Test 4 Study Guide: psychology 101

Which of the following statements best defines conformity? A. A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard B. Behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority C. The ability of a person to overcome a social influence D. Unselfish interest in helping another person

A. A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

When Cameron was asked if he liked animated movies, he said yes. According to the self-perception theory, which of the following statements is the best explanation for Cameron's answer? A. Cameron likes animated movies, because his friends like them. B. Cameron has a positive attitude toward animated movies, so he likes them. C. Cameron likes animated movies because he has watched and enjoyed all of them. D. Cameron has been told that he likes animated movies so he believes it to be true.

A. Cameron likes animated movies because he has watched and enjoyed all of them.

Which of the following is a difference between the central and peripheral route to persuasion? A. The central route is effective when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention, while the peripheral route is not. B. The central route involves factors like the source's attractiveness and emotional power, while the peripheral route involves logical arguments. C. The central route uses short presentations that require very little time, while the peripheral route uses detailed presentations. D. The central route is more often used by television advertisers as compared to the peripheral route.

A. The central route is effective when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention, while the peripheral route is not.

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by: A. changing their attitudes to fit the behavior. B. moving on to a different task. C. ignoring the conflict. D. consulting others.

A. changing their attitudes to fit the behavior

In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____. A. conformity B. obedience C. reactance D. altruism

A. conformity

Candice routinely blows every little setback out of proportion. For example, when she forgot to turn in her algebra homework, she was convinced that she would fail the class. Candice is also in the habit of blaming herself for negative events. She believes that she is solely responsible for all her failures and that she can never improve. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, Candice is at a greater risk of developing _____. A. depression B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. schizophrenia D. social anxiety disorder

A. depression

Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors. A. external B. intuitive C. stable D. controllable

A. external

Rowan, a psychodynamic therapist, encourages his clients to express their thoughts and desires as and when they come to their mind. According to Freud, it can then be concluded that Rowan is implementing the _____ method. A. free association B. validation C. reframing D. structural change

A. free association

Hallucinations are _____. A. sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli B. false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture C. recurrent thoughts that persist despite efforts to suppress them D. repetitive, purposeful acts that are performed in a ritualistic manner

A. sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli

According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death? A. A person with a large family B. A chronically lonely person C. A married person D. A person with lot of friends

B. A chronically lonely person

Since her teacher criticized her term paper, Judy thinks herself to be stupid. Thus, she is depressed. She no longer wants to study. Judy visits a therapist who helps her identify her irrational belief and facilitates in the process of changing this belief. Which of the following therapies has been implemented by Judy's therapist? A. Self-instructional method B. Cognitive restructuring C. Client-centered therapy D. Psychoanalysis

B. Cognitive restructuring

The _____ is the name of the manual that was published in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association for the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States. A. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) B. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) C. International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) D. Latin American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis (GLDP)

B. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, may put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder. A. medical model B. diathesis-stress model C. five-factor model D. elaboration likelihood model

B. Diathesis-stress model

_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group. A. Groupthink B. Discrimination C. Deindividuation D. Prejudice

B. Discrimination

Ivan is suffering from a severe episode of major depressive disorder. According to the biological methods, which of the following treatment approaches will be useful in reducing his symptoms in the short-run and provide rapid relief to the person's mood? A. Psychoanalysis B. Electroconvulsive therapy C. Cognitive-behavioral therapy D. Rational-emotive therapy

B. Electroconvulsive therapy

_____ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for this state. A. Aerophobia B. Generalized anxiety disorder C. Social anxiety disorder D. Agoraphobia

B. Generalized anxiety disorder

Which of the following indicates the view of a cognitive therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems? A. They occur as a result of resistance and neurosis. B. They occur as a result of inappropriate thoughts. C. They occur as a result of client's low self-worth. D. They occur as a result of learned maladaptive behaviors.

B. They occur as a result of inappropriate thoughts.

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions? A. When the person shows a lack of awareness about the attitude B. When the person has a vested interest in the issue C. When the person has not practiced activities supporting the attitude D. When the person's attitude is positive but weak

B. When the person has a vested interest in the issue

A fear becomes a phobia when _____. A. it does not interfere with the daily functioning of an individual B. an individual will go to any length to avoid the situation that he fears C. an individual is not aware of what triggers his fear D. it is not associated with a specific object or situation

B. an individual will go to any length to avoid the situation that he fears

Donald is a successful, but immoral businessman. He feels no remorse in exploiting other people for his own personal gain. He would do whatever it takes to get to the top even if it involves cheating, lying, and hurting others. In the context of personality disorders, it can be inferred that Donald exhibits the symptoms of _____. A. histrionic personality disorder B. antisocial personality disorder C. borderline personality disorder D. avoidant personality disorder

B. antisocial personality disorder

In systematic desensitization, after the client has mentioned about the most and the least frightening aspects of the feared situation, the very next step involves: A. teaching the client to imagine the least feared stimulus in the hierarchy. B. arranging the frightening aspects in a hierarchy. C. teaching the client to relax. D. teaching the client to imagine the most feared stimulus in the hierarchy.

B. arranging the frightening aspects in a hierarchy.

If a therapist gives Henry, who is suffering from alcoholism, a drink laced with a nausea-inducing drug so that he feels like throwing up after drinking the alcohol, it can be concluded that the therapist is implementing the technique of _____. A. systematic desensitization B. aversive conditioning C. transference D. free association

B. aversive conditioning

Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing. A. social contagion B. cognitive dissonance C. deindividuation D. egoism

B. cognitive dissonance

The therapy that is based on the assumption that psychological problems are due to self-defeating and irrational thoughts is: A. humanistic psychotherapy. B. cognitive therapy. C. operant conditioning. D. psychoanalysis.

B. cognitive therapy

In the context of types of therapy, psychoanalysis is a _____ therapy. A. skill-development B. insight-oriented C. symptom-oriented D. action-oriented

B. insight-oriented

Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____. A. reactance B. obedience C. conformity D. kindness

B. obedience

Alex cannot control his impulse to wash his hands every five minutes. He washes his hands almost 100 times a day because he is terrified of being contaminated by germs. If Alex doesn't wash his hands, he experiences overwhelming anxiety. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Alex is most likely to be diagnosed with _____. A. autism spectrum disorder B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. post-traumatic stress disorder D. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

B. obsessive-compulsive disorder

Dissociative disorders are _____. A. psychological disorders in which an individual suffers from depression—an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life B. psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories C. uncontrollable and disruptive psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts D. chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are completely integrated into an individual's personality

B. psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories

Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of _____. A. prejudice B. reciprocity C. false consensus D. inoculation

B. reciprocity

When Karen does poorly on a weekly test, she blames it on the distractions she had at school that week. In this scenario, Karen is using the _____ to justify her performance on the test. A. mere exposure effect B. self-serving bias C. confirmation bias D. false consensus effect

B. self-serving bias

Which of the following is a class of drugs administered on patients with anxiety disorders? A. Tetracyclics B. Neuroleptics C. Benzodiazepines D. Tricyclics

C. Benzodiazepines

Which statement best reflects that psychotherapy for depression may have an impact on heart disease? A. Psychological disorders are not related to physical disorders; thus, psychotherapy would have no impact on the progression of heart disease. B. Depression causes heart disease, so if psychotherapy cures the depression, then the heart disease will be cured as well. C. Depression and heart disease are correlated and the risk of heart disease can be reduced by treating depression. D. Heart disease can cause depression and in such cases psychotherapy for depression is ineffective.

C. Depression and heart disease are correlated and the risk of heart disease can be reduced by treating depression.

Which of the following is true of people suffering from obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? A. People with this disorder view themselves as privileged and better than others. B. People with this disorder are inappropriately seductive in their interactions with others. C. People with this disorder show an excessive attachment to moral codes and are excessively orderly in daily life. D. People with this disorder are prone to mood swings, excessive self-criticism, and extreme judgments of others.

C. People with this disorder show an excessive attachment to moral codes and are excessively orderly in daily life.

_____ refers to a psychological state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality. A. Dissociation B. Mania C. Psychosis D. Catatonia

C. Psychosis

Which of the following is the LEAST used biological intervention for patients with severe psychological disorders? A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation B. Deep brain stimulation C. Psychosurgery D. Drug therapy

C. Psychosugery

Which of the following is a part of the process of systematic desensitization? A. Hypnosis B. Cognitive restructuring C. Relaxation exercises D. Dream analysis

C. Relaxation exercises

Which of the following indicates the view of a behavioral therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems? A. They occur as a result of unconscious conflicts. B. They occur as a result of unfulfilled desires of the id. C. They occur as a result of maladaptive patterns and actions. D. They occur as a result of inappropriate cognitions.

C. They occur as a result of maladaptive patterns and actions

Sandra and Ian have been happily married for the past five years. However, Ian recently discovered that Sandra is having an affair with his best friend and is completely devastated. Upon questioning his wife, she states that she does not receive the emotional support that she expects from him. Ian narrates this incident to his friend who then recommends that he seek _____ therapy from a marital counselor. A. client-centered B. psychodynamic C. couples D. cognitive-behavioral

C. couples

Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____. A. social contagion B. group performance C. group decision making D. deindividuation

C. group decision making

Diana is afraid to throw things away because she feels that she might need them in the future. Consequently, Diana compulsively collects and stores large quantities of old newspapers, broken crockery, and old clothes. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Diana's excessive acquisition of objects and her inability to discard them are typical characteristics of _____. A. trichotillomania B. excoriation C. hoarding disorder D. body dysmorphic disorder

C. hoarding disorder

Seven months ago, Sandra was involved in a serious car accident. Even though she recovered fully from her injuries, she is still troubled by nightmares and flashbacks of the scene of the accident. Now, Sandra refuses to drive and insists only on using public transport. She is in a constant state of anxiety and has trouble sleeping. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Sandra shows symptoms suggestive of _____. A. social anxiety disorder B. bipolar disorder C. post-traumatic stress disorder D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

C. post-traumatic stress disorder

Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of: A. obedience. B. conformity. C. social loafing. D. social facilitation.

C. social loafing

The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____. A. estrogen B. thyroxin C. testosterone D. oxytocin

C. testosterone

The biological approach to psychological disorders is most likely to focus on _____. A. the influence of factors such as marriage, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, gender, and culture on psychological disorders B. the influence of childhood experiences or personality traits in the development and course of psychological disorders C. the brain, genetic, and neurotransmitter functioning in the development of psychological disorders D. the interactions between political and social factors that affect an individual

C. the brain, genetic, and neurotransmitter functioning in the development of psychological disorders

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when: A. one person is more committed to the relationship than the other person. B. both persons have invested less in the relationship. C. there are few tempting alternatives for the partners. D. one person has invested more in the relationship than the other person.

C. there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

Amanda is unable to form healthy relationships with men due to her traumatic experience of sexual abuse by her father when she was a child. As a result, her friend Clarice takes her to Dr. Jones, a well-known psychoanalyst, for therapy. However, Amanda opts out of therapy after a few sessions since Dr. Jones resembles her father. According to Freud, Amanda's reason for quitting the therapy sessions was due to the phenomenon of: A. resistance. B. projection. C. transference. D. transcendence.

C. transference

Which of the following statements is true regarding abnormal behavior? A. Abnormal behavior typically involves personal distress over a relatively short period of time. B. Abnormal behavior conforms to what is considered as acceptable in a culture or society. C. Atypical behavior is the only criterion that needs to be present for behavior to be labeled as "abnormal". D. Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.

D. Abnormal behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world.

Which of the following is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia? A. Movement disorder B. Hallucinations C. Thought disorder D. Flat affect

D. Flat Affect

Which of the following is an element recognized by Carl Rogers as one that is essential for human growth? A. Self-efficacy B. Intelligence C. Self-actualization D. Genuineness

D. Genuineness

Which of the following questions is a behavioral therapist more likely to ask rather than a psychoanalyst? A. How is your relationship with your mother? B. Why won't you talk about your father? C. What did you dream about last night? D. How much did your anxiety subside after you washed your hands?

D. How much did your anxiety subside after you washed your hands?

Which of the following groups has the highest suicide rate among all the other demographic groups in the United States? A. Latinos B. Non-Latino white males C. African Americans D. Native Americans

D. Native Americans

Joyce has the potential to be an honor student. However, she frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than using her skills to excel, she tends to hide her intellectual abilities to act more like the students she is friends with. She sometimes answers questions incorrectly just to be more like her friends. In the context of the key aspects of social influence, which of the following perspectives explains Joyce's behavior most accurately? A. Informational social B. influence B. Prejudice C. Defense mechanism D. Normative social influence

D. Normative social influence

Anorexia nervosa is a culture-related disorder that is common among individuals residing in _____. A. Malaysia B. South East Asia C. China D. The United States

D. The United States

Which of the following statements is true of the role of psychological factors in depression? A. According to researchers, depression is related to an optimistic attributional style rather than a pessimistic attributional style. B. The course of depression can be influenced only by what people think but not how they think. C. Individuals with depression have a brain that is wired for attention to positive information. D. The tendency to ruminate negative thoughts is associated with the development of depression.

D. The tendency to ruminate negative thoughts is associated with the development of depression.

In psychoanalysis, the term transference refers to: A. a client's resistance to the therapist's suggestions. B. a client's transfer of parental conflicts onto the therapist. C. the technique that psychoanalysts adopt for interpreting the dreams of their respective clients. D. a client's way of relating to the analyst in order to relive his or her important relationships.

D. a client's way of relating to the analyst in order to relive his or her important relationships.

_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors. A. Prejudice B. Extraversion C. Egoism D. Agreeableness

D. agreeableness

According to the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders, abnormal behavior can be influenced by _____. A. genes B. childhood experiences C. gender D. All of these

D. all of these

Lithium is considered as an effective mood stabilizing drug to treat _____. A. obsessive-compulsive disorder B. generalized anxiety disorder C. panic disorder D. bipolar disorder

D. bipolar disorder

Which of the following features distinguishes humanistic therapies from psychodynamic therapies? A. Its emphasis on the concept of transference B. Its emphasis on the past C. Its emphasis on conscious thoughts D. Its emphasis on illness rather than self-fulfillment

D. its emphasis on conscious thoughts

Random acts of kindness, such as helping a visually impaired person cross the street, are examples of _____. A. obedience behaviors B. inoculation C. discrimination D. prosocial behaviors

D. prosocial behaviors

Each time Darren listens to the radio, he believes that he is receiving a secret message from the government. He spends most of his days trying to warn others about an impending invasion that the voice on his radio has been telling him about. Hence, it can be inferred that Darren is most likely suffering from _____. A. major depressive disorder B. specific phobia C. antisocial personality disorder D. schizophrenia

D. schizophrenia

The group of drugs known as SSRIs work primarily by interfering with the reabsorption of _____ in the brain. A. monoamine B. dopamine C. norepinephrine D. serotonin

D. serotonin

A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of: A. social loafing. B. cognitive dissonance. C. groupthink. D. social facilitation.

D. social facilitation