TTU HDFS 3310 Final Exam

intrafamily differences in sibling conflict may depend on

Childs prior relationship/attachment to parents, sex similarity of pair and the temperament of the children

What statement is representative of having conceptual self?

"I'm not a baby!"

2 to 5 Months (emotions)

-negative emotions decrease over time, which positive emotions increase -improvements in emotional regulation but new challenges occur creating new sources of frustration

10 to 12 Months (emotions)

-new forms of expression of anger, fear, sadness and joy -mixed emotions

Infants Separate More Easily From Parent if:

-parents prepare the child and gives instruction for what to do during separation -if child is dropped off at a familiar setting -caregiver stays at a distance shortly before departure

corporal punishment in the early years is related to

-poor self control -poor relationship with parents throughout childhood -more criminal/antisocial behavior -abuse of children own children or spouse in adulthood

Effects of Newborn Marital Satisfaction

-problems make include less time spent together and perhaps jealousy of the baby for taking time away from marriage -decline in satisfaction over 1st year -interpersonal conflict increase and parents report less marital cohesion, less partner support and less ability to cope

older siblings sometimes diffuse conflict between mother and younger sibling by

-repeating the action that mother did not like -giving the younger child a similar object to the one the mom took away -prohibiting/scolding the mom for punishing the younger -comforting the sibling

children of authoritative parents

-show purposive, independent behavior -are cooperative with adults -show friendliness to peers -more likely to imitate their mother -likely to become upset after violating standards or conduct

in the 2nd year laughter

-takes on specific meaning within the mother-infant communication system -serves to get attention -mother infant dyads develop their own styles of laughing together

across different cultural and ethnic groups secure attachment at 12 months is related to

-the mothers responsiveness to infants needs -maternal tender style (patient, prompt soothing etc.) -reciprocal and mutually rewarding social interactions -coordinated joint attention

three possible causes of secure and insecure attachments at 12 months

-variations in parent's ability to create a warm/sensitive relationship with infant in first year -temperamental factors - issues that arise between the infant and parent that cannot be attributed directly to either one of them

What are causes of attachment security/insecurity?

-variations of parent's ability to create a warm, sensitive relationship with baby during first year -temperamental factors in child that no parent response can change -issues that arise in relationship between parent and infant that cannot attribute directly to either of them **neither mother or infant is a sole determinant of attachment quality**

when do pride and shame appear?

-when the toddler becomes aware of their emotions. - understands own success & failure

strange situation test

A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior. parents take the role of friend rather than parent

authoritarian parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.

authoritative parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

Measuring Temperament

Activity Level Rhythmicity Approach/withdrawal Adaptability Intensity of Reaction Quality of Mood

How is attachment quality assessed?

Ainsworth Strange Situation Test (ASST)

Successful Transition to Parenthood

DEPENDS ON: -adult's relationships with their own parents -prior experience with childcare -self-esteem and belief in their own self-efficacy as parents -their readiness for children -marital quality -family members -amount of social support available to parents

Concept: Situational constraint - recognize examples

Elements of the context of a stimulus or event that determines that child's response to that event Example: v. In one study, a novel toy was introduced into play between adults and infants & between peers 1. in the infant-adult interaction, the infant pointed to the toy and looked at the mother, requesting the toy's name & wanting to use it f. When mother and a peer are both present i. infants are more likely to initiate play with a peer ii. they are more likely to seek physical contact and show negative emotions like distress and anger with their mothers

sibling interactions

Emotional Support, Direct, Caregiving, Advice, Conflict

T/F Temperament is destiny?

False

2 or 3 day separation vs longer separations (12-18 months)

2 or 3 days: relatively few problems longer: more severe disturbances in routines and less positive engagement

fathers spend _____% as much time as mothers in direct infant care

20-35

breastfeeding was the general practice in the US until the beginning of the

20th century -by 1976 only 50% of mothers were breastfeeding at discharge from the hospital

By ____ months toddlers engage in conversation about their feelings, talk about the causes of their feelings and play games with siblings in which they pretend to have certain kinds of feelings

24

by ____ moths infants show multiple types of smiles that communicate different positive emotional experiences

3

By what age can infants show multiple kinds of smiles?

3 months

How many months does a baby have to be before they are more alert?

3 months

during the _____ year defiance and refusal gradually diminish

3rd

by ___months: the digestive system develops enzymes to digest more proteins, saliva production increases to lubricate swallowing and chewing, swallowing and teeth pushing up make it easier to handle the demands of eating solids

5

temperament: negativity and inhibition appear early in life and are persistent in _____-_____% of infants up until 5-7 years old

5-10%

between ___ & ___ months babies call attention to themselves in ways that did not exist previously

6 and 9 months

when does separation distress start to show?

6 months

around _____ months infants develop a wary look

6 months (raised brow furrowing above the nose and a relatively relaxed mouth)

When do babies smile for real the first time?

6-8 weeks

At what age do emotions become more complex, infants begin to take initiative and gender/temperament differences arise (infants begin to seem to have their own personalities)

6-9 months

When do babies begin to feel fear?

9 months

newborn imitation

Babies sometimes mimic gestures made by others who are within sight.

what is crucial for a baby to smile?

Interaction with someone who loves/ cares for them

Separation Anxiety Disorder

a childhood disorder marked by excessive anxiety, even panic, whenever the child is separated from home or parent

relational pattern

a cycle in which the parents avoid confronting the child and the child is deprived of opportunities to become more competent

Duchenne smile

a genuine smile that includes the muscles around the eyes

defiance, negativism and aggression are feelings related to anger due to (18-24 months)

a growing sense of independence and a feeling that the self is separate from others

if it is a first born the married couple must adjust to becoming a three-person system

a new baby creates disequilibrium and necessitates an adjustment by each of the other family members

insecure-avoidant attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

temperament

a persistent pattern of emotion and emotion regulation in the infant's relationship to people and things in the environment

pain cry

a sudden, initial loud cry followed by breath holding

what kind of attachment: interested in objects and in the stranger, will get acquainted with the unfamiliar setting using the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore and such infants will feel comfortable and secure in most situations

secure attachment

Poverty and social class factors that influence child development outcomes

single stressful incident can have long term effects such as behavioral and emotional disorders; socio-emotional deprivation has more long-term effects than physical deprivation

6 month old boys in the still-face experiment were more likely than girls to

smile and vocalize as well as show anger or distress during still face -and during normal face-to-face have more positive interactions with mother

between 6 and 9 months babies seem more capable of recognizing _____ than other expressions

smiles (their ability to distinguish between other expressions is relatively poor)

the early parent-infant relationship is crucial for the infant's

social and emotional development

Father's involvement is based on what?

social factors

mens involvement in infant care depends primarily on

social factors such as marriage, job and social acceptability of parenting

In the visual cliff experiment, a baby was less likely to approach the cliff is the baby saw a fearful look on the mothers face. This is an example of:

social referencing

more sensitive and involved fathers have children who are more

socially competent and less defiant

is temperament inherited?

some aspects are partly inherited

in one study after a brief separation 11 month olds

sought physical contact with their mothers immediately

father-infant and mother-infant interactions can be enhanced by

specific interventions to orient parents to their newborn -ex: fathers who had been trained in bathing and massage were more likely to have their infant interact with them and the fathers were more likely to be involved with their infants than non-trained parents

What are the two kinds of non-distress?

speech like and non-speech like

referential speech

speech that is object oriented and contains a few, but clearly articulated, words per utterance -object names (nouns), single words

expressive speech

speech that is socially oriented and uses more, but less well articulated, words per utterance -social routines, pronouns, phrases "I don't want it" "Don't do it" "i'll get it"

after 2 months two kinds of non-distress vocalizations appear

speech-like sounds non-speechlike sounds

is it more likely that the father and infant will share a secure attachment if the father

spends more time with the infant, is more extroverted and has greater marital and work satisfaction

speech-like sounds

such as cooing, produced in the front of the mouth and have a more resonant quality (increase between 2-5 months)

What are the basic emotions?

surprise, frustration, anger, joy

1 month olds show a range of expressions between alertness and drowsiness but have difficulty

switching attention

sibling conflict

tattling, older siblings start conflict, aggressive

____ and ______ are used to self-comfort in stressful situations and when parents are not around (18-24 months)

teddy bears, favorite blankets -toddlers can become attached to these objects

low-reactive infants (uninhibited)

tend to be calmer, and bolder. Sociable rather than shy. Infants are more likely to show interest than fear when exposed to new people, experiences, and objects.

Infants born to mothers who smoked prenatally:

tend to have more difficulty calming themselves than other infants

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

tend to not be upset when left with an unfamiliar person or a strange setting. -reunion may avoid approaching caregiver for comfort and may actively resist any attempts to be comforted -infants show a pattern of physiological arousal indicative of masked anger and they can be observed self-soothing rather than reliant on mother

how does the mothers behaviors change toward the first born when a new baby comes along?

tends to spend less time with the older child and confrontation with the first born increases and positive involvement decreases

both sibling interaction and peer competence are related to

the Childs security of attachment

emotional regulation

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed (starts around 4 months)

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

displacement

the capability of all human languages to describe things not happening in the present or about things that are not immediately in the present

quality of attachment

the ease with which a distressed infant feels comforted by a caregiver

attachment theory

the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life

predictors of success in the transition into parenthood: concurrent factors

the marital relationship, other family members, the amount of social support available to the parents and non family factors such as income and job satisfaction

attachment system

the network of feelings and cognition related to the object of attachment

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

a trauma-related disorder characterized by inhibited, avoidant social behaviors and reluctance to seek or respond to attention or nurturing. -disinhibitions: overly familiar with strangers, show seductive, manipulative or other inappropriate behaviors.

disorganized/disoriented attachment

a type of insecure attachment in which infants or young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the Strange Situation. Their behavior is often confused or even contradictory, and they often appear dazed or disoriented

the emergence of the subjective self is the beginning of (10-12 months)

a uniquely human consciousness, aware of itself thinking, feelings and doing

Concept: separation distress: when and why it occurs and what contributes to it and what are ways to help infants cope

after 6 months, infants respond to parental separation with some anger. Especially if the parent is a part of the infants activity when he or she leaves

terotogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

infants who show insecure-resistant attachment show

ambivalent response during the reunions first approaching the mother than pushing her away

Which emotion is most frequently elicited in infants when their goals have been disrupted?

anger

working mothers who left their newborns with fathers vs other infant care reported less

anger, depression and anxiety

around 2 months infants become more complex and

animated and better coordinated with events in the environment

parental proactive behavior

any action that has the goal of a positive outcome for the child -ex: talking and giving the child something to eat while shopping to avoid tantrums

when do babies feel fear?

around 9 months

features that make up a sense of differentiated ecological self (6-9 months)

asking for help, taking initiative, clowning and showing off, demanding and hiding/escaping

after 2 months babies also develop new expressions of

attention and enjoyment

infants between 6 and 9 months prefer to look at faces judged by adults to be _____

attractive -apparently attractiveness can be inferred from global features of the face that do not involve specific expression

parenting styles

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved

Erik Erikson says two emotional poles of this phase are (self-conscious emotions 18-24 months)

autonomy (pride, defiance) and shame (doubt, dissapointment)

infants who show insecure- avoidant attachment

avoid caregiver during reunion

To prepare their two year olds for a brief separation, it is helpful for the parent to:

avoid close contact just before leaving

in North America and Northern Europe which type of attachment is more frequent?

avoidant

by 3 1/2 months

babies begin to watch their hands moving and feel their arms and hands at the same time

in one study after a brief separation by 19 months

babies were content merely to look at their mothers before resuming play

what role do fathers take on in infancy?

babysitter/helper

Impact of child care on children younger vs older than 12 months

before 12 months: lower school readiness the more hours in childcare; more sensitive to effects of child care quality and availability of attachment figures in child care setting after 12 months: child care is beneficial rather than harmful; more school readiness

Typically Autism is diagnosed

between ages 4 and 5

a ____ seems to be an effective substitute for the mother at least for brief periods (18-24 months)

blanket -they are soft and cuddly -carry familiar smells that may remind child of home and impart a sense of security

how do 4 month olds show "wary" or hesitant expressions?

by turning or looking away from unpleasant or confusing situations

attachment (can/cannot) change as relationships improve or worsen

can

infants (can/cannot) be just as securely attached to adoptive parents

can

semanticity

capacity of a language to carry meaning for both speaker and listener

Parenting is influenced by

child's temperament

during the 3rd year parents introduce a wide variety of controls

children are told when/when not to do things and they are asked to control their future emotions

insecure-resistant attachment

classification of parent-child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves the room, and ambivalence upon the parent's return

1 month olds cry generally with their eyes

closed

behaviors like _______ and ______ reveal that there is a sense of "I" that wants to be recognized (10-12 months)

clowning and showing off -this is the subjective self

affective sharing (10-12 months)

communicating feelings to another person or confirming feelings with another person

6-9 months positive emotions become more

complex

mothers and fathers in "troubled families" were more likely to use _____ instead of guidance and authoritative approaches

control

speech like

cooing, front of mouth, more resonant

authoritative parental discipline is related to

cooperation and compliance

predicted by prenatal marital quality

couples who have the most conflicts prenatally also have the most postnatally

anger is more intense when infant _____ (10-12 months)

cries -more activity in the right frontal brain region

after the birth of a new baby older children become somewhat more

dependent -tend to seek help more, seek proximity to their mothers more and cry more

How is shame demonstrated, and what plays a role on how it appears?

depends on children's temperament

24 to 36 Months (emotions)

descriptions of emotional states of the self and other become more elaborate

Affects of heredity are not what?

determinism

mothers who rate infant cries as more aversive are more likely to rate their infants as

difficult

older sibling

directive, supportive, tease, protective

what kind of attachment: may smile broadly and then abruptly turn away from mother, may approach by crawling backward toward the mother with gaze adverted and may have frozen postures during reunion, sitting and staring at wall or sucking their thumbs

disorganized- disoriented attachment

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

display contradictory behavior during ASST: -infant may give a broad smile and then abruptly turn away from mother -other may have frozen posture, sitting and staring at wall or sucking thumb **a sign of disassociate response

first emotions (0-2 months)

distress (stiffen their body) contentment disgust interest surprise

newborns can feel

distress, contentment, disgust, interest and surprise

Newborn (emotions)

distress, contentment, disgust, interest, surprise

intergenerational transmission

disturbed behavior of mothers of disorganized-disoriented infants can be explained by trauma, harsh punishment, and or sexual abuse in mother's early history

dreams can be a source of fears but nightmares... (18-24 months)

do not appear until after the second birthday

preparing a first child for the birth of the second child (does/does not) seem to affect the amount of sibling rivalry

does not

temperament most likely (does/ does not) contribute to long-term cognitive defect or enhancement

does not -parental behavior may attenuate the long-term effects of early temperamental characteristics

Infant Defiance

during the 3rd year, defiance refusals gradually diminish (continued discipline) -children start to use negotiation strategies

family systems theory

each member of the family is a part of a feedback system with every other family member

Unintentional Injuries

each year about 3,500 children under the age of 4 in the US from unintentional injuries -leading cause of death (about 35%) of all deaths at this age -for every death, there are 1,120 emergency rooms visits causes: -motor vehicle collisions (32%) -fire (19%) -drowning (18%) -choking(7%) -falls (3%) -poisoning (2%) -other (18%)

between 12-18 months the sense of self is _____

elaborated -exaggerate facial expressions and other social actions as if to explore their own subjectivity in relation to another person -communicate more intentionally and persist gestures/words that are not understood -they discover they have emotion regulation skills -they look toward someone after an achievement and may smile jump and celebrate for themselves

toddlers recognize themselves in a mirror and tend to show ________ when they do (18-24 months)

embarrassment -which is a self-conscious emotion

authoritative parents combine

empathy and firmness

attachment disturbances lead to

experience-dependent pathologies in brain development -particularly in the right limbic and pre-frontal areas responsible for emotion regulation and feelings of safety

some suggest that occasional spanking may be used in serious offense especially if the spanking is later accompanied by

explanations, recognition of the Childs feelings and expression of love

fear (10-12 months)

expressed by raised and furrowed brow while the mouth corners are retracted straight back -may appear briefly and then change to anger or sadness -more likely to be expressed by behavioral inhibition rather than facial expression

Emotions are regulated by what two things?

external distraction and coping strategies

The emotions of infants can be regulated by?

external distractions and various distinct coping skills of their own

play smile

extremely wide-open mouth and dropping of the jaw (enjoyment with elements of excitement/surprise) -observed when infants are held closer to the mother, kissed or tickled

In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the _____ also contract.

eyes

7 month olds ability to distinguish between emotions improves when

facial expression are combined with voices expressing the same emotions and when faces are presented dynamically

non-duchenne smile

fake smile

Extended family is important in the reduction of?

family stress -especially for low income, teenage and single mothers

are teasing games found more in mother-infant play or father-infant play?

father-infant play

was a play smile experienced more during mother-infant play or father-infant play? (10-12 months)

father-infant play

by 10 months _____ begin to use other people more effectively to regulate themselves than ____ do

girls, boys

older siblings

give more directions -orient the attention of the younger -command/prohibit -support/tease -motherese when addressing younger

between 6 and 9 months there is a _____ ability to communicate with others about emotions

growing -around 8 months infants who smile when looking at an object will turn to smile at a nearby adult

what other self-conscious emotions emerge around the 2nd birthday?

guilt, jealousy and pride

Secure Attachment

infant seeks comfort from caregiver during reunion and once comforted, returns to independent play. -show interest in objects and in the stranger will get acquainted with unfamiliar setting -infant always returns to adult's side and uses caregiver as a secure base from which to explore

social referencing (10-12 months)

infants look to another person's expression to help decide what to do in an uncertain situation

emergent self

the perception/ sense of self- sameness over time in behavior, feelings, and states of arousal

attachment

the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual

high reactive (Inhibited)

infants who have a dour mood, signs of anxiety, and an overactive sympathetic nervous system response

what kind of attachment: be upset during the ASSt, temperamentally vulnerable to stress, have limited independent exploration and have mothers who are inconsistently available

insecure- resistant attachment

what kind of attachment: may actively resist attempts to be comforted and seem natural in their emotions regarding the mother but show physiological arousal indicative of masked anger

insecure-avoidant

cross modal perception

integrating information across sensory modalities (aka using more than one sense)

when grandma spends much time with the baby mothers and grandmothers are nearly _________ as attachment figures

interchangeable

younger sibling

intimate, follows directions, compliant, older sibling to guide adventures

co-regulation

the process by which a caregiver provides the needed comfort or distraction to help a child reduce his or her distress

Infant-mother attachment (is/is not) seriously altered by maternal employment?

is not

pride (18-24 months)

the result of meeting your own standards, awareness of having accomplished a personal goal in the eyes of another person

self-history

the sense of enduring, of having a past, of going on even through changes, as when one acts and feels similar ways with familiar people or in familiar situations

self-affectivity

the sense of having inner emotional feelings that routinely go together with specific experiences

infants respond more positively to separation from their mothers if ... (10-12 months)

they are left with another (familiar) person, they are left with toys of any kind, can see/hear mother in an adjoining room or if they are left with their own pacifier

after 18 months infants are likely to smile when

they experience periods of affective sharing, during joint activity and attention with their mothers and to initiate positive emotions in their communications with parent

determinism

things determined for you by specifiable cause or interlocking causes

by 6 months babies will laugh at

jokes, very abrupt and highly arguing stimuli and things that once made them cry (loud noises or loss of balance)

Overregulaztion

just after acquiring the past tense of regular verbs children apply the -ed rule to all verbs -plurals -usually occurs ages 2 through elementary

non-speech like

lack of projection, back of mouth (2-5 months)

when adults participate in children's spontaneous actions children can achieve higher levels of

language, play and cognitive development

women who have children _____ in life show higher caregiving responsibility and more satisfaction with parenthood

later

acquired fears (10-12 months)

learned through conditioned association -ex: far of a particular people, doctor's office or certain kinds of sounds

What part of the brain is more active in intense temperament infants?

left frontal lobe

early introduction of solid foods has been associated with

less consumption of milk, tendency to distend/overtax the stomach and the development of food allergies, kidney malfunction, iron deficiency and increased likelihood of developing strong food dislikes

inhibited children who showed more positive emotions were (less likely/ more likely) to be inhibited at age 3 than inhibited children who tended to be more negative

less likely

It appears that within motor development there are still ________ with early practice and improvement in motor development later on

little continuity

by 9 or 10 months sadness accompanies a feeling of ____

loss -infants can connect their memory of absent objects with some concrete action on the objects and may become sad if an object disappears and they cannot find it

______________ is more critical than being born premature.

low birth weight

benefits of breastfeeding for infant

lower risk of infections, cancer and possibly other diseases, allergies and obesity -breast fed infants get talked to, smiled at, touched, looked at and rocked more

avoidant attachment at 12 months is related to

lower sociability and preference for playing with toys over playing with people at 3 months

infants who become easily distressed have more

marked differences between eft and right brain activity in the frontal area

success in transition to parenthood depends on a good relationship with their own fathers and personality traits traditionally associated with femininity (warmth, nurturance) (men or women?)

men

contrary to the predictions of learning theory

monkeys became attached to the soft object and not to the object that gave them positive reinforcement

differential rooting

touched by someone else than by touching self

At what age are children more sensitive to child care quality?

under 1 year

authoritative parents

use firm demands, express their own anger or distress appropriately and do not use power to control child

appraisal

using cognition to decide what to feel (starts between 6-9 months) using cognitive comparisons of alternate interpretations to regulate ones emotions (10-12 months)

corporal punishment

using physical force that causes pain to the child but not injury

After 12 months, gestures and words become:

more conventional -they represent an action or object using a ritualized manner of expression -infants learn about 1-3 words/month, first for: objects (car, shoes, teddy) social (hi, no, yes, bye-bye) simple concepts (gone, more, there)

families where the fathers are more involved have wives who show

more interest and affection toward the neonate

conflict between the mother and first child predicts

more interfering behavior of the first child with the new baby

infants who are temperamentally inhibited and have insecure attachment are (less likely/ more likely) to show distress at even minor stresses

more likely

in one study after a brief separation 14 month olds

more likely to use some form of signaling from a distance: crying, whining, or raising their arms as if to ask to be picked up

10-12 months: anger

most frequently elicited the infants' goals have been disrupted -mouth is open, squaring and angled down - brows are lowered - eyes are opened and intense -typically the jaw is braces

infants can be adequately comforted in a stressful situation by either parent but if both are present in a stressful situation infants are likely to choose the

mother

Who takes on primary role in infancy?

mothers

children develop higher levels of symbolic play when

mothers give more options that stimulate creativity

in order to meet the criteria for diagnosis of separation anxiety

must be intense and last at least 1 month and be inappropriate for the child's age

between 6 and 9 months _____ emotions start to develop

negative

7 month olds whose mothers show a lot of positive emotions are more likely to respond to

negative facial expressions

during the 3rd year children start to use ______ strategies

negotiation

is treatment of RAD easy?

no its difficult

is temperament easy to measure?

no, temperament is difficult to measure in a reliable and valid manner -when mothers an fathers are asked to rate the same child their reports agree only 1/2 the time

indeterminism

not all natural phenomena can be predicted form known laws or principles

is temperament continuous?

not necessarily -inhibited children may with sedative child rearing eventually lose their extreme sensitivity -normal children may become more inhibited in extremely stressful environments

Concept: self-awareness - when does it occur and how it impacts emotional development

occurs eighteen to twenty four months. Begins to create a whole picture of themselves as someone who can be recognized and distinguished

Social Referrencing

occurs when infants face an uncertain situation ex: infant play with noisy toy, they may look around to see how adults are responding

Affective Sharing

occurs when infants wish to communicate feelings to another person or to confirm their feelings with another person. ex: baby discovers how a lid goes on a pot, smiles and then looks at caregiver --infant expects a smile in return to confirm their feelings of accomplishment

siblings tattle primarily on

physical aggression and property damage/disputes -older siblings do not why away from causing conflict with younger child

contrary to the predictions of psychoanalytic theory

physical contact with the mother was more important than food in the formation of attachments

How is a father's ability to parent determined?

positive attitude toward parenting and time spent with child

for fathers marital satisfaction is associated with more

positive attitudes toward the parenting tole and with more time spent with the infant

children who are more positive with their siblings show more

positive peer play, fewer peer conflicts, more extended peer pretend play and more lasting peer friendships

______ & ______ develop within the context of communication about success or failure in meeting standards, rules and achievements (18-24 months)

pride, shame

non-speech-like sounds

produced in the back of the mouth, lack projection and have a more nasal quality (decline between 2 and 5 months)

Breast feeding

recommended until the baby is at least 12 months -the rate of breast feeding in the US is highest: --among higher-income -college-educated women who are more than 30 years old Benefits for Mothers: -risk of breast cancer decreases -returns to pre-birth weight -attachmeny Benefits of Infants: -weight gain -boosts immune systems -lowers risks of allergies, cancers and asthma

Attachment

refers to a lasting emotional tie between people such that individuals strive to maintain closeness to the object of attachment an acts to ensure that the relationship continues

In the first month of a baby's life, a smile is just a ______

reflex

How is shame demonstrated, and what plays a role in how it appears?

refuse failure, embarrassment -no eye contact and downcast expressions

What are the predictors of success for fathers?

relationship with own fathers and personality traits

elation (12-18 months)

remaining happy over a long period without the continuation of the stimulating event

in Japan, Indonesia and Israel which type of attachment is more frequent?

resistant

securely attached older siblings are more likely to

respond to the needs and distress of the younger sibling in the mothers. absence

basic cry

rhythmic cry brief silence in-breath whistle brief rest

What part of the brain is more active in easy temperament infants?

right frontal lobe

the _______ becomes damaged so that normal pathways of emotion regulation are not available (attachment disturbances)

right prefrontal cortex

syntax (grammar)

rules for combining words to form sentences and larger units of expression

separation distress

sadness at separation from caregiver (10-12 months)

What kind of siblings have more positive interactions?

same-sex siblings

overextension

a child uses a single word to label multiple different things in a manner that is inconsistent with adult usage ex: all vehicles are "cars" -reflects an attempt to categorize objects

infant mortality due to unintentional injuries

-motor vehicle collisions (32%) -fire (19%) -drowning (18%) -choking (7%) -falls (3%) -poisoning (2%) -other causes (19%)

role of parents in temperament

- infants who are more inhibited are more likely to have parents who are introverted and anxious -infant inhibition and negativity are elated to lower scores on maternal adaptation to pregnancy, sensitivity to the infant after birth and self-esteem

maternal characteristics associated with disorganized- disoriented attachment

- psychopathology and contradictory, frightened or frightening behavior - abuse and seductive/sexual behavior toward the infant - emotional distance

separation anxiety disorder

- refusal to be separated from the parent, even to go to bed and has excessive distress when not home with parents - more likely if the child is temperamentally inhibited or if one parent or close relative has panic disorder or another form of severe anxiety

self-agency

- the sense that one is capable of generating ones own actions and expecting that these self-generated actions will have consequences - the self controls its own thoughts and actions

jealousy at 10-12 months

-12 month olds were observed while their mothers and a strange adult played with a picture book or a child-sized doll -infants showed more protest and negative vocalization in the mother with doll situation than with the book -infants were not upset by the book

temperament assessed between 2 and 4 years of age tends to show long-term stability

-2 year olds rated as more difficult has more attention problems and aggressive behaviors at age 12 - 3 year olds who were rated low on self-control had more adjustment problems and interpersonal conflicts as adults

inhibited temperament

-4 months: distressed, cry, right hemisphere activity -14-21 months: high fear to unfamiliar events -14-17 years: higher risk for developing anxiety disorders

uninhibited temperament

-4 months: relaxed, left hemisphere activity -4-21 months: minimal fear to unfamiliar events -14-17 years: lower risk for developing anxiety disorders

guided participation

-A child's performance, with guidance and support, of activity in the adult world. - a role that children take in observing and participating in the organized activities of the family and society

6-9 months emotional development

-anger -separation distress -wariness -self-awareness

6 to 9 Months (emotions)

-anger and wariness (negative) -laughter emerges (positive)

parents who are more willing to expose infants to potentially stressful events

-are less likely to intervene when the infant has an everyday problem -more likely to leave the infant with a babysitter or in child care and they are more likely to take trips without the infant

emotional expression and experience (2-5 months)

-attention (focus for longer periods of time) -enjoyment -smile during face to face interaction -emotional regulation

children with RAD

-can be unpredictable and unresponsive/ violent with caregivers, animals or other children -can appear to "look right through you" as if they do not have an awareness of other people's emotions -can be prone to lying/stealing - may show sexually inappropriate behavior

Effects of Maternal Stress and Anxiety on Infant

-contribute to poor mother-infant communication -anxious mothers show excessive worry of child care, health and work -take infants self-regulatory behavior as a sign of rejection *if left untreated, these dyads go onto develop an insecure attachment relationship

siblings have a special relationship that is different than with their parents

-discuss emotions together -share jokes about bugs or gender -express feelings of like and dislike -form attachments to each other and would rather be together than with an unfamiliar peer

Parents help in the development of gender role identity by:

-dressing children according to their gender -encouraging girls to share, cooperate and be caring -encouraging boys to be responsible

Adoptive vs Non-Adoptive Parents and Attachment

-enter parenthood with much higher expectations for success than biological parents -they thrust into parenting role without prior stage of pregnancy during which most new parent's adjust to that role -may worry about how their parents will feel about having a grandchild who is not their kin *few differences between adoptive and non-adoptive family*

predictors of success in the transition into parenthood: marital quality

-equality of role relationships before childbirth predicts marital satisfaction after birth -positive and warm relationships with one's own parents -a post birth experience that is not more difficult than anticipated

Different effects infants have on adult (behavior)

-exaggeration -slowing down and simplification ( each action is held longer, particular syllables are prolonged and speech is slowed) -rhythm and repetition (infant-directed speech) -matching and attunement (adult behavior is similar to babies but not exact) - turn taking (conversation like) -frames (regularly occurring communication routines) -maternal touch

10-12 months emotional development

-fear -sadness -enjoyment -affection -mixed emotions

18 to 24 Months (emotions)

-fears originate in mental and symbolic images and some dreaming begins -defiance, embarrassment and pride -smiling and laughter develop as important forms of communication about positive emotions

Which of the following factors have NOT been found related to temperamental characteristics?

-genes -physiology -parent-child relationships -parental personality *research has found that all are related to temperament

Infantile Autism has been found related to:

-heredity -advanced fathers age -low birth weight -deficiency in maternal folic acid -exposure to pesticides & any pollution during pregnancy -obesity -genetic/chromosomal abnormalities *diagnosed between ages 4 and 5

younger siblings

-imitate older siblings/other people more -more likely to follow older siblings directions suggestions -more compliant in taking designated roles in games -advantage of having an older guide to help explore environment

Characteristics of Temperament

-inhibited personality trait that appears early in life -temperament assessed b/w ages 2&4 years old tend to show long-term stability --difficult 2 year old= attention problems and aggressive behavior at 12 years old --low self control 3 year old = more adjustment problems and interpersonal conflicts as adults **early family stress: may prolong child's inhibition

10 month olds look more at adults who are

-looking at them -whose actions seem intentionally directed toward an object

temperament: infants who were the most inhibited

-more likely to be subdued in unfamiliar situations, have a dour mood, report anxiety, have an overactive sympathetic nervous response as a teenager, show a higher activation in the amygdala (part of limbic system responsive to fear) when viewing pictures of unfamiliar faces as adults

during sadness (10-12 months)

1. brows are raised at the center and drop at the sides 2. the mouth corners are drawn back and down

to regulate emotions, 12 month olds may

1. combine distress with biting or stiffening the lip 2. alternate between distress and enjoyment 3. look at the caregiver when crying

during first 4 months increase in emotion regulation are shown by

1. decrease in crying 2. ability to easily shift gaze from one thing to another 3. mastery of continuous and repeated bouts of smiling

fear of strangers takes two forms (10-12 months)

1. general wariness of the unfamiliar in most infants in every culture beginning about 8 months 2. acquired fear of particular people

Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) begins before age 5 and is marked by one of the two patters

1. inhibitions 2. disinhibitions

evidence of early self awareness comes from studies that show

1. newborn imitation (distinguishing own movements from the movements of others) 2. differential rooting (more when touched by someone else than by touching self) 3. differential crying (more when they hear tape recording of other infants cries)

four basic patterns of quality of attachment

1. securely attached 2. insecurely attached- resistant 3. insecurely attached- avoidant 4. disorganized- disoriented

sense of ecological self (2-5 months) is characterized by

1. self-agency 2. self-coherence 3. self-affectivity 4. self-history

contributors to emotion regulation (2-5 months)

1. sensorimotor skills (calm down by putting hand in mouth or reaching for an object) 2. caregivers

by 20 months about 1/3 of all children will talk about one or more of the following states

1. sleep ("tired") 2. plain ("ouch") 3. distress ("sad") 4. disgust ("yuck") 5. affection ("love mommy") 6. value ('good")

inhibitions (RAD)

1. the child is excessively inhibited, hyper vigilant or ambivalent and contradictory 2. child may for example respond to caregivers with frozen vigilance, mixed approach-avoidance and resistance to comforting

new parents must address four types of problems

1. the energy demands associated with infant care (loss of sleep, extra work, fatigue) 2. new parenthood places stress on marital relationships 3. the responsibility of caring for and rearing a child 4. parents must cope with additional costs of raising a child (food, nothing, education)

infants show less fear of strangers if (10-12 months)

1. they are with mother or familiar caregiver 2. they are in an unfamiliar setting 3.if the stranger -approaches slowly/ keeps distance -is a little person/child/ does not tower over them -is sensitive to infants signals and allows approach to be regulated by the infant

ASST and Four Type of Attachment Quality

1.) secure attachment 2.) insecure-resistant attachment 3.) insecure-avoidant attachment 4.) disorganized attachment

Basic Properties of Language

1.) semanticity 2.) productivity 3.) displacement

___ month olds begin to perceive adults intentions

10

at ____ months infants have deeper and more lasting positive feelings called affection

10 -expression is similar to a simple smile, with widening of the eyes

between ____ & ____ months anger becomes more purposeful and directed

10 & 12 months -infants stomp, hit, or slap and kick

Be familiar with the cliff experiment: what it is and what the findings were

10 month old's begin to perceive adults intentions. They look at adults that look at them. And look at adults whose actions seem intentionally directed toward an object. They will act more frustrated if an adult tease them with a toy that when the adult tries to give the toy.

By how many months can babies use parent's emotional expression for guidance?

10 months

by what month can infants distinguish more emotional aspersions, begin to use emotional information in a meaningful manner and begin to understand that others may have different feelings of their own?

10 months

true fear expressions first appear around the age of

10 months, but they are rare in infancy

at what age do infants become upset when their goals are blocked, pleased when they achieve intended goal and develop new emotions regarding their relationships with other people?

10-12 months

____ month olds feel fear for unexpected or threatening events such as heights and uncredited objects and movements

12

after _____ months infants still seek help from adults regulating their emotions, but also will attempt to control their own emotions

12

breastfeeding is recommended until the baby is at least _____ months

12

after ____ months infants fight back tears and use other self-comforting behaviors (ex: lip biting)

12 -babies who successfully fight back tears during separation almost certainly will burst into tears when mom returns

At what age can babies understand the emotions of others?

12 months

Production and Comprehension

12 to 18 months -COMPREHENSION COMES BEFORE PRODUCTION

between ____ and ____ months babies continue to show affection but more from a distance such as a smile or wave

12-18

between _____-_____ months infants show elation, are active in producing and maintaining happy situations and show delight in their own achievements, they also become aware of their own abilities to act on the environment to create new means and to experiment

12-18

At what age can babies understand emotions of others?

12-18 weeks, depending on gender

_____% of smiling between 2-5 months is followed immediately by looking away from the social partner

15

after ____ months fear can be evoked by a symbolic mental image

18 -children develop fears of the dark and of things that might lurk behind doors/unseen places

When can children recognize themselves in the mirror?

18 months

At what age do children acquire consciousness of self?

18 months - 2 years

vocabulary spurt

18 to 24 months -dramatic increase in vocab -acquire more words per week -use single words in more complex ways -multi-word sentences begin

Concept: transitional objects

18 to 24 months, toddlers can become attached to these objects. They constantly want them close and show signs of anxiety and distress when separated from them. Bridge between childs total reliance on the mother and the development of individuation

What emotional milestones occur in development at 6-months?

Anger arises when infants cannot succeed at being and effective causal agent Anger can be adaptive and useful Babies will laugh

By 24 months toddlers have developed coping skills that regulate what emotion?

Fear

Concept: Cognitive appraisal -

Infants are beginning to use cognition to decide what to feel; there is a growing relationship between infant emotion and attention to emotion related events and processes

secure attachment

Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened

Participating in motor development activity: someone tells you " I'm not participating in any sort of momy and me class because I read that the activity has no lasting effect." You would tell them that -

It may be true for typically developing children from birth to age three, it is not true for older children or children who have special needs.

Effects of Maternal Depression on Infant

NON-RESPONSIVENESS -serious consequence for infants brain and psychological development -infants are more likely to be fussy, show more negative facial expressions, low levels of physical activity and to be withdrawn --effects are more likely if: depression lasts long and if infants have few opportunities to interact with non-depressed adults

How infants respond to stimulation depends on what?

Nature

When are children most creative in play situations?

No-toy situation

Common behavioral reactions in an older sibling in response to a newborn sibling

Older siblings are more likely to: i. give directives ii. to orient the attention of the younger children iii. to command and prohibit iv. to support and to tease v. address infants in a form of motherese, except they rarely ask questions vi. Older siblings who had experienced more discussion of internal states & emotions with their mothers were more likely to be sensitive to the emotional states of their younger siblings

How do older siblings commonly respond during parent-younger sibling conflicts?

Older siblings sometimes diffuse conflict between mother and younger sibling by: iv. repeating the sibling's action that the mother did not like v. giving the younger child a similar object to the one the mother had just taken away vi. prohibiting or scolding the mother for her punishment of the sibling vii. comforting the sibling

______ first time mothers may have HIGHER care giving and satisfaction than ______ first time mothers

Older, younger

How is temperament best measured?

Parental reports Direct observation Physiological measures (such as cortisol and sympathetic nervous system) Made at repeated intervals in the child's life

general guidelines for how parents can best intervene in sibling conflicts

Parents typically intervene as third-party mediators f. parents tend to favor younger siblings & to discipline the older sibling g. if both parents pick on the older sibling, that child is more likely to show behavior problems in preschool h. better developmental outcomes are likely when parents expect the older sibling to be the more responsible person and when the younger sibling is sometime disciplined by at least one parent i. parental involvement in sibling disputes decreases over age j. children develop, primarily from their parents, new ways to negotiate peaceful settlements however, there are interfamily differences

Know the 4 attachment styles and how to recognize indicators of each in situational questions

Secure, resistant, avoidant, and disorganized

productivity

Speakers express many different meanings with a relatively smell # of words (using grammar rules) -begins after 18 months

uninvolved parenting

Style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children

Symbolic thought and it impact on the emotion of fear

Symbolic though = the ability to from mental images and great symbols Fear can be evoked by a symbolic mental image

when does smiling during face-to-face interactions develop?

after 2 months

behavior ecology theory

adults' caregiving responses are triggered in the presence of infants and young children and infants are innately drawn to caregivers

T/F A baby's cry is a distress signal?

True

T/F is the fetus self aware?

True

What statement about autism is FALSE?

a.) autism is difficult to treat B*) children with autism sometimes show intense interaction and children w/o autism do not c.) children with autism tend to have more difficulty imitating actions than children w/o autism d.) autistic children can develop secure attachments to their mothers

12 month-old infants may show all emotions EXCEPT:

a.) jealousy b.) fear c.) joy ** infants this age show all of these emotions

Which of the following does NOT affect an infants response to strangers?

a.) strangers speed of approach b.) parents location with respect to the baby c.) height of stranger **all affect infant's response to strangers

Conceptual Self

ability to have a self-concept that includes awareness of an autobiographical history -the ability to distinguish one's own mind from those of other's and to identify one's membership in conceptual categories "I am a boy" "I am a brother" "I am not a baby"

anger without crying is accompanied by more .... (10-12 months)

activity in the left front region, a sign of orientation toward the environment

how guided participation works

adult establishes coordinated joint attention based on the Childs initiatives, adult must also constrain the Childs participation (ex: for safety) and the adult transfers responsibility for larger segments of the task to the child

predictors of success in the transition into parenthood: adult developmental factors

adults relationships with their own parents, prior experience with child care, self-esteem and belief in self-efficiency as a parent and readiness to have a child

Concept: Role overload: what is it and how it impacts parents

fatigued because role overload j. Role overload increases if the child has a difficult (age 1) or hostile aggressive (age 3) temperament i. in this case, mothers a more likely to perceive themselves as less competent in both the parenting and work roles, and are more likely to feel depressed ii. When women work, fathers can also experience a form of role overload iii. such fathers show more negative behavior with their infants during the first year iv. after the first year, they are just as sensitive to their infants as other husbands v. When women remain at home, fathers can choose when & how to become involved with their infants

Parents tend to ______ younger siblings and _____ the older sibling

favor, discipline

By 24 months toddlers have developed coping skills to regulate?

fear

wariness is related to the emotion of

fear -both involve an inhibition of action and may reflect a tendency for the individual to withdraw from the situation

more fearful and withdrawn infants are more likely to become

fearful or sad under stress

resistant behavior in the ASST is related to

fearfulness

10-12 month olds act more _____ if an adult teases them with a toy than when the adult tries to give the toy

frustrated

anger in 7 months old is also seen when they are

frustrated

At three months what emotions are present?

frustration, anger, surprise, delight

extreme business at birth predicts later emotionality in ______ infants but not in ____________ infants

full-term, premature

6 month old girls in the still-face experiment were more likely than boys to

gaze more a object and show more interest

12 to 18 Months (emotions)

getting better at making good feelings last and controlling negative feelings

Insecure-Resistant Attachment

have more difficulty feeling comfortable in a strange situation. -resistant infant is more wary of strangers and tends to get more upset whenever the mother leaves in the room -tend to be temperamentally vulnerable to stress, have limited coping skilled other than mother

Buffering

having a protective layer

benefits of breastfeeding for mother

helps with recovery from birth, faster weight loss and lower breast cancer risk

mothers ability to parent and cope with child rearing is predicted by

high level of marital satisfaction and the amount of father involvement

adoptive parents enter parenthood with much ______ expectations than biological parents

higher

infant's abilities to remain attentive to the situation may contribute to

higher levels of regulation of fear

What are the predictors of success for mothers?

higher self-esteem, less egocentric, and being an older mom

the rate of breastfeeding in the US is highest among

higher-income, college-educated women over the age of 30 and live in mountain and pacific regions

factors that best predict recovery from perinatal complications before or by the age of 2.

income.

A mother's ability to parent _______ when her marital satisfaction is good and the father is involved

increases

children with disorganized-disoriented attachment are more

hostile, aggressive and other maladaptive behaviors in preschool and are at risk for later psychopathology

Temperament can involve and grow based on what?

how those around them react to one's temperament

processes of attachment disturbance

hypothalamus generates stress hormones though the HPA axis -> overproduction of cortisol -> changes in receptors for stress and fear in the right hippocampus and amygdala which becomes hypersensitive to fearfulness

What are the primary contributor's to an infant's development of emotion regulation?

i) caregivers ii) sensorimotor skills (1) infants can calm themselves when they can get their hand into their mouth & keep it there (2) movements such as reaching for an object can calm them down b) Emotion regulation is the result of both infant and adult contributions and the unfolding of the parent-infant relationship around regulatory issues

How is emotion regulation demonstrated during the first 4 months?

i) decrease in crying ii) ability to easily shift gaze from one thing to another iii) mastery of continuous and repeated bouts of smiling iv) Infants can now handle a wider variety of stimulation with more abrupt changes

What contributes to intrafamily differences in sibling conflict?

i. the children's prior relationships and attachments to parents. ii. the sex similarity of the pair iii. the temperament of the children.

Mothers and employment: what factors contribute to positive maternal adjustment and how does parental leave factors impact mothers who work

if mother wants to work, she will have a more positive adjustment; role overload in both mothers and fathers

Concept: stranger anxiety: what is it and ways to minimize it -

if they are with mother of familiar caregivers if stranger approaches slowly and keep appropriate distance if littler person of a child does not tower over them is sensitive to the infants signals and allows the approach to be regulated

prenatal stress

impact children play and development

teratogens

impact growth/development

wariness allows the infant to (6-9 months)

observe what is happening and is more adaptive reaction to strange situations than the withdrawal of infantile fussing and crying

Child Care: what does the research tell us about child benefits, risks, outcomes, and quality of child care?

on average 33 hours of nonmaternal care per week ii. most infants placed into care prior to 4 months iii. when they first entered care, half of the infants were with the father or grandparent, 20% were in child care homes, and 8% were in a child care center iv. mothers with higher incomes and those who had an economic need to work were most likely to place their children in child care v. after the first year, there are an increasing number of children in center care vi. The effects of child care depend on 1. the quality of care 2. the quality of the family environment

stress responses to frustration are present at an early age for some inhibited infants and may persist for periods up to (temperament 6-9 months)

one year

by 4 months infants can still show distress and cry with their eyes

opened, looking at their parent which is interpreted as anger

attachment behaviors

overt signals such as crying and following that bring parent and child into close proximity

the best research strategy to measuring temperament is a combination of

parental reports, direct observations, physiological measures (cortisol levels & sympathetic nervous system activity) and made at repeated intervals in the child's life

sibling de-identifiction

parents try to differentiate between siblings by seeing them as different individuals

an infant who shows secure attachment will

seek comfort from the caregiver during the reunion and once comforted will return to independent play

Embarrassment, pride, and shame are what kinds of emptions?

self conscious

after 12 months infants gain a new sense of

self-awareness and control over emotional expressions

Embarrassment, pride, and shame are called ____________ emotions?

self-conscious emotions

Gender Identity

sense of affiliation as being either male or female

Gender Identity refers to:

sense of affiliation as being male or female

self-coherence

sense of being a physical whole with boundaries and limitations separate from the rest of the world

secure attachment to either mom or father helps the baby be

significantly less wary of strangers

anger cry

similar to basic cry, with more excess air forced through vocal cords

why is the sense of a subjective self crucial to mental health? (10-12 months)

we need to know who we are in relation to other people, what we need and how to ask appropriately for it, and how to communicate about those things with other people

infants and children who are rated as highly reactive, emotional, inattentive or inhibited have different patterns of activity in the prefrontal correct compared to

well-regulated infants

security at 12 months was more likely in infants who

were attending to their mothers more and who were better co-regulated with them at 3 months

When does embarrassment appear?

when children can recognize themselves in a mirror

Gender Label

when the child can identify self or others verbally as male or female -begins at 18 months

differential crying

when they hear tape recordings of another baby's cry vs hearing their own cry

success in transition to parenthood depends on higher self-esteem and less egocentric orientation (men or women?)

women

can infants derive benefits from a secure attachment to any person?

yes

can infants distinguish between faces of children and adults? (6-9 months)

yes

can parental and child factors interact to influence the stability of temperament over time?

yes

do fathers play an important role even in the newborn period?

yes

do teasing games help infants understand and cope with emotional changes?

yes -a tease takes something that has a serious emotional tone and alters it into a more positive tone -contradictory messages provide opportunities to learn how to regulate emotions, how to affect other people and how to have fun

is a fetus aware of itself?

yes -late term fetuses will open their mouth in anticipating of meeting their own hand

can anger be adaptive and useful? (6-9 months)

yes in a study where infants get angry they become interested again while those that got sad reacted with less enjoyment