Gas. -Can be traversed by *addition or removal* of heat. -*Solid to Liquid (melting):* Additional heat, causing molecules to become more energized and increases vibrational and transitional motion. -*Liquid to Gas (boiling):* Additional heat required to change matter. -*Gas to Liquid (freezing):* Removing heat from matter -*Sublimation:* Unusual phase change is the direct conversion of *solids to gas*. ~In deposition, the reverse phase change from gas directly to solid occurs. At room temperature with the element *iodine* and the molecule *carbon dioxide*.
Heart Chambers
*4 Chambers: 2 Ventricles, 2 Atriums* -Halves separated by *AV Valve* (located between ventricle and artery leading away from the heart).
Sequential
*A fixed order in which there is a legend pattern.* ~Example: Pages in a Book -*Signal words*: first, then, second, at the beginning, finally, now, prior to, next, while, when, afterward, last, before, after, subsequently.
Conduction
*A form of heat transfer that requires contact.* -Heat is measure in *Kinetic Energy*, most commonly vibrations, at the atomic level, it may be transferred from *one location to another or object to another by contact*. Always flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. -If 2 regions are at the same temperature, there is a *thermal equilibrium* between them and there will be no *net heat* transfer between them.
4 Types of Nitrogenous Bases
*Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T)* *Adenine (A) <-Pairs-> Thymine (T)* *Cytosine (C) <-Pairs-> Guanine (G)* -About 3 million bases in human DNA ~Mostly the same in every body, but their order is *different*. -The Order of these bases that creates diversity in people.
8 Major Endocrine Glands
*Adrenal Glands* Located on *Kidneys* -*Adrenal Cortex:* Monitors blood sugar level, helps in lipid and protein metabolism. -*Adrenal Medulla:* Controls cardiac functions, raises blood sugar, and controls the size of blood vessels. -*Thyroid:* Helps regulate metabolism, functions in growth and development. Located in the *Neck* -*Parathyroid:* Regulates calcium levels in blood. Located in the *Neck* -*Pancreas Islets:* Raises an lowers blood sugars, Activate in carbohydrate metabolism. Located on *Pancreas* -*Thymus:* Plays a role in immune responses. Located in *front of Heart, behind Sternum.* Produces T-Cells. -*Pineal:* Has an influence on daily biorhythms and sexual activity. Located in *Brain* -*Pituitary:* Plays an important role in growth and development. Located in *Brain*
Basophils
*Alert* the body of invasion
Basic Atomic Structure
*All matter consist of atoms* -Consist: *Nucleus and Electrons* -*Electrons:* *Negatively* charged and *Orbit* the nucleus. -Nucleus consist of: Protons and Neutrons ~Properties are measurable. They have a *mass* and an *electrical charge*. ~*Positively* charged because of the Protons present. ~Has considerably *more mass* than the surrounding electrons. -Atoms can bond together to make *molecules*. -Atoms that have an *equal number* of protons and electrons are *electrically neutral*. ~If the number protons and electrons in an atom is *not equal*, the atom has a *positive or negative* charge and *is an ion*.
Chyme
*All three* secretions together
Passive Transport Mechanisms
*Allow for movement of substances through membranes* -Include: *Simple and Facilitated Diffusion and Osmosis*. -Do *not* require energy from the cell.
Graphic Representation
*Allows readers to comprehend important verbal and written ideas in accessible form.* - Most include *titles and subheads* that summarize complex information. *Common features: titles, subheads, keys/legends, and scales.* -Also, assist readers in selecting important information that might otherwise be missing by portraying the key parts that make up a whole. *Include- Bar, pie, and flow charts, graphs, maps, and illustrations.*
What does saliva provide? What initiates it?
*Amylase and Lipase* Initiates *chemical digestion* for starch and lipids.
Glycerides
*Another type of lipid* -Example: *Fat and Oil* -Formed from fatty acids and glycerol.
Antigen and Typical Immune Response
*Antigens*: Substances that stimulate the immune system. ~Proteins on the surface of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. ~Drugs, toxins, and foreign substances can be antigens. -Body *recognizes* the antigens of its own cells but it *will attack* cells or substances with unfamiliar antigens. -Specific *antibodies* are produced for each antigen that enters the body.
Joints
*Area of contact adjacent to bones* -*Synovial* Joints: *Most common*, and are freely moveable. May be found at the *shoulders and knees* -*Cartilaginous* Joints: Fills the spaces between some bones and restrict movement. Found between *Vertebrae* -*Fibrous* Joints: Has fibrous tissue connecting bones and no cavity is present.
Evaluate Argument and its Specific Claims
*Argument: Set of reasons to make a case for an idea* Argument is stated and author will provide evidence to support it. *Claim: Statement that something is true* -Arguments preceded by words like *I think* or *I believe*, but strong pieces do not include those words; instead author includes a very strong argument by stating something *is* or *should be* true. -Evidence: Often stated after argument, but could be stated before argument (purposely made last). ~Reputable sources are more reliable and helps support an argument. ~May use false evidence because they don't have enough to support argument. Look for inconsequential or out of alignment with argument.
Bases
*Basic Chemicals* are usually in aqueous solution and have the following traits: *bitter taste, a soapy or slippery texture to touch, the capacity to restore the blue color of litmus paper which had previously been turned red by an acid; the ability to produce salts in reaction with acids* -Either donate OH- ions or accept H+ ions. ~The word *Alkaline* is used to describe bases. ~Bases *yield* hydroxide ions (OH-). ~Acid models can be inverted and used for bases. Some nonmetal oxides (NA2O) are classified as bases even though they *don't* contain hydroxides in their molecule form. ~Although, these substances easily *produce* hydroxide ions when *reacted with water*.
Scientific Measurements using Lab Tools
*Basic Units of Measurement:* The Meter-Measures Length, The Liter-Measures Volume, The Gram-Measure Mass, The second-Measures Time.
Immunity
*Birth*: Innate Immune System *protects* an individual from pathogens. -When an individual encounters infection, or has an *immunization*, the individual *develops an adaptive immunity* that reacts to pathogens. -Active and Passive immunities can be *acquired naturally or artificially*.
Anabolic Reaction
*Builds larger and more complex molecules (macromolecules) from small ones.* -Require Energy
*(Int.)* Fallopian Tubes
*Carry mature egg* towards the uterus. -*Fertilization* occurs in fallopian tubes. If fertilized, egg will travel to uterus, where it implants into uterine wall (endometrium) and produces the placenta. -*Placenta*: Allows fetus and parents to share blood within eachother. Nourishes the fetus and removes wastes.
Cause and Effect
*Cause*: Why something happens. *Effect*: What happened *-Signal Words:* Due to, consequently, as a result of, if....then...., was responsible for, as might be expected, make possible by, since.
3 Basic Neuron Parts
*Cell body, The Axon, And many Dendrites.*
Compounds
*Chemical combination of two or more types of elements* -Has different properties from those of their constituent elements. -Smallest independent unit of an element or compound is a molecule. *Diatomic Elements:* Elements are found somewhere in nature in single-atom form, but a few elements only exist naturally in pairs. -More than one atom of the same element in a compound is represented with a subscript number designated how many atoms of that element are present.
Open Lymphatic System
*Circulates and filters interstitial fluid* between cells and eventually *drains* into the circulatory system. -Cleans up excess fluid and proteins and returns them to the blood.
Compare/Contract
*Compare*: Find similarities *Contrast*: Identify differences *-Signal Words:* On the contrary, similarly, have in common, in spite of, in like manner, compared to, in the same way, as well as.
Polymer
*Compound of large molecules* formed by repeating monomers. -Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. -Addition of water and hydrolysis break the bond and releases monomers and energy.
What to demonstrate
*Comprehension of a text by explaining how supporting details clarify the main idea.* -Ask "What's the topic and what's the authors main idea about the topic?" Then examine supporting details and how they relate to the main idea.
Hypothalamus
*Controls the ANS* through the brain stem. Direction from the hypothalamus, the ANS helps *maintain a table body environment* by *regulating* numerous factors including *heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, and blood pH*
Closed Circulatory System
*Double-loop system* consisting of thick-walled *arteries* that transport blood *away* from the hear, thinner-walled *veins* that transport blood *to* the heart, and capillaries made of a single layer of endothelium that form a network that connects arteries to veins in tissues. *Transports blood* *Double Loops* -*Pulmonary*: Carries deoxygenated blood *from the right* ventricle to the lungs and *returns* oxygenated blood to the *left* atrium. -*Systemic*: Carries oxygenated blood *from left* ventricle to the body, *returning* deoxygenated blood to the *right*
Capillaries
*Drain interstitial fluid that fills the spaces between cells* -Filters it through a system of lymph nodes that are enriched in lymphocytes and provide surveillance by immune system.
Types of Circulation
*Coronary*: Flow of blood to the heart tissue. Blood enters the coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta, supplying major arteries, which enter the heart with oxygenated blood. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through the cardiac veins which empty into the coronary sinus. *Pulmonary*: Flow of blood between the heart and the lungs. Deoxygenated blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs through pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood flows back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. *Systemic*: Flow of blood to the entire body with the exception of coronary and pulmonary. Blood exits the left ventricle through the aorta, which branches into the carotid arteries, subclavian arteries, common iliac arteries, and the renal artery. Blood returns to the heart through the jugular veins, subclavian veins, common iliac veins, and renal veins, which empty into the superior and inferior vena cavae. -*Portal circulation*: Included in Systemic. Flow of blood from the digestive system to the liver and then to the heart and renal circulation, which is the flow of blood between the heart and kidneys.
Skull
*Cranium and Facial Bones* -*Ossicles*:Bones in the middle ear. -*Hyoid*: Provides an attachment point and support for the tongue muscles. ~Only bones in the body *not connected* to other bones, but rather held in place by muscle.
Cartilage Tissue
*Cushions* and provides *structural support* for body parts. - Jelly-Like base and is fibrous
Isotopes
*Denoted by the element symbol, preceded in superscript by the mass number and subscript by the atomic number.* -That have not been observed to decay are *stable, or non-radioactive, isotopes*. -*80 Elements have one or more stable isotopes*, there are 256 known *stable isotopes* in total. ~Example: Carbon-3 Isotopes (C-12, C-13 are stable)(C-14 is radioactive) -*Radioactive Isotopes:* Have unstable nuclei and can undergo spontaneous nuclear reactions, which results in particles or radiation being emitted. It cant be predicted when a specific nucleus will decay, but large groups of identical nuclei decay at predictable rates. ~Knowledge about rates of decay can be used to estimate the age of materials that contain radioactive isotopes.
Chemical Properties
*Depend on the chemical reactivity of the substance.* -When a substance chemically reacts with another substance, it suits in formation of a *new substance* with a different *composition and identity*. ~*Example:* Hydrogen Gas is burned in Oxygen, forming Water. After burning the Hydrogen, a different chemical substance (water)is all that remains. ~Hydrogen *cannot* be recovered from the water by a physical change like *freezing or boiling*.
Chemical Equations
*Describe Chemical Reactions* *Reactants*: On the left side before the arrow *Products*: On the right side after the arrow -*Arrow*: Indicates the reaction or change. *Coefficient*: The number before the element and it indicates the ratio of reactants to products in terms of moles. ~Equation for formation of water: 2H2(g) + O2(g) -> 2H2O(l) -(g): gas, (l): liquid, (s): solid, (aq): aqueous -If equation is unbalance, then you must balance it yourself. ~Balanced by multiplying the coefficient by a constant that will produce the smallest possible whole number ~Example: H2 + O2 -> H2O. (unbalanced) 2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O (balanced)
Periodicty
*Describes the predictable and incremental nature of elements properties and place them on the periodic table accordingly.* ~Unique properties are number of *electron, density, and mass*. -Elements near each other are more alike in these properties than those that are far apart on the table. -Enables the prediction of properties and atomic configurations based on known trends represented by the position of elements on the table. ~One trend is *number of electrons*
Scientific Investigation
*Determine hypotheses based on known evidence and then create investigations to test the hypotheses* -Validate Information: Scientists submit their ideas for scrutiny by other scientists. -*Hypotheses*: Informed guesses about casual relationships that are generated by *observation and initial data collection*. ~During investigations, hypotheses will be accepted or rejected. -Collect experimental data to develop *theories* -Scientists develop strategies in an investigation to *control variables*. -Each experiment should *manipulate* only one variable, the independent one. (duration, concentration, plotted on X-axis). All *other variables* should be kept the same in a controlled investigation. ~The *dependent variable* (growth, response, plotted on Y-axis) is the observed condition that *responds* to the manipulation. -This establishes a *casual relationship*between the independent and dependent variable.
Cell differentiation
*Determines the different cell types* -When less-specialized cell becomes a more-specialized cell. Process is controlled by *genes of each cell among a group* of cells known as a *zygote*. -Cell builds certain proteins and other pieces that set it apart as a specific type of cell. ~Example: Gastrulation (early phase in embryonic development in animals)
Osmosis
*Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to one of a higher solute concentration* ~ Through pores made of aquaporin proteins. -High to Low movement: Without the use of energy -Low to High movement: With the use of energy ~Example: Absorption of water by plant roots and the alimentary canal. Plants lose and gain water through osmosis. Plant that *swells* because of water retention is said to be *turgid*.
Intensive Properties
*Do not* depends on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample. *Will not change if the sample size is increased or decreased* -Include: *Color, Hardness, Melting Point, Boiling Point, Density,Ductility, Malleability, Specific Heat, Temperature, Concentration, and Magnetization.*
Extensive Properties
*Do* depend on the amount of matter or quantity of the sample. *Do change if the sample size is increased or decreased* ~Sample size *increases*, then property *increases. * ~Sample size *decreases*, then property *decreases.* -Include: *Volume, Mass, Weight, Energy, Entrophy, Number of Moles, and Electrical Charge.*
DNA Structure
*Double Helix* -*Helix* is a curve -*Double Helix*: Two congruent curves connected by horizontal members. Like a "Spiral Staircase" -Consists of *nucleotides* -2 Bases *pair up to form the rungs of the ladder* ~Attached to each other with hydrogen bonds, which are easily dismantled so replication can occur. ~Bases are attached to a phosphate and to a sugar. -*"Side Rails" or Backbone*:consists of the covalently bonded sugar and phosphate.
Headings/Subheadings
*Heading:* Title, bold, larger than sub. *Subheadings*: Title of a subdivision of information with larger text. Bold, but smaller than heading.
Sweat Glands
*Either Eccrine Glands or Apocrine Glands* -Can contain trace amounts of *Urea, Lactic Acids, and Alcohol. *Eccrine Glands*: Not connected to hair follicles. -Activated by elevated body temperature. Also, as part of body's thermoregulations. -Located throughout the body and can be found on *forehead, neck, and back.* -Secrete a *salty solution* of electrolytes and water containing sodium chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, glucose, and antimicrobial peptides. *Apocrine Glands*: -Secrete oils solution containing *fatty acids, triglycerides, and proteins*. -Located in the *armpits, groins, palms, and soles of feet. -Secrete oil when person is experiencing *stress or anxiety.* -*Bacteria feed* on apocrine sweat and *expel* fatty acids, producing *body odor*.
Genitourinary System (*Renal/Urinary System*)
*Eliminating excess substances while preserving the substances needed by the body to function. -Structures; *Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra.
Spinal Cord
*Encased in the bony structure of the vertebrae* -*Protect and Supports* the vertebrae. -Nervous tissue functions mainly with the respect to *limb movement* and *internal organ* activity. -Nerve tracts *ascend and descend* from the *spinal cord to the brain*.
Nuclear Envelope
*Encloses* the nucleus. Consists of *inner and outer membranes made of lipids.*
Density
*Equal to its mass divided by its volume.* ~*D=m/V* -Water has a density of 1 g/cm3 -Steel has a density of 8 times the waters density.
Innate Immune System (Nonspecific Response)
*External: Internal:* *-Skin -Antimicrobials* *-Hair -Inflammation* *-Mucus -Interferons* *-Earwax -Complements* *-Secretions (acid, salt, enzymes) -NK Lymphocytes* *-Normal Flora -Phagocytes (APC)*
Facts and Opinions
*Fact can be proven and Opinion can NOT.* -Facts should be determined whether they are reliable or not. -Opinions can have bias. Used to mislead or persuade reader.
Figurative/Connotation
*Figurative*: Figure of speech/Metaphor ~*Metaphor*: Comparison between unlike things without using like or as. Using *is* ~*Simile*: Comparison between unlike things using *like* or *as* ~*Personification*: Giving human attributes to something nonhuman Connotation: Implied meaning of a word or idea. -"Reading between the lines" ~The tone can influence the reader and affect the mood.
Mendel's Law
*First Law*: Law of Segregation -States that "There are *two allels* and hat half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent organism." *Second Law*: Law of Independent Assortment -States that "Traits are passed on randomly and are *not influenced* by other traits ." ~Exception to this is *linked traits*
Spine
*Flexible and Curved Backbone*: Supported by muscles and ligaments. -*Intervertebral Discs*: Stacked one above another and provide cushioning for the backbone. -*Sensitive Spine*: Enclosed in a cavity which is protected by the bones of the vertebrae. *Trauma or shock may cause discs to Herniate and cause pain.
Dominant and Recessive
*Gene Traits* are represented in *pairs* with an *upper case letter* for the dominant trait *(A)* and a *lower case letter* for the recessive trait *(a)*. Occur in pairs *(AA, Aa, aa)*. Half the genetic material is from each parent, Offspring's traits are represented in combinations. -*Dominant*: Trait only requires *one gene* of a gene pair for it to be expressed in a *phenotype*. -*Recessive*: Requires both genes in order to be manifested. *DD and dd* are *Homozygous Pairs* *Dd* is a *Heterozygous Pair*
Gene, Genotype, Phenotype, and Allele
*Gene*: Portion of DNA that identifies how traits are expressed and passed on in an organism. Part of genetic code. All genes form the genotype of an individual. *Genotype*: Includes genes that may not be expressed, such as *recessive genes*. *Phenotype*: The physical, visual manifestation of genes. Determined by the basic genetic information and how genes have been affected by their environment. *Allele*: Variation of a gene, also known as a trait (determines the manifestation of a gene), manifestation results in a specific physical appearence of some facet of an organism (like eye color, or height) -Example: *Genetic information for eye color is a gene. The gene variations responsible for blue, green, brown, or black eyes are called alleles.* ~*Locus*: Refers to the location of a gene or allele.
Monohybrid and Hybrid Crosses
*Genetic Crosses*: Possible combinations of alleles and can be represented using Punnett Squares. *Monohybrid Cross*: Cross involving only *one trait* -Shows which allele is dominant for a single trait. -*First Monohybrid Cross: Occurs between two (DD,Dd) Homozygous parents. ~Typically ratio is 3:1, Ratio of dominant gene manifestation to recessive gene manifestation. ~Ratio occurs when both parents have a *pair of dominant and recessive genes*. -Example: One parents has a pair of dominant genes *(DD)* and the other has a pair of recessive genes *(dd)*. The recessive trait *cannot be expressed* in the next generation because the resulting crosses all habe the *Dd* gentype
Monosaccharides
*Glucose, frutose, and sucrose* -CH2O : *One carbon for every water molecule* -Simple sugars can be grouped into monosaccharides and *disaccharides* (Two monosaccharides joined together) -Have *one* monomer of sugar and disaccharides has *two* -*Oligosaccharides*: Have longer stretches of linked monosaccharides and polysaccharides; can be linearor branched.
Codons
*Groups of 3 nucleotides on the messenger RNA, and can be visualized as 3 rungs of a ladder.* -Has the code for a single amino acid. ~*64 Codons by 20 Amino Acids* -More than *one* combination, or triplet, can be used to *synthesize* the necessary *amino acids*. ~Example: *AAA* (Adenine-Adenine-Adenine) or *AAG* (Adenine-Adenine-Guanine) *can serve as codons for lysine.* -Groups of 3 occur in strings and might be thought of as frames. ~Like *AAAUCUUCGU*, read it in groups of 3 like AAA*/*UCU*/*UCG*/*U. -Can be read in different orders, but that is why there is *start and stop* codons that indicated the *beginning and the end* of a sequence (frame)
Tissues
*Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function* -Grouped into 4 broad categories: *Muscle* (Body Movement), *Nerve* (Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves), *Epithelial* (Layers of Skin/Membranes), and *Connective Tissue* (Bone tissue, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments, Fat, Blood, and Lymph). *~Includes:* Epithelial, Connecting, Cartilage, Blood, Bone, Muscle, and Nervous.
Bone Tissue
*Hard* tissue that *supports and protects* softer tissues and organs. -Marrow produces RBC -Connective Tissue
Specific Heat Capacity
*Heat capacity per unit mass* -Every element and compound has its own specific heat. -Relating Heat Energy to Specific Heat Capacity is *Q=mc∆T* ~Q = heat energy (Joules, J). m = mass of a substance (kg). c = specific heat (units J/kg∙K). ∆ is a symbol meaning "the change in". ∆T = change in temperature
Respiratory Problems
*High Altitude*: Decrease lung function due to low oxygen levels. *People who live in high altitude, evolve over time to have larger lungs. *Chemicals, Pollen, Smoke*: Damaged cilia causing Emphysema, Allergies, or Inflammation. *Pathogens*: Influenza (corona virus), Tuberculosis (mycobacterium), and Pneumonia (walking - mycoplasma infection) *Mycosis -> Fungus *Cystic Fibrosis (gene mutation), Asthma, Lung Surfactant Insufficiency*: Impedes lung action.
Sebaceous Glands
*Holocrine Glands* -Secrete Sebum ~Sebum: Oily mixture of *lipids and proteins*. ~*Inhibits* water loss from the skin and *protects* bacterial and fungal infections. -Connected to *hair follicles* and secrete sebum through the *hair pore*.
Control Center
*Hypothalamus*
Punnet Square
*Illustrate how alleles combine* from the contributing genes to form various *phenotypes.* -One set of a parent's genes are put into columns, while the genes from the other parent are placed in rows. -The allele combinations are shown in each cell(box). -Two different alleles are present in a pair, *dominant one is expressed*. *Used to predict outcome of crosses*
Printed Communications
*Include: Memos, announcements, advertisements.* -Join people together that have common interests and share information amongst those that desire further detail.
Language features and Structure
*Includes: signal words, words that assist the reader in recognizing the relationship among steps, and simple, objective language.* -*Objective language*: Impartial, non-judgmental, not-personal, and non-emotional.
Enzyme Function
*Infused* into digestive systems to *assist* the absorption and processing of nutrients.
Macromolecules
*Large and Complex* -Role: Cell structure and function. ~Function as *food groups* and the digestion process breaks down the bonds between monomers by hydrolysis. -*4 Basic Organic Compounds*: (Produced by *Anabolic Reactions*) Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides), Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Lipids. -*4 Basic Building Blocks*: (Involved in *Catabolic Reactions*) Monosaccharides (glucose), Amino Acids, Fatty Acids (glycerol=alcohol), and Nucleotides. -Combine using simple *dehydration* reactions with other similar molecules to make biological polymers.
Eosinophils
*Large, long-living phagocytes* that *defend* against multicellular invaders
Integumentary System
*Largest Organ: Skin* -*Layers of Skin*: Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (Hypodermis) -Contains organs and glands that are vital to *protecting* the body and *regulating* the temperature. -Consist of *Skin, Sebaceous Gland, Sweat Glands, Hair, Nails.* -Variety of functions: *Protect, Secrete, and Communicate* -Skin manufactures *Vitamin D* and can absorb certain chemicals like certain medications.
Geometric Quantities
*Length*: Measured with ruler or tape measure *Units: in,ft,yd,mi,cm,m,km* *Curved Length*: Includes arcs or circles -Circumference- Length of distance around circle ~C=2*x*pi*x*r -Length of Arc- C=2*x*pi*x*r then multiply by n/360 *Perimeter:* Length around shape ~Add all sides. To find missing side: Subtract the like-sides ~Half the C= pi*x*radius *Area:* Surface space *Units Squared: in,ft,yd,mi,m*
Phospholipids
*Lipids that have a phosphate group rather than a fatty acid*
Cytosol
*Liquid* materials in the cell. Mostly water, also contains floating molecules.
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
*Located in the neck just below the larynx* *Basic function of thyroid gland is to Regulate Metabolism* -Parathyroid Glands are *4 small glands that are embedded on the posterior side of the thyroid glands* -*Thyroid Gland*: Secretes the hormones *thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin. ~Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine: *Increases metabolism* ~Calcitonin: *Decreases blood calcium by storing calcium in bone tissue.* -Hypothalamus directs the pituitary gland to *secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)*, which stimulates the thyroid gland to *secrete parathyroid hormone* which can increase blood calcium by moving calcium from the bone to the blood.
Prophase(1)
*Longest Phase* -Chromosomes cross over, Genetic material is exchanged, and te trades of four chromatids are formed. Nuclear membrane dissolves/breaks down.
Proteins
*Macromolecules formed from Amino Acids* -Are *Polypeptides*, which consist of many (10-100) peptides linked together. -*Fibrous, Hydrophobic molecules (keratin and collagen)* have hydrophobic amino acids on their surface. Not soluable in water (hemoglobin, antibodies, enzymes) ~*Membrane Proteins* have a stretch of hydrophobic amino acids sandwiched between layers of hydrophilic amino acids and are found *embedded in membranes* where they function in *transport or signal transfer* -*Peptide*: Compound of two or more amino acids. -*Amino Acids*: Formed by the *Partial Hydrolysis* of protein, which forms an *amino acids* ~Connections are the result of *condensation* reactions (loss of water when two molecules are joined together) ~*Hydrolysis* reaction is opposite from Condensation reactions.
Nucleic Acids
*Macromolecules that are composed of nucleotides* *Store information and energy, and are important in catalyst* ~RNA that *catalyzes* the transfer of DNA genetic information into protein coded information. -Hydrolysis is part of the process by which *nucleic acids are broken down* by enzymes to produce shorter strings on RNA and DNA (oligonucleotides) -*Oligonucleotides*: Broken down into smaller sugar nitrogenous units (nucleosides). ~Nucleosides can be *digested* by cells since the sigar is *divided* from the nitrogenous base. -^^^ Leads to the *formation* of the *five types of nitrogenous bases*, sugars, and the preliminary *substance involved in the synthesis* of new RNA and DNA. ~DNA and RNA have a *double helix shape* -ATP is an RNA neucleotide. -*Nucleotide*: Used to form the nucleic acids. Made of *5 Carbon Sugar (*Pentose*) (ribose or deoxyribose, nitrogenous base, and one or more phosphate) ~Consisting of more than *one phosphate* can also store energy in their bonds.
Fats
*Made of long chains of fatty acids* (3 Fatty Acids bound to Glycerol). -*Fatty Acids*: Chains with reduced carbon at one end and a carboxylic acid group at the other. ~Example: Soap- Contains the *Sodium salt* of free fatty acids.
Features of Graphic Representation
*Maps: titles, legends, and scales.* ~*Titles:* Articulate the purpose of the map. ~*Legend:* Clarifies what the symbols, colors, and shapes represent. ~*Scale:* The distance between points.
Mean, Median, and Mode
*Mean:* Add all #, then divide by how many # there are ~"Average" *Median:* Middle # of ordered (Least to Greatest) list. If # are even, then the 2 middle # averaged out. *Mode:* tthat occurs the MOST. Can be more than one. Range: Subtracting the minimum value from maximum value
Electronegativity
*Measure of how capable an atom is of attracting a pair of bonding electrons.* -Refers to the fact that one atom exerts slightly more force in a bond than another, creating a *dipole bond*. -If electronegative difference between 2 atoms is *small*, the atoms will form a *polar covalent bond.* -If the difference is *large*, the atoms will form an *ionic bond.* -When there is *no* electronegativity, a *pure nonpolar covalent bond* is formed.
pH
*Measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ concentration, while a higher pH indicates a lower H+ concentration.* -Scale: 1 to 14 ~ 1 to 7 is considered an *acid* ~ 7 to 14 is considered an *base* ~ Pure water is a 7, neutral. -pH indicator is a substance that acts as a detector of hydrogen or hydronium ions. It's a *halochromic*, meaning it changes color to indicate that hydrogen or hydrnium ions have been detected.
Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids in the Periodic Table
*Metals:* Located on the left side and center of the periodic table. -Include: *Alkaline*- Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium *Alkaline Earth*- Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium. Also, include *Transition Metals*- Iron, Copper, and Nickel and *Inner Transition*- Thorium, Uranium, and Plutonium. *Nonmetals:* Located in the right side of the periodic table. -Include: *Chalcogens*- Oxygen, Sulfur *Halogens*- Fluorine, Chlorine *Noble Gases*- Helium, Neon, Argon, Xenon and Radon *Extra*- Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. *Metalloids:* (semi metals) Form a zigzag line between the metals and nonmetals. -*Include:*Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Antimony, and Polonium.
Epidermis
*Most superficial layer.* -Deepest portion is *stratum basal*. Single layer of cells that continuously undergo division. Older cells pushed towards the surface. -Most epidermal cells are *Keratinized*. ~Keratin: Waxy protein that helps waterproof the skin. -As cells *die* they are sloughed off.
Dermis
*Mostly Connective Tissue* -Contains *Blood Vessels, Sensory Receptors, Hair Follicles, Sebaceous Glands, and Sweat Glands. -Also, contains *Elastin and Collagen*
Efferent Nerves
*Motor* -*Brings signals from* the CNS *to* the sensory organs and skeletal muscles.
Passive Immunity
*Naturally Acquired*: Happens during *Pregnancy* as antibodies move from the mother's bloodstream to the bloodstream of the fetus. ~Can also be transferred from mother's breast milk. ~During *infancy*, antibodies provide *temporary protection* until childhood. *Artificially Acquired*: Immunization that is *given* in recent outbreaks or emergency situations. Provides quick and short-lived protection to disease by the use of antibodies that can come from another person/animal.
Active Immunity
*Naturally Acquired*: The individual is exposed and builds immunity to a pathogen *without* an immunization. *Artificially Acquired*: The individual is exposed and builds immunity to a pathogen *by a vaccine*. -Pathogens can enter body through *lymph nodes*. Nodes contain *large number of antigen-presenting cells* (APC) that can trigger the adaptive immune system.
Lipids
*Not long polymers with high molecular weights* -*Hydrophobic*: Do not bond/mix well with water/water solutions. Help separate *aqueous compartments* -Numerous C-H (Carbon and Hydrogen) bonds. Similar to hydrocarbons. *Role*: Storing energy and structural functions. -Examples: *Fats (hydrogen and carbon), phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.*
Atomic Number
*Number of Protons in the nucleus of an atom* -Can be *represented as Z* -*Neutral Charge*: An atomic number that is *equal* to the number of electrons.
Interneurons
*Transmits Signals between* neurons. ~Interneurons receive transmitted signals between sensory neurons and motor neurons.
Motor Neurons
*Transmits Signals from* CNS *to the rest of the body* such as by signaling muscles or glands to respond.
DNA Replication
*Pairs of Chromosomes are composed of DNA* ~Tightly wound to conserve space. -When replication starts, it *unwinds*. -Steps in DNA replication is *controlled by enzymes*. -*Enzyme Helicase*: Instigates the *deforming* of hydrogen bonds between the bases to *split the two strands*. -*Replication Fork*: Portion of the DNA that is unwound to be replicated. -Each strand of DNA is *transcribed* by an mRNA. It copies the DNA onto itself, *base by base*, in a complementary manner. ~*Exception: Uracil replaces Thymine.*
Text Features
*Parts of a text that stand out from a larger text for a reason* -Examples: bold, print, italics, and footnotes. -Used to orient the reader, provide additional information, provide a clear organizational structure, background knowledge, quickly locating information. ~Indentation: Helps organize and clarify text ~Easily Identified: Sidebars, footnotes, and map legends. Trying to draw attention
The 3 Main Secretions of the Stomach
*Pepsinogen* (chief cells), *Mucus* (goblet cells), *hydrochloric acid* (parietal cells)
Problem/Soluntion*
*Persuasive* -Includes: *Introduction of the problem being addressed, a description of the problem, a plausible solution to the problem, and a closing that challenges the reader to take action.* *-Signal Words:* The problem, so that, for this reason, if....then...., because, this led to, a solution, one reason for.
Condensation
*Phase change in a substance from a gaseous to a liquid form* -When temperatures *decrease* in a gas (water vapor), the materials component molecules *move more slowly.* ~ Decreased motion of the molecules enables *intermolecular cohesive forces* to pull the molecules closer together and, establish hydrogen bonds. -Also, be caused by an *increase in pressure* exerted on gas, which results in *decrease in substances volume* (reduces distance between particles). *Hydrologic Cycle*: -Initiated when warm air containing water vapor *rises and then cools*. ~Occurs due to *convection in the air, meteorological fronts, or lifting over high land formations.*
Cytokinesis
*Physical splitting of the cell into two cells* - Some believe it occurs following telophase, others say it occurs from anaphase, as the cell begins to *furrow*, through telophase, when cell actually splits into two.
Common Themes in Classic Literature
*Power, Motherhood, Freedom, And Privilege. Themes that are easily learned are from culture, geographic area, and time period.* Authors take different perspectives on a single theme. -*Genre:* A group of relate writing or other media. Impact how a theme is addressed. -*Films*: Note more powerful themes. Filmmakers choose to display and comment on themes in many ways. ~Camera angles: Showing subject from below can depict them as powerful or important. Subject shown as being very small compared to vast landscape depicts theme as powerless.
Using evidence to make what?
*Predictions and inferences, and draw conclusions about a piece of writing.* -Draw conclusions by making predictions and inferences. -Using evidence to support how you came to the conclusion. -*Vague Details given*: Author wants you to ask questions, form hypotheses, and draw potentially important details to predict actions, plot twists, and story resolutions. (Technique used to help predicts *foreshadowing*) -*Inference:* Like a prediction but more subtle. -Example: Author using numbered list, Reader might predict that authors is giving instructions or providing a list. ~Title can be considered a prediction ~Word meanings. Using words around an unknown word can provide clues to the meaning of a word.
Carbohydrate
*Primary source of energy* and are *Responsible for providing energy as they can be easily converted to glucose.* -*Functions*: Structural (Celllulose, Chitin), Energy Storage (Amylose, Amylopectin, and Glycogen), and Recognition Molecules (Glycoproteins, Glycolipids) -Monomer: General *General Formula CnH2nOn* n is typically 3, 4, 5, or carbons long. ~Making triose, tetrose, pentose, or hexose monosaccharides. -*Oxidation of Carbs*:Provides the cells with most of their energy. -Usually take the form of CH2O as they are made of *carbon, 2 hydrogen, oxygen* -Broken down into *sugars or glucose*
Classified Advertisment
*Printed Advertisment selling of soliciting something.* -Generally short, detailed text offering items and services. -Example: Print/Online newspapers, magazines, blogs and forums. ~*Blogs:* Website that is usually informal and independently run. ~*Forums:* Online message board. -*Included in Advertisement:*: Headline that engages the reader, item or service offered, a call to action (phone number, email, address)
*(Int.)* Uterus
*Protects and nourishes the developing embryo/fetus until birth* -Cervix: Opening to uterus
Immune System
*Protects the body against invading pathogens* including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists through the presence of barriers composed of *skin, and secretions such as acid, enzymes, and salt.* -*Includes*: Lymphatic System (Lymph, Lymph Capillaries, Lymph Vessel, and Lymph Nodes) ~Also, Red Bone Marrow, numerous Leukocytes, or White Blood Cells. *Diseases: -*Underactivity/Failure*: *AIDS*-Infects T cells and prevents it from activating Cytotoxic T cells and B cells. Preventing Adaptive Immune System from opening. -*Overactive*: *Allergies*-Target innocuous foreign particles (pollen), causing body to go into overdrive by producing huge amounts of IgE that trigger *histamine* release from mast cells. *Autoimmune Disease*- Mistakenly target a host molecule as a foreign antigen.
Axial Skeleton
*Protects vital organs including the brain, heart, and lungs* Consist of *80* Bones and includes vertebral column (spine), rib cage, sternum, skull, and hyoid bone. -*Spine*: Consist of *33* vertebae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral). -*Rib Cage*: 12 Paired ribs, *10 pairs of true ribs and 2 pairs of floating ribs* and the sternum. -*Sternum*: Consists of the manubrium, corpus sterni, and xiphoid process. -Transfers weight from upper body to the lower appendages.
Enzymes
*Proteins with strong catalytic power* -Greatly *accelerate* the speed at which specific reactions approach equilibrium by lowering the energy required. -Make *chemical reactions*happen faster and more often. ~Acceleration can be *substantial*, sometimes making reactions happen a million times faster. -Unusual quality of enzymes is that they *are not permanently consumed* int he reactions they speed up. -Can be used again and again, *providing a constant source* of energy accelerants for cells. Allows for a tremendous *increase* in the number and rate of reactions in cells. -Enzymes deal with reactants, called *Substrates*.
Functions of Skeletal System
*Providing structural support, Providing movement, Providing Protection, Producing Blood Cells, and Storing substances* (fat and minerals). ~Provides the body with structure and support for the muscles and organs. ~Provides movement with joints and muscular system. ~Provides reservoir to store the minerals calcium and phosphorus. -*Bones*: Provide attachment points for muscles. -*Joints*: Include Hinge, Ball-and-Socket, Pivot, Ellipsoid, Gliding, and Saddle Joints. Each bone is attached to two bones: *The Origin and Insertion*. -*Origin*: Remains immobile. -*Insertion*: Bone that moves as the muscle contracts and relaxes. ~Serves to protect the body. -*Cranium*: Protects the Brain. -*Vertebrae*: Protects spine. -*Rib Cage*: Protects heart and lungs. -*Pelvis*: Protects reproductive organs. -*Red Marrow*: Manufactures *red* and *white* blood cells. ~All bone marrow is *red* at birth, but adults have about *one-half red bone marrow* and *one-half yellow bone marrow* -*Yellow Marrow*: Stores fat
Types of RNA
*RNA acts as a help to DNA* and carries out a number of functions. *Types of RNA*: Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), and Messenger RNA (mRNA). -*rRNA*: Not believed to have changed much over time. Can be used to *study relationships* in organisms. In the ribosomes. -*mRNA*: Carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. ~Transcription: Process whereby DNA uses RNA. ~Translation: Process whereby ribosomes use transcribed RNA to put together the needed protein. -*tRNA*: A molecule that helps in the translation process, and is found int he cytoplasm. -RNA mediates the conversation of the information stored in DNA into the proteins that are encoded in genes. -Viruses can *use* RNA to carry their genetic material to DNA. -Mutations: Errors in sequence and interfere with protein function.
Macromolecular Nucleic Acid Polymers
*RNA and DNA* -Formed from nucleotides. ~Which are monomeric units *joined by phosphodiester bonds.* -Cells require ATP to synthesize proteins from amino acids and replicate DNA. -*Nitrogen Fixation*: Used to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins. ~Uses enzyme *nitrogenase* in the reduction of *dinitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3)*
Adaptive Immune System (Respond to Specific Antigen)
*Reaction: Prevention:* *-Cytotoxic T cells -B cells produce* *kill pathogens antibodies* -Activated by antigen and help T cells. -Helper T cells are activated by APC
Dendrites
*Receive impulses from* sensory receptors or Interneurons and *transmit them toward* the cell body. -Strands coming off the Cell body
Adaptive Immune System
*Responds by remembering signature molecules* called Antigens. Functional cells are *Lymphocytes*
Somatic Nervous System
*SNS* -*Controls the 5 senses and the voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.* -Has all the neurons that are connected to the sense organs. -2 Nerves that send signals to neurotransmitters: *Efferent and Afferent*. They help SNS operate the senses and the movement of skeletal muscles. ~*Reflex Arc*
*(Ext.)* Bartholins glands
*Secrete* a lubricating fluid
Nervous System
*Senses, Interprets, and Issues commands* as a response to conditions in the body's environment. Made by a very complex communication system organized as a *grid of neurons*. *Integrates muscles and nerves*.
Communicate
*Sensory Receptors* distributed throughout the skin *send information* to the brain regarding *pain, touch, pressure, an temperature*.
Afferent Nerves
*Sensory* -*Brings signals from* the sensory organs and the muscles *to* the CNS.
Neutrophils
*Short-living phagocytes* that *respond quickly* to invaders
Location of topic
*Should appear near the beginning of the paragraph and include main idea.* -Topic must not be too specific or too general.
General Immune Defense
*Skin*: Intact epidermis and dermis form a formidable barrier against bacteria. *Ciliated Mucous Membranes*: Cilia sweep pathogens out of the respiratory tract. *Glandular Secretions*: Secretions from exocrine glands destroy bacteria. *Gastric Secretions*: Gastric acid destroys pathogens. *Normal Bacterial Populations*: Compete with pathogens in the gut and vagina. -Phagocytes and Inflammation: Responses mobilize WBC and chemical reactions to stop infection. ~Responses include: *Localized redness, tissue repair, and fluid-seeping healing agents.* ~Plasma proteins act as the complement system to repel bacteria and pathogens.
Monomer
*Small Molecule* -Single compound that forms chemical bonds with other monomers to make a *polymer*
Shapes and their Formulas
*Square:* A=l*x*l = l2 (squared) *Rectangle*: A=l*x*w *Triangle*: A= 1/2*x*b*x*h *Parallelogram*: A=h*x*b *Trapezoid*: A= 1/2*x*h*x*(b1*x*b2) *Circle*: A= pi*x*r2 (squared) *Rhombus*: A=1/2*x*d1*x*d2
Stomach Functions
-*Mixing and storing* foods -*Dissolving and degrading* good via secretions -*Controlling passage* of food into the small intestines. Protein digestion begins in stomach
Stereotypes and Biases
*Stereotype: Biased belief about a person or group and doesn't recognize individual differences or social distinction.* ~Influenced by parents, peers, social opinions, and the media. ~Can be positive or negative. Regardless, they have negative consequences. *Bias: Tendency toward a preconceived idea.* ~Preferential viewpoint that often doesn't allow for important or objective discussion. *-Differences that assist in Identification:* *Stereotype:* Writer remains *nonemotional* and uses *general* statements. Writer might have facts based upon *researched biases and falsely supported assumptions.* *Bias:* Writer uses *emotionally* charged word choice and *figuartive* language. Writer purposefully *omits facts* due to a usual *lack of validation.*
Skeletal System
*Structures*: Bone and Cartilage. *>200 Bones*: Divided into 2 parts ~*Axial*: Includes skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column (spine). ~*Appendicular*: Includes bones in arms, feet, hands, legs, hips, and shoulders.
Electrons
*Subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus at various levels commonly referred to as layers, shells, or clouds.* -*Orbiting Electrons*: Account for only a *fraction* of the atoms mass. ~Much smaller than the nucleus, are *negatively* charged, and exhibit wave-like characteristics. -Can occupy orbits that are varying distances away from the nucleus and tend to occupy the *lowest energy level* they can. ~If an atom has *all it's electrons*in the lowest available positions, it has a stable electron arrangement. -*Valence Shell:* Outermost electron shell of an atom in it's uncombined state. ~Electrons there are called *Valence Electrons* and it is their number that determines *bonding behavior*. -Atoms react in a manner that will allow them to fill or empty their valence shells.
Catalyst
*Substance that helps change the rate of reaction without changing their form, can increase rate by decreasing the number of steps it takes to form products.* -Mass of catalyst should be that same at the beginning Of the reaction as it is at the end. -Activation Energy: Minimum amount of energy required. ~ Causes particles to collide with sufficient energy to start the reaction. -Enables more particles to react which lowers the activation energy. *Examples:* Manganese Oxide (MnO2), decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, iron in the manufacture of ammonia using the Haber process, and concentrate of sulfuric acid in the nitration of benzene.
Shape of Distribution
*Symmetry*: Divided at center with each side having half the data *Number of Peaks (modal)*: Uni-1 peak, Bi-2 peaks, Bellshaped- Single peak in center *Skewness*: More distribution on one side than the other *~Right-*More towards left side, toward higher *~Left-*More towards right side, toward lower *Uniform:* Data spread equally, no peaks. *Data Trend:* Easy to see in simple graphs instead of complex ~Expected/Unexpected (outliers): "Outsider" plot point
5 Basic Chemical Reactions
*Synthesis Reaction, Decomposition Reaction, Single Replacement Reactions, Double Replacement Reaction, Combustion Reactions*
Systole and Diastole (Contraction Cycles)
*Systole*: Contraction of heart muscles *Diastole*: Relaxation of heart muscles *Controlled*: by a "pacemaker" called the *Sinoatrial Node*, which sends out electrical signal.
Percentage Convert to/from Fraction
*TO* - Convert to decimal first (divide by 100) then put into simplest form *FROM* - Convert to decimal (multiply to get 100 in denominator then divide by denominator) then put decimal into %
Percentage Convert to/from Decimal
*TO* - Divide % by 100 then remove % symbol *FROM* - Multiply by 100 then add % symbol
Subcutaneous (Hyperdermis)
*Technically NOT a layer of skin* -Consists of *Connective Tissue* which binds the skin to underlying muscles. -*Fat deposits* here to help *cushion* and *insulate* the body.
Chemical Reactivity
*Tendency of a substance to engage in chemical reactions.* If tendency is *high* then the substance is said to be *high reactive*. -*Periodicity:* Allows us to predict an elements reactivity based on its position on the periodic table. ~High numbered groups on the right side of the table have *a fuller complement of electrons* in their outer levels. Making them *less reactive.* ~Except He has 2 (in group 18) -Atoms tend to lose and gain electrons to reach an ideal of 8 in the outer level, these elements have a *very low reactivity.*
3 General Functional Types of Neurons
*The Sensory Neurons, Motor Neurons, and Interneurons.
Evaporation
*The change of state in a substance from liquid to a gaseous form at a temperature below its boiling point.* -*Higher temperatures*: Molecules move more rapidly, increasing their numbers with enough energy to break out of the liquid form. ~ Rate of evaporation is *Higher* when more of the surface area of a liquid is exposed (large body of water). ~Amount out of moisture already in the air also *affects* the rate. ~If there is a significant amount of water vapor in the air around a liquid, some evaporated molecules will *return* to the liquid. -Speed of the evaporation process also *decreased by increases atmospheric pressure*.
Cell Cycle
*The process by which a cell reproduces* which involves cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division. -Complex organisms: Use the cell cycle to *replace* cells as they lose their functionality and wear out. -In Animals: Cell Cycle can take 24 hours. -Human Skin Cells: Constantly reproducing. -2 Ways for Cell Reproduction: *Mitosis and Meiosis*
Compare/Contrast themes from Print and Other Sources
*Theme: Broad concept engaged with by a piece of art.* ~Present in short/long works of fiction/nonfiction, no print sources like films and radio broadcasts. Some themes are obvious but other will need different parts of the text pulled in order to recognize them. ~Novels engage with several themes and in several ways.
Persuasive/Argumentative
*To convince the reader to believe something about the topic.* ~Convince to feel, think, or behave a certain way. -Includes: *facts, details, examples, and persuasive word choice along with logical order of thought development.* -Must portray a strong opinion. -The reason answers *why* to any claim (topic), Evidence *shows* (with facts, details, or examples) what the claim *looks* like. Analysis explains *how* the evidence is supporting the claim and wraps up the paragraph.
Sensory Neurons
*Transmit Signals to* the Central Nervous System *(CNS)* from the sensory receptors associated with *touch, pain, temperature, hearing, sight, smell, and taste*.
The Axon
*Transmits the impulses away* from the cell body. -*Insulated* by *oligodendrocytes* and the *Myelin sheath* with gaps knows as *nodes of Ranvier*. -*Terminates* at the synapse. -Impulse transmitted to the next cell using *chemical neurotransmitters* secrets into the synapse from the axon terminals.
Blood
*Transports* Oxygen to cells and *Removes* wastes. -*Carries hormones* and *Defends* against disease.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
*Two Types:* *-Rough ER:* Has ribosomes on surface. ~*Functions*: Manufacture lysosomal enzymes, Manufacture of secreted proteins. (Protein production, protein folding, quality control, and despatch) *-Smooth ER:* Has no ribosomes. ~*Functions*: Manufacture Lipids (fat), Metabolism, Steroid Hormone production (adrenal cortex and endocrine glands), Helps liver detox. -*Tubular Network* that comprises the transport system of a cell. It is *fused* to the nuclear membrane and *extends* through cytoplasm to the cell membrane.
Acids
*Unique class of compounds characterized by consistent properties* -Either donate H+ or accept OH- ions. -Significant Property of an Acid: Not readily observable and gives acids their unique behaviors. ~*Includes:* Ionization of H atoms, or their tendency to dissociate from their parent molecules and take on an electrical charge. ~*Carboxylic acids:* Characterized by ionization, but of the 0 atoms. *Properties that are easy to observe without any experiments:* ~Sour Taste, Change the color of litmus paper to *red*, Produce gaseous H2 in reaction with some metals, Produce salt precipitates in reaction with bases. *Properties that are less easily observed, but no more complex:* ~Most inorganic acids are easily soluble in water and have high boiling points.
Respiratory System Structures
*Upper*: nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynk larynx *Lower*: trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree (bronchi, bronchial network)
Point of View
*Way the author considers the subject of writing.* *-Ways to identify POV* for purposes of in-depth comprehension, challenging the author and text, and viewing the subject through licenses: *Read multiple text on same subject:* Compares facts, opinions, biases and stereotypes. *Identify authors word choice:* Recognize tones (authors feeling) *Conclude what is missing from text:* Determine POV by omission *Imagine authors side in a debate:* Evaluate the biases and stereotypes.
Van der Waals Force
*Weak* force between molecules. Much weaker than actual chemical bonds between atoms.
Single Replacement Reaction
*When one reactant is displaced by another took form the final product* ~*(A + BC -> AB + C)* -Can be catatonic or anionic. *Example:* Piece of Copper (Cu) is placed into solution of Silver Nitrate (AgNO3), the solution turns blue. The copper appears to be replaced with a silvery-white material. 2AgNO3 + Cu -> Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag ~When reaction takes place, the copper dissolves and the silver in the silver nitrate solution precipitates (to solid) resulting in copper nitrate and silver.
Diffusion
*When particles are translated from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.* -*Equilibrium is reached* then diffusion so *stops*. ~ Examples: Gas exchange (CO2 and O2) during photosynthesis and Transport of oxygen from air to blood and from blood to tissue. -*Facilitated Diffusions*: Specific molecules are transported by a specific carrier protein. ~*Carrier Protein:* Vary in terms of size, shape, and charge. ~Examples of substances transported by carrier proteins are *glucose and amino acids*
chartesian coordinate graph
+ horizontal first, then verticle
Rounding Rules
- 5 or *LARGER*, round *UP* (decimals) - 5 or *SMALLER*, Round *DOWN* (decimals) - Numerator is *GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 1/2* the denominator, then round whole # *UP* - Numerator is *LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 1/2* the denominator, then round whole # *DOWN*
Relationship between 2 Variables
- Change in one can cause change in another - Examples- mileage increases/gas decreases (negative relation). Miles increase/radio increases (positive relation) - *Covariance*: Variables increase = Positive Covariance Variable Decrease = Negative Covariance Independent: First variable Dependent: Second variable
preposition
on, below, on top, near, far, around, to, from
Percent Increase Equation
- Percent Increase ~ PI= new amount - original amount/ original amount X 100%
Airway
- Lined with cilia to remove microbes and debris -*Lungs*: Bronchial Tree -> lungs -> terminate into alveoli (air sacs) -> gas exchange with blood capillaries *Walls of Alveoli *allow for the exchange of gases* with the blood capillaries that surround them. *Right lung* - 3 Lobes *Left lung* - 2 Lobes -Surrounded by *Pleural Membrane* (reduce friction) -*Muscles*: *Diaphragm*: separates thoracic/abdominal cavities *Intercostal*: between ribs
4 tissue types
- epithelial (squamous/simple ; columnar/cuboidal, squaomous) - connective (bone, ligaments, tendons) - nervous (brain,spinal cord) - muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
ending in "one/body" usually means
- everyone, someone, no one, everybody, each, nobody - verb is singular
decrease in birth deaths because
- family planning
Decimal Placement/Converting
- Value greater than 1, Move decimal to right till you get whole number. - Number becomes numerator and 1 becomes denominator with the number of 0's that matches number of moves for decimal. = *Fraction* - Value less than 1. Use whole number as numerator and the *Place value* of *last decimal Digit* as denominator. =*Fraction*
if root word is complete add
- able
if ends with a Y
- and suffix is starting with a vowel keep it - and suffix is starting with a constant then drop and add I then suffix
Kinetic theory states
- atoms are always in motion - amorphous (not ordered) - crystalline (highly ordered)
DNA
- deoxyribose nucleic acid (deoxyribose = sugar group) - double helix strand - contains hereditary/genetic information (genetic blueprint) - ATCG
prokaryotic cell "no true nucleus"
- nucleoid (considered DNA of cell) - plasmid (extra genetic information/free floating) - cytoplasm - cell wall/cell membrane/capsule - ribosomes (to make proteins) - flagella (movement) / pili (communication)
eukaryotic cells
- nucleus : double layered w/ pores ; genetic information (DNA) blueprint (used for making specific proteins) - nucleolus : produces ribosomes within the nucleus then sends them out into the cell - cell/plasma membrane : semi-permeable to allow some water/substances in/out - ribosomes : used to making proteins from mRNA (copy of DNA) - ER (SER & RER) : ER used to move proteins from one place to another called secretion --- RER contains ribosomes on the surface causing the rough appearance ; SER used for metabolic processes - Golgi apparatus : packaging, shipping, and transporting the proteins made by the ribosomes - vesicles : move substances/proteins into or out of the cell ; 3 common vesicles are : vacuoles (basic storage unit) , lysosomes ( contain enzymes to dispose of cellular debris/worn cellular parts ) , peroxisomes ( get rid of toxic material like hydrogen peroxide) - mitochondria : ATP source ; enzymes within the cristae (folds) allow for converting sugar into ATP - microtubules : during mitosis form mitotic spindles (help to organize and segregate chromosomes during cell division) - centrosomes : are microtubules organizing centers that help form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis - flagella/cilia : usually larger than the ones on the prokayotic cells ; used for movement
transcription translation
- occurs in the nucleus where the mRNA takes a copy of DNA - occurs in the cytoplasm with the help of ribosomes - purpose is to produce proteins throughout the body ; DNA codes for that
compare & contrast : plant cells & eukaryotic cells
- plant cells contain BOTH mitochondria & chloroplast for ATP production (power for cell energy) - plants have chlorophyll (traps light ; pigment) - plants have a cell wall on top of the cell membrane (rigid structure) - plants have vacuoles filled with water to maintain the pressure
Water characteristics
- polar molecule (pull toward the oxygen due to the high EN of O) - covalent bonding - electrolysis (splitting liquid water into gaseous components) - pure water hold low EN - adding impurities can increase conduction - max density (m/v) is 4 degrees Celcius - MP = 0 degrees celcius & BP is 100 degrees celcius - ice is less dense than water (think about drinks) - BP depends on pressure for water - High specific heat - high heat of vaporization (amount of heat necessary for converting l>g) - polarity = high surface tension and adhesion - abundant in the universe ; a by-product of star formation - necessity formation of life - used as a solvent to dissolve liquids, solids, and gases into aqueous solutions
RNA
- ribonucleic acid - AUCG - single strand - copies the DNA (mRNA)
Beginning of Digestion
-*Mouth*: By chewing and mixing of nutrients with saliva. -*Salivary Glands*: Stimulated and secrete saliva. ~*Saliva*: Contains enzymes that initiate the breakdown of starch in digestion. -Once swallowed, food moved down *Pharynx* into the *Esophagus*, headed towards the stomach.
Duodenum produces what enzymes?
-"Brush Border" enzymes -*Proteases, Lactase and other disaccharides, and bicarbonate.*
Muscular System
-*3 Types of Muscle Tissue*: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac. -*3 Common Properties*: ~*Excitability*: Tissues have an *electric gradient* which can reverse when stimulated. ~*Contraction*: Tissues have the *ability to contract, or shorten*. ~*Elongate*: Tissues *share the capacity to elongate, or relax*.
Alveoli
-*Aqueous Surfactant*: The *median* for gas exchange and keeps lungs from collapsing on itself due to surface tension
Digestive Role in Pancreas
-*Assists in the digestion* of foods by *secreting enzymes* (to the SM.INT.) that help *break down* many foods, like fats and proteins. -*Precursors to enzymes* (zymogens) are *produced* by groups of *exocrine cells* (acini). -*Converted through a chemical reaction* in the gut, to an *active enzyme* (like pancreatic lipsae and amylase) once entered into small intestines. -*Secretes* large amounts of *sodium bicarbonate* to *neutralize* the stomach avid that reaches the small intestines. -*Exocrine Secretions*: ~*Controlled by hormones* released by the stomach/duodenum when food is present. ~Flow into the *main pancreatic duct* and are *delivered to the duodenum* through duct.
Heart Functions
-*Atrial Contraction*: Fills ventricles and then ventricular contractions empty them, forcing circulation "cardiac cycle" -*Cardiac Muscles* attach to each other and signals *for contraction* spreading rapidly. -*Complex Electrical System*: Controls the *heartbeat* -*Cardiac Muscle Cells*: *Produce and conduct* electrical signals.
Different Graphs and Interpretation
-*Bar Graph:* Compare data (has scale) -*Line Graph:* Data INCREASE or DECREASE over time (has legend) -*Pictograph:* Pics or symbols to show data (legend) -*Pie Chart:* Diagram to compare parts as a whole (labeled,legend) -*Histograph:* Like a bar graph, grouped data -*Stem and Leaf plot:* Outline groups of data that fall into range (small to large, left=stem, right=leaf) -*Scatter Plot:* Functions give with data, finding simple regression. 4 different types: positive, negative, nonlinear exponential, nonlinear quadratic
Prophase
-*Chromatin* thickens into *chromosomes* and the nuclear membrane begins to *disintegrate*. -*Pairs of Centrioles* move to opposite sides and *spindle fibers* begins to form. -*Mitotic Spindle* moves chromosomes around wishing the cell.
Small Intestines
-*Enzymes* from pancreas, liver, and stomach are *transported* here to aid digestion. -Enzymes *act on fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins*. -*Gall Bladder*: stores bile (useful in fat break down) -*Epithelial cells* at the surface of villi (microvilli), to *further increase* the ability of the small intestine to serve as the *main absorption* organ.
*Female* Hormones
-*Estrogen*: From ovaries. Causes the egg to mature in the Graafian follicle and the uterine wall thickens. -*Luteinizing hormone (LH)*: From *Pituitary Gland*. Causes the egg to be released.
Diseases of Bone
-*Excess Withdrawal* of minerals from bone can cause *Osteoporosis* (rigidity of bone lost). -*Arthritis*: Cartilage that articulates between joints is damaged. -*Brittle Bone Disease*: Genetic Defect in the *collagen matrix* and cause bones to break easily.
Innate Immune System Barriers
-*External*: Physical (*skin and mucus*) secretions, Chemical barriers (Low pH, Salt, Enzymes), Cellular barriers of commensal micro-organisms. ~If pathogens *breach* the barriers and enters the blood or tissues, *internal barriers* include Antimicrobial peptides; Interferons that *prevent viral replication*; Complement, which involves the binding of antibodies to the pathogen, inflammation reactions, including fever. NK Lymphocyte cells that engulf and digest extracellular pathogens. -Macrophages and Dendritic cells respond to conserved *pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)* through *toll-like receptors* and trigger an inflammation or *antigen presentation*.
Hormones in Male Reproductive System
-*Follicle-stimulating hormone:* Stimulates *Spermatogenesis* -*Luteinizing hormone:* Stimulates *testosterone* production. -*Testosterone:*Constantly producing. Responsible for the male sex characteristics (production of mammary glands, axial and facial hair, fat deposition patterns, and muscle growth)
Lymphatic System
-*Function*: To *return* excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. -Consists of *transport vessels and lymphoid organs.* *Lymph Vascular System*: Consists of lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, and lymph ducts. -Function: Return excess fluid to blood, Return of protein from capillaries, Transport of fats from the digestive tract, Disposal of debris and cellular waste.
Peritoneal Ligaments that Support the Spleen
-*Gastrolienal*: Connects the stomach to the spleen -*Lienorenal*: Connects the kidney to the spleen -*Middle Section of the Phrenicolic ligament*: Connects the left colic flex use to the thoracic diaphragm
*(Int.)* Bulbourethral (Cowper's)
-*Glands that secrete* a fluid into the *urethra* to *neutralize* the acidity in the urethra.
Pancreas
-*Head*: wider side, *Tail*: Narrower side -Exocrine and endocrine tissue -*Exocrine*: *Secretes digestive enzymes* from a series of ducts that collectively *form the main pancreatic duct*. ~Main pancreatic duct *connects to common bile duct+ near duodenum -*Endocrine*: *Secretes hormones* (insulin) into the bloodstream. -Blood is *supplied* from the splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery, and the superior mesenteric artery.
Printed Public Announcement
-*Inform public about organizations, upcoming events, and services.* -Message is short, design is simple and eye-pleasing, and information is easily accessible. -Content should include: *Link to information access, information about supporting organization, and supporting details* (In images and short phrases, if possible)
Cardiac Muscle
-*Involuntary* muscle found in *only the heart* -Cells are *striated*
Smooth Muscle
-*Involuntary* muscles that are found int he *walls of internal organs* like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. -*Non-striated* -Cells are *shorter and wider* than skeletal muscle fibers. -Found in *sphincters or valves* that control various openings throughout the body.
Liver
-*Largest solid* organ in body, largest gland -*4 Lobes*: Right, left, quadrate, and caudate. -Secured to diaphragm and abdominal walls by *5 ligaments* (falciform, coronary, right triangular, left triangular, and round ligaments). -*Lobules*: Blood *enters here* through branches of the *hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery*. Then *flows* through small channels called *sinusoids*. -*Processes all the blood* that passes through digestive system. -*Nutrients are converted* into forms appropriate for the body to use
4 Bone Types
-*Long*: Long compact hollow shafts containing marrow. Ends are usually made of spongy bone with air pockets. ~Humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, and fibula. -*Short*: Wider than they are long. ~Bones of the toes (metatarsals) and collarbone. -*Flat*:Not hollow but contain marrow. ~Scapula, ribs, and sternum. -*Irregular*:Nonsymmetrical shapes ~Bones of the skull, knee, and elbow.
Reproductive System
-*Male and Female* reproductive systems are *complex* and involve physical structures, hormones, an secretions. -Works with the endocrine system to influence many other parts of the body.
Terms of Direction
-*Medial*: Towards the mid-line, Middle, Away from the side. ~Example: The little finger it medial to the thumb. -*Lateral*: Toward the side, Away from the mid-line. ~Example: Anatomical position, Thumb is lateral to little finger. -*Proximal*: Structures *closer* to the center of the body. ~Example: Hip is proximal to the knee. -*Distal*: Structures *further* away from center of the body. ~Example: Knee is distal to the hip. -*Anterior*: Structures in *front*. -*Posterior*: Structures *behind*. -*Cephalad/Cephalic*: Adverbs meaning towards the head. ~Example: Cranial is the adjective, meaning The Skull. -*Caudad*: Adverb meaning towards the tail/posterior. ~Example: Caudal is the adjective, meaning The Hindquarters. -*Superior*: Above, or closer to the head. -*Inferior*: Below, or closer to the feet.
Digestive System Functions
-*Movement*: Mixes and passes nutrients through the system and eliminates waste. -*Secretion*: Enzymes, hormones, and other substances necessary for digestion are secreted into the digestive tract. -*Digestion*: Chemical breakdown of nutrients into smaller units that enter the internal environment -*Absorption*: Passage of nutrients through plasma membranes into the blood or lymph and then to the body.
*Female* Reproductive System
-*Produce* ova (oocytes, or eggs), *transfer* the over to the fallopian tubes for *fertilization*, *receive* sperm from male, and to *provide* a protective, nourishing environment for the *developing embryo/fetus* -*External Structures:* Labia major/minor, Bartholins glands, and clitoris. -*Internal Structures:* Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina.
Liver Function
-*Production* of bile, certain blood plasma proteins, cholesterol -*Storage* of excess glucose in the form of glycogen -*Regulation* of amino acids and blood clotting -*Processing* of hemoglobins -*Conversion* of ammonia -*Purification* of the blood -*Controlling infections* by boosting immune factors and removing bacteria.
Salts
-*Properties:* Formed from acid/base reactions, are ionic compounds consisting of metallic and nonmetallic ions, dissociate in water, and are comprised of tightly bonded ions. ~Common Salts: Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Sodium Bisulfate, Potassium Bichromate (K2Cr2O7), and Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) ~Potassium Nitrate (KNO3): Used to make fertilizer and in the manufacture of explosives. ~Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3): Used in the making of fertilizer. ~Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate): Salt ~Epson Salt (Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4)) -Hydrolysis Reaction: Salt and Water can react to form a base and an acid.
Compare and Order Rational Numbers
-*Rational Numbers*: -6 (-6/1), 5 (5/1), 100 (100/1) -*Irrational Numbers*: Square root (any prime number), pi -*Numeric Order*: Least to Greatest, Greatest to Least. Best in decimal form. Line them up vertically. -*Fraction/Fraction Form*: 5 2/7 (put into decimal) Divide 2 by 7 to get .2857 which will equal 5.2857
*(Ext.)* Scrotum
-*Sac* of skin and *smooth muscle* that houses the testes and keeps them at the proper temperature for *spermatogenesis*.
Secrete
-*Sebaceous Gland* secretes *Sebum* (oil) that waterproofs the skin. -*Sweat Glands* secrete sweat. Associated with body's homeostatic relationship with *thermoregulation*. ~Also, serve as *excretory organs* and help rid the body of metabolic wastes. -Exocrine Glands found in skin. Secrete through ducts to the skin
*(Int.)* Epididymis
-*Stores* sperm as it *matures* -Mature sperm moves *through vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct*.
Respiratory Functions
-*Supplies* body with *oxygen* and *Removes* carbon dioxide (occurs in alveoli) -*Filters Air*: passes through nasal passages -> lungs -*Speech*: Air -> throat -> through larynx, causing vibrations and producing sound before heading to trachea -*Cough*: Particles -> nasal passages/airways -> expelled from body -*Smell*: Chemoreceptors (nasal cavity) respond to airborne chemicals
Skeletal Muscle
-*Voluntary* muscles that work in *pairs* to move various parts of the skeleton. -Composed of *muscle fibers (cells)* that are bound together in parallel bundles. -Known as *striated* muscles due to their stripped appearance under the microscope. -Only muscle to help with the movement of the body.
1 fluid oz
2 tsp 30 mL
Midbrain
-Above the pons and the medulla oblongata. -*Parts:* Tectum, the Tegmentum, and the Ventral Tegmentum. -Important Part of *Vision and Hearing.*
Absorption Process
-Acidity *helps break down* the food and *make nutrients* available for absorption. *Smooth muscle contractions* move nutrients into the *small intestines* where absorption process begins.
Thermoregulation (Temperature Homeostasis)
-Activated by *Sweat Glands* -Body maintains a stable body temperature as one component of a stable internal environment. -Temperature of the body is *controlled by the Negative Feedback System* consisting of a receptor, control center, and effector.
Arteries vs. Veins
-Arteries have *thick walls* to withstand the pressure of blood pumped by the hearts. -Veins have *walls with a thinner muscle layer and larger lumen.*
Endocrine System
-Set of organs that secrete *hormones* into the circulatory system. They regulate many patterns in the body for short and long term. -Contains: *Adrenal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Thymus, Pineal, Pituitary Glands.
Ions
-Atoms interact by transferring or sharing the electrons furthest from the nucleus. -*Bonds*: Between atoms are created when electrons are paired up by being transferred or shared. If electrons are transferred *from one atom to another* then the bond is *ionic*. If electrons are shared, then the bond is *covalent* -Atoms of the same element may bond together to *form molecules or crystalline* solid. -*Compound*: Made when *two or more * different types of atoms bind together *chemically*. ~Physical properties reflect the nature of the interactions among their molecules. ~Interactions are determined by the structure of the molecule, including the atoms they consist of and the distances and angles between them.
Immune Response to Antigen
-Can be *anti-body mediated* when the response is *to an antigen*, or *cell-mediated* when the response is *to already infected cells.* ~Responses are *controlled and measured counter-attacks* that recede when the foreign agents are *destroyed*. -Once an invader has attacked the body, if it returns it is immediately *recognized* and a *Secondary Immune Response* occurs. *Secondary Immune Response*: -Rapid and Powerful, much more so than the original response. ~Memory lymphocytes circulate throughout the body for years, alert to a possible new attack.
Chemical Reactions Overview
-Can take place quickly or slowly ~Fractions of a sec or billions of years -Rates of Chemical Reactions are determined by *how frequently reacting atoms and molecules interact*. ~Rates are influenced by the *temperature and various properties of the reacting materials. -*Catalysts*: Accelerate chemical reactions, while *inhibitors decrease* reaction rates. ~Some reactions release energy in the form of heat and light. -Some types of reactions involve either electrons or hydrogen ions between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. *Other Reactions:* Chemical bonds are broken down by heat or ought to form reactive radicals with electrons that will readily form new bonds. ~Radical Reactions: Processes controlled by radicals are *formation of ozone, greenhouse gasses in atmosphere, and burning/processing of fossil fuels.*
2 Integrated Circulatory System
-Closed Circulatory System -Open Lymphatic System
Large Intestines
-Colon -*Concentrates, mixes, and stores* waste material -Rectal wall is distended by waste material, the nervous system *triggers an impulse* in the body to *expel* the waste from the rectum. -*Muscle sphincter* at the end of the anus is stimulating facilitates the *expelling* of waste matter. -Speed of waste movement through colon is *influenced by volume of fiber* and *other undigested materials* present. -*Lack of Bulk in diet*: Bowel obstructions, constipation.
Renal Cortex
-Composed of about one million nephrons (tiny, individual filters of the kidney). ~Nephrons contain a cluster of capillaries called *glomerulus* surrounded by the cup-shaped Bowman's Capsule, which leads to tubule. -Kidneys *receive blood from the renal arteries*, which branch off the aorta. Blood flows from renal arteries into arterioles into the glomerulus, where it's filtered. -Glomerular Filtrate: Enters the proximal convulated tubule where water, glucose, ions, and other organic molecules are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. -Substance like *urea and drugs* are removed from the blood in the *distal convoluted tubulue*. ~pH of the blood can be adjusted in the DST by the secretion of *hydrogen ions*.
Lymphoid Organs
-Consist of lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, adenoids, thymus, tonsils, and small patches of tissue in the small intestines. *Lymph Nodes*: Located at intervals through the lymph vessel system. Contains *lymphocytes and plasma cells.* *Spleen*: Filters blood, stores of RBC and macrophages. *Thymus*: Secrets hormones. Major site of lymphocyte production.
Peripheral Nervous System
-Consists of *nerves and ganglia* throughout then body and *includes sympathetic nerves* which trigger the *"fight or flight"* response, and the *parasympathetic nerves* which *control basic* body function.
*(Ext.)* Penis
-Contains the *Urethra* - Can fill with *blood* and become *erect*, enabling the *deposition* of semen and sperm into the female reproductive tract. during sex.
Urine
-Contains: Urea, Water, Salts, and other excess Metabolites. Drained from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until expulsion from the body through the urethra.
Sales Tax Equation
-Convert % to decimal then Multiply % times the Original Number (% x Original Price, Original Price + x = ST)
Breathing Process
-Diaphragm/Intercostal muscles *contracts* to expand lungs -*Inspiration* (Inhalation): Diaphragm *contracts* and moves down *increasing* the chest cavity -*Expiration* (exhalation): Intercostal muscles *contract* and ribs *expand*, *increasing size* of chest cavity ~Volume of chest cavity *increases*, then the pressure inside chest cavity *decreases* ~When *relaxed*: Size of cavity *decreases* forcing air out. -Controlled by *Medulla Oblongata* ~*Monitors* carbon dioxide in blood, signals the breathing rate to *increase* when levels are too high.
Valence Layers
-Electron in an atom can orbit different levels around the nucleus. They can *absorb or release* energy, which can change the location of their orbit or even allow them to break free from the atom. -Outermost Layer (Valence Layer): Contains the *valence electrons*. -Valence layer tends to *have or share* 8 electrons. ~Molecules are formed by a chemical bond between atoms. it occurs here.
Lymph
-Essentially plasma with RBCs removed -Large numbers of leukocytes and lymphocytes are enriched in *lymph nodes* -Where they *monitor* and *respond* to foreign molecules washed into the system. -Nodes are enriched in oral, nasal, and genital regions where foreign entities enter the body.
Evaluating Purpose in a given text
-Figure out if text is to entertain, inform, or persuade.
Identify Correct Definition of a Word
-Find context clues to help provide for the meaning of the word. *Root Words and Affixes:* Root is the base of a word and can have a prefix or suffix add to make a meaning. ~Example: Root= fract (break) Suffix= -tion *Comparing Signal Phrases:* Clue being provided to help clarify *Definition:* Provided as a restatement of the phrase *-Example or Illustration:* Examples given to provide a hint towards definition.
Macrophages
-Found traveling in the lymph or fixed in lymphatic tissue are the *largest, long-living phagocytes* that engulf and destroy pathogens.
Protection
-From *pathogens* including bacteria, viruses, and various chemicals from entering the body.
Kidneys
-Functions: filtering blood, creating urine, stabilizing water balance, maintaining blood pressure, and producing the active form of Vitamin D. *Bean-shaped structures that are located at the back of the abdominal cavity just under the diaphragm.* *3 Layers*: Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, and Renal Pelvis. -Cardiovascular System: Pumps blood into the kidneys through the renal artery. Pressure of the blood helps the glomerulus filter out waste and return vital nutrients to the blood through the renal vein. -Produce *renin*: Hormone that regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing water and salt.
*Lock and Key* Analogy
-Highly selective, only interacting with *substrates* that are a *match* for it at an *active site* on the enzyme. ~Analogy: Certain enzyme *only fits* with certain substrates, but the fit is not always perfect.
Urinary Bladder
-Hollow, muscular organ that holds 500 to 1000mL of liquid. -Has sensors that communicate *with Cardiovascular System*. ~Both, *internal and external sphincters* of the bladder must be released for excretion to occur. -*Urethra*: Tube from bladder to an opening. Urine flows from bladder to opening to be expelled out of body.
Endocrine and Circulatory Relationship
-Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland coordinate to serve as a *neuroendocrine control center*. ~Hypothalamus *sends sends signals to* Pituitary and then *they send releasing hormones it to the specific glands*. - Hormones are *made* at the gland and then released directly into the circulatory system. Received by *target cells* or *organ* by hormone-specific receptors. -Endocrine acts more *slowly* than nervous system and the effects last *longer* than the nervous systems impulses.
Pepsin
-Initiates chemical digestion of proteins by this *enzyme* -Activated by *acid and autocatalyst*
Dihybrid Crosses
-Involving *more than one* trait. More combinations are possible. Ratio of genotypes is 9:3:3:1 when the traits are *not* linked. Rate for *incomplete dominance* is 1:2:1, which corresponds to dominate, mixed, and recessive phenotypes. -Genetic Cross for *two traits that each have two alleles*.
Posterior Area
-Known as *Brain Stem* ~*Connected* to the spinal cord. -*3 Parts:* Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata. - *Information* from the body is *sent* to the brain *through* the brain stem, and *information* from the brain is *sent* to the body *through* the brain stem. -*Important part of Respiratory, Digestive, and Circulatory Functions.*
Liquid
-Molecules or atoms of liquids move around and have weak bonds, but not weak enough to readily break. ~*Volume remains constant but assumes shape of its container, High density, No compressibility, Move freely.* ~Considerable attraction between molecules, but they are much more mobile, having no structures
Properties of Water
-Liquid at room temperature Has *High Polarity, Hydrogen a Bonding, Cohesiveness, Adhesiveness, High Specific Heat, High Latent Heat, and High Heat of Vaporization.* -*Polar Molecule*: Has *negatively* charge (oxygen end) and *positively* charged (hydrogen end) sides. Allows it to form hydrogen bonds and demonstrate both *cohesive and adhesive* properties. -*High Specific Heat*: It resists the breaking of its hydrogen bonds and resists heat and motion, which is why it *has relatively high boiling point and high vaporization point.* -*Resist temperature change* -*Cohesiveness:* It is attracted to itself. *Allows to travel through small capillaries without using energy. Creates surface tension by creating a tight-knit layer of water molecules on the surface of any body of water*. ~Solid Water "ice" will float on water because it has a lower density than liquid water. -*Adhesiveness:* Water adheres to another substance, then substance is said to be *hydrophilic*. *Sticks to other molecules*. *Universal Solvent: Many substances dissolve in it* ~Those particularly with *polar ions and molecules*
Occipital Lobe
-Located at the back of the head just above the brain stem. -*Responsible for visual input, processing, and output; specifically nerves from the eyes enter directly into this lobe*.
Temporal Lobe
-Located at the left and right sides of the brain -*Responsible for all auditory Input, processing, and output.
Frontal Lobe
-Located in the front of the brain -*Responsible for a short term/working memory and information processing as well as decision-making, planning, and judgement.*
Parietal Lobe
-Located slightly toward the back of the brain and the top of the head. -*Responsible for sensory input as well as spatial positioning of the body*.
Pathway of Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide in Lungs How Respiratory System effects Circulatory System
-Lungs are perfumed by blood vessels from the heart to *bring* deoxygenated blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs, where oxygen is *added* and carbon dioxide is *removed* to return oxygenated blood *to the heart* for circulation to the rest of the of the body -*Diffusion*: *Passive transport* mechanism. *Rate of Diffusion* is *directly proportional* to the surface area involved and the concentration gradient, and is *inversely proportional* to the distance between the two. solutions. -Oxygen in the lungs *moves into the blood*, and carbon dioxide in the blood *moves to the lungs*. Lungs then exhale carbon dioxide back out of body.
Gas
-Molecules or atoms of gases move independently of each other, are typically far apart, and do not form bonds. ~*Assumes volume and shape of container, Low density, High compressibility, Very free motion.* ~Little to no attraction to one another ~Constantly in motion ~Separated by distances that are very large in comparison to the size of molecules. ~Easily expand to fill whatever space is available, easily compressible.
Skeletal Muscle Contractions
-Muscle Fibers contains a bundles of *myofibrils*. Composed of multiple repeating contractile units called *Sacromeres*. -*Myofibrils*: Contain 2 Protein Microfilaments. ~*Myosin*: Thick Filament ~*Acting*: Thin Filament ~Dark bands (striations) in skeletal muscles are formed when thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments overlap. ~Light bands are from *thin* filaments overlapped. -*Attraction* occurs when *actin* slides over *myosin shortening* the sarcomere. -*Action potential* reaches a muscle fiber, then *calcium ions* are released. ~Calcium Ions *bind* to myosin and actin, which *assist* in the binding of myosin heads of the thick filament to the actin of the thin filaments. -*Adenosine triphosphate*: Released from glucose provides the energy for contraction.
Physical Properties
-Observed properties of the substance and those that can change the state without changing the identity of the substance. -Categorized as either *Intensive or Extensive*. -Can be *observed our measured.* Includes: Color, elasticity, mass, volume, and temperature. -*Mass:* Measure of the amount of substance in an object. -*Weight:* Measure of gravitational pull of earth on an object -*Volume:* Measure of the amount of space occupied. ~ Many formulas to determine volume. ~*Cubed*: a3, *Rectangle*: l*x*w*x*h, *Irregular shape*: by how much water it displaces, *Density*: D=m/V (g/cm3), *Specific Gravity*: Measure of the *ratio* of a substances density compared to the density of water.
Rephrasing
-Once hints in details are found, you should be able to synthesize the key ideas/points to rephrase ideas. -*First step*: Analyze (break down) the key ideas. -*Second Step (final)*: Rephrase key ideas to understand the main idea. Evaluate the similarities and differences.
Directions
-Once reader has identified all features of procedure. -*Very specific, using language that tells how to accomplish the steps.*
Ureter
-One for each kidney. -Small tubes that carry Urine from the Kidneys to the Urinary Bladder.
Order of Operations
-PEMDAS (No exponent for TEAS 6) -Parentheses *FIRST* -Multiplication and Division *SECOND* (Left to Right) -Addition and Subtraction *THIRD* (Left to Right)
Cerebellum
-Plays a role in the *processing and storing* of implicit memories. ~Specifically, for those memories developed during classical conditioning learning techniques. ~ Discovered by exploring the memory of individuals with damaged cerebellum so. Were unable to develop stimulus responses when presented via a classical conditioning technique. Researcher found that this was also the case for *automatic responses*
Water Molecules
-Polar ~Hydrogen atoms are arranged around the Oxygen atoms in a close tetrahedron. -Oxidized (number of electrons reduced) when it bonds with oxygen to form water. -Hydrogen bonds tend to not only weak, but also short-lived. -Tend to be numerous. -Give water many of its important properties. -*An important component of proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA* -Ice: Has each oxygen atom bound to four hydrogen atoms, two covalently and two by hydrogen bonds. ~Forms an ordered roughly tetrahedral structure that prevents molecules from getting close to each other. ~There are empty spaces in the structure that account for the *low density* of ice.
Recognizing Events in a Sequence
-Powerful benefits like remembering information, understanding text, and analyzing information. -Know the different between Sequential and Chronological
Ratio/Rate Change
-Ratio: Simply just a fraction. Once you add/attach WORDS (units) to fraction then it becomes a RATE. - Example- ~Y2-Y1/X2-X1 rise over run ~Unit Rate - denominator HAS to be 1
Groups (columns) and Periods (row) in terms of Reactivity
-Reading *left to right* shows that the electrons are *increasing by 1*. - As electrons are added, their attraction to the nucleus *increases*, meanings as we read to the right in a period, each atoms electrons are more *densely compacted, more strongly bound to the nucleus, and less likely to be pulled away in reactions.* -Reading *down* a group, each successive atoms outer electrons are *less tightly bound* to the nucleus, thus *increasing* their reactivity, because the principal energy levels are *increasingly full* as we move downward within a group. -*Principal Energy Levels:* Shield the outer energy levels from nuclear attraction allowing the valence electrons to react.
After Investigation
-Scientists *analyze data* to determine possible conclusions. -Conclusions are based one evidence and subjected to scrutiny by other scientists. -Finally, they submit their evidence to journals, where the investigation and data are reviewed. ~Only the most reliable data should pass through this process. ~Hypotheses accepted or rejected through this process.
*(Int.)* Seminal Vesicles
-Secretes *Alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus* into the *ejaculatory duct*, also.
*(Int.)* Prostate Gland
-Secretes* milky white fluid with *proteins and enzymes* as part of semen.
Models of Atoms
-Small -*Atomic Radius:* The average distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron. -Electrons close to nucleus revolving around it.
Residual Capacity
-Small amount of stale air. -Remains trapped in alveoli after expiration and mixes with the fresh air brought in by inspiration.
Enzyme Helicase
-Splitting *begins* at the *A-T bases* as there are only *two hydrogen bonds* (C-G bases has 3 bonds). -"Origin of replication": Means *where the splitting start/begins*
Solid
-Structures are rigid or nearly rigid and have strong bonds. ~*Definite volume and shape, High density, No compressibility, and Vibrations around fixed positions.* ~Little or no motion ~Heavily attracted to neighboring molecules, giving them structure. Structure may be ordered/crystalline or random/amorphous.
Blood carrying nutrients passes through? Allowing what to happen?
-Through *hepatic portal duct* to the liver - Allowing liver enzymes to *deaminate amino, convert ammonia to urea, metabolize consumed toxins, and to store glucose as glycogen.*
Lymphatic System in the Immune System
-Tissue Fluid enters *Lymph Capillaries* combined they form *Lymph Vessels*. -Skeletal muscle contractions *move the lymph* one way through the lymphatic system to lymphatic ducts, which *dump back into* the venous blood supply into the *Lymph Nodes*, which are situated alone the *Lymph Vessels*, and filter the lymph of pathogens and other matter. -*Lymph Nodes*: Concentrated in the *neck, armpits, and groin areas.* *Outside the Lymphatic Vessel System* -*Lymphatic Tissue* include the tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, and Peyer's patches. -*Tonsils*: Located in the pharynx, *protect against pathogens* entering the body through the *mouth and throat.* -*Thymus*: Maturation chamber for the *immature T-Cells* that are formed in the bone marrow. -*Spleen*: Cleans the blood of dead cells and pathogens. -*Peyer's Patch*: Located in the small intestine, *protect the digestive system from pathogens*
*Male* Reproductive System
-To *produce, maintain, and transfer* sperm and semen into the female reproductive tracts and to *produce and secrete* male hormones. -*External Structures:* Penis, Scrotum, and Testes -*Internal Structures:* Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Ejaculatory Duct, Urethra, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Glands, and Bulbourethral Glands.
Spleen
-Upper left of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below diaphragm. -Lymphoid tissue -Blood vessels are *connected* to the spleen by *splenic sinuses*. -*Function*: Filter unwanted materials from the blood (including old RBC) and to help fight infections. -Up to 10% of the population has one or more accessory spleens that tend to form at the hilum of the original spleen.
Renal Medulla
-Urine begins to produce -Unabsorbed materials (salt and water) flow out from the collecting tubule into the collecting duct.
Evaluate and Integrate Data from Sources in Various Formats
-Use multiple data sources so that an understanding can be based on multiple perspectives. ~Library Media Specialist (Information Specialist) will help locate relevant information. -May include: Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams. *Organizing Information:* Organize in a logical manner by using a Coding System that makes sense to you. Like *marking information* with abbreviations, colors, or anything to help physically sort it into physical or electronically folders. *Synthesis:* Putting all information back together.
Typical Immune Response
-When a pathogen/foreign substances *enters* the body, it is *engulfed* by a *macrophage*, and the *killer T cells and B cells* are activated. -Killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells) *search out and destroy* cells presenting the same antigens. -B cells *differentiate* into plasma cells and memory cells. -Plasma cells *produce* antibodies specific to that pathogen or foreign substances. -Memory cells remain in the blood stream to *protect* against future infections from the same pathogen.
fertility rates
-high fertility rates in lower developed countries -average age is 14/15-44 -fertility rates coincide with death rates therefore causing the population to stay steady -higher death rates in lower developed countries -factors: government (china) , abortions , family planning , infant mortality rate , literacy , education , employment , economy , culture , religion
if absolute value
1) check to see if solution side is negative (if negative & is < or = then NO solution) but (if negative is greater than then ALL REAL NUMBERS) 2) if absolute value is negative once numbers are added/subtracted outside of absolute then base off of above
milli centi deci G deca hecto kilo
.001 .01 .1 1 10 100 1000
1Ib
.45kg
1 yd to meters
.914 meters
16 oz
1 Ib 453.6 g
1000 mL
1 L
8 oz
1 cup .237 L
meiosis
1 diploid > 2 hapoloid (meiosis I) > 4 haploid (meiosis II)
12 inches
1 ft (foot) .305 m
1000 mg
1 g
4 quarts
1 gal (gallon) 3.785 L
8 fluid oz
1 glass 240 mL
2.54 cm = ?
1 inch
1000 g
1 kg
1000 m
1 km
100 cm
1 m
1000 mm
1 m
1000 kg
1 metric ton
1000 mcg (micrograms)
1 mg
5280 ft
1 mi (mile) 1.609 km
1000 um (micrometer)
1 mm
16 drams
1 oz 28.35 g
8 drams
1 oz (ounce) 29.573 mL
16 oz
1 pint .473 L
2 pints
1 quarts .946 L
2000 Ib
1 ton 907.2 kg
1 fluid dram
1 tsp 5 mL
3 feet
1 yd (yard) .914 m
Scientific notation
1) find a problem 2) ask questions 3) make a hypothesis (prediction of what can occur) 4) do the experiment/ collect data 5) analyze data 6) write a conclusion (no biases/lying or else it will get thrown out ; also experiment must be able to be done again)
order of events during mitosis/meiosis
1) interphase (G1, S, G2) 2) prophase (membrane disappear, spindle fibers form) 3) metaphase (meet in the middle) 4) anaphase (move toward opposite poles) 5) telophase/cytokinesis (membrane reappears, cells separate) --- meoisis straight into prophase II (variation due to homologous/crossing over), metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II
absolute values
1) use the equation given and solve - if there is a number outside of absolute values, then use it then solve. - once solved the original, put negative sign outside absolute, then divide by -1 to both sides causing the change for solution side/the symbol
Common Denominator
1. Find least on on multiple of denominator 2. Change each fraction to make their denominator the same as least common denominator ~List multiples of each denominator and find SMALLEST number ~Multiply numerator by multiple of LCD, Use LCD as denominator
1 mile in km
1.61 km
KE = motion
1/2mv^2
1kL
1000 L
1 ft - ?
12 inches
1 lb
16 ounces
1 kg
2.2 pounds
1 inch
2.54 cm
1 inch in cm
2.54 cm = ?
Kelvins
273 + C = K
1 oz in grams
28
1 yd
3 ft
Melting and Boiling Point
3 states of matter can be traversed by the *addition or removal* of heat. -In order to transition from a solid to a liquid, *additional heat* must be added at the melting point to overcome the *latent heat of fusion*. ~Solid + Heat = Liquid -Boiling Point: Additional heat must be added at the boiling point to overcome the *latent heat of vaporization* ~Liquid + Heat = Gas *C+273.15=K* *K-273.5=C* *(F-32)*x*5/9* *(K-273.15)*x*9/5+32=F* *(C*x*9/5)+32=F*
4 fluid dram
3 tsp 15 or 16 mL
1 gal in liters
3.78 liters
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
4 types of macromolecules
1 calorie in Jouls
4.190
Purines and Pyramidines
5 bases of DNA and RNA can be *categorized as either pyrimidine or purine according to their structure*. -*Pyramidine Bases*: Include *Cytosine, thymine, and uracil* ~Six-sided and have a single ring shape. -*Purine Bases*: Include Adenine and Guanine. ~Had 2 rings attached. ~One ring has *5 sides and the other has six* -When combined with *sugar*, any of the five bases become *nucleosides* -Nucleosides: Formed *from purine bases* end in *"osine"* and those formed *from pyramidine bases* end in *"idine"* ~*Adenosine and Thymidine* Most basic components.
kilogram
5 pound bag a sugar
1 cup
8 ounces
atomic radius
< down - increases
is
=
nucleotide letters
A - Adenine T - Thymine G - Guanine C - Cytosine
purines
A - G - two sugar
Conclusion definition
A deduction made by the reader about an unstated outcome from a reading passage. Asks the reader to analyze and make a decision based on predictions, details, evidence, and results.
When a dependent clause precedes an independent clause in a complex sentence; What should separate the two?
A comma
Dependent clause
A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and does not contain a complete thought
Independent clause
A group of words that contain a subject and a verb, and expresses a complete thought
adaptive immune system
A kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body.
Small Intestines *Absorb* what?
A lot of water and nutrients
Topic Definition
A noun or noun phrase that encapsulates the subject matter of writing. -Examples: arteries, acid, alleles mammals or recycling
Antecedents
A noun that existed before a pronoun
Simple sentence
A sentence that contains only one clause, and has complete meaning (independent clause) Ex. Some students like to study in the mornings. Ex. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
Phrase
A string of two or more words, that do not have a subject and a verb Ex. because of her glittering smile Ex. broken into thousands of pieces
Clauses
A string of two or more words, with a subject and a verb Ex. When the saints go marching in Ex. Obediah Simpson is uglier than a rabid raccoon.
"Who"
A subject pronoun, in reference to people Performer of the action Tip: Who=He Ex. Who threw the ball
Apostrophes are used in certain expression of time
A week's vacation
complimentary bases
A-T G-C
if root word is NOT COMPLETE
ADD -ibe
Comprehension defintion
Ability to understand
Villi and Microvilli function?
Absorb polar digested nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons, and B12
Words end in -cede
Accede, antecede, concede, intercede, recede, retrocede
Cell Membrane
Acting as a *barrier*. Helps keep cytoplasm *in* and substances located outside the cell *out*. -Helps determine what is allowed to *exit and enter*.
Verbs
Action verbs Passive verbs Linking verbs
Constant of Proportionality
Also known as *Rate of Change* Ratio between two quantities ~Y=k*x (k is constant, y and X are direct proportion) ~One variable is always the product of the other and a constant, the two are said to be directly proportional.
Prefix
Added to the beginning of the word to modify it
Suffix
Added to the end of the word to modify it
Conjunctive adverbs
Adverbs that act like conjunctions; therefore they connect the information in two clauses or sentences.
Homophones: Affect and Effect
Affect (verb): To have an effect on Effect (noun): Something that is brought about by a cause
Prefix: re
Again: Readjust
Respiratory Directions
Air -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Lungs -> Alveoli
Duodenum receives what from gall bladder?
Alkaline bile juices.
Atomic Mass
Also known as the *mass number*. Total number of *protons and neutrons* in the nucleus of an atom. ~*Referred to as A* ~Represented by the equation *A = Z+N* -Mass of electrons in an atom is insignificant because *it is so small*. -*Atomic Weight:* Referred to as "Relative atomic mass", should *NOT BE* confused with atomic mass. ~Ratio of the average mass per atom of a sample (various *isotopes* of an element) to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
Homophones: Altar and Alter
Altar (noun): A structure used in worship Alter (verb): To change
To be verbs
Am, is, are
Homophones: All ready and Already
All ready (adjective): Everyone or everything is ready Already (adverb): By this time
Homophones: All together and Altogether
All together (adjective): Everyone in a group Altogether (adverb): Entirely, completely
Sentence: Description
Allen is malcontent
Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas
Amongst the *groupings of exocrine cells* are groups of endocrine cells, called *islets of Langerhans*. -Islets of Langerhans are made up of *insulin-producing beta cells (50-80% total) and *glucagon-releasing alpha cells*. -Major hormones produce: *Insulin and Glucagon* -*Insulin* affects *fat metabolism and can change livers ability to release stored fat*. ~Body uses insulin to *control carbohydrate metabolism* by lowering the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. -*Glucagon* has opposite effect of insulin. Body uses it to *increase* blood sugar levels. ~Body uses glucagon to *control carbohydrate metabolism*. Level of Insulin and Glucagon are *balanced to maintain the optimum level of blood sugar throughout the day.
Tidal Volume
Amount of air breathed *in and out* of lungs
"Whom"
An object pronoun, in reference to people. The receiver of the action. Tip: Whom=Him Ex. Jim threw the ball to whom?
What do you add to a noun or indefinite pronoun (that doesn't end in "s") to form a possessive case
Apostrophe Ex. The boy's cat was stuck in the tree.
How do you show omission of letters or numbers as in contractions or dates
Apostrophe Ex. '05; can't
How do you pluralize letters, numbers, and words
Apostrophe Ex. Dot your i's and cross your t's; 4's; no if's and's or but's about it
Cilia
Appendages extending *from the surface* of the cell. -*Moves* the cell and results in fluid being moved by the cell.
Homophones: Ascent and Assent
Ascent (noun): A slope that angles upwards Assent (noun): Agreement
Identify supporting or key ideas
Ask the topic sentence: *Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How?*
How to identify purpose of the reading
Asking "What am I reading about?" And "What is important to know about it?" -Author will *include key details, or supporting details that systematically show and support the point the author is trying to make*. -Once topic is identified, you should be able to identify and rephrase key ideas/points.
Expository
Author *informs, explains, or tells how to.* -Does not include opinions but only uses facts and examples. -Uses logical order of least to most important, most to least important, or detailed step-by-step.
Narrative
Authors can entertain, inform, and challenge reader through diverse structures. Tell stories through sensory details that assist readers in experiencing events. - Use chronological order - Or use devices that foreshadow, flash back, and created an image in the readers mind. *-Signal Words:* Abruptly, after a few days, gradually, instantly, from this point, this instant, until now, sporadically, on the next occasion, not long ago, previously, recently.
Metaphase(2)
Centromeres contain *two kinetochores* (pulls the chromosomes to the poles) that attach to spindle fibers from the centrosomes at opposite poles.
Homophones: Bear and Bare
Bear (verb): To carry or support Bare: (verb): To expose
Suffix: ism
Belief in: activism
Chyme neutralized by?
Bicarbonate in pancreatic secretions
Direct object
Bob and Mitch played soccer last night. 1. Find the action verb= played 2. Find the subject= Bob and Mitch 3. Who/What (Direct object)= soccer
2 liquids
Br, Hg (mercury)
Rational Numbers can be represented by?
By *fractions* Includes: Whole Numbers, Positives/Negatives, Zero, and all decimals that either terminate or repeat. ~Irrational numbers will not concern us at this point
How are messages sent across *Plasma Membrane*?
By Action Potential
Procedures
Can be found in an text, like recipes and manuals. *Sequential information offers readers the ability to safely, effectively, and efficiently, complete activities.* -Process of writing, editing, and revising.
Glucose
Can be further broken down by *respiration or fermentation* by *glycosis* -Involved in the metabolic energy cycles of *Photosynthesis and Respiration*
What is the structure of the text?
Can help determine authors intent. *Narrative:* -Appear in stories or poetry, often serve to entertain. -*Include*: A plot and one or more characters trying to overcome an obstacle or solve a problem. *Informational:* -Can take many forms (Instructions, Textbooks), but include section headings that may be in bold or underlined types. -*Includes*: Bulleted/Numbered lists, Short phrases that might not complete sentences, Images with captions, Maps, and Diagrams. *Persuasive:* -Advertisments (to sell a service, product, or idea), Newspaper (express opinions intended to persuade about topic/local interest). Some may be disguised.
Homophones: Capital and Capitol
Capital (noun): A leading or governing city Capitol (noun): A building that houses the states lawmakers
CO2
Carbon Dioxide
Interphase
Cell *prepares* for division by *replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material.* -Further divided into G1, S, G2 (Meiosis)
Epithelial Tissue
Cells are joined together *tightly* -Example: Skin Tissue
Strong or Weak Acids and Bases
Characteristic properties derive from the tendency of atoms to ionize by *donating or accepting charged particles*. -*Strength:* Is a reflection of the degree to which its atoms ionize in solution. ~Example: *Acetic acid (HC2H3O2)* Is a *weak* acid because its only O2 atoms ionize in solution. ~Can consider elements *reactivity*. High reactive acids/bases are strong because they tend to form and break bonds quickly and most of their atoms ionize int he process.
Chemical Bonds and Electron Shells
Chemical Bonds involve a *negative-positive attraction* between an electron or electrons and the nucleus of an atom or nuclei of more than one atom. -Attraction: Keeps the atom *cohesive*, but also *enables formation* of bonds among other atoms and molecules. -*4 Energy Levels (or Shells)* of an atom has a maximum number of electrons they can contain. -Each level must be completely filled before electrons can be added to the valence level. The farther away from the nucleus an electron is, the more energy it has. -*First Shell (K-shell):*Can hold a maximum of *2 electrons* -*Second Shell (L-shell):* Can hold *3 electrons* -*Third Shell (M-shell):* Can hold *18 electrons* -*Fourth Shell (N-shell):* Can hold *32 electrons* ~Shells can also have *subshells* -Chemical Bonds form and break between atoms when atoms *gain, lose, and share* an electron in the outer valence shell. -*Polar Bonds:* Refers to a covalent type of bond with a serparation charge. One end is *negative* and the other is *positive*. ~Example: Hydrogen-Oxygen bond in water.
Endothermic Reaction
Chemical reactions that *absorb heat* -Covalent Bonds made by endothermic *removal of a water* polymer (dehydration or condensation synthesis).
Exothermic Reaction
Chemical reactions that *release heat*
Homophones: Cite and Site
Cite (verb): To use as an example, to quote Site (noun): A location
Bone
Classified as *long. short, flat, irregular* -*Connective tissue* with a base of pulp containing *collagen and living cells.* -Red Marrow: RBC Production, fills spongy tissue of bones -*Bone Tissue*: Constantly regenerating itself as the mineral composition changes. Allows for special needs during growth period and maintains calcium level for the body. -*Bone Regeneration*: Deteriorate in old age, particularly among women, leading to *Osteoporosis* -Bones are articulated to other bones through *ligaments* and to muscle through *tendons*. -*Hyaline Cartilage*: Covering articulating surfaces of bones. Prevents bones from grinding against each other. -Covered by fibrous sheath called *Periosteum* (contains nerves and blood vessels) -Synthesized in tubular structures (*Osteon- Composed of calcium and phosphate-rich Hydroxyapatite*) embedded in a collagen matrix.
Explicit information definition
Clearly stated
alkene
CnH2n ; double bonds
alkane
CnH2n+2 ; single bonds
Alkyne
CnH2n-2 ; triple bonds
Solve Equations in One Variable
Collecting all variable terms to *one* side of the equal sign and all the constants on the other side, using addition or subtraction. Once all like terms are combined, last step is to divide. Could also be multiplication by the reciprocal ( One divided by original number).
Renal Pelvis
Collecting ducts drain into renal pelvis which opens into the Ureter.
What is placed between two independent clauses, if the latter clause expands on the former clause?
Colon
What is used between a title and sub-title of a book?
Colon
What should be used to herald something, that is to immediately follow an independent clause?
Colon
What should follow a salutation of an informal letter?
Colon
Root: chrom
Color: monochrome
Pons
Comes between midbrain and medulla. -*Information* is *sent across* the pons *from* the cerebrum to the medulla and the cerebellum.
Parenthetical expressions should be offset by what?
Comma
What is used to separate a quotation from interrupting text?
Comma
What should separate a city from a state?
Comma
Introductory words (yes and no) should be separated by what?
Comma Ex. "Yes, sir"
What should follow the salutation of an informal letter?
Comma Ex. Dear Mom,
Underline/Italics
Common features but often more confusing to interpret. *Standard uses for Italics:* -Titles of works (books), foreign words/phrases, and for emphasis
Homophones: Complement and Compliment
Complement (noun): An element that completes Compliment (noun): A remark of appreciation
Relevant ideas defintion
Connected to the idea being discussed -*Relate back to topic sentence.*
Appendicular Skeleton
Consist of *126* Bones and includes the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and appendages. -*Pectoral Girdle*: Consist of scapular (shoulders) and clavicles (collar bone). -*Pelvic Girdle*: Consists of 2 pelvic (hip) bones, which attach to the sacrum. -*Upper Appendages*: *Arms* include the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. -*Lower Appendages*: *Legs* includes femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Brain
Consist of *Hindbrain (medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons) Midbrain integrates sensory signals and orchestrates responses to these signals, Forebrain (cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus) -*Cerebral Cortex*: Thin layer of gray matter covering the cerebrum. -*2 Hemispheres*: Left and Right. Responsible for multiple functions.
Cytoskeleton
Consist of *microtubules* that help *shape and support* the cell.
Chromosomes
Consists of *Genes*: Single Units of genetic information. -*Genes*: Made up of DNA. -*DNA*: Nucleic Acid located in the cell nucelus. ~Also, in Mitochondria. -DNA replicates to pass on genetic information. In almost all cells, DNA is the same. Also, involved in *biosynthesis of proteins*. -*Structural Gene*: Converted into a short-lived RNA message that is *decoded* by the ribosome and assembled into proteins hat go on to build the body. -*Regulatory Gene*: Control the expression of protein-coding genes by turning on or off activity, either *directly or through a protein intermediate*. Control the expression of different subsets of structural genes in different cell types.
Chromatin
Consists of the *DNA* and *Proteins* that make up chromosomes.
*(Ext.)* Clitoris
Contains *erectile tissue and nerve endings* for sexual pleasure
Animal Cell Structure
Contains: Centrosomes, Centriole, Lysosome, Cilia, Flagella
Root: ortho
Correct: unorthodox
Homophones: Council and Counsel
Council (noun): A body of people assembled for advice Counsel (noun): Advice
Centriole
Cylinder-shaped structures near the nucleus. -Involved in *Cellular Division* -Each cylinder consist of *9 Groups of 3 Microtubules*. Occurs in pairs.
25%
Cystic fibrosis is a homozygous recessive condition. If each of them has a parent who has cystic fibrosis yet neither of the concerned parents are affected, the probability of their child having it is what precent?
genes consist of
DNA
in cell, information flows
DNA > RNA > proteins
Classification nonspecific >>> specific
DOMAIN (3 - Archaea , Eukbacteria , Eukaryotic) Kingdom (6 - plantae, protista, animalia, fungi, Euarchaea, Eubacteria) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Homophones: Descent and Dissent
Descent (noun): A slope that angels downward Dissent (noun): Disagreement
Adjectives
Describe a noun
Adverbs
Describe a verb
Delineate defintion
Describe precisely
What is the authors tone?
Determined by examining specific words used in a piece of writing. -*Inform*: Use straightforward, neutral language that lacks emotional correlation. -*Persuade*: Use emotionally-charged language coupled with images to evoke a specific emotion in readers. -Paying attention to the authors words can help determine the intended message.
Denotative Meaning of Words
Dictionary definition -Using a Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, Oxford English)
Difference between RNA and DNA
Differ in terms of *structure and function* *RNA*: *DNA* -*Has Ribose Sugar -Has Deoxyribose Sugar* -*Uracil found in RNA -Thymine found in DNA* -*Single Strand -Has two Strands* -*One Backbone -Has two Side Rails -*Hydroxylated Sugar Pentose -Deoxyribose ~Includes extra Oxygen -*Supports DNA function ~Aides in gene expression, replication, and transportation
Prophase(2)
Disappearance of the *nucleoli and the nuclear envelope* again as well as the *shortening and thickening* of the chromatids. Centrosomes *move to the polar regions* and *arrange spindle fibers* for the second meiotic division.
What else is important for key ideas?
Discerning between relevant and irrelevant ideas
Fraction Convert to Decimal
Divide numerator by denominator
Interphase(1)
Divided into 3 Parts: *-G1 Phase:* Cell synthesizes proteins, including the enzymes and structural proteins it will need for growth. In G1, each of the chromosomes consists of a single linear molecule of DNA. *-S Phase:* The genetic material is replicated; each of the cell's chromosomes duplicates to become two identical sister chromatids attached at a centromere. *-G2 Phase:* DNA Replication
Sympathetic Nervous System
Division of ANS -*Controls the body's reaction to extreme, stressful, and emergency situations*. ~Example: Sympathetic NS *increases* heart rate, *signals* the adrenal glands to *secrete* adrenaline, *triggers* the dilations of the pupils and *slows* digestions.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Division of ANS -*Counteracts the effects of the Sympathetic NS* ~Example: Parasympathetic NS *decreases* hearts rate, *signals* adrenal glands to *stop secreting* adrenaline, *constricts* pupils, and *returns* the digestions process to normal.
Small intestines include what structure in the order of digestion?
Duodenum->jejunum->ileum
Homophones: Dying and Dyeing
Dying (verb): Ceasing to live Dyeing (verb): Coloring a fabric
Root: geo
Earth: geode
Root: terra
Earth: terrace
Periodic Table
Elements are arranged by *atomic mass* -Table shows elements *atomic weight (decimal), atomic number, and the element symbol* in each box. -Arrangement enables classification, organization, and predictable trends observable in atoms. -Majority of known elements are *metals, 17 nonmetals, and 8 metallics.* -Representative Elements: Last digit of the group number reveals the number of *outer-level electrons.* -Groups of elements share predictable characteristics, most important is that their outer energy level have that same configuration of electrons. *Last column "group" is Noble Gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn* ~ Group 18, has full outer shell -Column 1: 1 electron in outer level -Column 2: 2 electron. -Column 13: 3 electron -Column 14: 4 electron. -Column 15: 5 electron -Column 16: 6 electron. -Column 17: 7 electron -Column 18: 8 electron except *He has 2 electron*.
Words ending in -ceed
Emceed, exceed, proceed, succeed
Sentence: Contrast
Emphasizes the differences rather than the similarities.
*(Ext.)* Labia Major/Minor
Enclose and Protect the vagina.
Organ - Liver
Enzyme - Bile
Organ - Pancreas
Enzyme - pancreatic juice (bicarb, lipase, trypsin, proteases and amylase) Horomone - Secretin, somatostatin, insulin, glucagon
organ - stomach
Enzyme -gastric lipase, pepsin, HCL Horomone - Gastrin, grehlin
Organ - Small Intestine
Enzymes - Brush Border enzymes (proteases, lactase, disaccharidases) Horomones - Cholecystokinin, somatostatin, secretin, motilin
organ - mouth
Enzymes - salvilary lipase & salvilary amylase
=
Equal, equal to, is, was, were, will be, yields, becomes
C2H6O
Ethanol
Parenthetical expressions
Expressions that are not really part of the main idea of the sentence, or that interrupt the main sentence. Ex. The tortoise, as far as we know, likes eating lettuce
Mitosis
Events that occur: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.
coordinating conjunction
FANBOYS (for and nor but or yet so)
Procedure Signal Words
First, next, then, last, in closing, to begin with, accordingly, to finish.
Blood Pressure
Fluid pressure generated by the cardiac cycle. *Arterial*: Functions by transporting oxygen-poor blood into the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the body tissues. -Arteries branch into smaller arterioles which *contract and expand* based on signals from the body. -Arterioles are where *adjustments are made* in blood delivery to specific areas based on complex communication from body systems. *Capillary Beds*: Diffusion sites for exchanges between *blood and interstitial fluid.* *Capillary*: Has thinnest wall of any vein, consisting of single cell endothelial cells. *Merge into venues which in turn merge with larger diameter tubules called veins.* -Veins *transport* blood *from* body tissues *back* to the hearts. Thin and contain smooth muscle and function as blood volume reserves. -Valves inside the veins facilitate this transport.
Bolus
Food packaged into small parcels Then swallowed
Root: ped
Foot: millipede
3 Types of White Blood Cells
Form the foundation of the body's immune system. *Macrophages*: Phagocytes that alert T-Cells to the presence of foreign substances. *T Lymphocytes*: Directly attack cells infected by viruses and bacteria. *B Lymphocytes*: Cells target specific bacteria for destruction. *Others that contribute to body's defense*: -Memory cells, Suppressor T-Cells, Helper T-Cells
Root: morph
Form: morphine
Ionic Bond
Formed when an atom transfers an electron to *another atom* -When an atom *gains or loses* electrons it becomes *negatively or positively* charged, turning it into an ion. *Relationship between two oppositly charged ions.*
Covalent Bond
Formed when atoms *share electrons* -Electrons shared *equally* have a non-polar bond, while electrons shared *unequally have a polar bond.* -Attraction to *repulsion stability* that holds these molecules together. -*Resultant Bonds:* Always stronger than the intermoelcular hydrogen bond and are similar in strength in ionic bonds. -Covalent bonds occur *most frequently* between atoms with similar electronegativities. ~Nonmetals are more likely to form covalent bonds than metals since it is more difficult for nonmetals to *liberate* an electron. -*Electron Sharing:* Takes place when one species encounters another species with similar electronegativity. -Metals: Bonding important in both process *chemistry and industrial catalysis*.
Modes
Forms of writing. Classification of rhetorical writing. *-Persuasive, expository, narrative.*
Homophones: Forth and Fourth
Forth (adverb): Forward in place or time Fourth (noun): The element in a series that is after the 3rd
Structure for Conclusion
Found by *key terms and descriptions* providing structure for common understanding. -Ask "What can I infer based on what I've just read?"
Brains 4 Lobes
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal Lobe
Conjunctive adverbs
Furthermore, accordingly, indeed, nonetheless
Capitalization
Geographical locations Cardinal directions Historical documents and events Nationalities, races, and religions Monuments, ships, and planes Proper names and titles of rank Showing family relationship (when they stand alone or are followed by a personal name) Main words or titles of books poems, plays, etc. Deities The first word of a quotation Names of seasons if they are personified
C6H12O6
Glucose
Tool for measuring a range of volumes in the lab
Graduated Cylinder
>, _>_
Greater than, IS more than Greater than or equal to, is at least, is no less than
Organ Systems
Group of organs that work together to perform specific functions. -Includes: *Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, Nervous, Muscular, Integumentary, Endocrine, Renal/Urinary, Immune, and Skeletal.*
Organs
Group of tissues that work together to perform specific functions.
Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses
Groups of words that don't contain information that is necessary to interpreting the meaning of the sentence Should be offset by commas Ex. Jack Smith, who studied drama in New York City, was ideal.
Human body
HIGHEST LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION > LOWEST organism > organ systems (11) > organ (2 or more tissues working together to function) > tissues (4) > cells (basic unit of life) > molecules (atoms together) > atoms (smallest part of an element that still retain chemical properties)
Properties of Substances
Have unique properties that allow them to distinguish from other substances. -All substances have *physical and chemical properties.*
Suffix: ic, ical, ac
Having to do with: physical, cardiac, endoscopic
Sentence: Explanation
He was awarded a degree posthumously; He died a month before graduation
Highest Occurring Components of Procedural Writing are?
Headings/subheadings, numbering/alphabetizing, steps, charts, diagrams, and photographs for step clarification.
Pathologies (Health Issues)
Heart attack, stroke, aneurysms, atherosclerosis, arrhythmia and hypertension.
Root: therma
Heat: exothermal
Muscle Tissue
Helps *support* and *move* the body. -3 Types: *~Smooth:* Provides tension in the blood vessels, control pupil dilation, and aid in peristalsis. *~Cardiac:* Only found in the *heart* *~Skeletal:* Includes the muscles commonly called *biceps, triceps, hamstrings, and quadriceps.*
Colon Rules
Herald something that is to immediatly follow an independent clause: this usually comes in the form of a list ...
Chromosomes
Highly condensed, threadlike rods of DNA. *DNA* is genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal.
Blood
Human has 5 quarts of blood. *Plasma*: Half blood volume. Mostly water, serves as solvent. -*Contains*: plasma proteins, ions, glucose, amino acids, hormones, and dissolved gases. *RBC (red)*: *Transports* oxygen to cells. Form in bone marrow. Live for 2 Months, constantly replaced. *WBC (white)*: *Defends* body against infection and removes waste. ~Lymphocytes, neutrophil, monocytes, eosinophil, and basophil. *Platelets*: Fragments of stem cells. ~Function: Blood Clotting
If a word does not fit entirely on a line what is place to separate the word?
Hyphen
If compound numbers function as adjective, what separates them?
Hyphen
What is used to join a prefix and a proper adjective or noun?
Hyphen
Pronoun: Nominative
I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Key Ideas definition
Ideas that support the controlling idea.
Distinguish between Fact and Opinion, Biases, and Stereotypes
Identify POV (point of view) by discerning between facts and opinions, bias, and stereotypes, tone, and word choice.
Evaluate POV in a given text
Identify the kinds of sources being used, Thinking about *who* the author is, what groups their associated with, type of publication where writing appears, whether sources are reliable or not (fact or opinion), where writing fits into a larger context, information relevant or not.
What to identify to delineate key points that support the topic?
Identify the topic and authors main idea
Suffixes for words ending in "C"
If a word ends in "c" and the suffix is a "e", "i", or "y", then the letter "k" should be inserted Ex. colic+y= colicky; mimic+ed= mimicked
Suffixes for words ending in a consonant-vowel-consanant pattern (CVC)
If a word ends with a CVC then double the final consanant: Bag+age = Baggage If a word has more than one syllable, and the accent is on the last syllable, double the final consanant before adding the suffix: allot+ed = allotted
Words ending in -cian
If a word names a person then it should end in -cian Physician, technician, musician
Partial Hydrolysis
Involved in Amine Group and a Carboxylic Acid. -Amino Acids are formed by partial hydrolysis of protein, which forms an *amide bond*. *In Carbon Chain* of amino acids there are Groups:* -Caroxylic Acid Group *(-COOH)* -Amine Group *(-NH2)* -Central Carbon Atom between them with an *attached hydrogen* -Attached "R" Group (Side Chain), different for different amino acids. ~*"R" Group* that determines the properties of the protein.
When should a period be added in the parenthesis
If the material in the parenthesis is a complete sentence that is not located within another sentence
Words ending in -able
If the root word is a complete word add the suffix -able. Ex. avail+able= available If the root word ends in "e" drop the "e" before adding -able Ex. love+able= lovable
Words ending in -ible
If the root word isn't a complete word ad -ible Ex. aud+ible= audible
Words ending in -ance, -ancy, -ant
If the suffix is proceeded by a hard "c" or "g" then add the suffix Ex. Extravagant, elegance, vacancy
Words ending in -ence, -ency, -ent
If the suffix is proceeded by a soft "c" or "g" then add the suffix Absence, agency, emergent
Words ending in -tion and -sion
If the word ends in "t" -tion can be added If the word ends in "s" -sion can be added Distraction, regression
Suffixed for words ending in "y"
If word ends with a "y" preceded by a vowel, keep the "y" when adding the suffix: Annoy+ance=annoyance If a word ends with a "y" precede by a consonant drop the y when adding a suffix: Carry+ed=carried
Chronological
In an order in which *they happen* and *requires a time element*. When one even occurs and ends then when another even begins. ~*Signal words:* *When:* today, yesterday, later, now, last year *How often:* always, rarely, often, never, seldom *Length of Time:* all year, all season, all day, since, one day. Assists readers with keeping track of occasions in narrative and informational text. Without a time frame then the reader will get confused.
Sentence: Definition
In his wood working he used a type of file known as a rasp
Prepositional phrases
In, out, around, about, etc.
Erroneous
Irrelevant Story might contain *conflicting* accounts of what happened due to having multiple observers.
2 Types of Connective Bone Tissue
Include *Spongy and Compact* bone. --Have thin outside layer of *compact bone*, which gives them their characteristic smooth, white appearance. -*Compact*: Tightly packed cells, is *strong, dense, and rigid*. Running vertically throughout compact bone are the *Haversian Canals*, which are surrounded by concentric circles of bone tissue called *Lamellae*. Spaces between lamellae are *lacunae*. Lamellae and canals along with their associated arteries, veins, lymph vessels, and nerve endings are referred to*collectively as the Haversian System*. ~*Haversian System*: Provides a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus for the blood. -*Spongy* (cancellous): Consists of *Trabeculae* which are a network of firders with open spaces fillled with Red Bone Marrow. Light-weight and porous, which helps reduce bones overall weight. Red marrow menufactures RBC/WBC. ~*Long Bones* (Diaphysis): Consist of compact bone surrounding marrow cavity and spongy bone containing red marrow in the *Epiphyses*.
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
Include: *Helper T cells, Killer T cells, Suppressor T cells, and Memory T cells. -*Helper T cells*: Help the body fight infections by *producing antibodies and other chemicals*. -*Killer T cells*: *Destroy cells that are infected* with a virus or pathogen and tumor cells. -*Suppressor T cell*: Stop or "suppress" the *other T cells* when the battle is over. -*Memory T cells*: Remain in the blood *on alert* in case the invader attacks again.
Common Types of Procedural Text
Include: Steps in an activity and steps in operating a system or object.
Extraneous
Incorrect Story that is interesting containing details that aren't necessary to tell you what happened.
Hyperventilation
Increase blood pH during *Acidosis* (low pH) Slow breathing during *Alkalosis* (high pH) -Lowers blood pH
Topic sentence
Is usually given at the beginning of the paragraph
Non-Mendelian
Inheritance occurs when there are factors other than dominant/recessive in play. ~Due to factors like: *multiple alleles, incomplete dominance-recessive relationships that *lead* to an intermediate. combination inheritance, and interactions between genes called *epistasis* -Ratios occur when simple dominance-recessive relationship exists between two alleles -*Co-Dominance:* The expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown. -*Incomplete Dominance:* Both he dominant and recessive genes are expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is a mixture of the two. -*Polygenic Inheritance:* Beyond the simplistic Mendelian concept that one gene influences one trait. ~Traits that are influenced by more than one gene and takes into account environmental influences on development. -*Multiple Alleles:* Only two alleles make up a gene, but when there are three or more possible alleles, it is known as *multiple alleles*. A gene where *only two alleles are possible is termed polymorphic.*
Cell Structures
Inside the cell. Contain: Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Vacuoles, Vesicles, Cytoskeleton, Microtubules, Cytosol, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria
Circulatory System
Internal transport of substances *to and from* the cells. -3 Parts: Blood, Blood Vessels, and Heart. -Open or Closed.
Reflex Arc
Involuntary movements. -Simplest Nerve Pathway, which bypasses the brain and is *controlled by the spinal cord* -*Stimulus*: Detected by sensory receptors, and a message is send long the *afferent (sensory)* neuron *to one o more interneurons* in the spinal cord. ~Interneurons *transmit* this messages to a *efferent (motor)* neuron, which carries the message to the correct effector (muscle)
Nuclear Pores
Involved in *exchange of material between nucleus and the cytoplasm.*
Golgi Apparatus
Involved in *synthesizing materials* like *proteins* that are transported *out* of the cell. ~*Modifies and Packages proteins* secreted from the cell. -Located near the nucleus and has layers of membranes.
Ribosomes
Involved in *synthesizing proteins from amino acids.* -Make up about a quarter of a cell. -Some are embedded in the *Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)*
Subordinating conjunction
Joins two or more clauses Because, though, although, as, as if, when, while
Coordinating conjunctions
Joins two or more words or phrases For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
filter blood, create urine, stabalize water balance, maintain blood pressure, produce the active form of vitamin d
Kidneys are responsible for
evaporation (weather)
L>G on the surface ; fast moving molecules
interphase
LONGEST PORTION consists of G1, S, G2 - G1 : forming of the mRNA strand then leaving - S : synthesis of DNA ; DNA unwinds with help of enzymes breaking the hydrogen bonds that connect the nitrogenous bases then the DNA polymerase helps by finding complementary pairs ; then new copied strand is ready G2 : cell growth and protein synthesis for cell division
Converting within/between Standard and Metric Systems
Length, volume, mass are directly related Daily Basis prefixes: *Kilo=1,000* *Deca=10* *Deci= 1/10* *Centi=1/100* *Milli=1/1,000* Example: How to Convert 3Ib/#we know = xKG/# to find = #kg -Cancel metric symbol out then multiply
<, _<_
Less than, IS fewer than Less than or equal to, is at most, is no more than
Root: bio
Life: biochemistry
Endocrine System Regulates Body Functions
Like *Blood production, appetite, reproduction, brain functions, sleep cycle, salt-and-water homeostasis, growth, sexual development, and response to stress and anxiety.* -*Non-polar, Fat-soluable Hormones*: Estrogen and Progesterone. Released in a pattern set by *age* and *development* an their effects are long-lasting. -*Other polar, Water-soluable hormones*: Epinephrine. Released acutely in response to stress, actions are short lived. *Hormone Imbalance can cause Metabolic Diseases like Diabetes, Hyperthyroidism, and Gigantism.*
Nucleoplasm
Liquid *within* the membrane and is *similar* to cytoplasm.
How does one figure out if a compound subjects that's joined by "or/nor" is singular or plural?
Look at the subject closest to the verb.
Hierarchy of Structures
Lowest Hierarchy level is at *Organelles within a cell*. They obtain energy from food and reproduction. -Cells with the same function are collected into larger groups called *Tissues*. -Tissues are collected into *Organs*, carry out single task, like oxygenated blood (lungs), or filter out waste (kidneys). -Organs work together in systems that perform coordinated large-scale functions, like *nourishing the body* (digestive) or *protecting the body from attacks* (immune).
Mucus
Lubricates the food in the saliva
B-Cell
Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
When do messages occur?
Occur when a *neuron* is *Stimulated* past a necessary thresholds.
My donkey came lame X-ray info
M D C L X V I ---- VLD cannot be used more than once
What is the order of roman numerals?
M D C L X V I ---- VLD cannot be used more than once
Nominalization
Making a noun from a verb, adverb, or adjective
Telophase(2) and Cytokinesis(2)
Marked by *decondensation and lengthening of the chromosomes* and the *disassembly of the spindle*. *Nuclear envelopes reform* and cleavage or cell plate formation eventually *produces a total of four daughter cells*, each with a *haploid set* of chromosomes.
Connective Tissue
May be *dense, loose, or fatty.* -It *protects* and *binds* body parts.
Anaphase(1)
Microtubules shorten, and homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and travel to different poles.
Connotative
More complex, and is a combination of a words definition and its suggested meaning based on context and emotions or associations evoked by a word.
Structure of Digestive System
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.
Peristalsis
Moves *bolus* down to stomach through gastric sphincter (prevents back flow into esophagus)
Calculating a Solids volume
Multiplying the measurements of *length, width, and height* -Measure using a ruler, meter stick, or measuring wheels.
Disorders that Disrupt Signals and Responses
Muscle Strain, Sprains, Muscular Dystrophy
How reader uses the text
Must observe facts, delineate arguments and discern valid information provided. Then must combine what the author has provided with individual experiences to draw inference from the selection.
numerator / denominator
N/D
Common Noun
Name general people, animals, places, and things Ex. Firefighter, City, Mountain
Proper Nouns
Name specific People, animals, places, and things. They always begin with a capital letter. Ex. John, New York, Mt. Rushmore
What controls the Digestive System?
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Framework for Nervous System
Network fans out across the body forming the framework. -The *direction the information* flows *depends* on the specific organizations of nerve *circuits and pathways*.
Nervous Tissue
Neurons form a *network* through the body that control responses to change in the *external and internal* environment. Some send signals to *muscles and glands* to trigger responses. -Located in *brain, spinal cord, and nerves*
Stimulations
Occur in a *sequence* from the stimulation point of *One* neuron to its *contact* with another neuron.
Irrelevant ideas defintion
Not applicable to the idea -*Unrelated, and some times random.*
Prefix: in
Not: Invisible
Prefix: dis
Not: disorganized
Prefix: un
Not: unarmed
oxidation/reduction
OIL(loss of electrons) RIG (gain of electrons) - combustion, photosynthesis, metabolism
Catabolic Reaction
Opposite from Anabolic. *Larger molecules are broken down into small, simpler molecules.* -Release energy
O2
Oxygen
Percent Decrease Equation
PD = original amount - new amount/ original amount X 100%
bonds can hold
PE for later use
Rough endoplasmis reticulum
Pacreastic cells have an abundance of ____________ cells to meet the protein production requirements of the cell. Mitochandria, nuclei, lysosomes, rough ER
Centrosome
Pair of centrioles located at *right angles to each other* and *surrounded by protein*. -Involved in *Mitosis and Cell Cycle*
Anaphase
Pair of chromosomes, *sisters*, begin to *pull apart* and may bend. When they separate, they are called *daughters*. Grooves then appear in cell membrane.
Metaphase(1)
Pair of homologous chromosomes move along the metaphase plate.
Telophase(1) and Cytokinesis(1)
Pairs arrives at poles and cell is pinched apart, separating into two cells.
What encloses supplementary or explanatory material that interrupts the main sentence?
Parentheses
Microtubules
Part of cytoskeleton. -Help *support* the cell. -Made of *proteins*
Passive verb
Past tense Ex. Was cooked. Was seen.
Solve Real World Problems with Percentage
Percent *LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO* 100% ~(50% -> 50 out of 100%) Percent *MORE THAN* 100% ~(150% is 150 for each 100) -Percent off sales tax, annual percent interest rate at a bank, annual percent gain or loss for a company or business, percent commission for sales person, percent depreciation of assets, percentages of ingredients in a mixture or recipe.
Nouns
Person, place, thing, animal, idea, or feeling
Medulla Oblongata
Piece of the brain stem that *connects* the spinal cord to the brain. -*Important* role with *autonomous nervous system* in the circulatory and respiratory system.
Dendritic Cells
Present *Antigens* (Foreign Particles) to T Cells.
Semicolon rules
Placed between two related independent clauses Precede conjuctive adverbs: However, therefore When a sentence contains a series of elements that contain one or more commas, the division between the elements should be a semicolon
KCl
Potassium Chloride
Action Verbs
Present tense Ex. Sheila and Tom are walking in the park
Homophones: Principal and Principle
Principal (noun): Chief or Leader Principle (noun): A belief or rule of conduct
Ventilation
Process of aerating the lungs
B Lymphocytes (B Cells)
Produce antibodies
Evidence defintion
Proof to support idea
What is used to enclose chapters, articles, and short stories, songs, plays, etc?
Quotation marks
What is used to enclose technical terms or slang?
Quotation marks
visible forms of electromagnetic radiation
ROYGBIV (longest to shortest)
Proportions
Ratio in fraction form set equal to another ratio in fraction form. ~Example: 50mi/1cm = X/12.6cm (cross multiply) -> 50mi*x*12.6cm/1cm=X*x*12.6cm/12.6cm (cancel out 12.6cm on Num. and Den.) -> 50mi*x*12.6cm/1cm (cancel out cm) = X -> 630mi = X
How to identify main idea
Read that passage then locate the sentences that emphasize, elaborate, or clarify this information.
Identifying Primary Sources in various media
Refers to *artifacts, letters, recordings, images, and other media that have not been altered from original state*. The only thing separating the reader from its creator. -Example: Pictures in museum that are the "original" are Primary Source Documents but if those pictures are put into textbooks they are just "copies" and are no longer Primary Source Documents. -May include secondary sources within them. Secondhand accounts of events. -Used to gain valuable information about a specific time or place.
Cytoplasm
Refers to Cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found *within the plasma membrane*, but *not* within the nucleus.
Anaphase(2)
Remaining centromeric cohesin is cleaved allowing the sister chromatids to *segregate.* The sister chromatids by convention are now called *sister chromosomes as they move toward opposing poles.*
Appositives
Renames a noun in another part of the sentence Ex. Our teacher, Paul, will be online later today
Root: arch
Ruler: tetrarch
Vacuoles
Sacs used for *storage, digestion, and waste removal*. -Plant: Has *one large* vacuole -Animal: Has *small, sometimes numerous* vacuoles.
Meiosis
Same phased as Mitosis, except it happens *twice* and *different* event occur during some phases. -*First Phase:* Interphase(1), Prophase(1), Metaphase(1), Anaphase(1), Telophase(1), and Cytokinesis(1) -*Second Phase:* Prophase(2), Metaphase(2), Anaphase(2), Telophase(2), and Cytokinesis(2).
Words that need to be hyphenated
Self-sufficient Self-esteem
What is placed between two related independent clauses?
Semicolon
What precedes conjunctive adverbs?
Semicolon
When a sentence contains a series of elements that contain one or more commas, what Divides the elements?
Semicolon
Translate Phrases and Sentences into Expressions, Equations, and Inequalities
Sentence Fragments become *Expression* and Full Sentences becomes *Equations and Inequalities*. -Examples: *Expressions:* 3x-5 , , y , 3(2x+7) *Equations:* 3x-5=70 , y=36 , 3(2x+7)=4x-9 *Inequalities:* x-5>70 , y<36 , 3(2x+7)_<_4x-9
Random comma rules
Separate quotations from text: "Yo", dad exclaimed When an independent clause preceeds a dependent clause: Some of us could not spend it more foolishly, If time were gold. Separate city from state: Las Vegas, NV
What is used when making a quotation inside of a quotation?
Single quotes
NaBr
Sodium Bromide
NaCl
Sodium Chloride
Implicit information defintion
Something not clearly stated
Root: audio
Sound: audiovisual
Telophase
Spindle *disintegrates*, nuclear membranes *reform*, and the chromosome *revert* to chromatin. -Animals Cells: Membrane is *pinched* -Plant Cells: New cell wall begins to form
Metaphase
Spindle moves to the *center* of the cell and chromosome pairs *align* along the center of the spindle structure.
Where does Gastrointestinal start and end?
Starts at mouth Ends at Anus
Suffix: ia, y
State or condition: amnesia, democracy
Homophones: Stationary and Stationery
Stationary (adjective): Not moving Stationery (noun): Paper for writing letters
Phases of substances depend on what 2 conditions?
Temperature and Pressure -Temperature: Increasing temp has a tendency to move the particles of matter *apart* -Pressure: Increasing pressure has a tendency to *pack* them closer together.
Nucleolus
Structure contained *within* the nucleus, consists of *proteins.* Small, Round, and does *not* have a membrane. Involved in *protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA.*
First person
Subjective Singular: I Plural: We
Terms Related to Operations
Sum (+) , Difference (-) , Product (x) , Quotient ( / ) , Per 100 (#% _<_ 100%), Is or Of (#% _>_ 100%)
Words ending in -sede
Supersede
pyrimidines
T - C & U - one sugar
cells
THE BASIC STRUCTURAL UNIT OF AN ORGANISM FROM WHICH LIVING THINGS ARE CREATED
prophase I
THIS IS THE TIME OF SPLITTING TO HALF NUMBER : 2 copies of genes at prophase I ; therefore 4 chromosomes
Flagella
Tail-like structures on cell that use *whip-like* movements to help move the cell. Longer than Cilia. Only has one or a few flagella.
"That" and "Which"
That= people and things Which= things
Effector
The *Sweat Glands, Blood Vessels, and Muscles* (shivering). -*Evaporation of sweat* across the surface of the skin *cools* the body to maintain tolerance range. *Vasodilation*: Dilated blood vessels when body is *warm.* Carry blood to the blood vessels near the surface to release heat into the environment. *Constriction*: Constricted blood vessels when body is *cold.* So, that less blood is carried to the surface. *Looks Like: Flushed cheeks.*
Simplified Overview of the Heart Cycle
The *ventricles contract* (ventricular systole), causing the *Atrioventrcular Valves* (including mitral and tricuspid vavles) to close, making a *"lub"* sounds. Subsequently, the empty ventricles are filled with blood pushed out during *Atrial Systole*. Same time, the *Semilunar Valves* in the aorta and pulmonary arteries close, preventing blood from falling back into the ventricles, making a *"dub"* sound, and completing the *"lub-dub"* sound of the heart.
Indirect object
The Cook baked the children cookies. 1. Find the action verb= baked 2. Find the subject= The Cook 3. Who/What (Direct object)= cookies 4. To/For whom (Indirect object)= children
Cumulative sentence
The independent clause is at the beginning of a sentence Ex. He dipped his hands in the bichloride solution and shook them--a quick shake, fingers down, like the fingers of a pianist above the keys
Periodic sentence
The meaning of the sentence isn't revealed until the end, usually in the form of an independent clause
Sentence: Example
The menu listed such delicacies as frog legs, snails, etc.
Sentence: Synonym
The ophthalmologist, or eye doctor told me to wear these
Suffix: ology
The study of: archeology
Types of Writing
The text that fall under each mode. -Expository: *Compare/Contrast, Procedure, and Cause and Effect.* -Narrative: *Myths, Biographies, Short stories, Poetry, and Novels.*
Homophones: Their, They're, and there
Their (adjective): Belonging to them They're: Contraction of "they are" There (adjective): In that place
Indefinite Pronoun
They don't refer to anything or anyone specific (vague). Ex. They
Where are commas used within dates
They separate two textual or two numerical elements Ex. Saturday, January 14, 2031
Key terms include what?
Those that *provide sequence or chronology, descriptive words and phrases, and words that convey value judgements and opinion*. -Can provide explicit information and implicit information that allow the reader to make inference.
Homophones: To, Too, and Two
To (preposition): Indicates movement or intent Too (adverb): Also Two (adjective): Something that has two units
Cardiovascular System Functions
Transporting nutrients, waste, chemical messengers,and immune molecules.
Hormone Secretion
Triggered by a variety of signals including *hormonal signals, chemical reactions, and environment cues.* -Cells with particular receptors can benefit from *hormonal influence*. ~*"Lock and Key"* model for hormonal action
Steroid Hormones
Triggers *gene activation* and *protein synthesis* in some target cells.
Tools to Measure Mass
Triple Beam Balance: Second most accurate Electronic Balance: Most accurate
Compound adjectives
Two or more words that are modifying or limiting a noun. Ex. Follow the step-by-step instructions.
Sentence: Antonym
Unlike life in the country, henderson was a quaint existence
Sidebars
Used in History textbooks. -*Include*: Photograph or imagine of person along with additional details or two of personal life.
Footnotes
Used in informational text to offer more in-depth information about a topic. Usually use numbers in subscript, or small numbers set slightly abode the line of text. Found at the bottom of the paper.
SI Unit- Mole
Used to measure the amount of a substance at molecular level. *Mole* Convert Grams to % - Then %*x*1mol/am= mole - # of molecules/6.022x10^23 mol/mole *Molar Mass*: # of Atoms *x* Atomic Mass = X ~Add all results together to get molar mass.
Ellipses
Used to suggest hesitation, attempt to conceal something, unfinished thought, or difficulty expressing oneself
Words of direct address
Uses the names of the people to whom you are speaking, or it may use other words which take the place of the actual names Ex. Boys, are you ready to go? (boys)
Mitochondria
Vary in terms of *size* and *quantity*. Has various functions. *-Functions:* Production of Cell Energy (ATP) (Main function), Cell Signaling (Communications are carried out), Cell Differentiation (Cell transforms into a cell with more *specialized purpose*), Cell Cycle and Growth Regulation (Growth and Death, Reproduction). -Inner and Outer membrane: ~*Inner:* Encloses the matrix. Contains mtDNA and ribosomes. ~Between the 2 Membranes: Cristae (Folds). Chemical reactions occur here that *release energy, Control Water Levels in cells, and Recycle and Create Proteins and Fats.* *-Aerobic Respiration:* Occurs in Mitochondria.
Active verb
Verbs that show an action performed by the subject of the sentence Ex. Sheila and tom take a walk in the park
Vice Cops Will Want No Punishment At All
Verbs; Cross out prepositional phrases; Who/what subject; No nouns; Pronouns; At adjectives; All adverbs
Tool used to measure *large* volumes of liquid
Volumetric Flask
Tool used to measure *small* volumes of liquid
Volumetric Pipette
T-Cell
WBC's that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response
H2O
Water
Hydrolysis
Water is added. -H is added to one of the smaller molecules and OH is added to another molecule being formed. -Reaction in water is *broken down* into Hydrogen Cations (H or H+) and Hydroxide Anions (OH or OH-).
Hydrogen Bond
Weak bond between a *hydrogen atom of one molecule* and *an electronegative atom* (like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) of another molecule. -Form between *two different* parts of the same molecule. ~As in the structure of DNA and other large molecules.
Direct Dialogue
When you quote, exactly, directly, what a person said.
carbon dioxide levels decrease, causing an increase in blood pH
Which of the following explains what happens in the circulatory system during hyperventilation
Homophones: Whose and Who's
Whose (adjective): Belonging to whom Who's: Contraction of "who is"
Selective Permeability
With regard to size, charge, and solubility. *-Size:* Membrane allows small molecules to diffuse through it. Oxygen and Water molecules are small and can pass through the cells membrane. *-Charge:* Ions on a cells surface either *attracts or repels* ions. Ions with *like* charges are *repelled*, and ions with *opposite* charges are *attracted* to the surface. *-Solubility:* Molecules that are soluble in phospholipids can usually pass through the membrane. Many are *not* able to diffuse the membrane, and if anything they'll have to be moved through by *active transport and vesicles.*
Suffixed for words ending in "e"
Word ends in silent "e", added suffix begins with vowel, drop the letter "e" when adding the suffix: age+ing=aging Word ends in silent "e", added suffix begins with consonant, keep the letter when adding suffix: awe+some=awesome
adverb
Word or phrase that describes or modifies an adjective, verb or adverb
homophone
Words pronounced the same but that have different meanings (bat)
homograph
Words spelled the same but have different meaning
Root: graph
Written: biographic
of
X
Reactants > products
X > Y
Second person
You use the second-person point of view to address the reader, as I just did Singular: Mom can you grab the keys Plural: Everyone needs to raise their hand if they have a question
Homophones: Your and You're
Your (adjective): Belonging to you You're: Contraction of you are
electronegativity (attraction of electrons) & Ionization energy (hard to remove electrons from gases)
^> - increase
ventricular contraction/ ventricular relaxtion
a blood pressure of 120/70 refers to arterial pressures recorded during
antibody
a blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
nerve
a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord
antigen presenting cell
a cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatability complexes on their surfaces
chromosome
a chapter, linking sentances with punctuation marks to regulate where genes start and end
covelant bonds
a chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms
ventilation
a combination of muscle action and negative pressure
enzymes are used for almost all chemical rxn
a few metabolic rxn because highly selective
tissue
a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs
dependant clause
a group of words that includes a subject and and verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentance
independant clause
a group of words that includes a subject and predicate and can stand alone as a complete sentance
stream of consciosness writing
a narrative device that mimics interior monologue
second person
a narrative that addresses the reader as "you"
the release of insulin from the pancreas in response to an increase in blood sugar levels
a negative feedback mechanism in the human body
What is a collective noun?
a noun that refers to a whole group of people, like orchestra, jury, team, class, family, etc.
What type of verb (singular or plural) does NOT end in the letter "s"?
a plural verb
organ
a self contained part of an organism that preforms a specific function
gene
a sentance made of a specific order of condons that produces a protein
endocrine system
a set of organs that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system
emphasis paragraph
a short paragraph that highlights key points
antimicrobial
a substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host.
lymphocyte
a subtype of WBC found in lymph
vitamin k
absorbed in the large intestine
dependant variable
a variable that depends on at least one other variable goes on y axis second quantity on a graph
independant variable
a variable that determines the value of another variable goes on x-axis first quantity on a graph
progressive
a verb showing something is currently happening
modifier
a word or group of words that provides description for another word
preposition
a word that describes relationships between other words
Articles
a, and, the Never capitalize articles unless necessary to another rule
villi and microvilli
absorb polar digested nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals and chylomicrons, and vitamin b12
cause - effect
action first (cause) then describes the effect
substrate reacts with
active site of an enzyme to make new product (conformational change- enzyme changes shape of itself)
if word ends with S
add -ion
if word ends with T
add -ion
if word ends with c
add K then suffix
mean
add all the number together, divide by how many there are
condensation
add bonds
endothermic
add energy/heat to the reactants
anabolism
adding small molecules to larger ones
Area
all of the sides together (A2+B2=C2 if hypotenuse)
saturated
alkane
unsaturated
alkenes & alkynes
Large intestine
also known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed
ellipses ...
always 3 bullet points when part of text you want to keep some things out suggests hesitation
internal factors for enzymes
amino acid structure
each codon matches to specific
amino acids ; 20 amino acid pairs for 64 codons
tidal volume
amount of air breathed in an out of the lungs
latent heat
amount of heat needed to cause a phase change (ex : L>g / g>l / etc.)
light years
amount of light than travels within a year
suffix
an affix that appears at the end of the word
immunoglobin
an antibody
colloquialism
an informal word or phrase
><
and
dendtitic cell
antigen presenting cells that process antigens material and present it to t cells
matter
anything that takes up space and has a mass
medulla oblongata of brainstem
breathing control center, control respiratioon through monitoring carbon dioxide levels and blood pH
Blood becoming more acidic
at the end of a sprint, a runner breathes hard because the medulla oblongata senses which of the following?
what is the smallest part of an element?
atom
protons (positive charge) + neutrons =
atomic mass ; found in the nucleus
lub sound
atrioventricular valves close (mitral and tricuspid)
tendons
attach bone to muscle
heterotroph vs. autotroph
autotroph produces its own energy source but heterotrophs cannot
meter
average adult is 1.5-2m
gram
average weight of an aspirin
emperical
based on observation
alveoli
bathed in a layer of aqueous surfactant, prevents the lung from collapsing on itself due to surface tensio
ionic bonds
bonds formed by 2 oppositely charged ions, soluable in water, conduct electricity
osteocyte
bone cell
400-800ml
bladder can hold how much liquid
ligaments
bones are articulated to other bones through
glycolysis (cellular respiration/heterotrophs)
break down glucose to produce ATP ; end product is then sent into the Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle to make more ATP - mitochondria is used
parts of the stomach
break down proteins cardiac sphincter ; pyloric sphincter
sequence
bullet points / listing
catalysts/enzymes increase chemical rxn
by lowering the activation energy (lowering amount of energy needed to get rxn going)
elements
cannot be broken down into anything simpler
joules =
calories
rational numbers
can be repeated numbers, can be fractions, terminating numbers (they end)
metalloids
can either donate/accept depending ; in - between metals / nonmetals - staircase
metalloids properties
can either donate/accept depending ; in - between metals / nonmetals - staircase
solids (vibration)
can vibrate but not move very much
nutrients, wastes, chemical messengers, and immune molecules
cardiovascular system transports
ribosomes (organelle)
carry out protein synthesis
leptin
causes the sensation if satiety
organelles
cell parts that function within a cell (ribosomes) energy processing and waste excretion
dependent variable
changes due to the independent variable : 'DEPENDS'
vaporization :
changing to liquid to gas needs energy added - H = M x L
gase
changing volume and changing shape ; weakest bonds ; high temperature low pressure
harversian canal
channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
ion
charged atom (cation + anion -)
pepsinogen
cheif cells
duodenum
chyme is neutralized by bicarbonate in pancreatic secretions. It receives alkaline bile juices from the gall bladder which helps neutralize acid chyme in the
lymph
clear fluid the moves throughout the lymphatic system. IT is plasma with the RBC's removed
lymphatic system
comprimises lymph that bathes the interstital spaces between cells and is circulted through lymph vessels
codon
consists of 3 bases within a gene/chromosome 64 codons
chloroplast
contain its own genetic information and can sometimes synthesis own proteins
bivariate
containing 2 variables
blood plasma
contains nutrients, horomones, antibodies, and other immune proteins
simple sentence
contains one clause ; doesn't contain any dependent sentences ; subject and verb to complete
integumentary system
contains organs and glands that are vital to protecting the body and regulating temperature (the skin, hair, nails, subaceous, sudoriferous, and ceruminous glands)
systole
contraction of heart muscle
control group vs. experimental group
control group = placebo ; nothing happens to them experiment group = is the one being tested on
catalysts
control the rate of a rxn ; inhibitors (drugs) will slow it down and promoters (enzymes) will increase rxn
sodium
controls water balance in the body
mitochondria (organelle)
convert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell
periosteoum
covers bones, contains nerves and blood vessels
Prefixes for Multiples
deka/deca (da): 10^1 hecto (h): 10^2 kilo (k): 10^3 mega (M): 10^6 giga (G): 10^9 tera (T): 10^12
skewness
data skewed right or skewed left on a graph
Prefixes for Subdivisions
deci (d): 10^-1 centi (c)L 10^-2 milli (m): 10^-3 micro (u): 10^-6 nano (n): 10^-9 pico (p): 10^-12
osteoarthrisis
degeneraive joint disease
spleen used to
degenerate WBC
the gland synthesizes a horomone, which is released into the blood. the hormone then attaches to a receptor in or on the target gland or tissue to initiate a response
describe how a gland sends a message
inflection
details of how a word is expressed to modify its tone or meaning
derivation
determining the origin of the word
heterozygous
different
expository passages
discusses a topic/subject giving groundwork information for understanding later ideas, or analyzes information objectively
carbon dioxide
dissolves is plasma and is removed by the lungs
genes
dna based codes, packaged in units call chromosomes... shapes the traits of a actual organism
titles
do not put preposition/article in capital letters unless beginning of the title
independent variable
does not change ; is "independent"
moon
does not produce own energy ; light is from the reflection of the sun hitting the surface
metals
donate electrons ; GOOD electrical/heat conductibility ; malleable ; shiny ; majority of elements in periodic table ; usually solid ; high melting points - quick to heat & cool
"genetic variation"
due to meiosis (prophase I?)
embryo
early stages of development after fertilization (an animal/plant)
what cannot be broken down any simpler?
element
exothermic
emitting energy/heat in the products
corpus luteum
empty graafian follicle, produces large amounts of progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg
law of conservation of energy
energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transferred between KE & PE
mutations (DNA replication)
errors within the genome (whole gene) that can be caused by DNA replication errors or mutagens (substances that induce mutations) - to speed up synthesis of DNA, DNA polymerase will help find amino acids for the codons of the gene, sometimes mistakes can occur so the DNA polymerase proofreads. 2) mismatch repair : after the mismatch pair will find complementary bases the replace the errored ones with
photosynethesis can occur in
eukaryotes & prokaryotes but cellular respiration occurs in plants and animals
eukaryotes vs prokaryotes (introns/exons/operuon)
eukaryotes have introns/exons during transcription prokaryotes only have opereons
I before E
except after C
mutations (mutagens)
excision repair : inspection of DNA and try to repair them due to substances like UV rays or harmful chemicals - cuts a error strand and allows the DNA polymerase to find complementary bases
supporting detail
explains the main idea throughout the passage
entertain
fiction novels purpose of entertainment
primary source
first hand records of the event (publications/unpublished & first people to see the event occur, books, theories, opinions.)
The subject has to agree with the ____ in a verb phrase.
first helping verb
solids
fixed volume and shape ; low temp high pressure
liquids
fixed volume but changing in shape ; weaker bonds ; higher temp high pressure
luteinizing horomone (LH)
from the pituitary, causes the developing egg to be released
nephron
functional unit of the kidney
condensation
gas>Liquid subtract heat : H = -M x L
chromosomes consist of
genes
genotypes
genetic information
mutations can be passed on only by...
germ cells ; reproductive cells like sperm and ovum cells
inform
gives the reader fact or event ; newspaper articles
pancreas
gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices
mucus
goblet cells
unimodial
graph having 1 peak
bimodial
graph having 2 clear peaks
meiosis stages
half the number of chromosomes ;
Mitochondria
has its own DNA from the maternal parent
long bones
have long compact hollow shafts containing marrow (humerus, ulna, radius, femer)
each family/group/column
have similar arrangements of electrons and chemical properties
carbohydrates
have thousands of monosacchride untis. its functions include energy storage, and recognition molecules
cholecytokinin
horomone that induces bile and pancreatic juice stimulation
physiology
how all of the body parts work together
organic cmpds
hydrocarbons
hyperventilation
hypoxia ; blood vessels constrict (get smaller) ; decrease carbon dioxide
Denisty
if an intensive property in independant of the amount of the material being measured, which of the following is an example of intensive property? Lengh, mass, volume, density
ghrelin
induces hunger
graafian follicle
in the ovary matures and releases an egg
compound sentence
independent clauses put together with coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) or semicolon if similar
phagocytosis
ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte
pepsin
initiates chemical digestion in the stomach
Where will a subject NEVER be?
inside a prepositional phrase
concentration gradient
inversely proportional to the distance between the two solutions
autonomic
involuntary nervous system. Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulater unconcious body functions
what dissociates in water?
ionic dissociate (high MP) & covalent can dissociate (lower MP)
covalent bonds have the strongest bonds
ionic have weakest ; hydrogen bonds are the weakest bonds of all - EN have strong attraction (covalent to nonmetals with high EN)
real numbers
irrational & rational (AKA all numbers)
extraneous
irrelevent
Binomial Nomenclature
italicize the Genus species
rhombus
kite shape, diamond
lamellae
layers of bone tissue or cell walls
emigration
leaving a certain region
affix
letters placed at the beginning or end of a word or word part to change its meaning
t/f
liquid have the highest density compared to solid & gas
evaporation
liquid often achieved due to high heat, low humidity, and fast movement of surrounding air mass (surface layer of liquid moves faster)
technical passages
listing ; facts ; no opinions ; precise information (formal / semi - formal)
sinotorial node
located at the top section of the right atria
myosin
long strands of protein (thick filaments)
actin
long strands of protein (thin filaments)
index
looking up various topics at the end of the book ; gives pages for more information of certain topics listed bold text = pictures are on that page
penis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, testis, and scrotum
male reproductive system parts
periodic sentence
main idea or point at the end of the paragraph
cumulative sentence
main idea/point at the beginning of the paragraph
pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes
major glands of the endocrine system
Ribosomes
make the proteins in conjunction with mRNA eukaryotic, prokaryotic & plant cells have them
Pronoun: Objective
me, you, him, her, it, us, them
before
meaning of prefix ante-
constant temperature on Earth
means that the energy has to be equal with energy entering and energy exiting
metaphase difference mitosis vs meiosis
meiosis : line up in the middle and find homologous pair mitosis : chromosomes line up in the middle ; causing chromatids to separate
bacteria does not have
membrane bound organelles
parts of the small intestine
microvilli&villi to increase surface area absorption of nutrients break down fats duodenum, jejunum, ileum
monohybrid inheritance
mendels first law - inheritance of a single trait
dihybrid inheritance
mendels second law - simultaneous inheritance of two separate traits on 2 different chromosomes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
meth eth prop but pent hex hept oct non dec
PE = potential motion/stored energy
mgh ; gravity constant = 9.8
canaliculi
microscoping canals in osified bone
starting w milli, what are the amount prefixes?
milli centi deci G deca hecto kilo.001 .01 .1 1 10 100 1000
gastrulation
most critical stage of development because individual tissue layers begin to form
Golgi apperatus (organelle)
motifies and packages proteins secreted from a cell
efferent
motor nerves send messages out the the muscles
percents to decimal
move two spaces over to left (exception 320% = 3 2/10)
Pronoun: Possessive
my, mine, your, your's, his, her, her's, it's, our, ours, their, theirs
fungus
myco- meaning
liquid to gas is usually
needs more energy compared to solid to liquid
electrons
negative
neutrons
negative
electrons
negative ; outer electron shells ; not calculated into the atomic mass because they do not weigh a lot
hypothalamus
nervous and endocrine systems integrate here
percent increase
new value - old value / old value
inate
non specific response (skin, hair, mucus, phagocytes)
ionic
nonmetal + metal ; charges ; exchanging of electrons
covalent
nonmetal + nonmetal ; sharing of electrons
irregular bones
nonsymmetrical (skull, knee, elbow)
flat bones
not hollow, but contain marrow. (scapula, ribs sternum)
nucleic acids
nucleotides - DNA/RNA stores genetic information, forms chromosomes
atomic number
number of protons
mode
number that occurs the most
quantitative
numbers
irrational numbers
numbers that cannot be written as a fraction ; numbers that do not repeat but continue ; square/cube roots that are not complete #
irregular numbers
numbers that cannot be written as a fraction ; numbers that do not repeat but continue ; square/cube roots that are not complete #
gas exchange in the lungs
occurs by diffusion, which is a passive transport mechanism
cell processes are needed by use
of an enzyme for chemical rxn
percent decrease
old value - new value / old value
Carbon is large majority
on earth
atomic mass
on the periodoic table are shown in decimal from to account for the natural abundance of the elements various isotopes
chromatid
one of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle
Suffix: or, er
one who takes part in: conductor, fighter
<>
or
testes
organ that produces sperm
table of contents
overview of the document ; usually in the front ; basic structure
heterotroph formula
oxygen + glucose > carbon dioxide + water + energy
nucleic acids contain what elements?
oxygen, phosphate, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon
cl used to break down
ozone
external factors for enzymes
pH, temp, substrate concentration
left to right up down
period/rows group/family/columns
kilometer
person walks 1km in 15 minutes
respiratory system
pharyxn, larynx, trachea, bronchi (cilia) , bronchioles , alveoli (exchange O2 & CO2)
nucleotides
phosphate backbone , pentose (sugar) , nitrogenous base (A T/U GC) - hydrogen bonds hold the two nitrogenous bases together (weak bonds/break easily)
phenotypes
physical appearance ; characteristics/traits
capitalize
places (cities,countries,names of parks/beaches/peninsulas...) cardinal directions of a location organizations,companies,institutions events, special events (including season), days, months, historical events, nationalities, race, religion, award, monuments, ships, titles of honor, showing family relationship if there is no possessives in front (me,my,mine,your etc..) Titles (except prepositions, & articles unless the beginning) deities (but not gods in general) first lines of words in poetry or song First word in a quotation
Compound subjects that are joined by "and" are almost always...?
plural
both, few, many, several
plural indefinite pronouns
What kind of verb (singular or plural) goes with these words: scissors, eyeglasses, and pants?
plural verb
express feelings
poetry ; give the reader a sense of emotion
macromolecules
polymers joined together by covelant bonds between the monomeric units. these are made by dehydration/condensation synthesis
ion
positively or negatively charged atom
apostrophes
possessive is before the S (boy's dog) plural is after s (soccer teams') pluralize numbers or letters put two words together (can't) or shorten year ('98)
protons
postitive - give atomic number
rational numbers
postive numbers negative numbers decimals fractions
problem - solution
problem in one paragraph & solution in another or it can be put together
cellular functions
processes that include growth, matabloism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement
prostate and seminal vesicle
produce fluids necessary for lubricating and nourishing sperm
brush border enzymes
produced by duodenum, includes proteases, lactase, and other diahsaccharidases, and bicarbonate.
amylase and lipase
produced by siliva to initiate chemical digestion of starch and lipids
renin
produced by the kidneys, regulates blood pressure by retaining or removing salt
liver
produces bile, regulated glycogon storage and preforms bodily functions
autotroph
produces its own source of ATP from sunlight
atomic number =
protons
leukocyte
protect the body against disease
amino acid chain made by ribosome + mRNA =
proteins
expression of gene traits
proteins
lipids
proteins composed of hydrogen and carbon (fats), store energy efficiently
apostrophe
punctuation mark that denotes omission of letters and possessive case
colon
punctuation mark used in introduction of a quote or list, ratio, and time
Electromagnetic radiation
radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, UV, X ray, Gamma rays (longest to shortest/highest frequency)
rectum
region of large intestine in which feces is stored before elimination
diastole
relaxation of heart muscle
vaporization
removing bonds
adaptive
respond to specific antigens (reaction - cytotic t cells kill a pathogen) prevention - b cells produce antibodies
work
result of change in energy
lung
right is larger than the left
dub sound
semilunar valves close (pulmonary and aortic valve)
afferent
sensory nerves send messages to the CNS
meiosis
sexual reproduction ; gametes - gametes DNA from 2 separate cells combine - the reduction of genetic information/DNA from the combined pair (because there would be too much = meiosis) - ONLY OCCURS IN GAMETES/FERTILIZED EGGS
histograms / bar graph
show frequencies of an event
pie charts
shows 100% or whole circle that can be split up into sections
line graph
shows change over time or compares two quantities ; X _ Y I axis
homozygous
similar
-one, -body, -thing, each, either, neither
singular indefinite pronouns
Everyone/any of us/noone/anyone/somebody
singular third person
What kind of verb (singular or plural) goes with these words: mumps, measles, and news?
singular verb
parrallellogram
slanted rectangle shape
lipids are digested proteins are digest carbohydrates
small intestine (lipase) stomach (protease) mouth (amylase)
atomic radius
smallest is in upper right corner (opposite of electronegativity)
residual capacity
stale air trapped in alveoili after expiration and mixes with fresh air brought in through inspiration
CCK
stimulates gall bladder to secrete bile to emulsify fats in the small intestine
secretin
stimulates the bicarbonate to be released by pancreas as well as pancreatic enzymes
anatomy
structure of the organs & body systems
What two things must "agree" in a sentence (meaning both be plural or both be singular)?
subject and verb
antigens
substances on the surface of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native or foreign
range of a set of data
subtract the minimum value from the maximum value
degluttination
swallowing
bones
synthesize blood and immunes cells store calcium. phosphate, and lipids is a dynamic tissue
narrative passages
tell a story / can contain chain of events
articles
the (direct) a / an (indirect)
renal artey
the CV system pumps blood into the kidneys through the ________. two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys
Sun
the Earth's energy source ; Earth travels around the sun
express alternative genetic information
the cause of cell differentiation is that different cells
vas deferens
the duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra
prostate
the glanf in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
urea
the main nitrogenous part of urine
median
the middle number
cardiovasculary/circulatory system
the movement of blood and lymph around the body, which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication, and protection
predicate
the part of the sentance that explains what the subject does or is like
indirect object
the person or thing to whom or which something is done
collagen
the primary structural protein of connective tisue
surface area involved
the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the
Root word
the root meaning of the word
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit in grammer
synapse
the structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
diction
the style of writing determined by word choice
convariance
the way two variables change eachother
A compound subject is when...?
there are two or more subjects in for a verb in a sentence
enzymes
these speed up reactions. they catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed. Can be exergonic (release energy) or endergonic (require energy)
milimeter
thickness of a dime
Titles, amounts, and ______ are always singular subjects with singular verbs.
time
cartilage
tough, elastic, connective tissue
pleura
tough, protective double layer with fluid between that covers the lungs
introns leave during
transcription within the nucleus ; therefore exons stay
enzymes can work in forward and reverse chemical rxn
true
comparison - contrast
two cases that will be making the reader consider the difference
double helix
two strands of DNA run in opposite directions
stem cells
undifferentiated cells ex: totipotent ; pluripotent ; multipotent
outliers
unexpected values
main idea
usually a sentence that contains the purpose of the writing ; specific message
summary sentence
usually found at the end of the passage ; concludes/sums up point in earlier text
urea, water, salts, and other excess metabolites
urine contains
ribosomes
use of genetic information to build specific protein molecules
cerebellum
used to balance
parentheses
used to not interrupt the main sentence (extra information) (in parentheses if it is a sentence make sure inside has its own period)
semicolons
used with 2 independent clauses before HOWEVER or THEREFORE
by products of cellular respiration from heterotrophs
water and carbon dioxide (expelled but used for autotrophs)
bell-shaped
when a symmetric distribution has a single peak in the middle
uniform
when all data is spread equally across the range of the distribution
amino acids
when an enzyme is degraded into its monomeric structural unit, monomers will be
commas ,
when dependent clause proceeds a independent clause two words or phrases are separated by this after Yes or No intro before a quotation and after between month/day when writing a letter in the heading
quotation marks "
when individual has direct quote when taken out of a text slang/technical terms quotation within a quotation
colons
when listing in between time formal letter
hyphens
when words are separated on a line (separated by syllables) writing out numbers in words (fractions, 23...) separate a prefix from proper noun
subordinating conjuction
when, as if, as, although, because, though, while .... COMPLEX SENTENCE
subordinating conjunction
when, as, as if, although, though, because, while (complex sentence)
gland
where horomones are made
chemical
which of the following describes the signal employed by the endocrine system?
demineralization
which of the following explains why an individual that has suffered a broken bone and is immobolized for an extended period of time experiences bone mass loss?
albumin
which of the following molecules in urine indicates a problem with the kidneys? Albumin, sodium, water, creatnine
chemical
which of the following processes best describes how a signal travels across a nerve synapse? Chemical, electrical, kinetic, potential
reduction in residual volume of the lung
which of the following situations would result in increased oxygen diffusion from alveoli into blood
leukocytes and lymphocytes
white blood cells are divided into 2 main groups
interjection
words or phrases that represent short bursts of emotion
persuasive passages
written in order for the reader to be "pulled" toward what the writer is stating
degrees celcius
zero is freezing, 10 is not, 20 is warm, 30 is hot!
pepsinogen
zymogen form of protease produced by the stomach
