Test 1
Give at least one example of a possible benefit of incongruence
Employees with diverse values offer different perspectives, which leads to a better decision making
Give an disadvantage of telecommuting to the employee
Family relations may suffer if they lack sufficient space and resources for a home office
Research indicates that baby boomers and Generation-X employees bring the same values and expectations to the workplace
Generational cohorts tend to differ from each other in their attitudes and expectations
The changing workforce is one of the emerging trends in organizational behavior. Describe two ways in which the workforce is changing and briefly identify one potential consequence of these changes for organizations
Globalization and workforce diversity -diversity may cause communication problems and and can be a source of conflict
Role perception
An understanding of what the employee is supposed to do, the priority of various tasks, and the preferred behaviors for accomplishing tasks
Values
Are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations
Moral intensity
Decisions with high moral intensity are more important, so the decision maker needs to more carefully apply ethical principles to resolve it
Situational Factors
Environmental conditions which constrain or facilitate behavior
Personal Values
Values exist only within individuals
Open Systems theory
a perspective that organizations take their sustenance from the environment and affect that environment through their output
What is task performance and example?
-Goal directed behaviors under the individuals control that support organizational objectives -Transforms raw materials into goods and services or support and maintain the technical activities -foreign exchange traders make decisions and take actions to exchange currencies
Give one disadvantage of diversity in organizations
Communication problems
The MARS model
Describes four factors that directly influence voluntary individual behavior and performance: motivation, ability, role perception, and situational factors
Who are more likely to be absent or late for work
Employees who experience job dissatisfaction or work-related stress
Give one advantage of diversity in organizations
Make better decisions on complex problems
Situational factors
May constrain (inhibit) behavior, but they may also facilitate
Personality traits
Most people vary their behavior to suit the situation, even if it is at odds with their personality.
Aptitudes
NATURAL TALENTS (a person is born with them) that help employees learn specific tasks more quickly and perform them better. If a person is not born with a particular aptitude, he/she cannot acquire it. He/she can, however, develop learned capabilities - the skills and knowledge that are actually acquired.
Give an advantage of telecommuting to the employee
Reduces employee stress by offering better work/life balance
The distributive justice principle
Suggests that people who are similar in relevant ways should receive similar benefits and burdens; those who are dissimilar should receive different benefits and burdens in proportion to their dissimilarity
What do most experts agree on
That personality is shaped by both nature and nurture, although the relative importance of each remains a question
Give two examples of surface-level diversity
The observable demographic or physiological differences in people, such as their race, gender, age, and physical disabilities
Cultural values
Values shared across a society
Describe telecommuting
Working at home rather than commuting to the office
Uncertainty avoidance
a cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance)
Contingency anchor
a particular action may have different consequences in different situations
Organizational Learning
a perspective that organizational effectiveness depends on the organization's capacity to acquire, share, use, and store valuable knowledge
Reliability
consistency of measurement
Stakeholders
individuals, organizations, or other entities who affect, or are affected by, the organization's objectives and actions
Define procedural justice
perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards
Workforce diversity
potentially improves decision making and team performance on complex tasks
Globalization
refers to economic, social, and cultural connectivity with people in other parts of the world
Conscientiousness and emotional stability (low neuroticism)
stand out as the personality traits that best predict individual performance in almost every job group
The contingency anchor in organizational behavior suggests that we need to diagnose the situation to identify the most appropriate action under those specific circumstances
suggests that we need to diagnose the situation to identify the most appropriate action under those specific circumstances
People with a high score on the neuroticism
tend to have high levels of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-consciousness
Multidisciplinary anchor
the field should welcome theories and knowledge from other disciples, not just from its own isolated research base
Multiple levels of analysis anchor
understand organizational behavior events from three levels of analysis: individual, team, and organization
Self-directed team
Allows for employee involvement and job autonomy, both of which strengthen employee motivation
MARS is an acronym used for a model of individual behavior and performance. Identify AND describe each of the four factors in the MARS model
-Motivation -Ability -Role Preferences -Situational factors
In the past, an organization was considered effective if it achieved its stated objectives. Name and describe the four NEW perspectives of organizational effectiveness that OB scholars use today
-Open Systems theory -Organizational learning -High Performance work systems -Stakeholders
Many organizations are placing increasing importance on values in the workplace. Briefly define values Then discuss two reasons why workplace values have become more important in recent years
-stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations -To value something thats socially desirable -Better image=better personality
What is organizational citizenship behavior and example?
-various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organizations social and psychological context -helping co-workers with problems and having a flexible schedule to accommodate co-workers
Describe the four anchors on which organizational behavior is based
1. systematic research anchor 2. multidisciplinary anchor 3. contingency anchor 4. multiple levels of analysis anchor
Power Distance
A cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society
Collectivism
A cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups to which people belong, and to group harmony
Individualism
A cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness
High performance work system
A perspective that effective organizations incorporate several workplace practices that leverage the potential of human capital
Validity
Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
The principle of utilitarianism
Advises us to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people
According to the MARS model
All four factors are important, so behavior and performance would be low when any one of them is low
Role Preferences
Beliefs about what behavior is required to achieve the desired results
Problem with the individual rights principle
Certain individual rights may conflict with others
Two examples of deep-level diversity
Differences in the psychological characteristics of employees, including personalities, beliefs, values, and attitudes
Describe the ethical philosophy known as "utilitarianism". What are three major issues to consider when using this philosophy in the ethical decision-making process?
Greatest good for the greatest number of people -Is it acceptable for a few to be harmed? -What is the greatest good? -Can we use unethical means to achieve ethical outcomes?
Shared Values
Groups of people might hold the same or similar values
Organizations
Groups of people who work interdependently toward some purpose
Give at least one example of a problem with incongruence
Higher stress and turnover as well as lower organizational citizenship, loyalty, and job satisfaction
How do organizations acquire knowledge
Hiring individuals, or purchasing entire companies, that have valued knowledge
espoused-enacted values congruence
Important for people in leadership positions because any obvious gap between them undermines their perceived integrity
Motivation
Internal forces that affect a person's voluntary choice of behavior
Ability
Natural aptitudes + learned capabilities (nurtured) required to successfully complete a task
What are the best organizational practices
Open systems that take their sustenance from the environmnet and, in turn, affect that environment through their output
One of your employees is low on the trait represented by the "C" in "CANOE". Describe a past BEHAVIOR of this person, predict a future behavior of this person, and explain what you might do in order to change that future behavior
Past: Doesn't listen, not dependable Future: Self discipline, dependable Change: Punishments
Value System
People arrange values into a hierarchy of preferences
Ethical sensitivity
Personal characteristic that enables people to recognize the presence, and determine the relative importance, of an ethical issue. People with high ethical sensitivity can more accurately estimate the moral intensity of an issue, but they do not necessarily behave more ethically than those with low ethical sensitivity
Ethics
Refers to the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad
Espoused values
Represent the values that we say we use and, in many cases, think we use
Enacted values
Represent the values we actually rely on to guide our decisions and actions
Social identity theory
Self-concept in terms of the person's unique characteristics (personal identity) and membership in various social groups (social identity).
Values Congruence
Similarity of a person's values hierarchy to another source
The triple bottom line
Successful organizations support or earn positive returns in the economic, social, and environmental spheres of sustainability
Give an advantage of telecommuting to the employer
Work with broadband and other technology and have sufficient fulfillment of social needs elsewhere in their life
Fundamental error in attribution
The tendency to see the person rather than the situation as the main cause of that persons behavior
In your own words, describe Kant's deontology and use an example (not one from class) to illustrate how it would guide a rational person in the ethical decision-making process
What you ought to do that follows the laws
Give an disadvantage of telecommuting to the employer
Work may not get done at home
Describe attribution theory
the perceptual process of deciding whether an observed behavior or event is caused largely by internal or external factors
Systematic research anchor
the research is based on forming research questions, systematically( according to a plan) collecting data, and testing hypotheses against those data.
Organizational values
values shared by people throughout an organization