Training and Development
Results are more frequently examined than reactions True or False
False
To encourage self-management, it is important to emphasize that lapses are typically the result of personal failure. True or False
False
It is estimated that 15% of organizations collect data on which of the following training outcomes? reactions ROI behavioral outcomes results cognitive outcomes
ROI Return on Investment
It opts for methods that provide results in which trainers have the greatest confidence.
Rapid Needs Assessment
Lesson plans are typically more detailed than design documents True or False
True
Making a hamburger at a fast-food restaurant is an example of a closed skill. True or False
True
Mid-level managers typically determine how much of their budgets will be devoted to training during the needs assessment process. True or False
True
Millennials like to learn by working alone and helping others to learn. True or false
True
With opportunity to perform, activity level refers to the _____. critical nature of the trained tasks number of employees performing a similar trained task frequency with which trained tasks are performed on the job number of trained tasks performed on the job
frequency with which trained tasks are performed on the job
_____ is a way of delivering content to learners in small, very specific bursts. With such learning, individuals are in control of what and when they're learning. Microlearning Micromanagement Microtraining Macrolearning
microlearning
Which of the following is a concern in organizations regarding the loss of explicit and tacit knowledge? the retirement of Baby Boomers involuntary employee turnover the creation of chief information officer (CIO) positions the increased use of social networking
retirement of baby boomers
A _____ analysis refers to the process of determining whether training is the best or most likely solution for a performance problem or gap
root cause
A primary disadvantage of using ____ in the needs assessment process is that the data obtained may lack detail.
survey
Which of the following statements is true of closed skills? They require the trainee to adapt general principles. They refer to skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job. They refer to training objectives that are specific. They are more difficult to train than open skills.
they refer to skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job.
One of the best means to enhance trainees' self-efficacy beliefs is to explain the importance of learning new knowledge and skills for enhanced organizational performance. True or False
False
_____ analysis involves determining the appropriateness of training, given the company's business strategy, its resources available for training, and support by managers and peers. organizational Task Gap Support
Organizational
In training, the greatest level of support that a manager can provide is to _____. provide trainees opportunity to practice what they have learned provide incentives to attend training participate in training as an instructor allow trainees to attend training
Participate in training as an instructor
Marriott requires that trainees have adequate child care, transportation, and housing arrangements for its welfare-to-work program. These standards resulted from which type of analysis, as discussed in the text?
Person Analysis
_____ is a learning process that involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance. Retrieval Gratifying Generalizing Semantic encoding
Retrieval
________ considered an "input" in the context of person analysis?
Social Support
Which term refers to a group of two or more trainees who agree to meet to discuss their progress using learned capabilities on the job? focus group strategic group support network quality circle
Support Network
_____ refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning. Self-regulation Elaboration Generalization Automatization
Self-regulation
Behavior modeling is a training method that is primarily based on _____. goal setting theory expectancy theory social learning theory reinforcement theory
Social Learning Theory
What methods is inexpensive and allows for the collection of data from a large number of individuals?
Survey
Negative transfer is evident when learning occurs, but on-the-job behavior is lower than pre-training levels. True or False
True
Pilot testing is more useful for formative evaluation than summative evaluation. True or False
True
Pilot testing refers to the process of previewing the training program with potential trainees and managers. True or False
True
Divergers use concrete experience and active experimentation. They are good at implementing decisions, carrying out plans, and getting involved in new experiences. True or False
False
Evaluation designs without pre-test or comparison groups are most appropriate when companies are interested in determining how much change has occurred in trainees. True or False
False
In error management training, trainees are instructed that errors hamper learning and should largely be avoided. True or False
False
One of the better ways to assess self-efficacy prior to training is through a cognitive ability assessment. True or False
False
_____ are more concerned with how training may affect the attainment of financial goals for the particular units they supervise.
Mid-Level Managers
According to the text, collecting data on social support for training from managers and peers is a component of which level of analysis?
Task analysis and organizational analysis
Skill-based outcomes can be used to evaluate both learning and transfer. True or False
True
Subject-matter experts (SMEs) should have an understanding of the company's language, tools, and products. True or False
True
The stimulus generalization approach is more appropriate for open skills as opposed to closed skills. True or False
True
The working storage and semantic encoding processes both relate to short-term memory. True or false
True
To promote a learning orientation, trainers should deemphasize competition among trainees, create a community of learning, and allow trainees to make errors. True or False
True
When using an outside vendor to provide training services, it is important to consider the extent to which the training program will be customized based on a company's needs. True or False
True
Which of the following instances call for training with an emphasis on far transfer? securing offices and buildings creating a new product logging into computers and using software handling routine client questions
creating a new product
A _____ refers to an organized program of study designed to meet a complex learning objective. training map curriculum lesson plan course
curriculum
The Hawthorne effect refers to employees performing at a low level because of the attention they receive. True or False
false
Front-line supervisors are likely most concerned with which training outcomes? return on expectations (ROE) behavior and skill-based outcomes cognitive outcomes reactions
Behavior and skill-based outcomes
_____ relates to intellectual capability and general intelligence.
Cognitive ability
The learning cycle for a trainee begins with a(n)____ reflective observation concrete experience abstract conceptualization active experimentation
Concrete experience
If training emphasizes total group discussion and no small-group interaction, a _____ seating arrangement will be most effective. classroom-type horseshoe fan-type conference-type
Conference-type
Which of the following refers to the type of rewards that employees receive for performing well? outcomes motivators consequences feedback
Consequences
Which of the following statements is true of knowledge management? Social media hinders knowledge management. It involves acquiring knowledge, studying problems, attending training, and using technology only within work. Creating communities of practice and using "after-action reviews" at the end of each project facilitates knowledge management. It should be a central focus of training design.
Creating communities of practice and using "after-action reviews" at the end of each project facilitates knowledge management.
If trainers are interested in the generalizability of a study's results, they are said to be interested in the _____ of the study. outcome believability external validity outcome practicality criterion relevance
External Validity
Content curation refers to creating a group of pictures that tell a story. True or False
False
In the context of expectancy theory, ensuring that trainees are confident in their ability to learn helps to promote instrumentality beliefs. True or False
False
Incorporating novelty and fun into a training course can promote learner engagement, but may have little effect on helping learners commit training content to memory. True or False
False
Open skills need to be identically reproduced on the job. True or False
False
Outcome measures are often highly related to each other. True or False
False
ROI (return on investment) would be considered a Level-4 outcome in Kirkpatrick's model of training evaluation. True or False
False
When a series of steps must be followed in a specific way to complete a task successfully, training should be designed with an emphasis on far transfer. True or False
False
Learner-learner interaction is most appropriate when learners have to _____. maximize their critical thinking and analysis skills master a task that is completed alone acquire personal knowledge based on experience enhance their self-awareness and self-assessment
Acquire personal knowledge based on experience
A(n) _____ is a written document that includes the steps that a trainee and manager will take to ensure that training transfers to the job. performance appraisal action plan design document concept map
Action Plan
Which of the following issues is addressed by task analysis? Who needs training? Should training be built or bought? Who is the focus of training? Does training support the company's strategic direction?
Who is the focus of training
Evaluation designs without pre-test or comparison groups are most appropriate when _____. a company has a strong orientation toward evaluation companies are interested in determining how much change has occurred information regarding training effectiveness is not needed immediately a company is only interested in whether trainees have achieved a certain proficiency level
a company is only interested in whether trainees have achieved a certain proficiency level
A primary advantage of crowdsourcing for conducting a needs assessment is the speed to coordinate this data-collection effort
False
Adult learning theory assumes that adults enter a learning experience with a subject-centered approach to learning. True or False
False
Automatization of tasks increases memory demands. True or False
False
Favorable trainee reactions are strongly connected with transfer. True or false
False
Generalization is defined as continued use of what was learned over time. True or False
False
It is generally considered best practice to use slang and sports analogies when training groups of trainees from different cultural backgrounds. Doing so helps to promote fun in the learning environment, and such strategies can serve as useful mnemonic devices. True or False
False
It is important to conduct a return on investment (ROI) analysis for nearly all training programs. True or False
False
A curriculum covers more specific learning objectives and addresses a more limited number of competencies than a course or program. True or False
False
Which of the following statements is true of competency models? They are useful for a variety of HRM practices, not just training and development. All of the above They provide common criteria for identifying appropriate training activities for employees. They provide a tool for determining what skills are necessary to meet current and future needs.
All of the Above
Which of the following creates a learning orientation in trainees? ensuring trainees completely avoid errors and mistakes allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills emphasizing competition among trainees emphasizing trained task performance
Allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledges and skills
Which of the following is a major aide in communicating tacit knowledge? Procedure document Manual Product formula Discussion
Discussion
"Not allowing trainees to take an extra break because they were disruptive" is an example of _____, in the context of reinforcement theory. extinction positive reinforcement punishment negative reinforcement
Extinction
A "pencil-and-paper" test is the best means for measuring skill-based outcomes. True or False
False
Which of the following statements is most true about age and generation in the context of training? Motivation tends to decrease with age The speed with which people process information increases with age. Traditionalists prefer more of a self-directed training environment. Gen Xers Dislike close supervision
Gen Xers dislike close supervision
Which of the following is an affective learning outcome? greater appreciation of diversity learners' satisfaction with training increased production reduced costs of production
Greater appreciation of diversity
In person analysis, _____ relate(s) to resources employees need to help them learn.
Inputs
"Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements" is an example of which of the following learning outcomes? attitudes motor skills cognitive strategies intellectual skills
Intellectual Skills
In the process of developing a competency model, the job or position to be analyzed is identified after _____. the competencies responsible for effective and ineffective performance are identified the effective and ineffective job performers are identified the needs assessment strategy is selected the business strategy and goals are identified
The business strategy and goals are identified
Formative evaluation involves collecting data about a training program from trainees mainly through _____. tests and ratings of behavior their opinions and feelings about the program measures of performance, such as volume of sales return on investment (ROI)
Their opinions and feelings about the program
Which of the following statements is true of lesson plans? They include a storyboard to graphically represent content to trainees. They are typically less detailed than a design document. They include the sequence of activities that will be conducted and identify administrative details. They include several courses and focus primarily on developing a set of competencies needed to perform a job.
They include the sequence of activities that will be conducted and identify administrative details.
A company that aims to improve readily observable outcomes by collecting data at periodic intervals before and after training is likely applying a _____ evaluation design. Solomon four-group pre-test/post-test time series return on investment
Time series
_____ refers to the process of collecting the outcomes needed to determine whether training is effective. Performance appraisal Program design Needs assessment Training evaluation
Training Evaluation
Cognitive outcomes generally do not help determine how much trainees use training content on the job. True or False
True
Which of the following strategies is least appropriate for far transfer? Using standardized procedures, processes, and checklists Providing a list of prompts or questions to help trigger thoughts and questions from trainees Focusing on principles that might apply to a greater set of contexts beyond those presented in the training session Teaching general concepts, broad principles, or key behaviors
Using standardized procedure, processes, and checklists
Which of the following examples best reflects an attitude as a learning outcome? value work-life balance create a pivot table in Excel articulate three reasons why diversity is important successfully provide employee feedback
Value of work-life balance
In the context of big data, _____ refers to the large number of sources and types of data. volume valence velocity variety
Variety
Explicit knowledge _____ mainly consists of personal knowledge based on individual experience can be communicated only through discussion is highly influenced by perceptions and values can be managed by a knowledge management system
can be managed by knowledge management system
The evaluation process ideally begins with _____. developing outcome measures conducting a needs analysis developing measurable learning objectives choosing an evaluation strategy
conducting a needs analysis
It is best to include a combination of examples and practice, rather than all practice. True or False
True
This process can determine if training is the appropriate solution.
Needs Assessment
"Not micromanaging trainees working in groups after the group demonstrates it can remain on task" is an example of _____, in the context of reinforcement theory. negative reinforcement positive reinforcement extinction punishment
Negative Reinforcement
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding a Net Promoter Score (NPS)? None of the above—each statement is true. The NPS is computed by subtracting the number of distractors from the number of promoters, dividing this number by the number of respondents, and then multiplying by 100. The NPS is used to measure satisfaction by asking trainees to rate the likelihood of recommending training to a peer. Trainees are categorized into detractors, permissives, and promotors.
Trainees are categorized into detractors, permissives, and promoters.
A comparison group refers to a group of employees who participate in the evaluation study but do not attend the training program. True or False
True
A disadvantage of historical data reviews in conducting a needs assessment is data potentially being incomplete, inaccurate, or not fully reflective of performance. True or False
True
Assimilators use abstract conceptualization and reflective observation. They are good at inductive reasoning, creating theoretical models, and combining disparate observations into an integrated explanation. True or False
True
Determining a job's cognitive ability requirement is part of the task analysis process. True or False
True
For more complex tasks, relatively long rest periods appear to be beneficial for learning. True or False
True
Curricula differ from courses in that curricula _____. consist of narrower learning objectives address a more limited number of competencies take less time to complete include broader learning objectives
include broader learning objectives
The pre-training phase primarily involves _____ preparing instruction (classes, courses, programs, lessons) to facilitate learning encouraging learners to apply what they have learned to their work preparing a concept map and curriculum road map to facilitate learning preparing, motivating, and energizing trainees to attend the learning event
preparing, motivating, and energizing trainees to attend the learning event
The first step in task analysis is to _____
select the job or jobs to be analyzed