Test 1

Give at least one example of a possible benefit of incongruence

Employees with diverse values offer different perspectives, which leads to a better decision making

Give an disadvantage of telecommuting to the employee

Family relations may suffer if they lack sufficient space and resources for a home office

Research indicates that baby boomers and Generation-X employees bring the same values and expectations to the workplace

Generational cohorts tend to differ from each other in their attitudes and expectations

The changing workforce is one of the emerging trends in organizational behavior. Describe two ways in which the workforce is changing and briefly identify one potential consequence of these changes for organizations

Globalization and workforce diversity -diversity may cause communication problems and and can be a source of conflict

Role perception

An understanding of what the employee is supposed to do, the priority of various tasks, and the preferred behaviors for accomplishing tasks

Values

Are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations

Moral intensity

Decisions with high moral intensity are more important, so the decision maker needs to more carefully apply ethical principles to resolve it

Situational Factors

Environmental conditions which constrain or facilitate behavior

Personal Values

Values exist only within individuals

Open Systems theory

a perspective that organizations take their sustenance from the environment and affect that environment through their output

What is task performance and example?

-Goal directed behaviors under the individuals control that support organizational objectives -Transforms raw materials into goods and services or support and maintain the technical activities -foreign exchange traders make decisions and take actions to exchange currencies

Give one disadvantage of diversity in organizations

Communication problems

The MARS model

Describes four factors that directly influence voluntary individual behavior and performance: motivation, ability, role perception, and situational factors

Who are more likely to be absent or late for work

Employees who experience job dissatisfaction or work-related stress

Give one advantage of diversity in organizations

Make better decisions on complex problems

Situational factors

May constrain (inhibit) behavior, but they may also facilitate

Personality traits

Most people vary their behavior to suit the situation, even if it is at odds with their personality.

Aptitudes

NATURAL TALENTS (a person is born with them) that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better. If a person is not born with a particular aptitude, he/she cannot acquire it. He/she can, however, develop learned capabilities - the skills and knowledge that are actually acquired.

Give an advantage of telecommuting to the employee

Reduces employee stress by offering better work/life balance

The distributive justice principle

Suggests that people who are similar in relevant ways should receive similar benefits and burdens; those who are dissimilar should receive different benefits and burdens in proportion to their dissimilarity

What do most experts agree on

That personality is shaped by both nature and nurture, although the relative importance of each remains a question

Give two examples of surface-level diversity

The observable demographic or physiological differences in people, such as their race, gender, age, and physical disabilities

Cultural values

Values shared across a society

Describe telecommuting

Working at home rather than commuting to the office

Uncertainty avoidance

a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance)

Contingency anchor

a particular action may have different consequences in different situations

Organizational Learning

a perspective that organizational effectiveness depends on the organization's capacity to acquire, share, use, and store valuable knowledge

Reliability

consistency of measurement

Stakeholders

individuals, organizations, or other entities who affect, or are affected by, the organization's objectives and actions

Define procedural justice

perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards

Workforce diversity

potentially improves decision making and team performance on complex tasks

Globalization

refers to economic, social, and cultural connectivity with people in other parts of the world

Conscientiousness and emotional stability (low neuroticism)

stand out as the personality traits that best predict individual performance in almost every job group

The contingency anchor in organizational behavior suggests that we need to diagnose the situation to identify the most appropriate action under those specific circumstances

suggests that we need to diagnose the situation to identify the most appropriate action under those specific circumstances

People with a high score on the neuroticism

tend to have high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness

Multidisciplinary anchor

the field should welcome theories and knowledge from other disciples, not just from its own isolated research base

Multiple levels of analysis anchor

understand organizational behavior events from three levels of analysis: individual, team, and organization

Self-directed team

Allows for employee involvement and job autonomy, both of which strengthen employee motivation

MARS is an acronym used for a model of individual behavior and performance. Identify AND describe each of the four factors in the MARS model

-Motivation -Ability -Role Preferences -Situational factors

In the past, an organization was considered effective if it achieved its stated objectives. Name and describe the four NEW perspectives of organizational effectiveness that OB scholars use today

-Open Systems theory -Organizational learning -High Performance work systems -Stakeholders

Many organizations are placing increasing importance on values in the workplace. Briefly define values Then discuss two reasons why workplace values have become more important in recent years

-stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations -To value something thats socially desirable -Better image=better personality

What is organizational citizenship behavior and example?

-various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organizations social and psychological context -helping co-workers with problems and having a flexible schedule to accommodate co-workers

Describe the four anchors on which organizational behavior is based

1. systematic research anchor 2. multidisciplinary anchor 3. contingency anchor 4. multiple levels of analysis anchor

Power Distance

A cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society

Collectivism

A cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which people belong, and to group harmony

Individualism

A cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness

High performance work system

A perspective that effective organizations incorporate several workplace practices that leverage the potential of human capital

Validity

Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

The principle of utilitarianism

Advises us to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people

According to the MARS model

All four factors are important, so behavior and performance would be low when any one of them is low

Role Preferences

Beliefs about what behavior is required to achieve the desired results

Problem with the individual rights principle

Certain individual rights may conflict with others

Two examples of deep-level diversity

Differences in the psychological characteristics of employees, including personalities, beliefs, values, and attitudes

Describe the ethical philosophy known as "utilitarianism". What are three major issues to consider when using this philosophy in the ethical decision-making process?

Greatest good for the greatest number of people -Is it acceptable for a few to be harmed? -What is the greatest good? -Can we use unethical means to achieve ethical outcomes?

Shared Values

Groups of people might hold the same or similar values

Organizations

Groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose

Give at least one example of a problem with incongruence

Higher stress and turnover as well as lower organizational citizenship, loyalty, and job satisfaction

How do organizations acquire knowledge

Hiring individuals, or purchasing entire companies, that have valued knowledge

espoused-enacted values congruence

Important for people in leadership positions because any obvious gap between them undermines their perceived integrity

Motivation

Internal forces that affect a person's voluntary choice of behavior

Ability

Natural aptitudes + learned capabilities (nurtured) required to successfully complete a task

What are the best organizational practices

Open systems that take their sustenance from the environmnet and, in turn, affect that environment through their output

One of your employees is low on the trait represented by the "C" in "CANOE". Describe a past BEHAVIOR of this person, predict a future behavior of this person, and explain what you might do in order to change that future behavior

Past: Doesn't listen, not dependable Future: Self discipline, dependable Change: Punishments

Value System

People arrange values into a hierarchy of preferences

Ethical sensitivity

Personal characteristic that enables people to recognize the presence, and determine the relative importance, of an ethical issue. People with high ethical sensitivity can more accurately estimate the moral intensity of an issue, but they do not necessarily behave more ethically than those with low ethical sensitivity

Ethics

Refers to the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad

Espoused values

Represent the values that we say we use and, in many cases, think we use

Enacted values

Represent the values we actually rely on to guide our decisions and actions

Social identity theory

Self-concept in terms of the person's unique characteristics (personal identity) and membership in various social groups (social identity).

Values Congruence

Similarity of a person's values hierarchy to another source

The triple bottom line

Successful organizations support or earn positive returns in the economic, social, and environmental spheres of sustainability

Give an advantage of telecommuting to the employer

Work with broadband and other technology and have sufficient fulfillment of social needs elsewhere in their life

Fundamental error in attribution

The tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of that persons behavior

In your own words, describe Kant's deontology and use an example (not one from class) to illustrate how it would guide a rational person in the ethical decision-making process

What you ought to do that follows the laws

Give an disadvantage of telecommuting to the employer

Work may not get done at home

Describe attribution theory

the perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behavior or event is caused largely by internal or external factors

Systematic research anchor

the research is based on forming research questions, systematically( according to a plan) collecting data, and testing hypotheses against those data.

Organizational values

values shared by people throughout an organization