Test #2 History Auburn

Chinese opium war (1839-42)

- (1) Foreign traders (primarily British) had been illegally exporting opium mainly from India to China since the 18th century − (1) Britain grabs control of Hong Kong − Brought advantages to other powers (France)

Chinese boxer rebellion (against occupying powers in china)

- A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there. - The rebels, referred to by Westerners as Boxers because they performed physical exercises they believed would make them able to withstand bullets, killed foreigners and Chinese Christians and destroyed foreign property - By the terms of the Boxer Protocol, which officially ended the rebellion in 1901, China agreed to pay more than $330 million in reparations.

Class consciousness and class hostility

- Class consciousness, in the first instance, is recognizing that the key relationship between two classes is their different interests and conditions of living. According to Marx, this means that the working class is consciousness that another class (the bourgeois class) has created the conditions of labor and living for their own class (the proletariat).

radicalism (ideology endorsing democracy)

- Could be a member of the working or middle class, or a supporter of these classes, who called for the right to vote, fair economic conditions, and freedom of the press. -Were also not fans of monarchies

Suez canal and british leader disraeli's role

- Disraeli arranged for the British to purchase a major interest in the Suez Canal Company (in Ottoman-controlled Egypt). - In 1878, faced with Russian victories against the Ottomans, he worked at the Congress of Berlin to obtain peace in the Balkans at terms favourable to Britain and unfavourable to Russia, its longstanding enemy. - This diplomatic victory over Russia established Disraeli as one of Europe's leading statesmen.

v.i. Lenin's development of hobson's theories

- Doesn't believe in Imperialism - Bourgeoise are getting the power

Frederic Engels:

- German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism.

Count cavour of piedmont: italian unification

- In Piedmont Victor Emmanuel II governed with a parliament whose democratic majority refused to ratify the peace treaty with Austria.

Imperialism: "white man's burden"

- In this poem, Kipling urged the U.S. to take up the "burden" of empire, as had Britain and other European nations. - In response to the US taking over the Philippines

Treaty ports in china, including hong kong

- Initial ports were opened to British traders in 1842 following China's defeat in the Chinese-British trade conflict known as the first Opium War (1839-42); the treaty port system began in Japan in 1854 after Commo.

"unequal treaties" with china

- Initiated by Opium War and resolved by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. Following Qing China's defeat, treaties with Britain opened up five ports to foreign trade, while also allowing foreign missionaries, at least in theory, to reside within China.

Pu yi, the last emperor of china

- Last emperor of the Qing dynasty in China and puppet emperor of the Japanese-controlled state of Manchukuo from 1934 to 1945. - At the end of World War II he was taken prisoner by the Russians and returned to China for trial as a war criminal in 1950.

Trade unionism:

- Movement supporting workers' rights but not necessarily socialist or anarchist

Nationalists (guomintang)

- Originally a revolutionary league working for the overthrow of the Chinese monarchy, the Nationalists became a political party in the first year of the Chinese republic (1912). - Demanded that China regain equality with other countries, but the Nationalists' resistance to the Japanese invasion of China was less rigorous than their determined attempts to suppress the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Michael Bakunin

- Russian leader of the anarchists

Labor theory of surplus value

- Surplus value, Marxian economic concept that professed to explain the instability of the capitalist system. Adhering to David Ricardo's labour theory of value, Karl Marx held that human labour was the source of economic value.

Liberia (monrovia) and americo-liberians

- The early settlers practiced their Christian faith, sometimes in combination with traditional African religious beliefs.

Frankfort Assembly

- Tried and failed to create a united German state during the liberal Revolutions of 1848.

franco-prussian war

- War in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. - The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.

The ottoman empire and its "young turks"

- coalition of various reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian regime of Ottoman sultan Abdülhamid II, which culminated in the establishment of a constitutional government. - They were also the first Ottoman reformers to promote industrialization. In addition, the programs of the Young Turk regime effectuated greater secularization of the legal system and provided for the education of women and better state-operated primary schools.

Sino-japanese war (1895-1895)

- conflict between Japan and China that marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire. -Japan= more radical modernizing forces within the Korean government & China= conservative officials gathered around the royal family.

U.s. Commodore matthew perry and "gunboat diplomacy" from usa to japan

- foreign policy that is supported by the use or threat of military force. - Primary goal was to force an end to Japan's 220-year-old policy of isolation and to open Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary - The Perry Expedition led directly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the western "Great Powers", and eventually to the collapse of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate.

New harmony, indiana

- home of utopian community

Taiping rebellion (1851-64) against Qing dynasty

- lasted for some 14 years, ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million lives, and irrevocably altered the Qing dynasty . - The rebellion began under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan (believed himself to be the son of God, the younger brother of Jesus Christ) - The Qing dynasty was so weakened by the rebellion that it never again was able to establish an effective hold over the country.

Sun Yatsen (1st major leader of chinese republic)

- leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party - Influential in overthrowing the Qing dynasty, he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911-12) and later as de facto ruler (1923-25).

Russo-japanese war (1904-1905)

- military conflict in which a victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East - both wanted dominance in Korea and Manchuria

1911 revolution (end of imperial china)

- nationalist democratic revolt that overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1912 and created a republic. - began because an agreement was signed with a four-power group of foreign bankers for the construction of lines on the Hukwang Railway in central China

Dutch east indies (today's indonesia)

- one of the overseas territories of the Netherlands until December 1949, now Indonesia - was occupied by Japan during WW2 - The years 1945-49 formed a transition period in which the Netherlands unsuccessfully tried to regain control of the islands; the islands achieved independence as the new nation of Indonesia in 1949.

Muhammad ali and egypt

- pasha and viceroy of Egypt (1805-48), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th. - He encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state.

Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

- peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839-42) between the United Kingdom and the Qing dynasty - It was the first of what the Chinese later called the unequal treaties on the ground that Britain had no obligations in return.[2]

Meiji restoration (modernization of japan)

- political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government) - brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country.

U.s. Open door policy in china

- protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. - (1) each great power should maintain free access to a treaty port or to any other vested interest within its sphere, (2) only the Chinese government should collect taxes on trade, and (3) no great power having a sphere should be granted exemptions from paying harbour dues or railroad charges.

Versailles

- site of the coronation of william i

Alsace-lorraine:

- taken by prussia from france - This territory was retroceded to France in 1919 after World War I, was ceded again to Germany in 1940 during World War II, and was again retroceded to France in 1945. - Later became part of the Germanys of the Holy Roman Empire

Tokugawa shogunate

- the final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu - mobility between the four classes (i.e., warriors, farmers, artisans, and merchants) was prohibited - complete ban on Christianity

"extraterrioriality" in china

- the immunities enjoyed by foreign states or international organizations and their official representatives from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are present. - i.e., they were under the control of their own consuls and were not subject to the laws of the country in which they resided - treaty port cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou (Canton) constituted the major areas from which industrialization developed in China.

Empress Dowager Cixi

- the presiding emperor of the Qing dynasty and imperial China. Ruled in place of Pu Yi. Cixi supported the Boxer Rebellion and this leads to more conflict w the British and the fall of the Qing Dynasty.

Social darwinism

- the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature.

Dictatorship of the proletariat:

- theory of class rule before the evolution of the classless society - the dictatorship of the proletariat refers to a state in which the proletariat, or the working class, has control of political power.

French indochina

- three states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia formerly associated with France, first within its empire and later within the French Union. - term Indochina refers to the intermingling of Indian and Chinese influences in the culture of the region.

The Treaty of Portsmouth (New Hampshire)

- treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. -mediated by Roosevelt the defeated Russians recognized Japan as the dominant power in Korea and turned over their leases of Port Arthur and the Liaodong Peninsula, as well as the southern half of Sakhalin Island

Battle of Adowa (Italy vs. Ethiopia)

-Ethiopia wins. Big deal. - The victory had further significance for being the first crushing defeat of a European power by African forces during the colonial era.

Otto von bismarck : the kulturkampf

-Held power in Prussia -Illegally taxed Prussians in order to reorganize army -Launched the Austro-Prussian war and won. Kicked Austria out of all German affairs

Laissez-faire: economic doctrine popular among the liberals:

A doctrine of economic liberalism advocating unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.

Conservatism:

A political philosophy that stressed retaining traditional values and institutions, including hereditary monarchy and a strong landowning aristocracy.

J.a. Hobson on the significance of imperialism

Believed imperialism took away attention from the issues at home and the gap between the poor and the rich in Britain.

New Imperialism:

European nations create vast political empires (sometimes by force)

William i

King of Prussia and German emperor

Scientific socialism (or marxism):

Like Marx, its going to happen (different fields prove it'll happen)

Grossdeutsch

Plan for a "large germany" led by austria

Kleindeutsch

Plan for a "small germany" without austria

The Great Mutiny

The terms used by the British and the Indians, respectively, to describe the last armed resistance to British rule in India, which occurred in 1857.

The berlin conference (1884-1885):

− A meeting of European leaders held in 1884-1885 to lay down basic rules for imperialist competition in Sub- Saharan Africa − Set up by France's Jules Ferry and Germany's Otto Von Bismarck − Land could only be taken with treaties with local leaders

Congress of Vienna

− A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain) and France held in 1814-1815 to fashion a general peace agreement settlement to redraw Europe's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France. − Contributed to fifty years without major warfare in Europe.

The "dreyfus affair" and the french third republic:

− Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish Captain was falsely accused and convicted of treason. − The Catholic Church sided with the Anti- Semites against Dreyfus − After Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between state and the church

The Ausgleich: the process that created Austria-Hungary:

− Also called Compromise of 1867 − Regulated relations between Austria and Hungary and established the Dual Monarchy of Austria- Hungary. − Austria pretty much owned Hungary→ Hungary wanted equality − Weakened by its defeat in the Seven Weeks War (Austro- Prussian War) of 1866. − Ruled by Habsburg monarchy

Henry Stanley (publicist):

− Assigned to search for Livingstone

Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist in Africa:

− At one point, Rhodes controlled 90 percent of the global diamond market − Colonized Rhodesia → Zambia and Zimbabwe − Rhodes policies were instrumental in the development of British imperial policies in South Africa − Forced to resign as Prime Minister of Cape Colony due to Jameson Raid → 2nd Boer War

Utopian socialism and robert owen

− Believes an ideal society can be created (social planners) Owen= cotton manufacturer.

The "great trek" of the boers (1835-43) from southernmost Africa:

− Between 1834 and 1838 the British abolished slavery in the Cape Colony and introduced color-blind legislation to protect African Labor − Afrikaners were resentful of equal treatment of blacks and began their Great Trek

Bourgeoisie and proletariat:

− Bourgeoisie: The well-educated, prosperous, middle-class groups − Proletariat: The Marxist term for the modern working class

Social democrats (socialists but not marxists):

− Capitalism to socialism using established political processes − Originally known as revisionism because it represented a change in basic Marxist doctrine − August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht cofounded the Social Democratic Workers Party in 1869 and then effected the merger of their party with the General Germans Workers Union in 1875 → Social Democratic Party of Germany − Lawful means instead of force − The Marxist view of democracy as a "bourgeois" façade for class rile was abandoned, and democracy was proclaimed essential for socialist ideals.

The (anglo-french) fashoda crisis in Africa:

− Climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa (South Sudan) − Great Britains aim was to link Uganda to Egypt via a railway from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo. − France hoped to exclude Britain from Sudan area

Anarchism:

− Cluster of doctrines and attitudes centered on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary

The "scramble for africa" among european powers

− European claims to African terrority during the New Imperialism period − − 1870 end of Austro Russian war − Berlin Conference −

King Louis xviii of France, younger brother of Louis xvi:

− His Constitutional Charter of 1814 was essentially a liberal constitution. − Protected economic and social gains made by the middle class and peasantry − Only a tiny majority of males could vote for those who made laws

Liberalism: its meaning and significance:

− Ideals= equality and liberty. − Demanded a representative government − First recognized in the Industrial revolution then achieved in the French Revolution − Freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest − Great Britain and France (Louis XVIII) took part by 1815 − Adam Smith= Free economy and regulated trade − Favored representative government: right to vote and serve in Parliament − Called for replacing monarchical rule with republics − Liberal and radicals republican joined forces against conservatives

Queen victoria, the empress of India:

− Linked monarchy with the empire further and bind India more closely to Britain.

Napoleon iii, emperor of the french:

− Nephew of Napoleon 1 (President of the second Republic of France − Two decades of properity under a stable, authoritarian government but finally led it to defeat in the Fraco- German War (1870-71)

Paris commune (1871):

− Occurred in the wake of France's defeat in the Franco-German War and the collapse of Napoleon III's Second Empire − To ensure order in Paris, Adolphe Theirs decided to disarm the National Guard − Victory for revolutionaries → Commune Government: Jacobins, Proudhonists= socialists, and the Blanquistes= socialists w/ violence

King Leopold ii of the Belgians and the Congo*:

− Rather than promoting Christianity as promised, Leopold introduced (bad) slavery in the Congo − Missionaries weren't allowed there incase they reported it − Ivory trade died after elephants were decimated → Rubber trade − Leopold was forced to turn over his private territory to Belgium as a colony, the Belgian Congo.

Marxist revisionism (example: edouard bernstein, german political leader):

− Rejecting the labor theory of value, economic determinism, and the significance of the class struggle − Bernstein attempted to revise Marx's ideas, such as abandoning the ideas of the imminent collapse of the capitalist economy and the seizure of power by the proletariat.

Holy roman empire:

− Ruled by Frankish and then by German kings for 10 centuries

"Holy alliance"

− Russia, Prussia, and Austria - Created by Metternich in 1815 − Crushed the ideas and politics of the revolutionary era within their borders and across Europe. − This included the 38 independent German states that the Vienna peace settlement created.

1848 revolutions in austrian empire and elsewhere:

− Series of revolts against European monarchies − All ended in failure and repression − Italy= Sicily, Great Britain= Chartist demonstration and a Republican agitation in Ireland, Beligum, Netherlands, and Denmark − Paris, Vienna, and Berlin governments showed up powerless → French Revolution was successful − Austria: the new minister promised to grant constitutions

Ottoman empire and Greek independence:

− The Greek struggle for freedom and independence won the enthusiastic support of liberals, nationalists, and romantics. The Ottoman Turks were portrayed as cruel oppressors who were holding back the course of history. (Delacroix) − Began a slow decline after Suleiman the Magnificent − In the late eighteenth century, the Ottomans fell behind western Europe in science, industrial skill, and military technology. − Tanzimat: A set of radical reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model. − Lacked trustworthy officials, failed at the growth of nationalism, and declared partial bankruptcy. − The Greeks revolted against Ottoman rule in 1821 and won their independence in 1830.

Metternich, leader of Austrian government

− The balance of power meant an international equilibrium of political and military forces that would discourage aggression by any combination of states or a single state. − They agreed to meet periodically to discuss their common interests and how to maintain peace in Europe → "congress system" − Believed that strong governments were needed to protect society. − Blamed liberal revolutions for stirring up the lower classes. − Opposed the idea that each national group had a right to establish its own independent government. − Metternich's antinationalist ideas were supported by Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Zionism and Theodor Herzl

− The movement toward Jewish political nationhood started by Theodor Herzl − In response to spreading anti-Semitism turned from German nationalism to advocate Jewish political nationalism.

Garibaldi and his red shirts- italian nationalism:

− The name given to volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in sountern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern

The "October Manifesto" of 1905 (Russia):

− The result of a great general strike in Russia in October 1905 − Granted full civil rights and promised a popularity elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power

Dr. David Livingstone (missionary):

− Traveled across the continent of Africa for more than 30 years − Appalled by the way the Dutch and Portuguese colonists treated the African people and his writings told the world about slave trade

Anti-Semitism (significance for 19th century Europe):

− Zionism and German unification fueled the increase of Anti-Semitism during the mid 1800s. − French Jews were attacked from both sides: socialists- opposed Jewish ownership of businesses and capital, and Catholic nationalists, who condemned Jews on racial and religious grounds.