The urinary system

blood calcium level

The rate of kidney filtrate formation would normally be dependent upon all of the following factors except __________. renal artery/arteriole diameters filtration membrane integrity systemic blood pressure blood calcium level

nephrons

The urine forming units of the kidneys are called: a. nephrons b. calyces c. the cortex d. ureters

ureters

These structures transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder: a. urethras b. ureters c. bladder tubes d. nephrons

d. collecting ducts

This is the site of action of ADH in the kidneys: a. glomerulus b. proximal convoluted tubules c. JMG d. collecting ducts

proximal convoluted tubule most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

What area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients? proximal convoluted tubule descending nephron loop distal convoluted tubule collecting duct

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.:

Collecting duct.

ureter Healthy ureters are continuously active in moving urine by peristalsis toward the bladder.

Which urinary structure serves as the transporter for urine toward the bladder? renal pelvis ureter urethra kidney

a. metabolic alkalosis

Excessive vomiting can lead to: a. metabolic alkalosis b. metabolic acidosis c. respiratory alkalosis d. respiratory acidosis

impermeability of the collecting tubule to water

Excretion of dilute urine requires ________. impermeability of the collecting tubule to water the presence of ADH relative permeability of the distal tubule to water transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the descending loop of Henle

diuretics Chemicals such as alcohol and prescription drugs are external chemicals that enhance urinary output.

External chemicals that enhance urinary output are called __________. countercurrent multipliers secretagogues countercurrent exchangers diuretics

Site of filtrate formation.:

Glomerulus.

d. proximal convoluted tubule

Most reabsorption occurs in this part of a nephron: a. distal convoluted tubule b. efferent arteriole c. nephron loop d. proximal convoluted tubule

inhibits the release of ADH

Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________. inhibits the release of ADH is not reabsorbed by the tubule cells increases secretion of ADH increases the rate of glomerular filtration

b. sodium

Aldosterone causes increased reabsorption of this electrolyte from the nephron tubules: a. water b. sodium c. calcium d. ADH

b. causing cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules and collecting duucts to produce aquaporins (water pores)

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) increases reabsorption of water from urine by: a. stimulating an increase in reabsorption of sodium from the nephron tubules b. causing cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules and collecting duucts to produce aquaporins (water pores) c. decreasing glomerular filtration d. inhibiting the opening of the internal urethral sphincter

a. calcium ions

PTH stimulates reabsorption of these solutes from distal convoluted tubules: a. calcium ions b. water c. hydrogen ions d. sodium ions

a. respiratory alkalosis

Partial pressures of carbon dioxide that are below the normal range (35-45) in the blood indicate which condition? Assume that the condition is uncompensated. a. respiratory alkalosis b. respiratory acidosis c. metabolic acidosis d. metabolic alkalosis

a. metabolic acidosis

Patients with diabetes mellitus are prone to excess production of ketones which can lead to: a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory acidosis d. respiratory alkalosis

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.:

Peritubular capillaries.

nephron collecting duct minor calyx major calyx ureter urethra

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

Proximal convoluted tubule.

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

b. peritubular capillaries

Substances reabsorbed from the nephron tubules are taken in by: a. the glomerulus b. peritubular capillaries c. collecting ducts d. the renal veins

a.reabsorption

The process by which important solutes are removed from urine and returned to body fluids is called: a. reabsorption b. secretion c. collection d. filtration

d. hydrogen

pH is a measurement of the concentration of _____ ions in a fluid. a. potassium b. calcium c. sodium d. hydrogen

True The PCT quickly recovers nutrients, leaving the latter parts of the nephron to use the water and salt remaining as a vehicle for wastes, and without having to deal with nutrients while making electrolyte and volume adjustments.

true or false Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water.

true

true or false Tubular secretion of bicarbonate ions helps reduce the pH of body fluids.

true

true or false Abnormally high levels of solutes in urine may indicate poor kidney function.

true

true or false Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

true

true or false In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

true

true or false The countercurrent mechanism allows the kidneys to generate an osmotic ("salt") gradient from the cortex to the medulla. This allows the kidneys to concentrate urine.

true

true or false The detrusor muscle of the bladder wall contracts during micturition.

false The longer the nephron loop descends into the medulla, the more concentrated the urine will be.

true or false The longer the nephron loop descends into the medulla, the less concentrated the urine will be.

true

true or false The macula densa cells of the JGA secrete a chemical when sodium concentrations are high in the nephron filtrate. This chemical causes the afferent arteriole to constrict. This will reduce glomerular filtration.

true

true or false Tubular secretion is effective in controlling blood pH.

true

true or false Under normal circumstances, all of the glucose and amino acids in the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed by the nephron tubules.

true

true or false Urine containing diluted solutes will remain diluted as it passes into the collecting ducts unless ADH triggers water reabsorption.

c. increase

A drug like lasix that inhibits reabsorption of sodium ions from the fluid inside the nephron tubules should ____ urine output volume. a. decrease b. have no effect on c. increase

true

Both the bicarbonate and phosphate buffer systems are based on chemicals in body fluids that absorb or release hydrogen ions as needed to help control pH. True False

d. much more glomerular filtrate than urine

How would you best compare the volume of glomerular filtrate produced daily in the kidneys versus the volume of actual urine output? a. slightly more glomerular filtrate than urine b. equal amounts c. slightly less glomerular filtrate than urine d. much more glomerular filtrate than urine

b. alkalosis

If a patient has a body fluid pH of 7.55, he has: a. acidosis b. alkalosis c. normal pH

d. compensation has occurred to help maintain the pH in the homeostatic range

If a patient has a normal blood pH value, but carbon dioxide and bicarbonate values are abnormal in opposite directions, this indicates: a. the patient will either develop alkalosis or acidosis b. the patient must have acidosis c. the patient must have alkalosis d. compensation has occurred to help maintain the pH in the homeostatic range

d. increasing the secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine

If pH falls in body fluids due to increased formation of metabolic acids, the kidneys respond by: a. decreasing the secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine b. reabsorbing more hydrogen ions from the tubular fluids c. secreting more carbon dioxide into the urine d. increasing the secretion of hydrogen ions into the urine

Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? Urine output will decrease. Systemic blood pressure will decrease. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. Net filtration pressure will decrease.

Systemic blood pressure will decrease.

If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? Net filtration pressure will decrease. Urine output will decrease. Systemic blood pressure will decrease. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease.

all

In the glomeruli, large volumes of plasma containing dissolved solutes pass into the glomerular capsule because: a. there are numerous pores within the walls of the glomeruli b. the hydrostatic pressure inside the glomeruli is higher than the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid inside the glomerular capsule c. the diameter of the efferent arteriole is less than the diameter of the afferent arteriole d. all of the choices are correct e. none of the choices is correct

distal convoluted tubule (DCT) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes the reabsorption of calcium ions in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions? distal convoluted tubule (DCT) descending limb of the nephron loop collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

renal cortex All renal corpuscles are located in the renal cortex. The glomerular capsule wraps around the glomerulus, whose blood source is the cortical radiate artery.

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located?

Filtrate production would increase. If the liver were making insufficient levels of albumin, which is the most important contributor to the blood's osmotic pressure, the blood's osmotic pressure would drop, leading to a rise in filtrate production.

Suppose that a patient has a failing liver and is unable to make normal levels of albumin for the blood plasma. If all other factors remain the same, what would be the effect on the amount of filtrate produced?

false Afferent arterioles supply blood to the glomerulus.

T or F Efferent arterioles supply blood to the glomerulus.

calyces; renal pelvis Formed urine enters into the renal calyces and then the renal pelvis before entering the ureter.

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________. calyces; renal pelvis renal pyramids; calyces renal pyramids; renal pelvis renal pelvis; calyces

external urethral sphincter The external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle. As you recall, skeletal muscle is primarily controlled consciously. As such, a person during sleep would automatically leak urine, just as he might drool on his pillow, if it were left up to a consciously controlled muscle.

The __________ is a skeletal muscle under conscious control that allows urine to leave the bladder. external urethral sphincter internal urethral sphincter external urethral orifice prostatic urethra

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)

The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) protein-regulated diffusion the ionic electrochemical gradient the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries

contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla

The descending limb of the nephron loop ________. contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla is freely permeable to sodium and urea pulls water by osmosis into the lumen of the tubule is not permeable to water

d. reduced glomerular filtration

The effect of extreme stress on kidney function: a. increased glomerular filtration b. kidney function remains unchanged c. increased excretion of water d. reduced glomerular filtration

the male urethra is longer than the female urethra The male urethra is about 6 - 8 in long while the female urethra is only 1 in long. This shorter distance allows fecal microbes to easily gain access to the bladder of females.

The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because ______. the external urethral sphincter in men is usually closed the internal urethral sphincter in men is usually closed the pH of a man's urine is usually more acidic than a woman's urine the male urethra is longer than the female urethra

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure

The function of angiotensin II is to ________. decrease arterial blood pressure constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure decrease water absorption decrease the production of aldosterone

nephron

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________. nephron loop capsular space nephron glomerular capsule

c. renin

The juxtaglomerular apparatus produces this enzyme in response to low blood pressure: a. aldosterone b. antidiuretic hormone c. renin d. aquaporins

osmosis

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________. cotransport with sodium ions filtration osmosis active transport

loop of Henle

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________. loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct glomerular filtration membrane

b. metabolic alkalosis

The normal range of bicarbonate ions in the blood is 22-26 mEq/L. A patient with a reading of 29 mEq/L is experiencing which condition? Assume that the condition is uncompensated. a. metabolic acidosis b. metabolic alkalosis c. respiratory alkalosis d. respiratory acidosis

damage to the filtration membrane

The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following? high levels of transcription and translation by the body's tissues too much protein in the diet damage to the filtration membrane damage to the renal tubules

aldosterone Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts. It is secreted in indirect response to actions of the juxtaglomerular complex.

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions into, along with sodium reabsorption from, filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts? atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone parathyroid hormone (PTH)

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc) While diffusion rates are affected more by osmotic differences and concentration gradients, hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc) is the chief method of forcing water and solutes by filtration.

What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus? hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs) colloid osmotic pressure in the capsular space colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (OPgc) hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

monitoring the NaCl content of the filtrate The macula densa cells monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the distal convoluted tubule.

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule The glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule constitute the renal corpuscle. This is where filtrate is removed from the blood.

What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle?

intravenous saline

When given to a patient, which of the following substances would increase his or her urinary output? aldosterone intravenous saline albumin antidiuretic hormone

a. tubular secretion

When hydrogen ions are transferred from blood inside peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule fluid, this is an example of: a. tubular secretion b. tubular reabsorption c. filtration d. metabolic acidosis

true

When the juxtaglomerular apparatus detects reduced blood pressure, granular cells secrete renin to help reverse the blood pressure drop. True False

collecting duct Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes an increase in aquaporins in cells of the collecting duct. More aquaporins in the cell membranes causes them to reabsorb more water from the filtrate, and the urine becomes more concentrated.

Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption? ascending limb of the nephron loop descending limb of the nephron loop collecting duct distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

vasa recta The efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carries blood to the vasa recta.

Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to?

proximal convoluted tubule the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is where most reabsorption takes place.

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur? glomerulus collecting duct distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule

d. internal urethral sphincter

Which bladder sphincter is involuntary? a. external urethral sphincter b. both the internal and external urethral sphincters c. trigone sphincter d. internal urethral sphincter

glomerulus the glomerulosa (capillary bed) in the glomerular capsule produces filtrate due to the high fluid pressure within the vessels.

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

granular cells Granular cells are mechanoreceptors that sense blood pressure in the afferent arterioles. They secrete renin when the blood pressure drops and are an important part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone regulatory pathway.

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular complex secrete renin?

d. juxtamedullary

Which nephrons are important for concentrated urine production? a. cortical b. afferent c. juxtaglomerular d. juxtamedullary

eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat

Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones maintains blood osmolarity

by secreting sodium ions

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? by producing new bicarbonate ions by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions by secreting sodium ions

transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra? storage of urine transport of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder the carrying out of countercurrent processes that form urine transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex? It regulates the rate of filtrate formation. Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone. It helps control systemic blood pressure. Its granular cells produce renin.

a. EPO c. calcitriol (activated vitamin D) f. renin

Which of the following hormones are secreted by cells in the kidneys. Select all that apply. a. EPO b. ADH c. calcitriol (activated Vitamin D) d. oxytocin e. aldosterone f. renin

micturition Micturition is the process of urinating, releasing stored urine after it is formed.

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process? glomerular filtration tubular secretion micturition tubular reabsorption

detrusor contraction The detrusor contracts and increases bladder pressure to drain the bladder. If it contracts, micturition will occur.

Which of the following would NOT inhibit micturition? decrease in parasympathetic activity increase in somatic muscle activity detrusor contraction increase in sympathetic innervation

all

Which of the following would cause an increase in filtration of plasma from the glomerulus? a. high blood pressure b. dilation of the afferent arteriole c. constriction of the efferent arteriole d. all of the choices are correct e. none of the choices is correc