Theo's Biology Exam - Exam 1

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following cell organelles would be most important in secretory epithelial cells?

trabeculae

Which of the following is found in spongy bone but not compact bone?

fat

Which of these is hydrophobic?

is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not

When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis

Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken

When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water

U A C G G C

A DNA base sequence is A T G C C G. The sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA transcribed from this sequence of bases in DNA would be

hypersecretion of growth hormone

A boy grew rapidly and reached a height of 6'2" by the time he was 13. He had normal body proportions and sexual development was only slightly retarded. Which of the following caused his condition?

both merocrine and apocrine

A gland produces a watery secretion that contains solutes. The secretion also contains a substantial amount of phospholipid. The type of secretory process for this gland is probably...

diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane

A group of cells was treated with a proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzyme. Which of the following processes would be least affected by this treatment?

a buffer

A solution that resists a change in pH when acid or base is added to it is

10,000 times

A solution with pH 4 has ______ the H+ concentration of a solution with pH 8.

tear in the tissue that attaches the gastrocnemius muscle to bone

A tissue has the following characteristics: abundant extracellular matrix, abundant collagen fibers, collagen fibers mainly parallel to each other. Which of the following injuries results in damage to mainly this kind of tissue?

active transport, epithelium, simple epithelium, columnar epithelium, secretion by exocytosis

A tissue has the following characteristics: free surface, single layer of cells, cells are narrow and tall, microvilli, many mitochondria, goblet cells. Which of the following is most consistent with those observations?

become pale

A victim of an automobile accident goes into shock, which results in decreased blood flow. The victim's skin will...

hypersecretion of testosterone

A young boy (10 years old) exhibited the following symptoms: advanced development of secondary sexual characteristics and rapid growth. Which of the following caused his condition?

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

All cells attached to the basement membrane but not all cells reach free surfaces is a description of

digestive system

All of the following are organs except

The growth rate of all types of hair is the same

All of the following statements concerning hair are true except one. Identify the exception.

organ, organelles

An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

difficulty regulating his body temperature

An infant born with a genetic defect that causes little or no brown fat to be formed will have

4, 2, 3, 1

Arrange the following events of exocytosis in the correct sequence: (1) vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane (2) secretory vesicles migrate to plasma membrane (3) vesicle contents are expelled from cell (4) secretions accumulate within secretory vesicles

the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH

Blood has a pH ranging from 7.35 to 7.45. Slight deviations from this can cause major problems, even death. You are doing an intense workout, and your skeletal muscle cells are producing metabolic acids such as lactic acid. Your blood pH does not drop significantly in spite of the metabolic acids released into the blood. You maintain a constant blood pH because...

increased, decreased

Blood vessel dilation in the dermis results in _________ heat loss from the skin, and blood vessel constriction results in _______ heat loss from the skin.

He has fewer functional hair follicles now, he has fewer functional sebaceous glands now

Bob was completely bald on the top of his head by the time he was 35 years of age. Bob noticed he produced abundant sweat on his head when he exercised. He also noticed that his scalp was no longer oily. Which of the following changes account for the observations?

protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

kidney

Calcidiol circulates in the blood and is converted to calcitriol in the:

inhibits, increases

Calcitonin _________ osteoclast activity and _______ excretion of calcium from the kidney.

papillary layer of the dermis

Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the hypodermis. The deepest layer penetrated was the

1, 2, 3

Choose the correct statement regarding mixtures and compounds: (1) A compound has properties much different from the properties of its elements. (2) Most mixtures in our bodies consist of chemicals dissolved or suspended in water. (3) In a mixture, each substance retains its own chemical properties.

solution; colloid; suspension

Consider a mixture of blood, which contains sodium chloride, protein, and cells or formed elements. The sodium chloride is in a(n) ____________, the protein is in a(n) __________, and the cells are in a ____________.

chondroblasts.

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the:

active transport

Cyanide stops the production of ATP. Which of the following processes would be affected?

body heat is conserved

Due to the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the dermal blood vessels,

3-4 months

During bone repair, how long does the stage of the bony callus last?

desmosomes

Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many

simple cuboidal.

Epithelium that is primarily secretory in function would most likely be...

they get enough vitamin D in their diet of fish and marine mammals

Eskimos wear a great deal of clothing and have limited exposure to U.V. light, but do not suffer from vitamin D deficiency. A possible explanation is...

loss, low

Glucocorticoids increase bone ________; high levels of serotonin lead to _____ bone density

is a good lubricant for joint cavities

Hyaluronic acid gives a very slippery quality to fluids that contain it. Hyaluronic acid

is hypotonic to the cell

If 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a 0.5% saline solution...

hypertonic to the cell

If a 0.9% NaCl (saline) solution is isotonic to a cell, then a solution of 3.5% NaCl would be...

The bone will become soft and bendable

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

protein synthesis

If a toxic drug inhibited mRNA synthesis, which of the following would be most directly affected?

simple squamous epithelium

If one of the functions of the capillaries is to supply body cells with oxygen and nutrients, you would expect the capillary walls to consist of...

600

If the amino acid coding region of a mRNA molecule is 1800 nucleotides (bases) in length, this molecule will contain _____ codons.

all of these layers

If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut?

golgi apparatus

If you compare a cell with a manufacturing plant that exports goods, the cell's _____ could be compared to the manufacturing plant's shipping department.

a 5-minute surgical scrub

In which of the following does desquamation of the stratum corneum occur?

organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

Levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest?

osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.

Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by:

homeostatic

Negative feedback loops are?

dilation of the blood vessels in the dermis of the cheeks

On coming inside from the cold, students notice that their cheeks are red. This results from

lipid-soluble substances

One type of experimental contraceptive device is a skin patch that contains a chemical absorbed through the skin. Which of the following substances might be the type of chemical involved?

nonpolar covalent

Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a(n) __________ bond.

stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol:

low

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by _______ levels of calcium in the blood.

c, d, a, b

Place the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage in correct order. a) New matrix is produced and secreted. b) Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna. c) Stem cells undergo mitosis. d) Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.

the percentage of salt in top and bottom samples would be approximately equal

Salt was added to a beaker of distilled water (the water was not stirred). A sample taken from the bottom of the beaker was found to be 20% salt. At the same time, a sample taken from the top of the beaker was found to be 2% salt. After 24 hours...

parathyroid hormone

Sam was a 60 year old man. As a result of picking up a heavy object he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had severe osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and the pathologist found cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. That substance was most likely...

yellow marrow to red marrow

Severe anemia may trigger an adaptive conversion of

move by osmosis from solution B to solution A

Solution A contains 5 grams of sugar per liter while solution B contains 2 grams of sugar per liter. The solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If the solvent in both solutions is water, predict in which direction most of the water molecules will move

reference man, reference woman

The ____________ is defined as a healthy male 22 years old, weighing 70 kg (154 lb), under no environmental stress, and consuming 2,800 calories (cal) per day; whereas the ________ is the same except for a weight of 58 kg (128 lb) and an intake of 2,000 cal/day.

CAU

The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons?

electrons

The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its

pathologic, compound

The break of a bone that has been weakened by disease is a ________fracture; when a broken end of the bone pierces the skin, the fracture is ________.

stratified squamous

The epidermis consists of ______________ epithelium.

osmotic pressure of the solution

The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater the...

only certain substances can pass through it

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable. This means...

cartilage

The type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes, a rigid matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid aggregates and few, if any, blood vessels is

a receptor, an integrating (control) center, and an effector

Three common components of a feedback loop are

the shape of the most superficial epithelial cells

To determine that a type of epithelium is squamous, which of the following is most important?

liver to produce somatomedin

To trigger bone growth, growth hormone stimulates the:

reticular layer of dermis

Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected?

homeostasis.

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable.

movement is with a concentration gradient, involves a carrier molecule, exhibits competition and saturation

What are consistent with facilitated diffusion?

Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

Inorganic salts

What gives bone its compressional strength?

site of bone elongation and growth

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

a hydrogen bond

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?

liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide

What type of cell would have an abundance of peroxisomes?

The matrix would be softer

What would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium?

coagulation of plasma proteins

When Harry stepped on a nail, inflammation and infection were severe, but localized. Which of the following functions serves to wall off or isolate the injured area to the greatest degree?

mitochondria

When a person trains for running long distances, which of the following organelles increase in his/her muscles?

voltage-gated channels

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called...

The blood flow from the deeper tissues through the dermis decreases, causing a decreased loss of body heat through the skin

When you dive into a cold swimming pool, explain what happens in order to maintain homeostasis.

negative Feedback

When you exercise you generate excess heat and your body temperature rises. Blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and you lose heat.

The body is attempting to maintain homeostasis by increasing heat loss through the skin and blood vessel dilation in the dermis is allowing increased blood flow from the deeper tissues to the skin.

When you have a fever, explain why your skin feels hot

surface tension; cohesiveness

When you jump off a high diving board into water, you notice great resistance of water. This resistance is called __________ and is caused by water's great ______.

gravity, mechanical stress, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels, blood calcium level

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone inhibits rather than stimulates bone growth?

Insufficient calcification, Demineralization, Reduction in the organic content of the matrix, Loss of flexibility and increase in brittleness

Which is a change in bone architecture or mass related to aging?

Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity

Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth?

It is composed of tubular units called osteons

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

No exceptions; all of the choices are involved in the process of bone repair

Which is not involved in the process of bone repair following a fracture?

It occurs only at articular surfaces

Which is not true about bone remodeling?

It is composed of dense regular connective tissue

Which is not true about periosteum?

microtubules - cell support

Which of the following cell organelles is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

has good blood supply within it

Which of the following characteristics is NOT consistent with simple squamous epithelial tissue?

squamous epithelium - stretching

Which of the following epithelial types is mismatched with its function?

receptor proteins - attached to ligand molecules

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function

carrier proteins - move bound ions or molecules from one side of the membrane to the other

Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched with its function?

increased immunity

Which of the following is NOT a complication of a major burn?

contraction

Which of the following is NOT a function of connective tissue?

use of drugs to increase the blood supply to the tumor

Which of the following is NOT a type of cancer therapy?

chondroitin sulfate

Which of the following is NOT an adhesive molecule found in the ground substance of connective tissue?

the cell does nothing but rest

Which of the following is NOT associated with interphase?

movement is with a concentration gradient

Which of the following is NOT consistent with active transport?

stimulates a cell by means of extracellular chemical signals

Which of the following is NOT true of G-protein complex action?

each chromosome contains one gene

Which of the following is NOT true of a gene?

gives the clearest three-dimensional images.

Which of the following is NOT true of a transmission electron microscope (TEM)?

1, 2, 3

Which of the following is a CORRECT statement regarding the biological properties of water? (1) Solvency is the ability to dissolve other chemicals. (2) Adhesion is the tendency of one substance to cling to another. (3) Cohesion is the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling to each other.

axons - conduct action potentials away from the cell body

Which of the following is correctly matched?

positive feedback

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

injuries heal rapidly and more completely in older people

Which of the following is not a characteristic of age-related changes at the tissue level?

reduced stimulation of pain receptors, reduced permeability of blood vessels, reduced redness

Which of the following occur as a result of inhibiting the release of chemical mediators of inflammation shortly after injury in a tissue?

endoderm - bone

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial?

collagen is elastic and stretches

Which of the following statements concerning collagen is false?

Epithelium with folded surfaces tends to be very rigid.

Which of the following statements concerning epithelial cell surfaces is false?

Lipid-soluble substances pass through the membrane by dissolving in the lipid bilayer.

Which of the following statements concerning membrane transport across the plasma membrane is true?

the epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis

Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true?

Hypodermis is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

Which of the following statements concerning the hypodermis is false?

coagulation of plasma proteins

Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false?

labile cells cannot be replaced by the process of regeneration

Which of the following statements concerning the process of tissue repair is false?

Subcutaneous tissue is composed of dense connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers

Which of the following statements concerning the subcutaneous tissue is false?

vitamin D causes the kidney to excrete calcium

Which of the following statements concerning vitamin D is false?

columnar epithelial cells promote diffusion

Which of the following statements is false?

sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands

Which of the following statements is false?

Collagen fibers provide strength to dense connective tissue

Which of the following statements is true?

undamaged hair follicles can help regenerate damaged epithelium

Which of the following statements is true? (concerning hair follicles)

At puberty, much of the vellus hair is replaced with terminal hair.

Which of the following statements is true? (concerning puberty)

during pregnancy melanin production is increased

Which of the following statements regarding melanin is true?

cartilage - highly vascular matrix

Which of the following types of connective tissue is mismatched with its matrix?

lemon juice, pH = 2.3

Which of these has the highest H+ concentration?

molarity

Which of these is the most appropriate to express number of molecules per volume?

stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

Which type of epithelium has the following characteristics: multiple layers, squamous cell shape, dead outer layers of cells, and keratin present in some cells?

have large numbers of lysosomes

White blood cells digest other cells and so would be expected to

experience a decrease in the thickness of their subcutaneous fat layer.

With aging, individuals tend to feel colder and usually need the thermostat in their home set higher in the winter to feel warm enough. This is probably because the elderly

intracellular digestion

You are looking at a cell with the electron microscope and you notice the following characteristics:presence of many mitochondria and lysosomes; few, if any, Golgi apparatus; and many ribosomes. Which of the following is the most likely function of that cell?