Theories of personality Exam 2

in his later years while rethinking his beliefs regarding the last stage of life, Erikson exchanged integrity with integrality, and wisdom with

"faith," as the final virtue.

Learning to let go, to hold on, to will, and sense right from wrong are associated mainly with which developmental stage?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Which three neurotic strategies involve a bargain with fate in which obedience to the dictates of that solution is supposed to be rewarded?

Compulsive compliance, compulsive aggression, and compulsive detachment

The Stone Center relational model emphasizes the centrality of what in women's lives?

Connection

Psychology as a field has a long history of pathologizing

LGBTQ orientation and experience.

What epistemological framework challenges the strict adherence to scientific method in psychological research?

Social Constructionism

Relational-Cultural Theory is the theoretical orientation of counseling treatment and training at the

Stone Counseling Center.

Erikson associated a child's failure to do well when first attending school with the development of

a sense of inferiority or inadequacy.

The final developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair deals with

acceptance of one's own unique life cycle.

When individuals exercise "power over" others, they seek to ensure their position of

dominance and control.

For a woman, according to Horney, penis envy may signify

envy for social power that is often available only to men.

From a developmental perspective, healthy women may

face different developmental issues than men.

Horney disagreed with Freud on the importance of unconscious motivation and the primacy of emotion over rational influences on behavior.

false

Liberal feminism

focuses on legal and social change within existing structures.

Horney became this when she abandoned the topic of feminine psychology in 1935:

gender neutral

Horney is known for

how she heightened awareness of the role of cultural factors in mental disturbance.

Feminist theorists believe that individuals

may be best understood in relationship to their sociopolitical context.

A positive experience that may occur during the intimacy versus isolation stage is the development of

mutuality with a love partner.

Erikson thought that the development of a sense of identity could be understood as the construction of a(n)

personal life story.

A misunderstood area in the psychology of women is the struggle for

power

Cultural feminists have been criticized for

presuming that essential feminine qualities are universal.

Horney concluded that the source of healthy values and the goal of life itself is

self-realization.

This is the "refuge" of people with extremely high standards on the basis of which they look down upon others:

the arrogant-vindictive solution.?

Crucial to the development of a sense of basic trust versus basic mistrust is

the experience with the mother, or primary caregiver.

Critics of Erikson have raised questions about

the universality of his theories.

Carol Gilligan examined the moral development of girls and emphasized connected moral development.

true

In the developmental pattern, a crisis is not necessarily dramatic or overtly disruptive.

true

Radical feminists were among the first to start rape crisis centers.

true

Rather than accepting Freud's belief that "anatomy is destiny," Horney argued that women chiefly envy the power that is attached to the patriarchal ideal and cultural manifestations of male privilege.

true

Whom did Erikson begin daily analysis with in 1927?

anna freud

In college students, researchers have found that a more developed sense of identity is associated with more mature defense mechanisms, better performance under stress, and

better grades.

The stage generativity versus stagnation typcially includes

caring for others

The diagnosis of homosexuality was removed from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1951.

false

When the 4 to 6 year old begins "getting into everything," she is attempting to reestablish intimacy in an environment in which she thinks she has lost it.

false

Qualities associated with compulsive compliance—"moving toward"—include

self-effacement and a tendency to "turn the other cheek."

Socialist feminists believe that the fundamental structures of oppression are found in

society's institutional structures such as work, education, family, and sexuality.

Research has lead credence to Horney's theory that perfectionism is caused by turning away from the real self and turning toward the idealized self instead.

true

Social factors took precedence over biology, as she increasingly doubted the universality of the Oedipus complex.

true

Someone who feels threatened by intimacy may in fact be experiencing a weak sense of identity.

true

Strongly influenced by his firsthand knowledge of other cultures, Erikson's theoretical focus was on healthy personality development.

true

The Eriksonian therapist's job is to foster the patient's potential for growth and development, rather than to impose his or her own future expectations or past experience on the patient.

true

The epigenetic model of human development suggest that each life stage develops on top of the subsequent life stages.

true

The interpersonal difficulties produced by the pride system show up in the defensive strategies of moving toward, against, or away from people.

true

The need for connection and emotional joining is a primary need; much of human suffering arises from disconnection and isolation.

true

The process of psychological growth requires the participants to respond empathically to each other.

true

Similar to Freud's views, Horney saw sexual difficulties as the cause of personality problems, rather than the result.

true?

Whether an individual develops basic anxiety has little to do with early family experiences, but is primarily a result of cultural and socioeconomic influences.

true?

Defensive strategies are doomed to failure because they generate

vicious circles

The phrase "identity crisis" was coined by Erikson to describe patients who

were in a constant "startled" state.

Much of the early feminist psychological research was conducted by and generally only included:

white, middle-class hetersexual women