ULTIMATE KINE 213 FINAL

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non-directional experimental hypothesis

"A six-week rather than a 3-week resistive exercise program will influence the resting heart rate of adults over the age of 65 years." This hypothesis would best be described as a (n):

Plantar flexion

"planting" the foot(sagital)

Anatomical Planes

#1 divides body for further identification of particular area #2 allows description of different movements or actions

Example of type of exercise for anaerobic cycle

#1 100 m swimming #2 800 m track #3 500 m canoeing #4 1,000 m speed skating or cycling #5 rest interval: 2x longer than active interval

What is a joint?

#1 A joint is a point of connection between two bones #2 Strands of connective tissue and ligaments hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints

Nerves

#1 Central Nervous System #2 Peripheral Nervous System

Slow twitch

#1 Fibers • red • high # mitocondria • aerobic • sustained activity #2 Nerve • small diameter • slow conduction • sustained 10‐20 Hz

Ways these findings may be used ?

#1 Impetus for research #2 Basis for rehabilitation protocols #3 Background for equipment design #4 Rationale for Policy Change

Communicating Findings

#1 Journal Article #2 Verbal Presentation #3 Posters

smooth muscle

#1 Located in the blood vessels, respiratory tract, iris of the eye, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract #2 Function to alter the activity of various body parts to meet the needs of the body at that time #3 Contractions are slow and uniform #4 Fatigue resistant #5 Activation is involuntary #6 Can undergo hypertrophy

PNS Nerves

#1 Motor conducts signals to activate muscle contraction #2 Sensory collects info from the various sensors located throughout the body and transmits the info to the brain

Axial Skeleton

#1 Skull #2 Sternum #3 Ribs #4 Vertebral Column

Appendicular Skeleton

#1 The pectoral girdle (chest) #2 Pelvic girdle (hip) #3 The upper limbs #4 The lower limbs

role of the pulmonary system?

#1 deliver oxygenated air to blood #2 remove carbon dioxide from blood, a byproduct of metabolism

ATP+PC cycle

#1 short high-intensity intervals #2 power exercises #3 rest interval: 3-4x longer than active interval

What makes up the pulmonary system?

#1 the lungs #2 several passageways leading from outside to the lungs #3 muscles that move air into and out of the lung

Breakdown of a muscle

#1Muscle #2 Muscle Fiber #3 Myofibril #4 Sarcomere #5 Actin-Myosin

Dual-energy x-ray Absorptiometry

(DEXA) new gold standard

Associative Stage

(Intermediate Stage) Learners begin to refine their skills; through continuous practice and repetition the movements become more consistent; allowed to make errors performed better

Cognitive Stage

(Verbal Motor Stage)Learner tries to understand the requirements of the motor task; has an idea of the task but doesn't know how to do it

Spongy or cancellous bone

(high porosity)

Physiologic adaptations that occur through physical training would not include

(you said "muscle fiber type" but that was wrong)

According to Dr. Ed Coyle, one of the single best male marathon runs, which occurred at the Beijing Olympics, didn't break the world record but was very impressive because the physiological demands were so high because of the environmental conditions during the race. The time for this performance was (hr:mins):

(you said 2:12 but it was wrong)

physical activity examples targeting the anaerobic glycolysis system

-100 m swimming -800 m track -500 m canoeing -1,000 m speed skating or cycling -rest interval: 2x longer than active interval

motor unit

-a single motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it inntervates -when activated, all fibers contract

synovial joints

-allow large range of movements -hip joint, knee

cartilaginous joints

-allow limited movement -inter-vertebral discs

fibrous joints

-allow no movement -sutures of the skull

changes in anaerobic glycolysis

-anaerobic threshold increases -increased buffering of lactate -increased ability to metabolize lactate in heart and liver

5 types of synovial joints

-ball and socket -condyloid -saddle-shaped -hinge -pivot

ways of assessing body composition

-bioelectrical impedence -bodpod -skinfold method -hydrostatic weighing -dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

ways to assess fitness

-body composition -lipid profile -respiratory capacity -blood pressure -ECG

3 types of postural reflexes

-body righting -labyrinthine -parachute

dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion

-bringing to of foot towards lower leg/shin -"planting" the foot

minerals include

-calcium (bone/muscle function) -phosphorus (ATP) -iron (oxygen transport) -sodium, potassium, chloride (key for nerve function)

short durations of exercise rely more on ______ while longer durations change to rely on _____

-carbohydrates -fats

ways of estimating maturation

-chronological age -morphological age -skeletal age

two general categories of bone classification

-compact bone (low porosity) -spongy/cancellous (high porosity)

3 types of locomotor reflexes

-crawling -stepping -swimming

issues addressed by developmental viewpoints

-developmental milestones (critical/sensitive periods) -development is continuous or discontinuous -development is universal or variable

types of primitive reflexes

-dolls eye -palmer grasp -sucking -babinski -rooting -startle

3 general types of body compositions

-endomorph -mesomorph -ectomorph

roles of carbohydrates

-energy source -protein sparer -metabolic primer (fat oxidation) -central nervous system fuel

cerebellum functions

-equilibrium and balance -posture -motor learning -calibrate movements (time keeper/internal clock)

importance of fats

-essential component of cell membranes and nerve fibers -primary source of energy (70% at rest) -vital organ support/cushioning -fat soluble vitamins are transported through body via fat -thermoregulation

body composition describes the percentages of _____ _____, _____, and _____ _____ in human bodies

-fat mass -bone -lean muscle

3 types of lipids

-fats -phospholipids -steroids

types of lipids

-fatty acids -tryglycerides -phospholipids -sterols

3 classifications of joints based on composition

-fibrous -cartilaginous -synovial

characteristics of growth refinement stage

-fitness becomes important -youth sport shift focus to performance -question emerge about organized training -strength training emerges

general function of basal ganglia

-force specification of movement -motor learning

categories of adaptations that occur through training

-functional adaptation (run longer, lift heavier, more power...) -physiological adaptation

biomechanics is the study of the _____ and ______ _____ by means of the methods of _____

-functions -biological systems -mechanics

consequences from risk factors

-heart disease and stroke ($432 bill/yr) -diabetes ($174 bill/yr) -lung disease ($154 bill/yr) -Alzheimer's disease ($148 bill/yr)

kinematics often uses:

-high speed cinematography or videography -stroboscopy -optoelectric -electrogoniometry -accelerometry

adaptations in the ATP-PC system

-increase in PC (phosphocreatine) storage -increase in immediately available ATP -increase in enzyme activity supporting restoration of ATP

changes in aerobic glycolysis

-increase in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin -increase in vascularization with muscles -increase fat oxidation -increase glycogen storage

pre-exercise evaluations include

-informed consent -health history -physical examination

quantitative analysis allows us to describe motion in terms of _____ and _____

-kinematics -kinetics

4 modifiable health risk factors

-lack of physical activity -poor nutrition -tobacco use -excessive alcohol

fast twitch motor unit nerve

-larger diameter -fast conduction -bursts 30-60 Hz

How do we know these brain structures are involved in the described functions?

-lesion work -neural imaging -virtual lesions (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

a stage is a _____ descriptor that is often associated with an ____ _____

-lifespan -age range

unsaturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature, found primarily in _____, _____ linked to cardiovascular disease, and _____ blood cholesterol

-liquid -plant -aren't -lower

the erythropoietin hormone is secreted from the kidney in response to

-low oxygen levels -exercise

function of proteins

-major structural component of cell -key for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues -produces hemoglobin, enzymes, and many hormones -tertiary source of energy

theoretical viewpoints of development

-maturational view -learning-behavioral view -intellectual development theory

three anatomical planes of the body

-median (midsagittal) -frontal (coronal) -horizontal (transverse)

centers of the brain for movement control

-motor cortex -basal ganglia -cerebellum

basal ganglia functions

-movement force specification -action selection -stimulus response association learning (habit formation)

muscle composition

-muscle -muscle fiber -myofibril -sarcomere -actin-myosin

types of physiological adapatations

-neural -contractile -fiber type -neuroendocrine -bioenergetic -cardiovascular -lipid

appendicular skeleton

-pectoral girdle (chest) -pelvic girdle (hip) -upper limbs -lower limbs

4 modifiable risk factors

-poor nutrition -tobacco use -excess alcohol use -lack of physical activity

three secondary motor corticles

-posterior parietal cortex -premotor cortex -supplemental motor area (SMA)

components of practice schedule ("how" of practice)

-practice distribution -contextual interference

components of practice composition ("what" of practice)

-practice variability -mental practice -observational practice -part vs whole practice

kinetics often uses:

-pressure or force transducers -force plates or platforms -isokinetic dynamometer

3 types of reflexes

-primitive -postural -locomotor

slow twitch motor unit fibers

-red -high # of mitochondria -aerobic -sustained activity

tapering

-reduction of workload during a period immediately prior to a major competition -example of periodization

4 phases of the developmental continuum

-reflex -fundamental -growth and refinement -regression

physical activity examples targeting the ATP-PC system

-short high intensity intervals -power exercises -rest intervals: 3-4x longer than active interval

4 structures and functions of bones

-short: support -long: leverage -flat: protection -irregular: multi

growth refinement stage

-significant motor behavior changes occur due to puberty -the nature in which sport skills that can be executed change

axial skeleton

-skull -sternum -ribs -vertebral column

2 ways to characterize motor units

-slow twitch (slow oxidative) -fast twitch (fast oxidative)

slow twitch motor unit nerve

-small diameter -slow conduction -sustained 10-20 Hz

saturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature, found primarily in _____ and _____ linked to cardiovascular disease

-solid -animal products -are

principles of training

-specificity -overload -individualization -detraining -periodisation

non directional vs directional hypothesis

-statement of difference -statement of specific difference

types of motion: equilibrium

-static equilibrium (system is at rest) -dynamic equilibrium (system is moving with constant velocity)

general function of cerebellum

-time specification of movement -motor learning

strands of connective _____ and _____ hold bones together and ensure the stability of joints

-tissue -ligaments

the primary motor cortex can be described as

-topographic -somatotopic

fat in the form of _____ is stored in adipose tissue and muscle, but used at a relatively _____ rate during exercise

-tryglyceride -slow

fat soluble vitamins

-vitamin A -vitamin D -vitamin K

water soluble vitamins

-vitamin B complex -vitamin C

examples of fundamental stage acts

-walking -jumping -running -throwing

fast twitch motor unit fibers

-white fibers -few mitochondria -anaerobic -power -quick fatigue

Types of Joints?

. Ball and Socket Joint #2. Condyloid Joint #3. Saddle‐shaped joint #4. Hinge Joint #5. Pivot Joint

Organizing the Data: Descriptive Statistics

1 Organize or Sort Categorize, Rank, etc #2 Estimate central tendency Mean, Median, Mode #3 Estimate variability Range, Variance, Standard Deviation #1 Correlation relationships or associations #2 Regression prediction #3 T‐tests and/or ANOVA Tests of difference

types of muscle

1 Smooth Muscle #2 Cardiac Muscle #3 Skeletal Muscle

Examples of field tests for cardiovascular fitness

1-mile walk, PACER, Jog or run test, Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test

ACSM recommendation for exercise

1. 30 minutes moderate intensity, 5 days per week 2. 20 minutes vigorous, 3 days per week 3. Some combination of the two

Categories of Training Adaptations

1. Functional Adaptation 2. Physiologic Adaptation

Adaptations in ATP-PC System

1. Increase PC store 2. Increase in the immediately available ATP 3. Increase enzyme activity supporting restoration of ATP

Adaptation in Aerobic Glycolysis

1. Increase in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin 2. Increase in vascularization with muscles 3. Increase fat oxidation 4. Increase glycogen storage

Benefits of exercise and relationship to VO2

1. Short-term (acute) - affects variables within one or possibly a few exercise sessions (BP, glucose) 2. Long-term (training) - affects variables only after several months of consistent training at the proper intensity (VO2 max, lipids)

Brain Structures and functions

1. lesion work (human and animals) 2. Neural Imaging (CAT, PET, fMRI) 3. Virtual Lesions (TMS)

For how many seconds should we take resting and exercising heart rates?

10 seconds then multiply by 6

Formal Operational

12 years + Understands world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning

Normal BP Value

120

A 37 year old would have a predicted maximum Heart Rate of:

183

According to Deschenes & Kraemer the basic principles of progressive resistance training were established in:

1940's

According to Deschenes & Kraemer, the basic principles of progressive resistance training were established in the

1940's

Dehydration

2% - 10% loss of maximum strength and 8% loss of speed 9%-12% water loss - death

Preoperational

2-7 years Understands world through language and mental images

30 Days of Space Flight

20% loss in muscle size 20% loss in strength 1-2% loss in bone mass per month 20% VO2max lost with 20 days of bed rest

Cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately:

23 liters

cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately

23 liters

Cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately

23,000 ml or (23 L)

Vitamins

28 Skeletal, Musculature and Nervous Systems all take adequate supply of vitamins

For a healthy but sedentary 20 year old you would expect a VO2max of approximately:

45 ml/kg/min

Power and Anaerobic Capacity Tests

500m rowing ergo test Cunningham-Faulkner 300 yd shuttle 60 yd shuttle 300m, 400m, 800m run

In the ACSM comment addressing childhood obesity it was noted that the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health recommended how many minutes of moderate physical activity for children, preferably every day:

60

Concrete Operational

7-12 years Understands world through logical thinking and categories

LDL-C

<100 is optimal

Cholesterol Level

<200 is desirable

HDL-C

>60 is desirable Helps with muscle mass

When an experimenter is interested in determining if two means differ from one another in a significant manner he would use which statistical tool

?

183

A 37 year old would have a predicted maximum Heart Rate of:

163

A 57 year old male would have a predicted maximum heart rate of:

2

A condyloid joint is best described by which of the above?

is associated with nerve fibers of relatively small diameter

A fast twitch motor unit would not have which of the following characteristics?

Developmental Phase

A functional description describing development in terms of the types of movement behaviors that are exhibited at a particular point time is called a:

isometric contraction

A muscle contraction that involves an increase in force while the muscle maintains the same length is called a (n):

smooth muscle

A muscle that exhibits involuntary control, is fatigue resistant, contracts in a slow and uniform manner, is best described as a:

motor nerve

A nerve that transmits signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle is called a (n):

An experimenter interested in evaluating the influence of the dosage of "muscle milk" for an individual's endurance capacity when consumed 30 min before exercise, states "there will be an influence of drinking a half or a full bottle of muscle milk on endurance capacity if drunk 30 min before the event." This researcher is offering:

A non-directional experimental hypothesis

a motor unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates defines:

The "Null" Hypothesis

A statement of no difference

electromyography

A technique for measuring the electrical activity within the muscle is called:

minute ventilation

A useful functional measure for evaluating the performance of the respiratory system is:

American College of Sports Medicine

ACSM is an abbreviation for

3 types of energy systems

ATP-PC Cycle Anaerobic Glycolysis Aerobic Glycolysis

Muscular Endurance

Ability to perform repeated, high intensity muscle contraction (body weight percentage)

work

According to Deschenes & Kraemer functional constituents of the neuromuscular system would not include which of the following:

1940's

According to Deschenes & Kraemer the basic principles of progressive resistance training were established in:

power

According to Deschenes & Kraemer the product of force and velocity defines:

at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week

According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM, all US adults should accumulate:

15

According to the ACSM comment on exercise and older adults muscle strength declines by approximately ___ % per decade in the sixties and seventies?

reversibility

According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, "the benefits of exercise on bone may not persist if the exercise is markedly reduced." In this statement they are referencing which principle of traininig

by 2025 there will be a greater percentage gain in hip fractures for females that males

According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, which of the following is false

has remained stable

According to the CDC the number of deaths for women due to COPD during the period 1999-2006:

Cognitive Stage

According to the reading about the application of motor learning principles to the therapeutic setting, the first stage of learning is referred to as:

Adaptations of ATP+PC cycle

Adaptation #1 Increase PC store Adaptation #2 Increase in the immediately available ATP Adaptation #3 An Increase enzyme activity supporting restoration of ATP

adaptations of aerobic system

Adaptation #1. Increase in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin. Adaptation #2. Increase in vascularization with muscles. Adaptation #3. Increase fat oxidation. Adaptation #4. Increase glycogen storage.

Relative Permanence

Adequate retention interval and test on common level of the independent variable

Examples of making an observation

Adopting a crouched position when cycling allows me to complete a 30 mile ride faster (Biomechanics) • I have heard that if I take certain supplements I will recover from a bout of physical activity faster (Physiology) • When I'm stressed my performance suffers (Psychology) • My child seems to be a lot more clumsy than he used to be (Development) • My friend has far fewer lapses of memory than me (Fitness and Health)

Gerontology is the study of

Aging

Vitamin D

Aids absorption of calcium, integral to bone development and neuromuscular function

Which of the following factors would not be needed by a male athlete in order to run a marathon under 2 hrs?

All of the above factors would be needed for a male athlete to break 2 hr for a marathon

Synovial joints

Allow large range of movements E.g., hip joint

#2. Cartilaginous joints

Allow limited movement E.g., inter‐vertebral discs

Fibrous joints

Allow no movement E.g., sutures of the skull

Penfield

Allowed areas of brain to be mapped to function

Tiny round air sacs at the end of bronchioles are called

Alveoli

ASCM is an abbreviation for

American College of Sports Medicine

kinesiology

An academic discipline with physical activity (PA) as its intellectual focus and addressing the importance of PA for health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines:

Kinesiology

An academic discipline with physical activity as its intellectual focus addressing its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines:

none of the above are correct

An appropriate unit of measurement for Cardiac Output would be?

non-directional hypothesis

An experimenter interested in evaluating the influence of the dosage of "muscle milk" for an individual's endurance capacity when consumed 30 min before exercise, states "there will be an influence of drinking a half or a full bottle of muscle milk on endurance capacity if drunk 30 min before the event." This researcher is offering:

an ectomorph

An individual with long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage/deposits is best described as:

experiment

An investigation involves the manipulation of variables while measuring the subsequent effects on other variables defines a(n):

experiment

An investigation that involves the manipulation of variable(s) while measuring the subsequent effects on other variable(s) defines a(n):

Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder

Force

Any action, a push or pull, which tends to cause an object to change its state of motion by experiencing an acceleration

#2 Rate Coding

Ask a motor unit to work harder Recruiting Motor Units

#1 Size Principle

Ask more units to participate and this is accomplished based on size

The size principle refers to

Asking more motor units to contribute to force production

Physical Examination

Assess a number of functional measures pertaining to fitness and health status

Skeletal Age

Assess the ossification of the epiphysis of the hands and wrists and compare to standards

Body Composition

Assessing lean and fat mass (hydrostatic weighing)

Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin?

B1

Learning-Behavioral View

Bandura Social and observational learning are crucial

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important therapeutic device to help reduce problems in which of the following brain regions?

Basal Ganglia

Parkinson's Disease is a disorder of the

Basal Ganglia

health

Being free of disease defines:

Specific-specific

Better for retention

Sensorimotor

Birth-2 years Understands world through senses and actions

wt/ht2

Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess body composition by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and involves a combination of height (in meters) and weight (in kg). The correct combination of these two measures to calculate BMI is:

Slide Point Theory

Body defends a certain weight. Used by metabolism.

Postural Reflex

Body righting, labryinthine, parachute

Geriatrics

Branch of medicine that studies the diseases of the elderly

Assessing body composition (percent fat content) is not typically assessed using which of the following methods:

Bruce Protocol

What is atherosclerosis?

Build up of cholesterol in CVD

Major causes of death

CVD Cancer Chronic Low Respiratory Disease Accidents Alzheimer's

Minerals

Calcium (bone and muscle function) Phosphorus (ATP) Iron (oxygen transport) Sodium, potassium, chloride (nerve function)

Anaerobic Power

Capacity of ATP-PC store (Wingate test)

Components of Appropriate Nutrition

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins, Water

Nutrition standards

Carbohydrates- 55-65% Fat <30% (<10% saturated) Protein (10-15%)

Which is correct?

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume * Heart Rate

23 liters

Cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately:

Angular Motion

Caused by forces that do not go through the center of mass

Linear Motion

Caused by forces which act through a body's center of mass

Vitamin B

Cell metabolism (eg, B1 important for pyruvate to acetyl-coA)

adaptations of anaerobic cycle

Change #1 Anaerobic threshold increases Change #2 Increased buffering of lactate Change #3 Increased ability to metabolize lactate in heart and liver

Endomorphic

Characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure (round and soft)

Ectomorphic

Characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage (long, thin, stringy)

Mesomorphic

Characterized by medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist (muscle-bound)

Triglycerides

Chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Also present in blood plasma and, in association with cholesterol, form the plasma lipids

Sterols

Cholesterol is most common sterol in animals. High serum-cholesterol is associated with greater likelihood of heart disease

Fats

Class of organic compounds with limited water solubility Fatty acids, triclycerides phospholipids, sterols

Stages of Motor Learning

Cognitive Associative Autonomour

Bone that has relatively lower porosity is

Compact bone

Components and benefits of a cool-down

Components - After jog, walk to slow HR down, static stretching Benefits - Decrease lactic acid build up and prevents blood pooling

Components and benefits of a warm-up

Components - Dynamic stretching, neuromuscular performance, brisk walking to slow jog Benefits - Less likely to pull something

Open Tasks

Constantly in motion; Supporting surfaces, objects, or people in the environment are in motion from one trial to the next; success determined by performer's ability to adapt quickly to the changing environment

Locomotor Reflex

Crawling, stepping, swimming

Developmental Milestones

Critical periods (binocular vision 3-8 months)

Costill

Decreasing from 10,000 yd/day to 3,200 yd/day for 15 days prior to meet resulted in 25% increase in power and 4% increase in performance (tapering)

Fundamental Phase

Described as a common motor act that involves a specific kinematic profile (walking, jumping, running, throwing)

Stage

Describes a lifespan descriptor that is often associated with an age range

Issues with Developmental Work

Describing characteristic change, When does change occur, What causes the change, Can the change be predicted, Is the change individual or universal

Evaluation of Kinematics

Describing movements with respect to time and space most often using (high speed cinematorgraphy, stroboscopy, optoelectric, electrogoniometry, accelerometry)

Evaluation of Kinetics

Describing the underlying cause of motion: pressure and force transducers Force plates or platforms Isokinetic dynamometer

Sieman

Devices sort 120,000 parcels/hour

Hypokinetic condition and definition

Diabetes, CVD, back problems, cancer, osteoporosis Not enough movement

What contributes to osteoporosis?

Diets inadequate in calcium and vitamin D

Best indicator of cardiovascular fitness

Different factors affecting your health and fitness

Experimental Hypothesis:

Directional, Statement of specific difference(s)

Velocity Analysis

Displacement per unit of time (m/s)

Informed Consent

Documentation identifying risks and compensation

Primitive Reflex

Dolls eye, palmer grasp, sucking, babinski, rooting, startle

When there is a low level of oxygen in the exercise environment

EPO secretion increases

A method for measuring the electrical activity within the heart muscle is called

Electrocardiography

Skeletal Maturity Uses

Elite youth sports, growth hormone treatment, forensics

Wellness

Emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and interpersonal well-being

Role of Carbohydrates

Energy source, Protein sparer, Metabolic primer, Central nervous system fuel

Consistent Motion Task

Environment is in motion but the motion remains the same across trials

Importance of Fats

Essiential component of cell membranes and nerve fibers Primary energy source Vital organ support and cushioning Fat soluble vitamins transported thru body via fat Thermoregulation enhanced via fatty layer

Skeletal Age

Estimating maturity is best accomplished using:

scoliosis

Excessive sideways curvature of the spine is called:

Subdisciplines of Kinesiology

Exercise and Sport Biomechanics (KINE 426) Exercise Physiology (KINE 433) Exercise and Sport Psychology (KINE 304) Motor Development, Control and Learning (KINE 307, 406) Physical Fitness and Health (KINE 121, 214)

An Investigation that involves the manipulation of variables while measuring the subsequent effects on other variable(s) defines a(n):

Experiment

There is no difference between a discipline and profession

False

Health History

Family history of disease states, recent ailments, etc

Triglycerides

Fat important for energy

CHO, fat and physical activity

Fat stored in adipose tissue and muscle but used at relatively slow rate during exercise Endurance training increases use of fat primarily due to increased use of intramuscular triglyceride Fat mobilization and oxidation very sensitive to CHO introduced prior to activity

Cholesterol

Fat that is important for maintaining integrity of cell membranes and manufacturing hormones

Fats are important

Fats are important for all of the functions listed above

fats are important for all of the functions listed above

Fats are important:

Most Important Motor Learning Factors

Feedback and Practice

Fast twitch

Fibers • white fibers • few mitocondria • anaerobic • power • quick fatigue #2 Nerve • larger diameter • fast conduction • bursts 30‐60 Hz

Wingate Test

Force - resistance (kg) added to the flywheel Time - in seconds Distance - product of the distance around the flywheel (m) and the # of revolutions

eccentric contraction

Force generated when a muscle lengthens is referred to as an:

Vitamin C

Formation and maintenance of collagen (connective tissue)

FIT Formula

Frequency Intensity Time Type

The coronal plane is equivalent to

Frontal Plane

cardiac muscle

Functions to provide the contractile activity of the heart #2 Contractile activity can be gradated (like skeletal muscle) #3 Activation of cardiac muscle is involuntary (like smooth muscle) #4 Very Fatigue resistant

Growth

Generally an increase in body size or body mass resulting from an enlargement of a biological unit

Motor Cortex

Generates neural impulses for execution of movement

Maturational View

Gessel Genetic makeup exerts primary influence on development

Monosaccharides

Glucose (blood sugar), Fructose

The benefit of vigorous VS. moderate physical activity

Greater reduction in the risk of CVD with vigorous-intensity than with moderate-intensity physical activity

Normal VO2 max ranges

Healthy Sedentary, 20 year old 40-44 ml/kg/min Healthy, trained, 20 year old 80-90 ml/kg/min

Consequences to Obesity

Heart Disease and Stroke $432 billion/yr Diabetes $174 billion/yr Lung Disease $154 billion/yr Alzheimer's Disease $148 billion/yr

Peak Power

Ideally measured within the first 5 seconds of the test P (watts) = (force x distance)/time

Basal Ganglia

Implicated in force specification of movement and motor learning Movement force specification, action selection, stimulus-response association learning (habit forming)

Cerebellum

Implicated in time specification of movement and motor learning equilibrium and balance, posture, motor learning, calibrate movements (internal clock)

Vitamin A

Important for bone development

Vitamin K

Important in electron transfer chain

Overload Principle

Improvements in performance capacity occur when regular physical activity is increased above the level that the performer usually experiences Making adjustments such as frequency, duration, intensity, and type of exercise

Water in body

In - Fluid intake (60%), Food Intake (30%), Metabolic Water Production (10%) Out- Loss thru skin and respiration (30%), Sweat Loss (5%), Urine (60%), Fecal (5%)

60

In the ACSM comment addressing childhood obesity it was noted that the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health recommended how many minutes of moderate physical activity for children, preferably every day:

False

In the data above mean quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) was assessed before and after 3 months of resistance exercise training in elderly men. These men had either used a protein supplementation or received a placebo prior to each exercise session during the three months of resistance exercise. The * indicates a significant and important difference. From these data we can conclude that the protein supplementation causes the increase in mean quadriceps CSA:

Yo Yo Dieting

Increased resistance to weight loss, increased efficiency to weight gain

Glycogen

Increased storage can double duration of exhaustive work Low or depleted glycogen stores will limit exercise intensity, decrease time to exhaustion, increase rating of perceived exhaustion Average person stores enough slycogen to last 12 to 14 hours or over 2 hours with sustained moderate intensity

Increased Stability

Increasing the base of support Increasing inertia Decreasing vertical distance between center of mass and base of support

Extrinsic Feedback

Information from an external soure that augments the intrinsic feedback; may be a therapist or device such as a biofeedback machine ; used in early learning

Intrinsic Feedback

Inherent sensory information from receptors in the muscles, joints, tendons, and skin as well as visual and auditory systems; may occur during or after movement production

Hyperkinetic conditions and definition

Injuries (overuse), excessive exercising Too much movement

ACSM recommendation of Exercise for Health

Intensity from 40-85% of VO2 max or 55-90% age predicted maximal HR Duration for 15-60 min of continuous or interval training Frequency from 3-5 times/week Include moderate intensity strength training of the major muscle groups twice per week

Reflex

Involuntary movement elicited by a particular source of sensory stimulation (primitive, postural, locomotor)

Quantitative Analyses

Involves more precise measurement of variables that are thought to optimize or maximize the behavior of interest (kinematics, kinetics)

Qualitative Analyses

Involves obtaining visual or verbal information to assess performance

When describing physical activities with respect to the time and space you are using:

Kinematics

An academic discipline with physical activity (PA) as its intellectual focus and addressing the importance of PA for health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines:

Kinesiology

An academic discipline with physical activity as its intellectual focus addressing its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines

Kinesiology

modifiable health risk factors

Lack of physical activity, Poor nutrition, Tobacco use , Excessive alcohol

veins

Large vessels that carry blood toward the heart are called:

The reading about motor learning principles and occupational therapy identified four key factors that influence motor learning that should be considered by therapists, which of the following was not included in this list?

Learning Style

Displacement Analysis

Length and direction of the path an athlete takes from start to finish (inches, meters, etc)

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Liquid at room temperature Usually from plant sources Not linked to cardiovascular disease Appear to lower blood cholesterol

Motor Development Paradigm

Longitudinal Cross Sectional Sequential

Which of the following would impede the adoption of a more stable position?

Losing Weight

Balance

Maintaining a stable position (force plate)

Which of the following is the ODD man out?

Mass

A field test for Cardiorespiratory Fitness predicts what ....... variables collected during a field test such as the one mile walk.

Max VO2

Muscular Strength

Maximum force applied with a single muscle contraction (1-RM)

VO2 max

Maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed in given amount of time during maximal effort

Anthropometric Measures

Measurements of size, proportions and composition of the human body

Obesity among adults 25 years and over

Men - 1988-94 - No high school diploma highest; 2007-10- Some College highest Women - 88-94 - No high school diploma highest; 07-10 - No high school diploma highest, some college close 2nd

All of the above options are used to determine the function of various brain regions

Methods used to verify that particular brain structures are involved in specific motor functions do not include which of the following?

A useful functional measure for evaluating the performance of the respiratory system is

Minute Ventilattion

all of the above are modifiable risk factors

Modifiable health risk factors do not include

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccarides

Phase

More functional description describing development in terms of the types of movement behaviors that are exhibited

Physiologic Adaptations

Neural, Contractile, Fiber Type, Neuroendocrine, Bioenergetic, Cardiovascular, Lipid

Proteins

Nitrogen-containing compounds formed by amino acids Major structural component of cell Key for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues Produces hemoglobin, enzymes, and many hormones Produces energy

Neural Control of Movement

Not all control is achieved by the higher centers

Variable Motionless Tasks

Objects or tools vary in position across time but are stationary during performance

Hydrostatic Weighing

Old gold standard for body composition

Detraining or Reversibility

Once physical activity stops, the positive effects of resistive exercise or endurance training wear off

Random Practice

Order of the tasks practiced differs

Blocked Practice

Order of the tasks practiced remains the same

Training principles

Overload, Progression, Specificity, Reversibility, and Rest/Recovery

Behavioral Level changes

Performance more accurate, more consistent, persistent, adaptable(maybe) and economical

According to the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK) the central concept in the study of Kinesiology should be:

Physical Activity

all of the above factors would likely to impact properties of bone

Physical activity factors likely to impact properties of bone would include

Health

Physical, mental, and social well-being and freedom of disease

Intellectual Development Theory

Piaget Interaction of biology and environment

Modifiable Risk Factors

Poor Nutrition Tobacco Use Excess Alcohol Use *Lack of Physical Activity*

Secondary Motor Cortices

Posterior Parietal Cortex - critical for sensory motor integration Premotor Cortex - movements guided by sensory information Supplemental Motor Area (SMA) - planning and coordinating subparts of complex actions

Practice Scheduling

Practice distribution, contextual interference "How of practice"

Practice Composition

Practice variability, mental practice, observational practice, part v. whole practice "What of practice"

What brings behavioral changes?

Practice, more is better Power Law of practice (log-scale) 10,000 hours of deliberate practice

Periodization

Preparation, First Transition, Competition, Second Transition

True

Properly designed and supervised youth strength training programs are appropriate for children and adolescents

Flexibility

Range of motion (sit and reach)

changing the frequency with which a motor unit contributes to force production

Rate coding refers to:

Acceleration Analysis

Rate of change of velocity (m/s^2)

Red Blood cells

Red blood cell count important because it contains substance called hemoglobin which can bind to O2

Which of the following description of a motor unit includes an inappropriate characteristic within the grouping?

Red muscle fibers; high mitochondria; slow conduction; power

Components of health-related fitness

Relative leanness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance

Distributed Practice

Rest time greater than practice time

Massed Practice

Rest time less than the practice time

aerobic glycolysis system

Rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the:

The actions of extension and flexion occur in which anatomical plane?

Sagittal Plane

excessive curvature of the spine

Scoliosis is best characterized as:

basal ganglia

Secondary motor cortices that are important for controlling physical activities do not include:

Piaget's Stages

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational

Kinematic Analysis

Setup (single or multiple camera locations) Calibration (camera v. real units) Record Data (film physical activity of interest) Record Data (analyze the data)

Structure-function relationship for skeletal system

Short ‐ Support #2. Long - Leverage #3. Flat ‐ Protection #4. Irregular - Multi

Growth Refinement Phase

Significant motor behavior changes occur due to puberty. The nature in which sport skills that can be executed change.

What is glucose?

Simple sugar.

How long to see training effect?

Six-eight weeks

Estimating maturity is best accomplished using:

Skeletal Age

Biomechanics issues of interest

Skill analyses Developing new techniques Incorporating new equipment Understanding complex behavior

Practice

Skill has been shown to increase directly in relation to the amount of this

Saturated Fatty Acids

Solid at room temperature Found predominantly in animal products Linked to cardiovascular disease

Principles of Training

Specificity, Overload, Individualization, Detraining, Periodisation

Agility

Speed in changing position or posture (t-test)

Components of skill-related fitness

Speed, agility, balance, power, coordination, reaction time

Motor Learning Factors

Stages of learning Type of task Feedback Practice

Polysaccarides

Starch (complex CHO), Glycogen

Which of the following is NOT a postural reflex?

Startle Reflex

Closed Tasks

Stationary tasks; Critical features, such as objects, people, and the terrain, are stationary and a performer is constrained by the spatial features of the environment; timing is not specified

Specificity Principle Applies to

Strength Muscular and cardio-respiratory endurance Coordination Motor Patterns Joint Angle of Movement Speed of Muscle Contraction Type of Muscle Contraction

both a and b are correct

Strength gains are obtained from:

Gerontology

Study of aging

Motor Development

Study of changes in human movement behavior across the lifespan and the influence of these changes on motor performance. Results from growth, maturation and experience

detraining

Studying bone loss of astronauts or during extended bed rest is most important for which of the following principles of training?

Disaccharides

Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Maltose, Lactose

Strength Training in Kids

Supervised strength training that emphasizes proper technique in pre-pubescent period: Increases child's muscle strength and endurance Protects child's muscles and joints from injury Helps improve performance in a particular sport

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Sustained whole body moderate intensity activity for long durations (Bruce Protocol)

systems for creating energy?

System #1 ATP+PC Cycle System #2 Anaerobic Glycolysis System #3 Aerobic Glycolysis

Static Equilibrium

System is at rest

Dynamic Equilibrium

System is moving with constant velocity

%HR Method

THR = 220-AGE(%)

% HRR Method (Karvonen)

THR = [(220-AGE)-RHR](%)+RHR

Properly designed and supervised youth strength training programs are appropriate for children and adolescents

TRUE

Examples of a Null hypothesis

Taking a month‐long regime of creatine will have no impact on recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity?

EXAMPLE of experimental hypothesis

Taking a month‐long regime of creatine will shorten recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity?

Time Analysis

Temporal characteristics of a performance, either of the total skill or its phases (seconds, milliseconds, etc)

3

The "gig-em" or thumb joint is best described by which of the above?

coronal plane

The action of abduction occur in the which anatomical plane :

Chronological Age

The age of an individual in relation to standard calendar days

tidal volume

The amount of air moved per breath is called:

midsagittal plane

The anatomical plane separating the human body into right and left segments is referred to as:

transverse plane

The anatomical plane separating the human body into upper and lower segments is referred to as the:

Fitness

The capacity to perform activities required of the individual

frontal plane

The coronal plane is equivalent to:

Ground Reaction Force

The force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it derived from Newton's third law

4

The joint primarily involved in flexion and extension is best reflected by which of the above?

strength

The maximal amount of force exerted in a single attempt defines:

VO2max

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed in given amount of time during maximal effort is called:

Physical Activity

The only intervention that has the capacity to both increase bone mass and strength as well as reducing the risk of falling in older populations is

Learning Style

The reading about motor learning principles and occupational therapy identified four key factors that influence motor learning that should be considered by therapists, which of the following was not included in this list?

Tapering

The reduction of workload during a period immediately prior to a major competition

Specificity Principle

The responses to exercise are specific to the nature or type of exercise performed; specific exercises lead to specific physiological responses and adaptation

1

The shoulder joint is best described by which of the above:

asking more motor units to contribute to force production

The size principle refers to:

Autonomous Stage

The skill becomes automatic; skill requires little, if any, cognitive processing, so less susceptible to interference

Professions in kinesiology

The study of kinesiology can lead to a variety of careers involving teaching, research, coaching and delivery of services related to physical activity and fitness, health promotion, rehabilitation and sports medicine. Positions are found in a variety of settings including schools, colleges and universities, public and private agencies, clinical environments, government, business and the military.

Biomechanics

The study of structure and functions of biological systems by means of the methods of mechanics (sport, tissue, comparative)

Maturation

The timetable of developmental events that lead to optimum integration and functioning of the body's systems

alveoli

Tiny round air sacs at the end of bronchioles are called:

Primary Motor Cortex

Topographic - different body parts represented Somatotopic - organized like the body

TMS

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Role of cerebellum

Water's role

Transport, Thermoregulation, Digestion, Lubrication

High Density Lipoprotein

Transports cholesterol from vessel wall (good cholesterol)

Low Density Lipoprotein

Transports cholesterol to vessel walls (bad cholesterol)

The anatomical plane spa rating the human body into upper and lower segments is referred to as the:

Transverse plane

Bruce Protocol

Treadmill running at 1.7 mph with 10% incline then every 3 minutes the speed is increased by 0.8 mph and 2% incline increase until exhaustion

A healthy, very well-trained male athlete would have a VO2 max of approximately 85 ml/kg/min

True

BMI standards

Underweight - <18.5 Normal - 18.5-25 Overweight - 25-30 Obese - >30

watts

Units for power are:

Body Composition

Used to describe the percentages of fat, mass, bone and lean mass in human bodies ( bioelectrical impedance, bodpod, skinfold method)

AHA Recommendation

Using the absolute numbers for total blood cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels. Goal is to keep the ratio below 5:1 optimum ratio is 3.5:1

Morphological Age

Usually estimated from height or stature

The maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed in given amount of time during maximal effort is called

VO2 Max

what can be used to assess aerobic capacity?

VO2 max

Knowledge of Results

Verbal augmented feedback about movement outcome that is given after a movement; provides info about errors

Knowledge of Performance

Verbal feedback about the nature of the movement that is given after a response

Knowledge of Results

Verbal, augmented feedback about movement outcome that is given after a movement is called:

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A, D and K

Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B and C

Definition of VO2

Volume of oxygen you can consume in one minute.

A 27 year old female would have predicted maximum heart rate of

WRONG ANSWER IS 183

Asking a Question: Defining the Problem

When I take certain supplements I recover from a bout of physical activity faster, Will taking a month‐long regime of creatine help with recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity?

Rotation

When a force is not exerted along a line that passes through a body's center of gravity (eccentric force), the body will experience angular (rotary) motion (tansverse plane)

Kinematics

When describing physical activities with respect to time and space you are using:

EPO secretion increases

When there is a low level of oxygen in the exercise environment:

leverage

When we think of the structure-function relationship within the skeletal system, long bones are best designed for:

support

When we think of the structure-function relationship within the skeletal system, short bones are best designed for:

an experiment

When you manipulate one variable and examine its impact on another variable this is called:

mode

Which of the following assesses central tendency:

red muscle fibers; high mitocondria; slow conduction; power

Which of the following description of a motor unit includes an inappropriate characteristic within the grouping?

All of the above factors would be needed for a male athlete to break 2 hr for a marathon

Which of the following factors would not be needed by a male athlete in order to run a marathon under 2 hrs?

Cardiac Output = Stroke volume * Heart Rate

Which of the following is correct?

Conducting an Experiment: Getting the Answers

Will taking a month‐long regime of creatine help with recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity? • Independent Variable: Creatine or No Creatine • Dependent Variable: Estimate of Recovery

there are two periods of neural adaptation and one period of muscle adaptation

With respect to long-term gain in muscular strength:

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates defines:

a motor unit

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervated defines

a motor unit

Superior

above

kinesiology (human kinetics)

academic discipline involving the study of physical activity and its impact on -health -human performance -society -quality of life

Rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the

aerobic glycolysis system

Rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the:

aerobic glycolysis system

rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the

aerobic glycolysis system

vitamin D is important for

aiding in absorption of calcium - integral to bone development and neuromuscular function

Modifiable health risk factors do not include

all of the above are modifiable risk factors

According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM physical activity does not demonstrate a protective effects for which of the following chronic disease states

all of the above benefit from being physically active

Physical activity factors likely to impact properties of bone would include

all of the above factors would likely to impact properties of bone

Which of the following would not be included prior to an exercise physiologist conducting a test of maximum cardiovascular endurance?

all of the above should be conducted prior to conducting a test of an individual's maximum cardiovascular endurance

tidal volume

amount of air moved / breath 0.5 L at rest increasing to 3-4 L during heavy exercise

minute ventilation

amount of air moved per minute and is function of frequency and tidal volume (100 -200 L / min for heavy exercise)

Stroke Volume (ml/beat)

amount of blood pumped by the heart in one cardiac cycle

stroke volume (ml/beat)

amount of blood pumped by the heart in one cardiac cycle

Cardiac Output or Q (liters/min)

amount of blood that passes through the left ventricle in one minute

cardiac output or Q (liters/minute)

amount of blood that passes through the left ventricle in one minute

An increase in the anaerobic threshold, an increased ability to buffer lactate and metabolize lactate in the heart and liver would be adaptations that would be anticipated if one trained to target:

anaerobic glycolysis

an increase in the anaerobic threshold, an increased ability to buffer lactate and metabolize lactate in the heart and liver would be adaptations that would be anticipated if one trained to target

anaerobic glycolysis

Respiratory Frequency

approximately 12 breaths / min but can increase to 30-40 breaths during maximal aerobic exercise

According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM, all US adults should accumulate

at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week

According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM, all US adults should accumulate:

at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week

inferior

below

vitamin A is important for

bone development

Strength gains are obtained from:

both a and b are correct

Dorsiflexion

bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin(sagital)

what can be used to test cardio-respiratory fitness?

bruce protocol - can estimate VO2 max

According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, which of the following is false

by 2025 there will be a greater percentage gain in hip fractures for females that males

According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM short bouts of exercise totaling at least 30 minutes most days

can result in health and fitness benefits

saddle shaped joint

carpal bone

vitamin B complex is important for

cell metabolism

skeletal muscle

changes length to move various parts of the skeleton #2 uses graded activation to change the speed and smoothness of the movement #3 is activated through signals carried to the muscles via nerves (voluntary control) #4 can experience fatigue through repeated activationSkeletal Muscle

Rate coding refers to

changing the frequency with which a motor unit contributes to force production

Rate coding refers to:

changing the frequency with which a motor unit contributes to force production

According to the CDC the leading cause of COPD is

cigarette smoking

fundamental stage

common motor act that involves a specific kinematic profile (mature and immature forms)

The action of abduction occur in the which anatomical plane

coronal plane

function of posterior parietal cortex

critical for sensory motor integration

kinematics

describing movements with respect to time and space

kinetics

describing the underlying cause of motion

topographic

different parts of the body are represented

carbohydrates: sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose, and lactose are examples of _____

disaccharides

Force generated when a muscle lengthens is referred to as an:

eccentric contraction

hinge joint

elbow

A technique for measuring the electrical activity within the muscle is called:

electromyography

a technique for measuring the electrical activity within the muscle is called

electromyography

vitamin K is important in

electron transport chain

lactate threshold

exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood at a level greater than that observed at rest

An investigation involves the manipulation of variables while measuring the subsequent effects on other variables defines a(n):

experiment

Fast Twitch Type II

fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) (IIa) fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (IIb)

triglycerides

fat important for energy

cholesterol

fat that is important for -maintaining integrity of cell membranes -manufacturing hormones

vitamin C is important for

formation and maintenance of collagen (connective tissue)

in which anatomical plane does abduction and adduction occur?

frontal (coronal)

general function of motor cortex

generates neural impulses for execution of movement

what form of carbohydrates are stored in skeletal muscles?

glycogen

According to the CDC, the number of deaths for women due to COPD during the period 1999-2006 has

had no significant change

According to the CDC the number of deaths for women due to COPD during the period 1999-2006:

has remained stable

demands for 3 energy systems

high demand/short duration: ATP+PC Cycle intermediate demands/lactate production: Anaerobic Glycolysis long duration: Aerobic Glycolysis

overload principle

improvements in performance capacity occur when regular physical activity is increased above the level that the performer usually experiences

The ACSM position regarding bone health is that an exercise program for the elderly should

include activities to improve balance and prevent falls

Physical activity

includes activities of daily living, work, sport, dance, and play as well as exercise for improvement of health and physical fitness, rehabilitation from injury, disability, and disease, and conditioning and training for athletics and other high performance activities.

Extension

increases the angle between two bones at a joint(sagital)

The dose response curve reported by a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM suggests that

individuals identified as having low baseline activity status will experience the largest return in health benefits from participation in a regular program of physical activity

reflex stage

involuntary movement elicited by a particular source of sensory stimulation

motor unit

is a single motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor unit is activated, all of its fibers contract.

Kinesiology

is an academic discipline with physical activity as its intellectual focus addressing its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life.

Experiment

is an investigation in which a researcher manipulates variables (independent variables, e.g., Creatine) while measuring the subsequent effects on other variables (dependent variables, e.g., Recovery)

A fast twitch motor unit would not have which of the following characteristics?

is associated with nerve fibers of relatively small diameter

Making Observations

is the academic discipline which involves the study of physical activity and its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life.

A muscle contraction that involves an increase in force while the muscle maintains the same length is calculated as

isometric contraction

preferred fuel for heart

lactate

Arteries

large vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

large vessels that carry blood toward the heart

physical activity for the aerobic cycle

long, slow distance, 20 minutes or longer

Compact bone

low porosity

VO2 max

maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilized in a given amount of time during maximal effort

condyloid joint

metacarpal bone

Capillaries

microscopic vessels between the arteries and veins. Site of gas exchange in muscle and alveoli.

The anatomical plane separating the human body into right and left segments is referred to as:

midsagittal plane

Which of the following assesses central tendency

mode

carbohydrates: glucose (blood sugar) and fructose are examples of _______

monosaccharides

A nerve that transmits signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle is called a

motor nerve

a phase is a more functional description describing development in terms of the types of _____ _____ that are exhibited

movement behaviors

function of premotor cortex

movements guided by sensory information (externally generated)

Abduction

moving a segment away from the midline of the body(frontal plane)

Adduction

moving segment toward the midline of the body(frontal plane)

Strength gains are obtained from

neural adaptations and muscle hypertrophy

proteins

nitrogen containing compounds formed by amino acids

"A six-week rather than a 3-week resistive exercise program will influence the resting heart rate of adults over the age of 65 years." This hypothesis would best be described as a (n):

non-directional experimental hypothesis

The correct order for features of the pulmonary system is

nose; trachea; bronchioles; alveolus

correct order of air pathway

nose; trachea; bronchioles; alveolus

The correct order is:

nose; trachea; broncioles; alveolus

The correct order of air entering the body is

nose; trachea; broncioles; alveolus

Heart Rate (beats/min)

number of cardiac cycles per minute

heart rate (beats/minute)

number of cardiac cycles per minute

AHA recommended ratio of total cholesterol to HDL

optimum- 3.5:1 goal to keep below- 5:1

somatotopic

organized like the body

process of describing motor learning/rehabilitation: what form might changes take place on a behavioral level?

performance is: -more accurate (faster) -more consistent -persistent -adaptable (maybe) -economical

According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure" defines

physical activity

The only intervention that has the capacity to both increase bone mass and strength as well as reducing the risk of falling in older populations is

physical activity

function of supplemental motor area (SMA)

planning and coordinating subparts of complex actions

joint

point of connection between two bones

carbohydrates: starch and glycogen are examples of _____

polysaccharides

According to Deschenes & Kraemer the product of force and velocity defines:

power

According to Deschenes & Kraemer, the product of force and velocity defines

power

wingate test can be used to measure

power -peak anaerobic power -anaerobic capacity

Flexion

reduces the angle between two bones at a joint(sagital)

flexion vs extention

reduces vs increases the angle between two bones at a joint

According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, "the benefits of exercise on bone may not persist if the exercise is markedly reduced." In this statement they are referencing which principle of training

reversibility

Which of the following is correct?

right atria; right ventricle; pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein; left atria; left ventricle

Point of the skeletal system?

rigid internal framework area to attach muscles producing movement protection of organs provides red blood cells minerals (Ca2+)

in which anatomical plane does flexion and extension occur?

sagittal plane

Excessive sideways curvature of the spine is called

scoliosis

Excessive sideways curvature of the spine is called:

scoliosis

A nerve that collects information from receptors throughout the body and transmits this information back toward the CNS is called a(n):

sensory nerve

a nerve that collects information from receptors throughout the body and transmits this information back toward the CNS is called a(n)

sensory nerve

ball and socket joint

shoulder

Scoliosis is best characterized as

sideways curvature of the spine

anthropometric measures deal with measurements of

size, proportions, and composition of the human body

Slow Twitch Type I

slow oxidative

A muscle that exhibits involuntary control, is fatigue resistant, contracts in a slow and uniform manner, is best described as a:

smooth muscle

a muscle that exhibits involuntary control, is fatigue resistant, and contracts in a slow manner is best described as a

smooth muscle

the specificity principle leads to

specific physiological responses and adaptation

specificity principle states that the responses to exercise are

specific to the nature or type of exercise performed

the _____ principle applies to: strength muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance coordination motor patterns joint angle of movement speed of muscle contraction type of muscle contraction

specificity

null hypothesis

statement of no difference

The maximal amount of force exerted in a single attempt defines:

strength

Lactate Threshold:

the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood at a level greater than that observed at rest.

maturation

timetable of developmental events that lead to optimum integration and functioning of the body's systems

According to the CDC the leading cause of COPD is

tobacco use

According to the CDC the leading cause of COPD is:

tobacco use

The transverse plane is one that separates the body into

top and bottom

function of high density lipoproteins

transports cholesterol from vessel walls

function of low density lipoproteins

transports cholesterol to vessel walls

in which anatomical plane does pronation and supination occur?

transverse (horizontal)

in which anatomical plane does rotation occur?

transverse (horizontal)

which form of fat is stored in muscle?

tryglycerides

Units for power are

watts

Supination

when the palm is moved to face anterior (transverse)

Pronation (Prone Position)

when the palm is moved to face posterior (transverse)

supination (supine position)

when the palm is moved to face anterior

pronation (prone position)

when the palm is moved to face posterior

According to Deschenes & Kraemer functional constituents of the neuromuscular system would not include which of the following

work

BMI

wt(kg)/ht^2(m) Normative data, does not take into account muscle

Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess body composition by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and involves a combination of height (in meters) and weight (in kg). The correct combination of these two measures to calculate BMI is:

wt/ht^2

Position Analysis

x, y, z coordinates of body segment (COM)


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