The bone markings overview

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment spine

spine -- "sharp, slender, often pointed projection" [Ex: coxal bone - ischial spine]

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment tubercle

tubercle -- "small, rounded projection or process" [Ex: humerus - greater/lesser tubercles]

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment tuberosity

tuberosity -- "large, rounded projection; may be roughened" [Ex: tibia - tibial tuberosity where the patellar ligament attaches]

Bone Markings: cavities and passages; sometimes for nerves, blood vessels etc. fissure

fissure -- "narrow, slit-like opening" [Ex: orbit - superior inferior orbital fissures]

Bone Markings: surfaces involved in joints

head facet condyle fossa

Bone Markings: surfaces involved in joints head

head -- "bony expansion carried in a narrow neck" [Ex: femur - head of the femur]

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment line

line -- "narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a trochanter" [Ex: femur - intertrochanteric line]

Bone Markings: cavities and passages; sometimes for nerves, blood vessels etc. meatus

meatus -- "canal-like passageway [Ex: temporal bone - external auditory meatus]

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment ramus

ramus -- flattened, arm-like connecting region of a bone [Ex: mandible - ramus]

Bone Markings: surfaces involved in joints condyle

rounded articular projection, often articulates with a corresponding fossa" [Ex: mandible - mandibular condyle]

Bone Markings: cavities and passages; sometimes for nerves, blood vessels etc.

sinus meatus foramen fissure notch

Bone Markings: cavities and passages; sometimes for nerves, blood vessels etc. sinus

sinus -- "cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined by a mucous membrane." [Ex: paranasal sinuses]

Bone Markings:

To help you see the relationship between these bone markings ("structure") and their function we will discuss them in the following general groups: sites of muscle or ligament/tendon attachment sites involved in joints cavities/passageways; sometimes where blood vessels and nerves travel

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment

Tuberosity crest trochanter line tubercle epicondyle spine process ramus

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment crest

crest -- "narrow ridge of bone; usually rather prominent" [Ex: pelvis - iliac crest]

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment epicondyle

epicondyle -- "raised area on or above a condyle" [Ex: humerus, femur, tibia...a very common term! Shown here on the humerus]

Bone Markings: surfaces involved in joints facet

facet -- "smooth, nearly flat articular surface" [Ex: vertebrae - superior articular facets]

Bone Markings: cavities and passages; sometimes for nerves, blood vessels etc. foramen

foramen -- "round or oval opening though a bone" [Ex: occipital bone - foramen magnum]

Bone Markings: surfaces involved in joints fossa

fossa -- "shallow, basin-like depression in a bone; often serving as an articular surface" [Ex: temporal bone/base of skull - mandibular fossa]

Which of the following "bone marking" terms would best fit for where the jugular vein travels through the skull bones? fossa condyle foramen tuberosity

fossa [No, a fossa is a shallow, depressed area of a bone and is often involved in a joint.] condyle [No, a condyle is the smooth, articular surface (where one would find articular cartilage) that is part of a joint.] *foramen [Great job! It is indeed the jugular FORAMEN through which the internal jugular travels as it carries blood away from the brain.] tuberosity [No, tuberosities are rounded, sometimes roughened projections on bones to which muscle/tendons and ligaments attach.]

Although we have yet to learn the bone names, what do you think the bony markings are in each of the above bones? meatus fissure crest process

meatus [No, a meatus is a channel-like opening through a bone.] fissure [No, a fissure is a slit-like opening in a bone.] crest [No, a crest is a narrow ridge of bone.] *process[Great job! A process is a very common bony marking we will learn in the coming weeks. As seen in each of the above examples, processes are simply any bony prominence.

Bone Markings: cavities and passages; sometimes for nerves, blood vessels etc. notch

notch - "indentation at the edge of a structure" [Ex: mandible and "mandibular notch"]

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment process

process -- "any body prominence" [elbow/ulna - olecranon process]

Bone Markings: sites of muscle or ligament/ tendon attachment trochanter

trochanter -- "very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process" [Ex: only on femur - greater and lesser trochanter]