Test 2

Attitudes are ________.

our evaluations of different aspects of the social world

The degree of security an individual feels in interpersonal relationships is referred to as her or his ________.

attachment style

One strategy that White people use to avoid appearing racist is to attempt to be color-blind. When participants were asked to describe a person to a partner as part of a game in a lab setting, White participants were _____ to use race descriptors when their partners were ____.

C) less likely: black D) more likely; white

The matching hypothesis would say ____.

Charles is seeking a partner that is about at attractive as he is

Does correlation imply causation?

NO

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between a person's attitudes and behavior?

Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film.

________ are rules that indicate how people are expected to behave in particular situations.

Social norms

Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups; each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground. What is the MOST likely outcome due to this situational context?

The campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups.

maintain a match between their attitudes and behavior

Their attitude is extreme, certain, and derives from personal experience.

________ often refers to the practice of hiring one, or a small number, of individuals from a particular group, in order to demonstrate that no discrimination is being directed toward that group.

Tokenism

Lisa admired the dress that Shelly was wearing and told Shelly that she looked absolutely stunning in that dress. Shelly felt very positive feelings toward Lisa after that compliment and tended to like her in other circumstances. Lisa had ________ effect on the attraction Shelly felt for her.

a direct

Advantaged groups show the most prejudice toward out-groups when the ________.

advantaged group's image or interests are threatened

A message intended to reduce cheating among high school students is more likely to be effective if it is delivered by ________.

an attractive and popular student

Mark was eating a wonderful dinner one evening when Jeannine came into the restaurant and sat down next to him while he was finishing this dinner. Later, Mark found that he was attracted to Jeannine. This situation illustrates the operation of a(n) ________ effect on attraction.

associated

) Alexander has a relatively high need for affiliation. As such, he would likely ________.

avoid making negative comments to fellow workers

Of the following famous sayings, the one that MOST accurately describes the similarity-attraction relationship is ________.

birds of a feather flock together

The type of social influence in which individuals change either their attitudes or behavior to adhere to existing social norms is known as ________.

conformity

) In one study, when White participants were asked about perceptions of race relations at a university, progress was framed as either "minority gain" or "decrease in White students." White participants perceived the ________ as larger than the ________.

decrease; gain

Suppose Jamie lives in an apartment building. She has the BEST chance to become acquainted with the person who lives ________.

directly across from her

Providing members of a group with less favorable treatment because of their group membership is known as ________.

discrimination

An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude.

implicit

Descriptive norms ________.

indicate what most people do in a particular situation

By reinforcing children with smiles, hugs, or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say, parents are using ________ to shape their children's attitudes.

instrumental conditioning

) People tend to prefer situations that allow them to ________.

maintain a match between their attitudes and behavior

A person's attachment style ________ throughout his or her life.

may change with relationship experience

We hold values similar to, and identify with, ________.

members of our reference group(s)

Research on the color red has demonstrated that____.

men perceived women wearing red as more sexually appealing than women wearing other colors

) A practical implication of research on cultural differences in conformity is that there tends to be ________.

more conformity in countries with collectivistic cultures

People who share similar attitudes and beliefs are ________ to like each other.

more likely

The type of social influence that occurs when one person orders another to perform some action and the other person then complies is known as ________.

obedience

Regarding women as mere bodies that exist for the pleasure of others is referred to as ____.

objectification of females

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are partially determined by our attitudes toward a particular behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________.

our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior

The principle of proximity suggests that the ________.

physical closeness between individuals helps determine the probability that repeated contact will be experienced

Gender stereotypes include ________.

positive and negative traits of men and women

The usually negative affect (feelings) that people have about particular social groups is known as ________.

prejudice

Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent, " and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination would likely be ________ than to "independent"/"bad" combinations.

quicker

Joe, a middle manager at a small company, strongly identifies with the higher-ups at his job. Regarding various political statements by them, it is safe to say that Joe ________.

recently agreed with them on a political matter expects to agree with them on a political matter

Scott and Elizabeth grew up in the same small town. They attended the same school and went to the same college, where they took many of the same classes. At first, they were not particularly interested in each other romantically, but over time, they became increasingly attracted to each other and eventually married. This is best explained by the ________.

repeated exposure effect

Zosha and three of her friends have just watched a new movie. As they walk out of the movie, Zosha's friends are talking about how much they enjoyed the movie and how good the actor's portrayal was. If one of her friends then asks Zosha how she liked the movie, she is likely to ________.

say that she also enjoyed the movie

Changing the comparison group when judging members of different groups is known as ________.

shifting standards

The idea that part of our self-esteem stems from identifying with the social groups to which we belong is part of ________.

social identity theory

Injunctive norms ________.

specify the approval of behavior in particular situation

National surveys, in asking about how much progress there has been in moving toward racial equality, consistently find that White respondents perceive that ________.

there has been a lot of progress

The glass cliff experienced by women who break through the glass ceiling refers to ____.

women being selected for leadership positions that are risky, precarious or when the outcome is more likely to result in failure.

Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job. He may feel more correct in his attitude if ________.

) he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude

High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as ________ and ________.

) low in warmth; high in competence

Repeated exposure can lead to negative views of the stimulus if ________.

) the stimulus originally evokes negative emotions

Attitudes formed on the basis of direct personal experience with the object are generally ________.

more likely to have a strong effect on behavior

Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager. She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably represents ________.

the glass ceiling effect

) Most people believe that social influence plays a smaller role in shaping their persona actions, while other people are more susceptible. This belief is referred to as _____.

the introspection illusion