The Nervous System

What is a narrow subdural space separating the inner surface of the dura mater from the second meningeal later? A. dura mater B. arachnoid C. pia mater D. phospholipid bilayer

B. arachnoid The arachnoid is a layer of squamous cells; deep to this epithelial layer lies the subarachnoid space, which contains a delicate web of collage & elastic fibers.

Where is the neurotransmitter NE released at? A. oligodendrocytes B. adrenergic synapses C. cholinergic synapses D. astrocytes

B. adrenergic synapses NE is an abbreviation for norepinephrine aka noradrenaline.

When an axon produces a branch along its length these are called? A. Golgi apparatus B. collaterals C. Nissl bodies D. dendrites

B. collaterals

The diencephalon contains the epithalamus, the thalamus, the hypothalamus. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe forms the posterior margin of the central sulcus & its surface contains the primary sensory cortex. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe forms the anterior margin of the central sulcus & its surface is the primary motor cortex. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

What part of the brain is responsible for conscious thoughts, sensations, intellectual functions; memory storage & processing; complex movements; and is also the largest region? A. pons B. midbrain C. cerebrum D. cerebellum

C. cerebrum

Where is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine released at? A. oligodendrocytes B. adrenergic synapses C. cholinergic synapses D. astrocytes

C. cholinergic synapses

Axons of different lengths interconnect gyri within a single cerebral hemisphere and link the two hemispheres across the BLANK. A. dothraki khaleesi B. khal drago C. corpus callosum D. tyrion lannister

C. corpus callosum Game of MF'n Thrones!

Any stimulus that (1) alters membrane permeability to sodium or potassium or (2) alters the activity of the exchange pump will disturb the resting potential of a cell. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Nitric oxide (NO) & carbon monoxide (CO) are two gases known to be important neurotransmitters. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

The voltage-gated potassium channels begin closing as the membrane reaches the normal resting potential. Until all have closed, potassium ions continue to leave the cell producing a brief period of hyperpolarization. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

The white matter of the PNS contains axons bundled together in nerves: spinal nerves & cranial nerves. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

The information transfer occurring at the axon terminals through the release of chemicals are called neurotransmitters. TURE or FALSE

TRUE Synapses between a neuron & another cell type are called neuroeffector junctions.

A living cell has a polarized plasma membrane, that separates an excess of positive charges on the outside from an excess of negative charges on the inside. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE When positive & negative charges are held apart, a potential difference is said to exist between them. Because the charges are separated by a plasma membrane, this potential difference is called a membrane potential or transmembrane potential.

What is the resting potential of a neuron? A. -70 mV B. -60 mV C. 0 mV D. +30 mV

A. -70 mV

CSF transports nutrients, chemical messengers & waste products except at the BLANK, where CSF is produced, the ependymal lining is freely permeable and CSF is in constant chemical communication with interstitial fluid of the CNS. A. arachnoid matrix B. choline plexus C. hair matrix D. choroid plexus

D. choroid plexus At any given moment, the total CSF volume is approximately 150 mL.

Which of the following innervates skeletal muscles? A. association neurons B. interneurons C. visceral motor neurons D. somatic motor neurons

D. somatic motor neurons Somatic neurons are part of the... somatic nervous system.

Which of the following has nuclei involved in somatic & visceral muscle control; and also connects the cerebellum to the brain stem? A. the hypothalamus B. the midbrain C. the medulla oblongata D. the pons

D. the pons

The gustatory cortex of the frontal lobe receives smell sensations whereas the olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe receives taste sensations. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE The gustatory cortex of the frontal lobe receives TASTE sensations whereas the olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe receives SMELL sensations.

Each time a local current develops, the action potential moves forward, but not backward, because the previous segment of the axon is still in the refractory period. When this process continues in a chain reaction until it reaches the most distant portions of the plasma membrane it is called saltatory propagation. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE When this process continues in a chain reaction until it reaches the most distant portions of the plasma membrane it is called continuous propagation.

Within the CNS, the neural cortex represents portions of the brain surface covered by a thick layer of white matter. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE Within the CNS, the neural cortex represents portions of the brain surface covered by a thick layer of GRAY matter.

Within the PNS, neuron cell bodies (white matter) are located in ganglia. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE Within the PNS, collections of neuron cell bodies (GRAY MATTER) are located in ganglia.

The white matter of the CNS contains tracts which are bundles of axons that share common origins, destinations & functions. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE Tracts in the spinal cord form larger groups called columns.

Within the CNS a collection of neuron cell bodies with a common function is called a what? A. center B. nucleus C. nucleolus D. ganglia

A. center A center with a discrete boundary is called a nucleus.

Which of the following lines both the central canal of the spinal cord and the chambers of the brain; and in some regions of the brain produce cerebrospinal fluid? A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. astrocyte

A. ependymal cells The chambers aka ventricles of the brain are cavities in the CNS that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Which of the following provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, pressure sensations; and the complex senses of taste, smell, sight, equilibrium, and hearing? A. external receptors B. proprioceptors C. manoamanoceptors D. internal receptors

A. external receptors This is one of two types of somatic sensory receptors.

Which of the following enzymes breaks down norepinephrine? A. monoamine oxidase B. microglia C. acetylcholinesterase D. oligodendrocytes

A. monoamine oxidase

What occurs when the voltage-gated sodium channels open & sodium ions rush into the cytoplasm resulting in the inner membrane surface now containing more positive ions than negative ones? A.rapid depolarization B. hyperpolarization C. resting potential D. graded depolarization

A.rapid depolarization During this phase the membrane potential has changed from -60 mV to a positive value.

Which of the following monitor the position & movement of skeletal muscles & joints? A. external receptors B. proprioceptors C. manoamanoceptors D. internal receptors

B. proprioceptors This is one of two types of somatic sensory receptors.

What do typical CNS neurons lack resulting in an inability to divide? A. nucleus B. Nissl bodies C. centrioles D. nucleolus

C. centrioles Although neural stem cells persist in the adult nervous system, they are typically inactive except in the nose & hippocampus.

What are the three meningeal layers? A. dura mater, arachnoid, pie mater B. alma mater, arachnoid, pie mater C. dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater D. alma mater, arachnoid, pia mater

C. dura mater, the arachnoid, pia mater

Which of the following are changes in membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation? A. depolarization B. hyperpolarization C. graded potential D. repolarization

C. graded potential Graded potential aka local potentials.

What encases the CNS, provides physical stability, shock absorption & consists of three layers of specialized membranes? A. dorsal root ganglion B. phospholipid trilayer C. meninges D. mitochodria

C. meninges

What is lipid-rich, appears glossy white upon dissection of the CNS; is a membranous wrapping serving as electrical insulation; and increases the speed at which an action potential travels along the axon? A. mitochondria B. Schwann cells C. myelin D. microglia

C. myelin Not every axon within the CNS is myelinated. Those without a myelin coating are called... unmyelinated.

What is an action potential in a neuron also known as? A. all-or-none principle B. neural pulse C. nerve impulse D. hyperpolarization

C. nerve impulse

Which of the following are the basic units of the nervous system? A. neuroglia B. nephrons C. neurons D. glial cells

C. neurons All neural functions involve the communication of neurons with one another & with other cells.

The afferent & efferent divisions are a part of which of the following? A. central nervous system B. systemic circuit C. peripheral nervous system D. conducting circuit

C. peripheral nervous system

Where does all communication between the CNS & the rest of the body occur to include all neural tissue outside the CNS? A. pulmonary circuit B. systemic circuit C. peripheral nervous system D. conducting circuit

C. peripheral nervous system

What is highly vascular; has blood vessels that run across the surface servicing the brain & spinal cord; and is bound firmly to the underlying neural tissue? A. dura mater B. arachnoid C. pia mater D. phospholipid bilayer

C. pia mater

What gland is within the epithalamus and is responsible for secreting melatonin? A. pituitary gland B. parathyroid gland C. pineal gland D. pineland gland

C. pineal gland

What is it called when the membrane cannot respond normally to further stimulus? A. relaxation stage B. resting potential C. refractory period D. refractory potential

C. refractory period This period is from when the voltage-gated sodium channels open at threshold until repolarization is complete.

BLANK pathways distribute information from sensory receptors to processing centers in the brain whereas BLANK pathways begin at CNS centers concerned with motor activity and end at the skeletal muscles they control. A. sensory; ascending B. motor; descending C. sensory; descending D. motor; sensory

C. sensory; descending Sensory pathways aka ascending pathways. Motor pathways aka descending pathways.

The sodium-potassium exchange pump exchanges three intracellular BLANK ions for two extracellular BLANK ions. A. calcium; magnesium B. potassium; sodium C. sodium; potassium D. magnesium; calcium

C. sodium; potassium

Which of the following are neurotransmitters that function in the CNS? A. dopamine B. gamma aminobutyric acid C. serotonin D. all the above E. A & C only.

D. all the above Gamma aminobutyric acid is also called GABA.

Which of the following regions are located in the brain stem? A. the midbrain B. the pons C. the medulla oblongata D. all the above E. B & C only

D. all the above The brain stem contains 3 major regions: the midbrain, the pons & the medulla oblongata.

Which of the following has smaller cell bodies and is responsible for myelination with the CNS? A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. astrocytes

D. oligodendrocytes

The prefrontal cortex performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting the future consequences of events or actions. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

What are found in relatively high concentrations in extracellular fluid? A. Sodium ions & negatively charged proteins B. Na+ & Cl- C. K+ & Pr- D. Potassium & chloride ions

B. Na+ & Cl- K+ & Pr- are found in relatively high concentrations in intracellular fluid.

Which of the following contain clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum & free ribosomes; and gives a gray color to areas containing neuron cell bodies accounting for the color of gray matter seen in brain & spinal cord dissections? A. axon B. Nissl bodies C. centrioles D. dendrites

B. Nissl bodies

Which of the following plans an essential role in your personality and receives information from all the sensory association areas? A. general interpretive area B. Wernicke's area C. Broca's area D. all the above E. A & B only

E. A & B only The general interpretive area is also known as Wernicke's area.

Which of the following cells make up neural tissue? A. neurons B. nephrons C. neuroglia D. all the above E. A & C only

E. A & C only Neural tissue is comprised of neurons & neuroglia.

Which of the following regulate the environment, provide a supporting framework for neural tissue, act as phagocytes & retain their ability to divide? A. neuroglia B. neurons C. glial cells D. A & B only E. A & C only

E. A & C only Neuroglia are also called glial cells. Neuroglia are much smaller cells but far outnumber neurons.

Which of the following regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization required for normal speech? A. speech center B. Wernicke's area C. Broca's area D. none of the above E. A & C only

E. A & C only This speech center is also known as Broca's area.

Which of the following are located entirely within the brain & spinal cord; are responsible for the distribution of sensory information & the coordination of motor activity; and play a roll in all higher functions e.g. memory, planning & learning? A. intraneurons B. interneurons C. association neurons D. A & C only E. B & C only

E. B & C only Interneurons aka association neurons. There are approximately 20 billion of these located entirely within the brain & spinal cord. This is one of three functional classifications of neurons.

What is a propagated change in the membrane potential of an entire plasma membrane? A. action potential B. hyperpolarization C. graded potential D. repolarization

A. action potential Only skeletal muscle fibers & the axons of neurons have excitable membranes that conduct action potentials.

Which of the following receives information from sensory receptors monitoring the external and internal environments and then relays the information to other neurons in the CNS? A. afferent neurons B. motor neurons C. interneurons D. Nissl bodies

A. afferent neurons Sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons. There are approximately 10 million sensory neurons in the human body that form the afferent division of the PNS. This is one of three functional classifications of neurons.

Which of the following structures carries outgoing signals, electrical impulses & action potentials? A. axon B. dendrites C. Nissl bodies D. axon hillock

A. axon

What is it called when the number of positively charged ions on the inner surface of the plasma membrane increase and the membrane potential shifts towards 0 mV? A. depolarization B. hyperpolarization C. graded potential D. repolarization

A. depolarization

Which of the following consists of two, tough fibrous layers forming the outermost covering of the CNS? A. dura mater B. arachnoid C. pia mater D. phospholipid bilayer

A. dura mater The outerlayer is fused to the periosteum of the skull. At several locations, the inner layer of the dura mater extend deep into the cranial cavity, forming folded memrabnous sheets called dural folds.

Which of the following has two or more dendrites, a single axon and are the most common neuron in the CNS? A. multipolar neuron B. unipolar neuron C. bipolar neuron D. multipolar nephron

A. multipolar neuron All the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are multipolar. This is one of three structural classifications of neurons.

Which of the following structures detects sensory information outside the nervous system? A. receptors B. effectors C. affectors D. recipients

A. receptors Receptors are part of the afferent division of the PNS.

Which of the following shows an axon membrane that contains both voltage-gated sodium and voltage-gated potassium channels that are closed? A. resting potential B. depolarization to threshold C. repolarizationterm-67 D. relaxation potential

A. resting potential

Which of the following systems of the efferent division provide control over skeletal muscle? A. somatic nervous system B. visceral motor system C. autonomic nervous system D. all the above

A. somatic nervous system The SNS, which is part of the efferent division, provides control over skeletal muscle.

Which of the following surrounds and supports neuron cell bodies in the PNS? A. astrocytes B. Satellite cells C. Schwann cells D. oligodendrocytes

B. Satellite cells

Which of the following circuit patterns describes a mechanism for providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources? A. intersections B. convergence C. chiasm D. divergence

B. convergence Convergence is one of two common types of neuronal pools. Convergence makes possible both voluntary and involuntary control of some body processes.

What of the following structures receive incoming signals & have a plasma membrane that is sensitive to chemical, mechanical & electrical stimulation? A. Nissl bodies B. dendrites C. hippocampus D. axon hillock

B. dendrites The cell body of a neuron also is sensitive to these three stimulations. The cell body also contains organelles that provide energy & synthesize organic compounds.

What are the motor commands sent by the PNS to muscles & glands called? A. receptors B. effectors C. affectors D. recipients

B. effectors Effectors are part of the efferent division of the PNS.

The outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres forms a series of folds called BLANK, separated by shallow depressions called BLANK and/or by deeper grooves called BLANK. A. gyri; fissures; sulci B. gyri; sulci; fissures C. sulci; gyri; fissures D. fissures; sulci; gyri

B. gyri; sulci; fissures

What are projections of gray matter that extend outward into the white matter called? A. tusks B. horns C. columns D. wings

B. horns

What is it called when a stimulus opens a gated potassium ion channel and shifts membrane potential away from 0 mV because additional potassium ions leave the cell? A. depolarization B. hyperpolarization C. graded potential D. repolarization

B. hyperpolarization

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? A. increase permeability between the CNS & general circulation B. isolate the CNS from the general circulation C. isolate the PNS from the general circulation D. increase permeability between the PNS & general circulation

B. isolate the CNS from the general circulation

Which of the following contain visceral motor neurons that control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands? A. superior gray horns B. lateral gray horns C. anterior gray horns D. posterior gray horns

B. lateral gray horns

Which of the following are the smallest, least numerous neuroglia within the CNS; are phagocytic cells derived from migrated WBCs; and perform protective functions such as engulfing cellular waste & pathogens? A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. astrocytes

B. microglia

What begins after the membrane potential approaches +30 mV; voltage-gated sodium channels close while voltage-gated potassium channels open; positively charged potassium ions move out of the cytosol, resulting in a shift of membrane potential back towards resting levels? A. rapid depolarization B. repolarization C. resting potential D. grade depolarization

B. repolarization

The stimulus that begins an action potential is a graded depolarization large enough to open voltage-gated BLANK channels. A. iron B. sodium C. potassium D. calcium

B. sodium The opening of the channels occurs at a membrane potential known as the threshold.

What are distal to each dorsal root ganglia, and contain dorsal & ventral roots that are bound together? A. cranial nerve B. spinal nerve C. anterior media fissure D. posterior median sulcus

B. spinal nerve All spinal nerves are classified as mixed nerves, because they contain both sensory & motor fibers.

At a synapse between two neurons, the impulse passes from the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. The opposing plasma membranes are separated by a narrow space called the what? A. Nodes of Ranvier B. synaptic cleft C. saltatory propagation D. continuous propagation

B. synaptic cleft

Which is the final relay point for all ascending sensory information, other than olfactory, that will reach our conscious awareness? A. the epithalamus B. the thalamus C. the hypothalamus D. the fornix

B. the thalamus

Which of the following has dendrites & an axon that are continuous; a cell body that lies off to one side; and an action potential that begins at the base of the dendrites with the rest of the process considered an axon? A. multipolar neuron B. unipolar neuron C. bipolar neuron D. multipolar nephron

B. unipolar neuron Most sensory neurons of the PNS are unipolar. This is one of three structural classifications of neurons.

Which of the following contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles & glands? A. lateral roots B. ventral roots C. medial roots D. dorsal roots

B. ventral roots

How many major regions are there in the adult brain? A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 12

C. 6 The cerebrum, the diencephalon, the midbrain, the pons, the medulla oblongata & the cerebellum.

Which of the following covers every axon outside the CNS? A. astrocytes B. Satellite cells C. Schwann cells D. oligodendrocytes

C. Schwann cells

Which of the following are involved in the motor control of skeletal muscles? A. superior gray horns B. lateral gray horns C. anterior gray horns D. posterior gray horns

C. anterior gray horns

Which of the following do the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions belong to? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. none of the above

C. autonomic nervous system The sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, commonly have opposite effects.

What is the thickened region of the cell body where action potentials begin at called? A. dendrites B. axon C. axon hilock D. Nissl bodies

C. axon hilock

Which of the following are uncommon but occur in special sense organs; and have two processes--one dendrite and one axon--with the cell body between them? A. multipolar neuron B. unipolar neuron C. bipolar neuron D. multipolar nephron

C. bipolar neuron This is one of three structural classifications of neurons.

Which of the following innervates all other effectors, including cardiac muscle, smooth muscles & glands? A. association neurons B. interneurons C. visceral motor neurons D. somatic motor neurons

C. visceral motor neurons Visceral motor neurons are part of the autonomic nervous system.

Place the following in order to show chronologically the major events that occur at a cholinergic synapse after an action potential arrive. (2) Arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal. (4) Removal of ACh by AChE. (1) Release of neurotransmitter ACh. (3) Binding of ACh & depolarization of postsynaptic membrane. A. 2, 4, 1, 3 B. 3, 4, 1, 2 C. 1, 4, 2, 3 D. 2, 1, 3, 4

D. 2, 1, 3, 4 AChE is an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase.

Areas covered in myelin are called internodes whereas the small gaps between adjacent cell processes are called what? A. nodes of Ranvier B. nodes of Rainier C. nodes D. A & C only

D. A & C only These small gaps are called nodes aka nodes of Ranvier.

Which of the following contains the general interpretive & speech centers and is responsible for language-based skills (reading, writing & speaking)? A. left hemisphere B. dominant hemisphere C. categorical hemisphere D. all of the above E. B & C only

D. all of the above The left hemisphere is also known as the dominant or categorical hemisphere.

What are the tips of an axon branch or collateral called? A axon terminals. B. synaptic terminals C. synaptic knobs D. all the above

D. all the above Axon terminals aka synaptic terminals / synaptic knobs. An axon terminal is part of a synapse, a site where a neuron communicates with another cell.

Which of the following are part of the efferent division? A. somatic nervous system B. visceral motor system C. autonomic nervous system D. all the above E. B & C only

D. all the above The somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are both subdivisions of the efferent division. The ANS is also known as the visceral motor system.

Which of the following functions are associated with the hypothalamus? A. coordinating voluntary & autonomic functions. B. regulating normal body temperature C. coordinating the daily cycles of activity D. all the above E. B & C only.

D. all the above The hypothalamus also is responsible for adjusting the activities of autonomic centers in the pons & medulla oblongata (such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration & digestive functions).

Which of the following functions are associated with the hypothalamus? A. coordinating activities of the nervous & endocrine systems. B. secreting a variety of hormones, including ADH & OXT. C. producing behavioral "drives" involved in hunger & thirst. D. all the above E. A & C only.

D. all the above The hypothalamus also is responsible for the subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions associated with rage, pleasure, pain and sexual arousal. ADH is antidiuretic hormone. OXT is oxytocin.

Which of the following are the largest, most numerous neuroglia; secrete chemicals vital to the maintenance of the blood-brain barrier; create a structural framework for CNS neurons; and perform repairs in damaged neural tissues? A. ependymal cells B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. astrocytes

D. astrocytes

Which of the following integrates & coordinates the processing of sensory data, the transmission of motor commands and is the seat of higher functions such as intelligence, memory & emotion? A. efferent division B. afferent division C. peripheral nervous system D. central nervous system

D. central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain & spinal cord.

Which of the following circuit patterns describes information spreading from one neuron to several neurons, or from one neuronal pool to multiple neuronal pools? A. intersections B. convergence C. chiasm D. divergence

D. divergence Divergence is one of two common types of neuronal pools.

Which of the following contain groups of nerve fibers & contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons? A. lateral root ganglia B. ventral root ganglia C. medial root ganglia D. dorsal root ganglia

D. dorsal root ganglia

Which of the following contain the axons of neurons that bring sensory information to the spinal cord? A. lateral roots B. ventral roots C. medial roots D. dorsal roots

D. dorsal roots

When a Schwann cell covers an axon, the outer surface of the Schwann cell is called the what? A. neuroma B. neurablanky C. Nissl bodies D. neurilemma

D. neurilemma

What is a group of interconnected interneurons with specific functions called? A. neuronal ganglia B. Nissl bodies C. neutral ganglia D. neuronal pools

D. neuronal pools

Which of the following generate involuntary motor responses & has nuclei that process visual & auditory information? A. the hypothalamus B. the pons C. the medulla oblongata D. none of the above

D. none of the above The midbrain is responsible for generating involuntary motor responses & has nuclei that process visual & auditory information.

Which of the following contain sensory nuclei? A. superior gray horns B. lateral gray horns C. anterior gray horns D. posterior gray horns

D. posterior gray horns

What is it called when the action potential must skip the internode and depolarize the closest node to threshold rather than proceeding in a series of small steps? A. continuous propagation B. beskinda propagation C. refractory propagation D. saltatory propagation

D. saltatory propagation saltare is Latin meaning "to leap."

Which of the following systems of the efferent division provide automatic involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glandular secretions? A. somatic nervous system B. visceral motor system C. autonomic nervous system D. all the above E. B & C only

E. B & C only The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is also known as the visceral motor system.

Which of the following monitors the activities of the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary & reproductive systems; and provide sensations of distension, deep pressure & pain? A. external receptors B. visceral receptors C. internal receptors D. all the above E. B & C only

E. B & C only Visceral receptors aka internal receptors.

Which of the following carries instruction from the CNS to other tissues, organs, or organ systems? A. afferent neurons B. sensory neurons C. efferent neurons D. motor neurons E. A & B only F. C & D only

F. C & D only Motor neurons aka efferent neurons. There are approximately a half million of these motor neurons within the efferent divisions of the PNS. IMPORTANT: These neurons not only stimulate but also inhibit peripheral tissues. This is one of three functional classifications of neurons.

An action potential will not appear unless the membrane depolarizes to a level known as the graded potential. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE An action potential will not appear unless the membrane depolarizes to a level known as the threshold.

There are two types of neuroglial cells in the CNS while the PNS has four types of neuroglial cells. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE Central Nervous System has astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells. Peripherhal Nervous System has Satellite & Schwann cells.

Neuroglia are found in both the CNS & PNS but the PNS has a greater variety of glial cells. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE Neuroglia are found in both the CNS & PNS but the CNS has a greater variety of glial cells. Neuroglia are abundant, accounting for roughly half the volume of the nervous system.

The Nervous System & the Cardiovascular System, coordinate organ systems to maintain homeostasis in response to changing environmental conditions. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE The Nervous System & the Endocrine System coordinate all other organ systems. The Nervous System responds swiftly but briefly to stimuli whereas the Endocrine System responses develop more slowly but last much longer.

The pineal gland is the primary link between the nervous & endocrine systems. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE The pituitary gland is the primary link between the nervous & endocrine systems.

The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounded by white matter and connects 33 pairs of spinal nerves. TRUE or FALSE

FALSE The spinal cord contains gray matter surrounded by white matter and connects 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Thanks, Mr. O'Boyle!

Every stimulus (whether minor or extreme) that brings the membrane to threshold will generate an identical action potential. This is called the all-or-none principle: a given stimulus either triggers a typical action potential; or it does not produce one at all. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE