TherEx Mid 2

Does static stretching contributes to neuromuscular relaxation (inhibition) of the stretched muscle, as the result of activation of the GTO?

Has no experimental evidence backing it

Of the following, which is the most effective way to improve muscle endurance?

Have the patient train using dynamic exercise against submaximal loads over progressively longer time periods

Once patients gain control of their ROM, they are progressed to ____________exercises to improve muscle performance for a return to functional activities

manual or mechanical resistance

What is creep?

lengthening that occurs over period of time when constant force is applied tissue slowly elongate during stretch

What is the endurance limit?

load below which and infinite number of cycles may occur without failure

_________ the ability of an individual to initiate, control, or sustain active move- ments of the body to perform simple to complex motor skills

mobility

How many times a week should you stretch?

most recommend daily -> 2-3 d/wk with daily being most effective

What is the limiting factor for rate of force development? (RFD)

motor unit recruitment

What is the Henneman's size principle?

motor units are recruited from smallest to largest (Slow twitch then fast twitch)

Does stretching decrease DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness)?

no

What is passive insufficiency?

occurs when a multi-joint muscle is lengthened to its fullest extent at both joints, but also preventing the full range of motion of each joint it crosses. (Example: triceps during shoulder extension and elbow extension)

What is active insufficiency?

occurs when a multi-joint muscle shortens over BOTH joints simultaneously, and hence, creates so much slack, that muscle tension is almost completely lost (Example: flex wrist and try making a fist)

What is continuous passive range of motion (CPM)?

passive motion performed by a mechanical device that moves a joint slowly and continuously through a controlled ROM

What is selective stretching?

process whereby the overall function of a patient may be improved by applying stretching tech- niques selectively to some muscles and joints but allowing limitation of motion to develop in other muscles or joints.

What is the function of collagen fibers?

resist tensile deformation and provide strength and stiffness

What is the function of the golgi tendon organ (GTO)?

responds to changes in muscle tension

What is the primary effect and outcome of a program of stretching exercises?

restore or increase the extensibility of the muscle-tendon unit and, therefore, regain or achieve the flexibility and ROM needed or desires for functional activities

Muscle atrophy with immobilization occurs more quickly in what type of muscle fibers?

slow-twitch postural fibers

What is static stretching?

soft tissues are elongated just past the point of tissue resistance and then held in the lengthened position with a sustained stretch force over a period of time

Effective manual stretching techniques require adequate__________________

stabilization of the patient and sufficient strength and good body mechanics of the therapist.

A considerable body of evidence has shown that the various types of stretching exercises, particularly _______&______ stretching procedures, improve flexibility and increase ROM.

static and PNF

Examples of connective tissue fatigue from cyclic loading:

stress fractures and overuse syndromes

Loss of ROM due to congenital or acquired bone deformity means what for stretching

stretching contraindicated

What is the toe region in the stress/strain curve?

joint play, take slack out of collage

Each of the following is a true statement about isokinetic exercise:

-accommodates for a painful arc. - It provides maximal resistance throughout the available ROM -accommodates for muscle fatigue

Does stretching enhance performance?

-acute static stretching has no effect or decreases performance -acute dynamic stretching lead to enhanced performance

What are the limitations to PROM?

- Doesn't prevent muscle atrophy - Doesn't Increase strength or endurance - Doesn't Assist circulation to the extent that active, voluntary muscle contraction does

What is the rationale for isometric contraction in resistance program?

- High % of motor unit activation (more than ecc or con) - Dynamic stability during functional activities - Develop postural or joint stability - Decreases muscle pn/spasm and promote relaxation

Each of the following describes the concept and/or mechanism of plyometrics:

- High-velocity eccentric to concentric muscle loading. - Stretch-strengthening drills. - Reactive neuromuscular training.

Benefits of low-intensity (long-duration) and low load stretching?

- Improved ROM - less soft tissue damage and postexercise soreness than a high-intensity stretch

Example of selective stretching?

- Pt with spinal cord injury may need to have tightness in back extensors to increase trunk stability - quatriplegic needing to have tight fingers to have a functional grip

Each of the following is characteristic of DOMS:

- Tends to peak 48 to 72 hours after the conclusion of high-intensity exercise. - Increased soreness seen during passive lengthening of the involved muscle groups. - Occurs more frequently after eccentric exercise than isometric exercise.

Effects of muscle immobilization

- decrease muscle protein and mitochondria ->atrophy and weakness

What are some pros of ballistic stretching?

- effective in increasing flexibility - less boring - dynamic flex

What are the benefits of CPM?

- lessening the negative effects of joint immobilization - improved recovery rate and ROM after surgery - quicker return of ROM

What are contraindications of resistance training?

- pain - inflammation - severe CVD

What are the complications of the continuous passive motion?

- peroneal nerve palsy - reduced extension - extensor lag

There are four broad categories of stretching exercises:

- static - cyclic - ballistic - PNF

What are some cons of ballistic stretching?

- stretch reflex initiated - soreness potentially due to injury

What are different forms of Self-assisted ROM?

- wand - manuel - pulleys - finger ladder

How many reps of a stretch should you perform?

-2-4 times/ 90 sec total time

What is speciificity?

-Adaptive effects of training such as improvement of strength, power and endurance, are highly specific to the training method -mimic anticipated function

What are the problems with manual muscle testing?

-Difficult to detect changes between 4 and 5, especially in stronger muscles

What are some common stretching errors?

-Faulty biomechanics -applying pressure to weakest link

What does QMA (quantitative muscle assessment (testing) do?

-Maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) -uses in line electric force transducer (load cell)

What is the rationale for concentric contraction in resistance program?

-Muscle shortening velocity increases, the force the muscle can generate decreases -EMG activity and torque also decrease as muscle shortens as faster contractile velocities, bc muscle may not have sufficient time to develop peak tension

What is conjugation periodization?

-Periods of planned overreaching followed by periods of restitution (varying volume, intensity, type -One primary focus and switching exercises regularly over time to increase muscular strength and power

What is linear periodization?

-Tradition PRE (progressive resistance exercise) -Progressing a training stimulus or fitness characteristic in a linear fashion 3x 10 then 3x11

What is undulation periodization?

-allow changes to volume and/or intensity to expose body to different stimuli -Daily or weekly changes in intensity and volume with intent to improve various strength qualities simultaneously

What are the benefits of using cold agents with stretching?

-applied after stretching to minimize post-stretch muscle soreness -best while maintaining a lengthened position -long term inc in soft tissue length

What is the inverse myotatic reflex? (Golgi Tendon Organ Reflex)

-autogenic inhibition -slow stretch force applied to muscle -> sudden decrease in muscle tension ->lengthening reaction

What are the benefits of cryo-stretching?

-cold application prior to stretching to decrease muscle tone and sensitivity to stretch -UMN lesion pts for spasticity or rigidity

What is the overshoot phenomenon?

-damping, ramping, preload -all affect isokinetic torque curve

What are the benefits of using heat before stretching?

-dec viscosity -> inc creep -inc sensitivity of GTO -dec tissue trauma -enhanced relaxation -inc extensibility of tissue

How are hold relax or contract relax (autogenic) effective in stretching?

-effective for increasing ROM that is decreased from muscle tightness on one side of joint -good to increase PROM or AROM & dec pain -CR: indication if decrease PROM with no pain

How is agonist contraction (reciprocal) effective in stretching?

-effective when pain and/or muscle guarding cause limitation -resistance given to agonist -indication if dec ROM on one side of joint -good to inc PROM or AROM and dec pain

What are the cons of QMA/ dynamometry?

-expensive equipment/ space requirement -not functionals

What is the rationale for dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) contraction in resistance program?

-functional ADL's and specificity -concentric contractions accelerate body segments, eccentric contractions decelerate -eccentric contractions act as a source of energy absorption during high impact activities (landing)

What are the pros of QMA/ dynamometry?

-highly accurate -reliability of measurements depend on subject

What is the rationale for eccentric contraction in resistance program?

-increase force production but not recruitment -more effective metabolically and generate less fatigue than con -greater external loads can be controlled -used in rehab tendon pathology

What are some limitations of RM testing in the clinic?

-may not be safe for many patients (have to do max dynamic effort) -time consuming

What are limitations of multiple rep max?

-poor reliability -1 RM estimates inaccurate -time consuming

What does creep depend on?

-temperature (increase temp ->increase creep)

What causes the stress relaxation?

-viscoelasticity -formerly believed to be GTO

You have a pt who has been working on her hypomobility of her GH joint. She has been doing 5 single-plane joint mobility exercises with low loads, getting up to 1000's of reps. She has now gained some ROM, how should you adjust her exercise program in regards to:1. number of exercises 2. speed3. resistance4. planes of exercise5. techniques

1. increase 2. increase 3. DON'T INCREASE 4. move to more multi-plane movements 5. incorporate more PNF/stretching techniques (like contract-relax, passive stretch)

How does the myotatic reflex work? what type of fibers?

1a afferent synapse with alpha motor neuo

How long to hold stretch?

30-60 sec no less than 6 seconds

How many reps for ROM movements?

5-10 rhythmically smooth motions

Each of the following is an indication that muscle fatigue is occurring when a patient is exercising against resistance except: A. Muscular tremor occurring during the exercise. B. A gradual increase in temperature (sensation of warmth) in the exercising muscles. C. The patient may not be able to complete the available range of motion (ROM) against the initial level of resistance applied. D. The patient may attempt to use a substitute motion and muscle group to perform the exercise.

A gradual increase in temperature (sensation of warmth) in the exercising muscles.

What is myotatic reflex?

A quick stretch of muscle stimulates muscle spindle

What is overstretching?

A stretch well beyond the normal length of muscle and ROM of a joint and the surrounding soft tissues, resulting in hypermobility

What is resilence?

Ability to absorb energy within the elastic range

What is extensibility?

Ability to elongate

Which of the following is a contraindication to implementing resistance exercise? A. Risk of pathological fracture due to osteoporosis B. Joint instability C. Acute pain or inflammation D. Muscle soreness that occurs after a bout of exercise

Acute pain or inflammation

Which of the following is true regarding closed-chain exercise?

Against similar exercise loads, it causes lower levels of shear in the joint than open-chain

With PNF stretching, the ____ is the muscle opposite to the tight muscle

Agonist

What is stress?

Applied load y axis

Which of the following is a true statement about a muscle's response to immobilization?

As the immobilized muscle atrophies, an increase in fibrous and fatty tissue in the muscle occurs.

_______________a useful means to help a patient learn how to activate a muscle, rather than relax it, such as when learning how to perform quadriceps setting exercises after knee surgery.

Biofeedback

To achieve permanent lengthening of connective tissue:

Bonds between collagen fibers must be remodeled in the lengthened position

What type of motion? - The device may be applied to the involved extremity im- mediately after surgery while the patient is still under anes- thesia or as soon as possible if bulky dressings prevent early motion.

CPM

Which of the following is categorized as an extrinsic factor contributing to limited ROM?

Cast immobilization after a fracture

This approach to stretching has been found to improve strength or power perhaps because of an alteration in the length-tension relationships of the stretched muscles

Chronic stretching

For the most part, decreased extensibility of ___________, not the _________ elements of muscle tissue, is the primary cause of restricted ROM

Connective tissue, not the contractile

Which of the following describes the research evidence regarding the effective treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) once it occurs?

Continuation of the training program that has induced DOMS does not worsen the muscle damage or slow the process of recovery.

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Contraction of agonist is accompanied by relaxation of antagonist. Reflexive relaxation in muscle opposite where contraction is occurring Agonist contract

Is this an indication or contraindication for stretching? - There was a recent fracture, and bony union is incomplete.

Contraindication

Is this an indication or contraindication for stretching? A hematoma or other indication of tissue trauma is observed.

Contraindication

Is this an indication or contraindication for stretching? Shortened soft tissues provide necessary joint stability in lieu of normal structural stability or neuromuscular control

Contraindication

When a load is applied for an extended period of time, the tissue elongates, and does not return to its original length. This change in length is related to the viscosity of the tissue and is therefore time-dependent.

Creep

When applying a stretch, you first feel some resistance; as you maintain the stretch, you feel as though you can move into a greater range using the same amount of force. This describes what mechanical property of connective tissue?

Creep

Each of the following is a true statement about isokinetic exercise except:

Current technology provides resistance only to concentric muscle contractions.

_______________ is repetitive loading of tissue increases heat production and may cause failure below the yield point. The greater the applied load, the fewer number of cycles needed for failure.

Cyclic loading

Mechanical behavior of non contractile tissue

Determined by proportion of collagen and elastin fibers and structural orientation of fibers

What is functional excursion of muscle?

Distance that a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its max

All of the following can cause impaired range of motion (ROM) except: A. Early movement after surgery. B. Muscle imbalance and disuse. C. Neurological injury. D. Systemic inflammatory disease.

Early movement after surgery

The tendency of muscle to return to its resting length after short-term stretch is called:

Elasticity

Which of the following is a goal of passive range of motion (PROM) exercises?

Enhance movement of synovial fluid for articular cartilage nutrition

To achieve maximum elongation of the long head of the biceps brachii during passive stretching:

Extend the elbow with the forearm in pronation and then extend the shoulder.

A patient is holding a piece of elastic tubing with both hands in front of the body. Both elbows are flexed to 90, and both upper arms are held gently against the sides of the patient's chest. Instruct the patient to internally and externally rotate both shoulders simultaneously in this position. This activity strengthens the:

External rotators concentrically and eccentrically.

What are the limitations with AROM?

For strong muscles, AROM does not maintain or increase strength. It also does not develop skill or coordination except in the movement patterns used

Which of the following best defines muscle strength?

Force generated during a single maximum effort

___________ can be beneficial in initiating the teaching of ADL and instrumen- tal activities of daily living (IADL) as well as in instructing patients with visual impairments in functional activities.

Functional patterns

_________mechanoreceptors that convey information to the central nervous system about what is occurring in a muscle-tendon unit and that affect a muscle's response to stretch

Golgi tendon organ

Stress within the elastic range of tissue deformation may cause all of the following except: A. Straining of bonds (cross-links) between collagen fibers. B. Microfailure between collagen bonds. C. Squeezing water out of the ground substance. D. Grade II ligament injuries.

Grade II ligament injuries

When making the transition from PROM to AROM, __________ has a significant impact especially in individuals with weak muscles.

Gravity

Does scar tissue and contractures have greater or lesser amount of stiffness?

Greater

_________________ capabilities allow the tissue to respond to repetitive and sustained loads if time is allowed between bouts. This is important for increasing both flexibility and tensile strength of the tissue.

Healing and adaptive remodeling

What type of contraction causes the most sever DOMS?

High intensity eccentric contractions

You are designing an exercise program for a patient with a history of hypertension. Which of the following types of exercise is associated with the highest risk of causing an increase in blood pressure during exercise?

High-effort isometric exercise

What can happen with overstretching?

Hyper mobility with risk of joint instability

A patient had surgery and 8 weeks of rehabilitation for carpal tunnel syndrome. You notice that the patient's thenar eminence is almost the same size as that of the uninvolved hand. This change is due to which of the following adaptive changes?

Hypertrophy of muscle fibers

__________________are sensitive to the velocity of muscle lengthening.

Ia fibers of the muscle spindle

The most effective results of continuous passive motion (CPM) can be expected:

If the device is applied as early as possible after surgery for at least 4 to 8 hours per day

Multiple potential benefits and outcomes are speculated to result from stretching programs. Which of the following is strongly supported by evidence and research?

Improved flexibility and increased ROM by restoring extensibility of the muscle-tendon unit with specific stretching techniques

Within 1 week of beginning resistance exercise of the shoulder external rotators as a component of a rehabilitation program after a shoulder injury, your patient, Mr. K, is able to increase the level of resistance by using a heavier grade of elastic tubing. This improvement in muscle performance is due primarily to which of the following adaptive changes?

Increased recruitment of motor units

Is this an indication or contraindication for stretching? May be used prior to and after vigorous exercise to potentially reduce postexercise muscle soreness.

Indication

Each of the following is characteristic of DOMS except:

Is believed to be caused by postexercise muscle spasm

Which of the following is an incorrect statement about hypomobility?

It is usually associated with joint instability

A patient has mild joint swelling and pain during active ROM, but resisted tests of the muscles that cross the swollen joints do not cause pain. Your goal is to maintain or possibly increase strength through the available ROM. The most appropriate choice of exercise is:

Multiple-angle isometric exercise against resistance.

Which of the following is true regarding isokinetic exercise?

Load is dependent on the velocity of limb movement through the arc of motion.

What should we do first when there is a loss of ROM?

Loss of ROM bc of joint immobility secondary to capsular restriction->first joint mobilization techniques then stretching

__________, usually in the elastic range and applied for long periods, increase the deformation of connective tissue and allow gradual rearrangement of collagen fiber bonds (remodeling) and redistribution of water to surrounding tissues.

Low magnitude loads

What is a big application technique for ROM that you should tell patients?

Move segment through its complete pain free range to the point of tissue resistance. (if you force motion it becomes a stretching technique)

_________ functions to receive and convey information about changes in the length of a muscle and the velocity of the length changes.

Muscle spindle

Does stretching as part of a warmup help reduce risk of injury, enhance physical performance, and reduce post exercise (delayed onset) muscle soreness?

No, the evidence to support these assumptions is inconclusive

Does CPM have long term benefits?

No. long-term functional gains are reported to be no different from those in patients who underwent other forms of early motion

____________can be integrated into self-stretching procedures to promote relaxation in the muscle that is being elongated.

PNF stretching techniques

If there is acute, inflamed tissue, what ROM would be beneficial?

PROM

What ROM helps with these? - Decrease or inhibit pain. - Assist with the healing process after injury or surgery. - Help maintain the patient's awareness of movement.

PROM

When a patient is not able to or not supposed to actively move a segment(s) of the body, as when comatose, paralyzed, or on complete bed rest, movement is provided by_________

PROM

Which of the following is a true statement about ROM exercises?

Passive ROM can be carried out manually or mechanically

As you develop progressions of exercise programs for varied patients, which of the following describes the appropriate use of plyometric drills?

Patients in advanced phases of rehabilitation should be trained to return to high-demand functional activities and sports

Which of the following is the most efficient way to neutralize the effects of muscle fatigue during an exercise session?

Perform active exercises during the rest interval between sets

An exercise program that is designed to train the neuromuscular system to react quickly for activities, sports, or occupations that require quick starts and stops consists of exercises in which of the following categories?

Plyometric

Plyometric drills are prescribed to improve which dimension of muscle performance?

Power

What is the function of reticulin fibers?

Provide bulk

What is necking?

Rapid tissue failure

What is stress relaxation?

Reduction in force when a tissue is held at a constant length

What is the function of the muscle spindle?

Responds to changes in the muscle length

You have a patient assume a prone-lying position and prop symmetrically on his forearms. You apply manual resistance in several directions at the shoulder girdles as you ask the patient to hold (maintain) the symmetrical position. This technique is known as:

Rhythmic stabilization

After surgery or traumatic injury, ____________ is used to protect the healing tissues when more intensive muscle contraction is contraindicated

Self assisted ROM

Which of the following descriptions of stretching procedures performed for several repetitions during a single treatment session and repeated over a series of stretching sessions represents the safest and most comfortable process to achieve soft tissue lengthening?

Slowly apply a low-load force; maintain the end-range position for an extended time period and release the stretch force slowly

Mrs. B is an 87-year-old resident of Western Hills Skilled Nursing Facility. She sustained a compression fracture of the T12 vertebra several weeks ago when she inadvertently sat down forcefully on a hard chair. Incorporating resistance training that focuses on eccentric exercises of her quadriceps and gluteal muscles in weight-bearing positions (e.g., controlled squatting and partial lunges) represents what principle of therapeutic exercise?

Specificity of training

Which of the following terms associated with aspects of physical function is used to describe the ability of the neuromuscular system to statically or dynamically hold proximal or distal body segments in appropriate positions using synergistic muscle action?

Stability

________ static stretching is applied for maximum effectiveness. The shortened soft tissues are held in a comfortably lengthened position until a degree of relaxation is felt by the patient or therapist. Then the shortened tissues are incrementally lengthened even further and again held in the new end-range position for an additional duration of time.

Static progressive stretching

___________is well accepted as an effective form of stretching to increase flexibility and ROM

Static stretching

When a force (load) is applied to stretch a tissue and the length of the tissue is kept constant, after the initial creep, there is a decrease in the force required to maintain that length, and the tension in the tissue decreases:

Stress relaxation

__________ is used in prolonged stretching procedures in which the stretch position is maintained for several hours or days.

Stress relaxation (connective tissue)

_________ exercises routinely are recommended for warm-up prior to or cool-down following strenuous physical activity

Stretching

__________ interventions become an integral component of an individualized rehabilitation program when restricted mobility adversely affects function and increases the risk of injury.

Stretching

What is flexibility?

The ability to move a single joint or series of joints smoothly and easily through an unrestricted, pain-free ROM.

Of the following, which is the best definition of an "8 RM"?

The greatest amount of resistance (load) a patient can lift or lower through the available ROM for 8 repetitions (no more, no less)

If a patient, who is in a prone-lying position with a cuff weight around his ankle, flexes his knee from a fully extended (0 degrees) position to a fully flexed (150 degrees) position, what type(s) of contraction will occur in which muscle group(s)?

The knee flexors contract concentrically from 0 to 90, and the knee extensors contract eccentrically from 90 to 150 of flexion.

What position allows the bicep to be fully lengthened?

The muscle is lengthened full range by ex tending the elbow, pronating the forearm, and simultaneously extending the shoulder.

It has been shown that after performing resistance exercise to the point of exhaustion, recovery from exercise (recovery from fatigue) occurs most efficiently if:

The patient performs low-intensity, active exercise using the fatigued muscle.

To most effectively use the phenomenon of creep in a stretching routine:

The tissues should be warmed and the force (load) maintained as long as tolerated.

What is periodization?

The variation of intensity and volume during specific periods of resistance training

The glycosaminoglycans and water in the ground substance of connective tissue are important for connective tissue health because:

They reduce friction and transport nutrients and metabolites.

What is viscoelasticity?

Time depended property. Initially resist change in length but slowly lengthen if force is sustained. It will gradually return to its pre stretch configuration after the stretch force is removed

Why should the speed of a stretch be slow?

To minimize muscle activation during stretching and reduce the risk of injury to tissues and poststretch muscle soreness

True or False: All stretching techniques/types have shown to increase ROM (Ballistic, dynamic, static and PNF)

True

True or False: Contracture is defined as an almost complete loss of motion, whereas the term shortness is used to denote partial loss of motion.

True

True or False: Dynamic stretching is low velocity and intensity

True

True or False: General flexibility programs may include stretching regions of the body that are already mobile or even hypermobile may neglect regions that are tight from faulty posture or inactivity.

True

True or False: Intensive stretching is usually not done every day in order to allow time for healing.

True

True or False: It has also been suggested that a muscle immobilized in a shortened position atrophies and weakens at a faster rate than if it is held in a lengthened position over time.

True

True or False: Myostatic contractures can be resolved in a relatively short time with stretching exercises

True

True or False: One hour of low load mechanical stretching was more effective than 15 min of high load passive manual stretching

True

True or False: PROM may be difficult to obtain when muscle is innervated and the patient is conscious.

True

True or False: Stretching and ROM exercises are not synonymous terms.

True

True or False: Stretching is thought to increase muscle extensibility and length or decrease muscle stiffness (passive muscle-tendon tension)

True

True or False: early, continuous PROM within a pain-free range has been shown to be beneficial to the healing and early recovery of many soft tissue and joint lesions

True

True or false. Primary resistance to flexibility not likely to be in contractile elements of muscle

True

True or false: Both contractile and non contractile tissues have elastic and plastic qualities but only non contractile connective tissue have viscoelastic properties.

True

True or false: The ROM needed for the performance of functional activities does not necessarily mean full or "normal" ROM.

True

To maintain gains in ROM achieved as the result of a stretching program, it is recommended to:

Use the stretch-induced gains in ROM during functional activities as soon as able on a regular basis.

In addition to an isokinetic dynamometer, which of the following types of resistance equipment can be used safely and effectively to improve muscle strength at fast velocities of limb movement?

Variable resistance equipment that employs pneumatic or hydraulic resistance

When a patient is involved in a stretching program, it is recommended that you:

Warm up the tissues to be stretched by engaging in light-intensity active exercise or using therapeutic heat prior to stretching.

Each of the following is a contraindication to stretching adaptively shortened tissues except:

When ROM is limited because scar tissue has reduced soft tissue extensibility

Connective tissue fatigue occurs:

When a submaximal stress load is applied repeatedly and causes tissue failure as in a stress fracture or overuse syndrome.

Which of the following is a contraindication to PROM exercises?

When movement of a body segment is disruptive to the healing process

What is autogenic inhibition?

When muscle tension increases the golgi tendon organ receptor sends signals to spinal cord resulting in inhibition of the stimulated muscle contract relax hold relax

Which of the following best describes cross-training or cross-exercise, a phenomenon that has been observed as a result of resistance training?

When resistance exercise is carried out by a muscle group on the right side of the body, small gains in strength occur in the same unexercised muscle on the opposite side of the body.

What is Self assisted ROM?

With cases of unilateral weakness or paralysis or during early stages of recovery after trauma or surgery, the patient can be taught to use the uninvolved extremity to move the involved extremity through ranges of motion

What is power?

Work (force x distance) produced by a muscle per unit of time or the rate of performing work (force x distance/time) = f x v

Can creep be increased by increasing temperature and therefore the distensibility of the tissue?

Yes

Do stretching exercises that are included in sport-specific programs promote wellness and reduce risk of injury or re-injury?

Yes

Does immobilization lead to more significant deterioration in motor unit recruitment?

Yes

What is viscoelasticity?

a time- dependent property of soft tissue that initially resists deformation, such as a change in length, of the tissue when a stretch force is first applied

What is elasticity?

ability of soft tissue to return to its pre-stretch resting length directly after a short-duration stretch force has been removed

What is toughness?

ability to absorb energy within the plastic range without failure

What is the injury risk with external forces for tension?

absorb force over larger aspects of our body and decrease magnitude of loading rate

___________ are fundamental components of muscle testing and goniometry as well as ROM and strengthening exercises, they are also essential elements of effective stretching

alignment and effective stabilization

As the immobilized muscle atrophies,____________.

an increase in fibrous and fatty tissue in muscle also occurs.

Those tissues that withstand high tensile loads are high in_________

collagen fibers

It is the __________tissue framework of muscle that is the primary source of a muscle's resistance to passive elongation.

connective

Does force production increase or decrease as velocity increases?

decrease

immobilization in shortened position does what?

decreases number of sarcomers, increases connective tissue

What is strain?

deformation/elongation x axis

What is fatigue?

diminished response of muscle to a repeated stimulus

What types of exercise for TENDON?

eccentric loading

When would you use overstretching?

for certain healthy individuals with normal strength and stability, who participate in sports that require extensive flexibility.

What occurs in the (stress/strain curve) with tissues that have less stiffness in the elastic region of the curve?

greater elongation under similar loads

highly trained athlete involved in a sport, such as gymnastics, that requires significant dynamic flexibility may need to incorporate ________ in a conditioning program.

high-velocity stretching

Also young, active patient in the final phase of rehabilitation, who wishes to return to high demand recreational or sport activities after a musculoskeletal injury, may need to perform carefully progressed

high-velocity stretching activities prior to beginning plyometric training or simulated, sport-specific exercises or drills.

What occurs in the (stress/strain curve) with tissues that have greater stiffness in the elastic region of the curve?

higher slope and there is less elastic deformation under stress

What is temporal recruitment?

increase firing rate or firing frequency of motor units

What is the plastic range in the stress/strain curve?

increased length due to small rupture soft tissue has new and greater length after stretch force is removed

How is chronic stretching beneficial?

increases flexibility and has beneficial effects on physical performance

Immobilization in lengthened position does what?

increases number of sarcomers

What is spatial recruitment?

increasing the number of active motor units

Power can be enhanced by either_________

increasing the work a muscle must perform during a specified period of time or reducing the amount of time required to produce a given force.

What is neuromuscular inhibition techniques (PNF stretching)

inhibit or facilitate muscle activation and to increase likelihood that the muscle to be lengthened remains as relaxed as possible as it is stretched

Effect of chronic stretching on performance?

stretching has been found to improve strength and power, perhaps because of an alteration in the length-tension relationships of the stretched muscle

What causes a person to pass out with a valsalva maneuver?

sudden drop of arterial pressure and further heart acceleration

What does viscosity depend on?

temperature

he primary source of a muscle's resistance to passive stretch is______________________

the connective tissue in and around muscle

Functional excursion

the distance a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its maximum

What is stretching?

therapeutic maneuver designed to increase the extensibility of soft tissues, thereby improving flexibility and ROM by elongating (lengthening) structures that have adaptively shortened and have become hypomobile over time

________ is required between bouts of cyclic stretching to allow for remodeling and healing in the new range.

time

Noncontractile connective tissues, not the contractile elements of muscle, have _________ properties.

viscoelastic

What are the limitations for AROM?

will not maintain or increase strength in muscles above fair grade (against gravity and hold it)