ULTIMATE KINE 213 FINAL
non-directional experimental hypothesis
"A six-week rather than a 3-week resistive exercise program will influence the resting heart rate of adults over the age of 65 years." This hypothesis would best be described as a (n):
Plantar flexion
"planting" the foot(sagital)
Anatomical Planes
#1 divides body for further identification of particular area #2 allows description of different movements or actions
Example of type of exercise for anaerobic cycle
#1 100 m swimming #2 800 m track #3 500 m canoeing #4 1,000 m speed skating or cycling #5 rest interval: 2x longer than active interval
What is a joint?
#1 A joint is a point of connection between two bones #2 Strands of connective tissue and ligaments hold the bones together and ensure the stability of joints
Nerves
#1 Central Nervous System #2 Peripheral Nervous System
Slow twitch
#1 Fibers • red • high # mitocondria • aerobic • sustained activity #2 Nerve • small diameter • slow conduction • sustained 10‐20 Hz
Ways these findings may be used ?
#1 Impetus for research #2 Basis for rehabilitation protocols #3 Background for equipment design #4 Rationale for Policy Change
Communicating Findings
#1 Journal Article #2 Verbal Presentation #3 Posters
smooth muscle
#1 Located in the blood vessels, respiratory tract, iris of the eye, gastro-intestinal (GI) tract #2 Function to alter the activity of various body parts to meet the needs of the body at that time #3 Contractions are slow and uniform #4 Fatigue resistant #5 Activation is involuntary #6 Can undergo hypertrophy
PNS Nerves
#1 Motor conducts signals to activate muscle contraction #2 Sensory collects info from the various sensors located throughout the body and transmits the info to the brain
Axial Skeleton
#1 Skull #2 Sternum #3 Ribs #4 Vertebral Column
Appendicular Skeleton
#1 The pectoral girdle (chest) #2 Pelvic girdle (hip) #3 The upper limbs #4 The lower limbs
role of the pulmonary system?
#1 deliver oxygenated air to blood #2 remove carbon dioxide from blood, a byproduct of metabolism
ATP+PC cycle
#1 short high-intensity intervals #2 power exercises #3 rest interval: 3-4x longer than active interval
What makes up the pulmonary system?
#1 the lungs #2 several passageways leading from outside to the lungs #3 muscles that move air into and out of the lung
Breakdown of a muscle
#1Muscle #2 Muscle Fiber #3 Myofibril #4 Sarcomere #5 Actin-Myosin
Dual-energy x-ray Absorptiometry
(DEXA) new gold standard
Associative Stage
(Intermediate Stage) Learners begin to refine their skills; through continuous practice and repetition the movements become more consistent; allowed to make errors performed better
Cognitive Stage
(Verbal Motor Stage)Learner tries to understand the requirements of the motor task; has an idea of the task but doesn't know how to do it
Spongy or cancellous bone
(high porosity)
Physiologic adaptations that occur through physical training would not include
(you said "muscle fiber type" but that was wrong)
According to Dr. Ed Coyle, one of the single best male marathon runs, which occurred at the Beijing Olympics, didn't break the world record but was very impressive because the physiological demands were so high because of the environmental conditions during the race. The time for this performance was (hr:mins):
(you said 2:12 but it was wrong)
physical activity examples targeting the anaerobic glycolysis system
-100 m swimming -800 m track -500 m canoeing -1,000 m speed skating or cycling -rest interval: 2x longer than active interval
motor unit
-a single motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it inntervates -when activated, all fibers contract
synovial joints
-allow large range of movements -hip joint, knee
cartilaginous joints
-allow limited movement -inter-vertebral discs
fibrous joints
-allow no movement -sutures of the skull
changes in anaerobic glycolysis
-anaerobic threshold increases -increased buffering of lactate -increased ability to metabolize lactate in heart and liver
5 types of synovial joints
-ball and socket -condyloid -saddle-shaped -hinge -pivot
ways of assessing body composition
-bioelectrical impedence -bodpod -skinfold method -hydrostatic weighing -dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
ways to assess fitness
-body composition -lipid profile -respiratory capacity -blood pressure -ECG
3 types of postural reflexes
-body righting -labyrinthine -parachute
dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion
-bringing to of foot towards lower leg/shin -"planting" the foot
minerals include
-calcium (bone/muscle function) -phosphorus (ATP) -iron (oxygen transport) -sodium, potassium, chloride (key for nerve function)
short durations of exercise rely more on ______ while longer durations change to rely on _____
-carbohydrates -fats
ways of estimating maturation
-chronological age -morphological age -skeletal age
two general categories of bone classification
-compact bone (low porosity) -spongy/cancellous (high porosity)
3 types of locomotor reflexes
-crawling -stepping -swimming
issues addressed by developmental viewpoints
-developmental milestones (critical/sensitive periods) -development is continuous or discontinuous -development is universal or variable
types of primitive reflexes
-dolls eye -palmer grasp -sucking -babinski -rooting -startle
3 general types of body compositions
-endomorph -mesomorph -ectomorph
roles of carbohydrates
-energy source -protein sparer -metabolic primer (fat oxidation) -central nervous system fuel
cerebellum functions
-equilibrium and balance -posture -motor learning -calibrate movements (time keeper/internal clock)
importance of fats
-essential component of cell membranes and nerve fibers -primary source of energy (70% at rest) -vital organ support/cushioning -fat soluble vitamins are transported through body via fat -thermoregulation
body composition describes the percentages of _____ _____, _____, and _____ _____ in human bodies
-fat mass -bone -lean muscle
3 types of lipids
-fats -phospholipids -steroids
types of lipids
-fatty acids -tryglycerides -phospholipids -sterols
3 classifications of joints based on composition
-fibrous -cartilaginous -synovial
characteristics of growth refinement stage
-fitness becomes important -youth sport shift focus to performance -question emerge about organized training -strength training emerges
general function of basal ganglia
-force specification of movement -motor learning
categories of adaptations that occur through training
-functional adaptation (run longer, lift heavier, more power...) -physiological adaptation
biomechanics is the study of the _____ and ______ _____ by means of the methods of _____
-functions -biological systems -mechanics
consequences from risk factors
-heart disease and stroke ($432 bill/yr) -diabetes ($174 bill/yr) -lung disease ($154 bill/yr) -Alzheimer's disease ($148 bill/yr)
kinematics often uses:
-high speed cinematography or videography -stroboscopy -optoelectric -electrogoniometry -accelerometry
adaptations in the ATP-PC system
-increase in PC (phosphocreatine) storage -increase in immediately available ATP -increase in enzyme activity supporting restoration of ATP
changes in aerobic glycolysis
-increase in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin -increase in vascularization with muscles -increase fat oxidation -increase glycogen storage
pre-exercise evaluations include
-informed consent -health history -physical examination
quantitative analysis allows us to describe motion in terms of _____ and _____
-kinematics -kinetics
4 modifiable health risk factors
-lack of physical activity -poor nutrition -tobacco use -excessive alcohol
fast twitch motor unit nerve
-larger diameter -fast conduction -bursts 30-60 Hz
How do we know these brain structures are involved in the described functions?
-lesion work -neural imaging -virtual lesions (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
a stage is a _____ descriptor that is often associated with an ____ _____
-lifespan -age range
unsaturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature, found primarily in _____, _____ linked to cardiovascular disease, and _____ blood cholesterol
-liquid -plant -aren't -lower
the erythropoietin hormone is secreted from the kidney in response to
-low oxygen levels -exercise
function of proteins
-major structural component of cell -key for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues -produces hemoglobin, enzymes, and many hormones -tertiary source of energy
theoretical viewpoints of development
-maturational view -learning-behavioral view -intellectual development theory
three anatomical planes of the body
-median (midsagittal) -frontal (coronal) -horizontal (transverse)
centers of the brain for movement control
-motor cortex -basal ganglia -cerebellum
basal ganglia functions
-movement force specification -action selection -stimulus response association learning (habit formation)
muscle composition
-muscle -muscle fiber -myofibril -sarcomere -actin-myosin
types of physiological adapatations
-neural -contractile -fiber type -neuroendocrine -bioenergetic -cardiovascular -lipid
appendicular skeleton
-pectoral girdle (chest) -pelvic girdle (hip) -upper limbs -lower limbs
4 modifiable risk factors
-poor nutrition -tobacco use -excess alcohol use -lack of physical activity
three secondary motor corticles
-posterior parietal cortex -premotor cortex -supplemental motor area (SMA)
components of practice schedule ("how" of practice)
-practice distribution -contextual interference
components of practice composition ("what" of practice)
-practice variability -mental practice -observational practice -part vs whole practice
kinetics often uses:
-pressure or force transducers -force plates or platforms -isokinetic dynamometer
3 types of reflexes
-primitive -postural -locomotor
slow twitch motor unit fibers
-red -high # of mitochondria -aerobic -sustained activity
tapering
-reduction of workload during a period immediately prior to a major competition -example of periodization
4 phases of the developmental continuum
-reflex -fundamental -growth and refinement -regression
physical activity examples targeting the ATP-PC system
-short high intensity intervals -power exercises -rest intervals: 3-4x longer than active interval
4 structures and functions of bones
-short: support -long: leverage -flat: protection -irregular: multi
growth refinement stage
-significant motor behavior changes occur due to puberty -the nature in which sport skills that can be executed change
axial skeleton
-skull -sternum -ribs -vertebral column
2 ways to characterize motor units
-slow twitch (slow oxidative) -fast twitch (fast oxidative)
slow twitch motor unit nerve
-small diameter -slow conduction -sustained 10-20 Hz
saturated fatty acids are _____ at room temperature, found primarily in _____ and _____ linked to cardiovascular disease
-solid -animal products -are
principles of training
-specificity -overload -individualization -detraining -periodisation
non directional vs directional hypothesis
-statement of difference -statement of specific difference
types of motion: equilibrium
-static equilibrium (system is at rest) -dynamic equilibrium (system is moving with constant velocity)
general function of cerebellum
-time specification of movement -motor learning
strands of connective _____ and _____ hold bones together and ensure the stability of joints
-tissue -ligaments
the primary motor cortex can be described as
-topographic -somatotopic
fat in the form of _____ is stored in adipose tissue and muscle, but used at a relatively _____ rate during exercise
-tryglyceride -slow
fat soluble vitamins
-vitamin A -vitamin D -vitamin K
water soluble vitamins
-vitamin B complex -vitamin C
examples of fundamental stage acts
-walking -jumping -running -throwing
fast twitch motor unit fibers
-white fibers -few mitochondria -anaerobic -power -quick fatigue
Types of Joints?
. Ball and Socket Joint #2. Condyloid Joint #3. Saddle‐shaped joint #4. Hinge Joint #5. Pivot Joint
Organizing the Data: Descriptive Statistics
1 Organize or Sort Categorize, Rank, etc #2 Estimate central tendency Mean, Median, Mode #3 Estimate variability Range, Variance, Standard Deviation #1 Correlation relationships or associations #2 Regression prediction #3 T‐tests and/or ANOVA Tests of difference
types of muscle
1 Smooth Muscle #2 Cardiac Muscle #3 Skeletal Muscle
Examples of field tests for cardiovascular fitness
1-mile walk, PACER, Jog or run test, Canadian Aerobic Fitness Test
ACSM recommendation for exercise
1. 30 minutes moderate intensity, 5 days per week 2. 20 minutes vigorous, 3 days per week 3. Some combination of the two
Categories of Training Adaptations
1. Functional Adaptation 2. Physiologic Adaptation
Adaptations in ATP-PC System
1. Increase PC store 2. Increase in the immediately available ATP 3. Increase enzyme activity supporting restoration of ATP
Adaptation in Aerobic Glycolysis
1. Increase in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin 2. Increase in vascularization with muscles 3. Increase fat oxidation 4. Increase glycogen storage
Benefits of exercise and relationship to VO2
1. Short-term (acute) - affects variables within one or possibly a few exercise sessions (BP, glucose) 2. Long-term (training) - affects variables only after several months of consistent training at the proper intensity (VO2 max, lipids)
Brain Structures and functions
1. lesion work (human and animals) 2. Neural Imaging (CAT, PET, fMRI) 3. Virtual Lesions (TMS)
For how many seconds should we take resting and exercising heart rates?
10 seconds then multiply by 6
Formal Operational
12 years + Understands world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning
Normal BP Value
120
A 37 year old would have a predicted maximum Heart Rate of:
183
According to Deschenes & Kraemer the basic principles of progressive resistance training were established in:
1940's
According to Deschenes & Kraemer, the basic principles of progressive resistance training were established in the
1940's
Dehydration
2% - 10% loss of maximum strength and 8% loss of speed 9%-12% water loss - death
Preoperational
2-7 years Understands world through language and mental images
30 Days of Space Flight
20% loss in muscle size 20% loss in strength 1-2% loss in bone mass per month 20% VO2max lost with 20 days of bed rest
Cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately:
23 liters
cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately
23 liters
Cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately
23,000 ml or (23 L)
Vitamins
28 Skeletal, Musculature and Nervous Systems all take adequate supply of vitamins
For a healthy but sedentary 20 year old you would expect a VO2max of approximately:
45 ml/kg/min
Power and Anaerobic Capacity Tests
500m rowing ergo test Cunningham-Faulkner 300 yd shuttle 60 yd shuttle 300m, 400m, 800m run
In the ACSM comment addressing childhood obesity it was noted that the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health recommended how many minutes of moderate physical activity for children, preferably every day:
60
Concrete Operational
7-12 years Understands world through logical thinking and categories
LDL-C
<100 is optimal
Cholesterol Level
<200 is desirable
HDL-C
>60 is desirable Helps with muscle mass
When an experimenter is interested in determining if two means differ from one another in a significant manner he would use which statistical tool
?
183
A 37 year old would have a predicted maximum Heart Rate of:
163
A 57 year old male would have a predicted maximum heart rate of:
2
A condyloid joint is best described by which of the above?
is associated with nerve fibers of relatively small diameter
A fast twitch motor unit would not have which of the following characteristics?
Developmental Phase
A functional description describing development in terms of the types of movement behaviors that are exhibited at a particular point time is called a:
isometric contraction
A muscle contraction that involves an increase in force while the muscle maintains the same length is called a (n):
smooth muscle
A muscle that exhibits involuntary control, is fatigue resistant, contracts in a slow and uniform manner, is best described as a:
motor nerve
A nerve that transmits signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle is called a (n):
An experimenter interested in evaluating the influence of the dosage of "muscle milk" for an individual's endurance capacity when consumed 30 min before exercise, states "there will be an influence of drinking a half or a full bottle of muscle milk on endurance capacity if drunk 30 min before the event." This researcher is offering:
A non-directional experimental hypothesis
a motor unit
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates defines:
The "Null" Hypothesis
A statement of no difference
electromyography
A technique for measuring the electrical activity within the muscle is called:
minute ventilation
A useful functional measure for evaluating the performance of the respiratory system is:
American College of Sports Medicine
ACSM is an abbreviation for
3 types of energy systems
ATP-PC Cycle Anaerobic Glycolysis Aerobic Glycolysis
Muscular Endurance
Ability to perform repeated, high intensity muscle contraction (body weight percentage)
work
According to Deschenes & Kraemer functional constituents of the neuromuscular system would not include which of the following:
1940's
According to Deschenes & Kraemer the basic principles of progressive resistance training were established in:
power
According to Deschenes & Kraemer the product of force and velocity defines:
at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week
According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM, all US adults should accumulate:
15
According to the ACSM comment on exercise and older adults muscle strength declines by approximately ___ % per decade in the sixties and seventies?
reversibility
According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, "the benefits of exercise on bone may not persist if the exercise is markedly reduced." In this statement they are referencing which principle of traininig
by 2025 there will be a greater percentage gain in hip fractures for females that males
According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, which of the following is false
has remained stable
According to the CDC the number of deaths for women due to COPD during the period 1999-2006:
Cognitive Stage
According to the reading about the application of motor learning principles to the therapeutic setting, the first stage of learning is referred to as:
Adaptations of ATP+PC cycle
Adaptation #1 Increase PC store Adaptation #2 Increase in the immediately available ATP Adaptation #3 An Increase enzyme activity supporting restoration of ATP
adaptations of aerobic system
Adaptation #1. Increase in mitochondria, capillaries, and myoglobin. Adaptation #2. Increase in vascularization with muscles. Adaptation #3. Increase fat oxidation. Adaptation #4. Increase glycogen storage.
Relative Permanence
Adequate retention interval and test on common level of the independent variable
Examples of making an observation
Adopting a crouched position when cycling allows me to complete a 30 mile ride faster (Biomechanics) • I have heard that if I take certain supplements I will recover from a bout of physical activity faster (Physiology) • When I'm stressed my performance suffers (Psychology) • My child seems to be a lot more clumsy than he used to be (Development) • My friend has far fewer lapses of memory than me (Fitness and Health)
Gerontology is the study of
Aging
Vitamin D
Aids absorption of calcium, integral to bone development and neuromuscular function
Which of the following factors would not be needed by a male athlete in order to run a marathon under 2 hrs?
All of the above factors would be needed for a male athlete to break 2 hr for a marathon
Synovial joints
Allow large range of movements E.g., hip joint
#2. Cartilaginous joints
Allow limited movement E.g., inter‐vertebral discs
Fibrous joints
Allow no movement E.g., sutures of the skull
Penfield
Allowed areas of brain to be mapped to function
Tiny round air sacs at the end of bronchioles are called
Alveoli
ASCM is an abbreviation for
American College of Sports Medicine
kinesiology
An academic discipline with physical activity (PA) as its intellectual focus and addressing the importance of PA for health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines:
Kinesiology
An academic discipline with physical activity as its intellectual focus addressing its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines:
none of the above are correct
An appropriate unit of measurement for Cardiac Output would be?
non-directional hypothesis
An experimenter interested in evaluating the influence of the dosage of "muscle milk" for an individual's endurance capacity when consumed 30 min before exercise, states "there will be an influence of drinking a half or a full bottle of muscle milk on endurance capacity if drunk 30 min before the event." This researcher is offering:
an ectomorph
An individual with long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage/deposits is best described as:
experiment
An investigation involves the manipulation of variables while measuring the subsequent effects on other variables defines a(n):
experiment
An investigation that involves the manipulation of variable(s) while measuring the subsequent effects on other variable(s) defines a(n):
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder
Force
Any action, a push or pull, which tends to cause an object to change its state of motion by experiencing an acceleration
#2 Rate Coding
Ask a motor unit to work harder Recruiting Motor Units
#1 Size Principle
Ask more units to participate and this is accomplished based on size
The size principle refers to
Asking more motor units to contribute to force production
Physical Examination
Assess a number of functional measures pertaining to fitness and health status
Skeletal Age
Assess the ossification of the epiphysis of the hands and wrists and compare to standards
Body Composition
Assessing lean and fat mass (hydrostatic weighing)
Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin?
B1
Learning-Behavioral View
Bandura Social and observational learning are crucial
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important therapeutic device to help reduce problems in which of the following brain regions?
Basal Ganglia
Parkinson's Disease is a disorder of the
Basal Ganglia
health
Being free of disease defines:
Specific-specific
Better for retention
Sensorimotor
Birth-2 years Understands world through senses and actions
wt/ht2
Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess body composition by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and involves a combination of height (in meters) and weight (in kg). The correct combination of these two measures to calculate BMI is:
Slide Point Theory
Body defends a certain weight. Used by metabolism.
Postural Reflex
Body righting, labryinthine, parachute
Geriatrics
Branch of medicine that studies the diseases of the elderly
Assessing body composition (percent fat content) is not typically assessed using which of the following methods:
Bruce Protocol
What is atherosclerosis?
Build up of cholesterol in CVD
Major causes of death
CVD Cancer Chronic Low Respiratory Disease Accidents Alzheimer's
Minerals
Calcium (bone and muscle function) Phosphorus (ATP) Iron (oxygen transport) Sodium, potassium, chloride (nerve function)
Anaerobic Power
Capacity of ATP-PC store (Wingate test)
Components of Appropriate Nutrition
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Minerals, Vitamins, Water
Nutrition standards
Carbohydrates- 55-65% Fat <30% (<10% saturated) Protein (10-15%)
Which is correct?
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume * Heart Rate
23 liters
Cardiac output during vigorous exercise can be as large as approximately:
Angular Motion
Caused by forces that do not go through the center of mass
Linear Motion
Caused by forces which act through a body's center of mass
Vitamin B
Cell metabolism (eg, B1 important for pyruvate to acetyl-coA)
adaptations of anaerobic cycle
Change #1 Anaerobic threshold increases Change #2 Increased buffering of lactate Change #3 Increased ability to metabolize lactate in heart and liver
Endomorphic
Characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure (round and soft)
Ectomorphic
Characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage (long, thin, stringy)
Mesomorphic
Characterized by medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist (muscle-bound)
Triglycerides
Chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. Also present in blood plasma and, in association with cholesterol, form the plasma lipids
Sterols
Cholesterol is most common sterol in animals. High serum-cholesterol is associated with greater likelihood of heart disease
Fats
Class of organic compounds with limited water solubility Fatty acids, triclycerides phospholipids, sterols
Stages of Motor Learning
Cognitive Associative Autonomour
Bone that has relatively lower porosity is
Compact bone
Components and benefits of a cool-down
Components - After jog, walk to slow HR down, static stretching Benefits - Decrease lactic acid build up and prevents blood pooling
Components and benefits of a warm-up
Components - Dynamic stretching, neuromuscular performance, brisk walking to slow jog Benefits - Less likely to pull something
Open Tasks
Constantly in motion; Supporting surfaces, objects, or people in the environment are in motion from one trial to the next; success determined by performer's ability to adapt quickly to the changing environment
Locomotor Reflex
Crawling, stepping, swimming
Developmental Milestones
Critical periods (binocular vision 3-8 months)
Costill
Decreasing from 10,000 yd/day to 3,200 yd/day for 15 days prior to meet resulted in 25% increase in power and 4% increase in performance (tapering)
Fundamental Phase
Described as a common motor act that involves a specific kinematic profile (walking, jumping, running, throwing)
Stage
Describes a lifespan descriptor that is often associated with an age range
Issues with Developmental Work
Describing characteristic change, When does change occur, What causes the change, Can the change be predicted, Is the change individual or universal
Evaluation of Kinematics
Describing movements with respect to time and space most often using (high speed cinematorgraphy, stroboscopy, optoelectric, electrogoniometry, accelerometry)
Evaluation of Kinetics
Describing the underlying cause of motion: pressure and force transducers Force plates or platforms Isokinetic dynamometer
Sieman
Devices sort 120,000 parcels/hour
Hypokinetic condition and definition
Diabetes, CVD, back problems, cancer, osteoporosis Not enough movement
What contributes to osteoporosis?
Diets inadequate in calcium and vitamin D
Best indicator of cardiovascular fitness
Different factors affecting your health and fitness
Experimental Hypothesis:
Directional, Statement of specific difference(s)
Velocity Analysis
Displacement per unit of time (m/s)
Informed Consent
Documentation identifying risks and compensation
Primitive Reflex
Dolls eye, palmer grasp, sucking, babinski, rooting, startle
When there is a low level of oxygen in the exercise environment
EPO secretion increases
A method for measuring the electrical activity within the heart muscle is called
Electrocardiography
Skeletal Maturity Uses
Elite youth sports, growth hormone treatment, forensics
Wellness
Emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and interpersonal well-being
Role of Carbohydrates
Energy source, Protein sparer, Metabolic primer, Central nervous system fuel
Consistent Motion Task
Environment is in motion but the motion remains the same across trials
Importance of Fats
Essiential component of cell membranes and nerve fibers Primary energy source Vital organ support and cushioning Fat soluble vitamins transported thru body via fat Thermoregulation enhanced via fatty layer
Skeletal Age
Estimating maturity is best accomplished using:
scoliosis
Excessive sideways curvature of the spine is called:
Subdisciplines of Kinesiology
Exercise and Sport Biomechanics (KINE 426) Exercise Physiology (KINE 433) Exercise and Sport Psychology (KINE 304) Motor Development, Control and Learning (KINE 307, 406) Physical Fitness and Health (KINE 121, 214)
An Investigation that involves the manipulation of variables while measuring the subsequent effects on other variable(s) defines a(n):
Experiment
There is no difference between a discipline and profession
False
Health History
Family history of disease states, recent ailments, etc
Triglycerides
Fat important for energy
CHO, fat and physical activity
Fat stored in adipose tissue and muscle but used at relatively slow rate during exercise Endurance training increases use of fat primarily due to increased use of intramuscular triglyceride Fat mobilization and oxidation very sensitive to CHO introduced prior to activity
Cholesterol
Fat that is important for maintaining integrity of cell membranes and manufacturing hormones
Fats are important
Fats are important for all of the functions listed above
fats are important for all of the functions listed above
Fats are important:
Most Important Motor Learning Factors
Feedback and Practice
Fast twitch
Fibers • white fibers • few mitocondria • anaerobic • power • quick fatigue #2 Nerve • larger diameter • fast conduction • bursts 30‐60 Hz
Wingate Test
Force - resistance (kg) added to the flywheel Time - in seconds Distance - product of the distance around the flywheel (m) and the # of revolutions
eccentric contraction
Force generated when a muscle lengthens is referred to as an:
Vitamin C
Formation and maintenance of collagen (connective tissue)
FIT Formula
Frequency Intensity Time Type
The coronal plane is equivalent to
Frontal Plane
cardiac muscle
Functions to provide the contractile activity of the heart #2 Contractile activity can be gradated (like skeletal muscle) #3 Activation of cardiac muscle is involuntary (like smooth muscle) #4 Very Fatigue resistant
Growth
Generally an increase in body size or body mass resulting from an enlargement of a biological unit
Motor Cortex
Generates neural impulses for execution of movement
Maturational View
Gessel Genetic makeup exerts primary influence on development
Monosaccharides
Glucose (blood sugar), Fructose
The benefit of vigorous VS. moderate physical activity
Greater reduction in the risk of CVD with vigorous-intensity than with moderate-intensity physical activity
Normal VO2 max ranges
Healthy Sedentary, 20 year old 40-44 ml/kg/min Healthy, trained, 20 year old 80-90 ml/kg/min
Consequences to Obesity
Heart Disease and Stroke $432 billion/yr Diabetes $174 billion/yr Lung Disease $154 billion/yr Alzheimer's Disease $148 billion/yr
Peak Power
Ideally measured within the first 5 seconds of the test P (watts) = (force x distance)/time
Basal Ganglia
Implicated in force specification of movement and motor learning Movement force specification, action selection, stimulus-response association learning (habit forming)
Cerebellum
Implicated in time specification of movement and motor learning equilibrium and balance, posture, motor learning, calibrate movements (internal clock)
Vitamin A
Important for bone development
Vitamin K
Important in electron transfer chain
Overload Principle
Improvements in performance capacity occur when regular physical activity is increased above the level that the performer usually experiences Making adjustments such as frequency, duration, intensity, and type of exercise
Water in body
In - Fluid intake (60%), Food Intake (30%), Metabolic Water Production (10%) Out- Loss thru skin and respiration (30%), Sweat Loss (5%), Urine (60%), Fecal (5%)
60
In the ACSM comment addressing childhood obesity it was noted that the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institutes of Health recommended how many minutes of moderate physical activity for children, preferably every day:
False
In the data above mean quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA) was assessed before and after 3 months of resistance exercise training in elderly men. These men had either used a protein supplementation or received a placebo prior to each exercise session during the three months of resistance exercise. The * indicates a significant and important difference. From these data we can conclude that the protein supplementation causes the increase in mean quadriceps CSA:
Yo Yo Dieting
Increased resistance to weight loss, increased efficiency to weight gain
Glycogen
Increased storage can double duration of exhaustive work Low or depleted glycogen stores will limit exercise intensity, decrease time to exhaustion, increase rating of perceived exhaustion Average person stores enough slycogen to last 12 to 14 hours or over 2 hours with sustained moderate intensity
Increased Stability
Increasing the base of support Increasing inertia Decreasing vertical distance between center of mass and base of support
Extrinsic Feedback
Information from an external soure that augments the intrinsic feedback; may be a therapist or device such as a biofeedback machine ; used in early learning
Intrinsic Feedback
Inherent sensory information from receptors in the muscles, joints, tendons, and skin as well as visual and auditory systems; may occur during or after movement production
Hyperkinetic conditions and definition
Injuries (overuse), excessive exercising Too much movement
ACSM recommendation of Exercise for Health
Intensity from 40-85% of VO2 max or 55-90% age predicted maximal HR Duration for 15-60 min of continuous or interval training Frequency from 3-5 times/week Include moderate intensity strength training of the major muscle groups twice per week
Reflex
Involuntary movement elicited by a particular source of sensory stimulation (primitive, postural, locomotor)
Quantitative Analyses
Involves more precise measurement of variables that are thought to optimize or maximize the behavior of interest (kinematics, kinetics)
Qualitative Analyses
Involves obtaining visual or verbal information to assess performance
When describing physical activities with respect to the time and space you are using:
Kinematics
An academic discipline with physical activity (PA) as its intellectual focus and addressing the importance of PA for health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines:
Kinesiology
An academic discipline with physical activity as its intellectual focus addressing its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life defines
Kinesiology
modifiable health risk factors
Lack of physical activity, Poor nutrition, Tobacco use , Excessive alcohol
veins
Large vessels that carry blood toward the heart are called:
The reading about motor learning principles and occupational therapy identified four key factors that influence motor learning that should be considered by therapists, which of the following was not included in this list?
Learning Style
Displacement Analysis
Length and direction of the path an athlete takes from start to finish (inches, meters, etc)
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Liquid at room temperature Usually from plant sources Not linked to cardiovascular disease Appear to lower blood cholesterol
Motor Development Paradigm
Longitudinal Cross Sectional Sequential
Which of the following would impede the adoption of a more stable position?
Losing Weight
Balance
Maintaining a stable position (force plate)
Which of the following is the ODD man out?
Mass
A field test for Cardiorespiratory Fitness predicts what ....... variables collected during a field test such as the one mile walk.
Max VO2
Muscular Strength
Maximum force applied with a single muscle contraction (1-RM)
VO2 max
Maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed in given amount of time during maximal effort
Anthropometric Measures
Measurements of size, proportions and composition of the human body
Obesity among adults 25 years and over
Men - 1988-94 - No high school diploma highest; 2007-10- Some College highest Women - 88-94 - No high school diploma highest; 07-10 - No high school diploma highest, some college close 2nd
All of the above options are used to determine the function of various brain regions
Methods used to verify that particular brain structures are involved in specific motor functions do not include which of the following?
A useful functional measure for evaluating the performance of the respiratory system is
Minute Ventilattion
all of the above are modifiable risk factors
Modifiable health risk factors do not include
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccarides
Phase
More functional description describing development in terms of the types of movement behaviors that are exhibited
Physiologic Adaptations
Neural, Contractile, Fiber Type, Neuroendocrine, Bioenergetic, Cardiovascular, Lipid
Proteins
Nitrogen-containing compounds formed by amino acids Major structural component of cell Key for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues Produces hemoglobin, enzymes, and many hormones Produces energy
Neural Control of Movement
Not all control is achieved by the higher centers
Variable Motionless Tasks
Objects or tools vary in position across time but are stationary during performance
Hydrostatic Weighing
Old gold standard for body composition
Detraining or Reversibility
Once physical activity stops, the positive effects of resistive exercise or endurance training wear off
Random Practice
Order of the tasks practiced differs
Blocked Practice
Order of the tasks practiced remains the same
Training principles
Overload, Progression, Specificity, Reversibility, and Rest/Recovery
Behavioral Level changes
Performance more accurate, more consistent, persistent, adaptable(maybe) and economical
According to the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK) the central concept in the study of Kinesiology should be:
Physical Activity
all of the above factors would likely to impact properties of bone
Physical activity factors likely to impact properties of bone would include
Health
Physical, mental, and social well-being and freedom of disease
Intellectual Development Theory
Piaget Interaction of biology and environment
Modifiable Risk Factors
Poor Nutrition Tobacco Use Excess Alcohol Use *Lack of Physical Activity*
Secondary Motor Cortices
Posterior Parietal Cortex - critical for sensory motor integration Premotor Cortex - movements guided by sensory information Supplemental Motor Area (SMA) - planning and coordinating subparts of complex actions
Practice Scheduling
Practice distribution, contextual interference "How of practice"
Practice Composition
Practice variability, mental practice, observational practice, part v. whole practice "What of practice"
What brings behavioral changes?
Practice, more is better Power Law of practice (log-scale) 10,000 hours of deliberate practice
Periodization
Preparation, First Transition, Competition, Second Transition
True
Properly designed and supervised youth strength training programs are appropriate for children and adolescents
Flexibility
Range of motion (sit and reach)
changing the frequency with which a motor unit contributes to force production
Rate coding refers to:
Acceleration Analysis
Rate of change of velocity (m/s^2)
Red Blood cells
Red blood cell count important because it contains substance called hemoglobin which can bind to O2
Which of the following description of a motor unit includes an inappropriate characteristic within the grouping?
Red muscle fibers; high mitochondria; slow conduction; power
Components of health-related fitness
Relative leanness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and endurance
Distributed Practice
Rest time greater than practice time
Massed Practice
Rest time less than the practice time
aerobic glycolysis system
Rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the:
The actions of extension and flexion occur in which anatomical plane?
Sagittal Plane
excessive curvature of the spine
Scoliosis is best characterized as:
basal ganglia
Secondary motor cortices that are important for controlling physical activities do not include:
Piaget's Stages
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Kinematic Analysis
Setup (single or multiple camera locations) Calibration (camera v. real units) Record Data (film physical activity of interest) Record Data (analyze the data)
Structure-function relationship for skeletal system
Short ‐ Support #2. Long - Leverage #3. Flat ‐ Protection #4. Irregular - Multi
Growth Refinement Phase
Significant motor behavior changes occur due to puberty. The nature in which sport skills that can be executed change.
What is glucose?
Simple sugar.
How long to see training effect?
Six-eight weeks
Estimating maturity is best accomplished using:
Skeletal Age
Biomechanics issues of interest
Skill analyses Developing new techniques Incorporating new equipment Understanding complex behavior
Practice
Skill has been shown to increase directly in relation to the amount of this
Saturated Fatty Acids
Solid at room temperature Found predominantly in animal products Linked to cardiovascular disease
Principles of Training
Specificity, Overload, Individualization, Detraining, Periodisation
Agility
Speed in changing position or posture (t-test)
Components of skill-related fitness
Speed, agility, balance, power, coordination, reaction time
Motor Learning Factors
Stages of learning Type of task Feedback Practice
Polysaccarides
Starch (complex CHO), Glycogen
Which of the following is NOT a postural reflex?
Startle Reflex
Closed Tasks
Stationary tasks; Critical features, such as objects, people, and the terrain, are stationary and a performer is constrained by the spatial features of the environment; timing is not specified
Specificity Principle Applies to
Strength Muscular and cardio-respiratory endurance Coordination Motor Patterns Joint Angle of Movement Speed of Muscle Contraction Type of Muscle Contraction
both a and b are correct
Strength gains are obtained from:
Gerontology
Study of aging
Motor Development
Study of changes in human movement behavior across the lifespan and the influence of these changes on motor performance. Results from growth, maturation and experience
detraining
Studying bone loss of astronauts or during extended bed rest is most important for which of the following principles of training?
Disaccharides
Sucrose (glucose + fructose), Maltose, Lactose
Strength Training in Kids
Supervised strength training that emphasizes proper technique in pre-pubescent period: Increases child's muscle strength and endurance Protects child's muscles and joints from injury Helps improve performance in a particular sport
Cardiorespiratory Endurance
Sustained whole body moderate intensity activity for long durations (Bruce Protocol)
systems for creating energy?
System #1 ATP+PC Cycle System #2 Anaerobic Glycolysis System #3 Aerobic Glycolysis
Static Equilibrium
System is at rest
Dynamic Equilibrium
System is moving with constant velocity
%HR Method
THR = 220-AGE(%)
% HRR Method (Karvonen)
THR = [(220-AGE)-RHR](%)+RHR
Properly designed and supervised youth strength training programs are appropriate for children and adolescents
TRUE
Examples of a Null hypothesis
Taking a month‐long regime of creatine will have no impact on recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity?
EXAMPLE of experimental hypothesis
Taking a month‐long regime of creatine will shorten recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity?
Time Analysis
Temporal characteristics of a performance, either of the total skill or its phases (seconds, milliseconds, etc)
3
The "gig-em" or thumb joint is best described by which of the above?
coronal plane
The action of abduction occur in the which anatomical plane :
Chronological Age
The age of an individual in relation to standard calendar days
tidal volume
The amount of air moved per breath is called:
midsagittal plane
The anatomical plane separating the human body into right and left segments is referred to as:
transverse plane
The anatomical plane separating the human body into upper and lower segments is referred to as the:
Fitness
The capacity to perform activities required of the individual
frontal plane
The coronal plane is equivalent to:
Ground Reaction Force
The force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it derived from Newton's third law
4
The joint primarily involved in flexion and extension is best reflected by which of the above?
strength
The maximal amount of force exerted in a single attempt defines:
VO2max
The maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed in given amount of time during maximal effort is called:
Physical Activity
The only intervention that has the capacity to both increase bone mass and strength as well as reducing the risk of falling in older populations is
Learning Style
The reading about motor learning principles and occupational therapy identified four key factors that influence motor learning that should be considered by therapists, which of the following was not included in this list?
Tapering
The reduction of workload during a period immediately prior to a major competition
Specificity Principle
The responses to exercise are specific to the nature or type of exercise performed; specific exercises lead to specific physiological responses and adaptation
1
The shoulder joint is best described by which of the above:
asking more motor units to contribute to force production
The size principle refers to:
Autonomous Stage
The skill becomes automatic; skill requires little, if any, cognitive processing, so less susceptible to interference
Professions in kinesiology
The study of kinesiology can lead to a variety of careers involving teaching, research, coaching and delivery of services related to physical activity and fitness, health promotion, rehabilitation and sports medicine. Positions are found in a variety of settings including schools, colleges and universities, public and private agencies, clinical environments, government, business and the military.
Biomechanics
The study of structure and functions of biological systems by means of the methods of mechanics (sport, tissue, comparative)
Maturation
The timetable of developmental events that lead to optimum integration and functioning of the body's systems
alveoli
Tiny round air sacs at the end of bronchioles are called:
Primary Motor Cortex
Topographic - different body parts represented Somatotopic - organized like the body
TMS
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Role of cerebellum
Water's role
Transport, Thermoregulation, Digestion, Lubrication
High Density Lipoprotein
Transports cholesterol from vessel wall (good cholesterol)
Low Density Lipoprotein
Transports cholesterol to vessel walls (bad cholesterol)
The anatomical plane spa rating the human body into upper and lower segments is referred to as the:
Transverse plane
Bruce Protocol
Treadmill running at 1.7 mph with 10% incline then every 3 minutes the speed is increased by 0.8 mph and 2% incline increase until exhaustion
A healthy, very well-trained male athlete would have a VO2 max of approximately 85 ml/kg/min
True
BMI standards
Underweight - <18.5 Normal - 18.5-25 Overweight - 25-30 Obese - >30
watts
Units for power are:
Body Composition
Used to describe the percentages of fat, mass, bone and lean mass in human bodies ( bioelectrical impedance, bodpod, skinfold method)
AHA Recommendation
Using the absolute numbers for total blood cholesterol and HDL cholesterol levels. Goal is to keep the ratio below 5:1 optimum ratio is 3.5:1
Morphological Age
Usually estimated from height or stature
The maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed in given amount of time during maximal effort is called
VO2 Max
what can be used to assess aerobic capacity?
VO2 max
Knowledge of Results
Verbal augmented feedback about movement outcome that is given after a movement; provides info about errors
Knowledge of Performance
Verbal feedback about the nature of the movement that is given after a response
Knowledge of Results
Verbal, augmented feedback about movement outcome that is given after a movement is called:
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A, D and K
Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B and C
Definition of VO2
Volume of oxygen you can consume in one minute.
A 27 year old female would have predicted maximum heart rate of
WRONG ANSWER IS 183
Asking a Question: Defining the Problem
When I take certain supplements I recover from a bout of physical activity faster, Will taking a month‐long regime of creatine help with recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity?
Rotation
When a force is not exerted along a line that passes through a body's center of gravity (eccentric force), the body will experience angular (rotary) motion (tansverse plane)
Kinematics
When describing physical activities with respect to time and space you are using:
EPO secretion increases
When there is a low level of oxygen in the exercise environment:
leverage
When we think of the structure-function relationship within the skeletal system, long bones are best designed for:
support
When we think of the structure-function relationship within the skeletal system, short bones are best designed for:
an experiment
When you manipulate one variable and examine its impact on another variable this is called:
mode
Which of the following assesses central tendency:
red muscle fibers; high mitocondria; slow conduction; power
Which of the following description of a motor unit includes an inappropriate characteristic within the grouping?
All of the above factors would be needed for a male athlete to break 2 hr for a marathon
Which of the following factors would not be needed by a male athlete in order to run a marathon under 2 hrs?
Cardiac Output = Stroke volume * Heart Rate
Which of the following is correct?
Conducting an Experiment: Getting the Answers
Will taking a month‐long regime of creatine help with recovery from repeated bouts of short duration, high intensity physical activity? • Independent Variable: Creatine or No Creatine • Dependent Variable: Estimate of Recovery
there are two periods of neural adaptation and one period of muscle adaptation
With respect to long-term gain in muscular strength:
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates defines:
a motor unit
a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervated defines
a motor unit
Superior
above
kinesiology (human kinetics)
academic discipline involving the study of physical activity and its impact on -health -human performance -society -quality of life
Rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the
aerobic glycolysis system
Rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the:
aerobic glycolysis system
rockport walking test is used primarily to evaluate the effective operation of the
aerobic glycolysis system
vitamin D is important for
aiding in absorption of calcium - integral to bone development and neuromuscular function
Modifiable health risk factors do not include
all of the above are modifiable risk factors
According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM physical activity does not demonstrate a protective effects for which of the following chronic disease states
all of the above benefit from being physically active
Physical activity factors likely to impact properties of bone would include
all of the above factors would likely to impact properties of bone
Which of the following would not be included prior to an exercise physiologist conducting a test of maximum cardiovascular endurance?
all of the above should be conducted prior to conducting a test of an individual's maximum cardiovascular endurance
tidal volume
amount of air moved / breath 0.5 L at rest increasing to 3-4 L during heavy exercise
minute ventilation
amount of air moved per minute and is function of frequency and tidal volume (100 -200 L / min for heavy exercise)
Stroke Volume (ml/beat)
amount of blood pumped by the heart in one cardiac cycle
stroke volume (ml/beat)
amount of blood pumped by the heart in one cardiac cycle
Cardiac Output or Q (liters/min)
amount of blood that passes through the left ventricle in one minute
cardiac output or Q (liters/minute)
amount of blood that passes through the left ventricle in one minute
An increase in the anaerobic threshold, an increased ability to buffer lactate and metabolize lactate in the heart and liver would be adaptations that would be anticipated if one trained to target:
anaerobic glycolysis
an increase in the anaerobic threshold, an increased ability to buffer lactate and metabolize lactate in the heart and liver would be adaptations that would be anticipated if one trained to target
anaerobic glycolysis
Respiratory Frequency
approximately 12 breaths / min but can increase to 30-40 breaths during maximal aerobic exercise
According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM, all US adults should accumulate
at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week
According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM, all US adults should accumulate:
at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week
inferior
below
vitamin A is important for
bone development
Strength gains are obtained from:
both a and b are correct
Dorsiflexion
bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin(sagital)
what can be used to test cardio-respiratory fitness?
bruce protocol - can estimate VO2 max
According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, which of the following is false
by 2025 there will be a greater percentage gain in hip fractures for females that males
According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM short bouts of exercise totaling at least 30 minutes most days
can result in health and fitness benefits
saddle shaped joint
carpal bone
vitamin B complex is important for
cell metabolism
skeletal muscle
changes length to move various parts of the skeleton #2 uses graded activation to change the speed and smoothness of the movement #3 is activated through signals carried to the muscles via nerves (voluntary control) #4 can experience fatigue through repeated activationSkeletal Muscle
Rate coding refers to
changing the frequency with which a motor unit contributes to force production
Rate coding refers to:
changing the frequency with which a motor unit contributes to force production
According to the CDC the leading cause of COPD is
cigarette smoking
fundamental stage
common motor act that involves a specific kinematic profile (mature and immature forms)
The action of abduction occur in the which anatomical plane
coronal plane
function of posterior parietal cortex
critical for sensory motor integration
kinematics
describing movements with respect to time and space
kinetics
describing the underlying cause of motion
topographic
different parts of the body are represented
carbohydrates: sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose, and lactose are examples of _____
disaccharides
Force generated when a muscle lengthens is referred to as an:
eccentric contraction
hinge joint
elbow
A technique for measuring the electrical activity within the muscle is called:
electromyography
a technique for measuring the electrical activity within the muscle is called
electromyography
vitamin K is important in
electron transport chain
lactate threshold
exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood at a level greater than that observed at rest
An investigation involves the manipulation of variables while measuring the subsequent effects on other variables defines a(n):
experiment
Fast Twitch Type II
fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) (IIa) fast-twitch glycolytic fibers (IIb)
triglycerides
fat important for energy
cholesterol
fat that is important for -maintaining integrity of cell membranes -manufacturing hormones
vitamin C is important for
formation and maintenance of collagen (connective tissue)
in which anatomical plane does abduction and adduction occur?
frontal (coronal)
general function of motor cortex
generates neural impulses for execution of movement
what form of carbohydrates are stored in skeletal muscles?
glycogen
According to the CDC, the number of deaths for women due to COPD during the period 1999-2006 has
had no significant change
According to the CDC the number of deaths for women due to COPD during the period 1999-2006:
has remained stable
demands for 3 energy systems
high demand/short duration: ATP+PC Cycle intermediate demands/lactate production: Anaerobic Glycolysis long duration: Aerobic Glycolysis
overload principle
improvements in performance capacity occur when regular physical activity is increased above the level that the performer usually experiences
The ACSM position regarding bone health is that an exercise program for the elderly should
include activities to improve balance and prevent falls
Physical activity
includes activities of daily living, work, sport, dance, and play as well as exercise for improvement of health and physical fitness, rehabilitation from injury, disability, and disease, and conditioning and training for athletics and other high performance activities.
Extension
increases the angle between two bones at a joint(sagital)
The dose response curve reported by a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM suggests that
individuals identified as having low baseline activity status will experience the largest return in health benefits from participation in a regular program of physical activity
reflex stage
involuntary movement elicited by a particular source of sensory stimulation
motor unit
is a single motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor unit is activated, all of its fibers contract.
Kinesiology
is an academic discipline with physical activity as its intellectual focus addressing its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life.
Experiment
is an investigation in which a researcher manipulates variables (independent variables, e.g., Creatine) while measuring the subsequent effects on other variables (dependent variables, e.g., Recovery)
A fast twitch motor unit would not have which of the following characteristics?
is associated with nerve fibers of relatively small diameter
Making Observations
is the academic discipline which involves the study of physical activity and its impact on health, human performance, society, and quality of life.
A muscle contraction that involves an increase in force while the muscle maintains the same length is calculated as
isometric contraction
preferred fuel for heart
lactate
Arteries
large vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins
large vessels that carry blood toward the heart
physical activity for the aerobic cycle
long, slow distance, 20 minutes or longer
Compact bone
low porosity
VO2 max
maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilized in a given amount of time during maximal effort
condyloid joint
metacarpal bone
Capillaries
microscopic vessels between the arteries and veins. Site of gas exchange in muscle and alveoli.
The anatomical plane separating the human body into right and left segments is referred to as:
midsagittal plane
Which of the following assesses central tendency
mode
carbohydrates: glucose (blood sugar) and fructose are examples of _______
monosaccharides
A nerve that transmits signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscle is called a
motor nerve
a phase is a more functional description describing development in terms of the types of _____ _____ that are exhibited
movement behaviors
function of premotor cortex
movements guided by sensory information (externally generated)
Abduction
moving a segment away from the midline of the body(frontal plane)
Adduction
moving segment toward the midline of the body(frontal plane)
Strength gains are obtained from
neural adaptations and muscle hypertrophy
proteins
nitrogen containing compounds formed by amino acids
"A six-week rather than a 3-week resistive exercise program will influence the resting heart rate of adults over the age of 65 years." This hypothesis would best be described as a (n):
non-directional experimental hypothesis
The correct order for features of the pulmonary system is
nose; trachea; bronchioles; alveolus
correct order of air pathway
nose; trachea; bronchioles; alveolus
The correct order is:
nose; trachea; broncioles; alveolus
The correct order of air entering the body is
nose; trachea; broncioles; alveolus
Heart Rate (beats/min)
number of cardiac cycles per minute
heart rate (beats/minute)
number of cardiac cycles per minute
AHA recommended ratio of total cholesterol to HDL
optimum- 3.5:1 goal to keep below- 5:1
somatotopic
organized like the body
process of describing motor learning/rehabilitation: what form might changes take place on a behavioral level?
performance is: -more accurate (faster) -more consistent -persistent -adaptable (maybe) -economical
According to a group of experts convened by the CDC and ACSM "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure" defines
physical activity
The only intervention that has the capacity to both increase bone mass and strength as well as reducing the risk of falling in older populations is
physical activity
function of supplemental motor area (SMA)
planning and coordinating subparts of complex actions
joint
point of connection between two bones
carbohydrates: starch and glycogen are examples of _____
polysaccharides
According to Deschenes & Kraemer the product of force and velocity defines:
power
According to Deschenes & Kraemer, the product of force and velocity defines
power
wingate test can be used to measure
power -peak anaerobic power -anaerobic capacity
Flexion
reduces the angle between two bones at a joint(sagital)
flexion vs extention
reduces vs increases the angle between two bones at a joint
According to the ASCM's position stand on physical activity and bone health, "the benefits of exercise on bone may not persist if the exercise is markedly reduced." In this statement they are referencing which principle of training
reversibility
Which of the following is correct?
right atria; right ventricle; pulmonary artery; pulmonary vein; left atria; left ventricle
Point of the skeletal system?
rigid internal framework area to attach muscles producing movement protection of organs provides red blood cells minerals (Ca2+)
in which anatomical plane does flexion and extension occur?
sagittal plane
Excessive sideways curvature of the spine is called
scoliosis
Excessive sideways curvature of the spine is called:
scoliosis
A nerve that collects information from receptors throughout the body and transmits this information back toward the CNS is called a(n):
sensory nerve
a nerve that collects information from receptors throughout the body and transmits this information back toward the CNS is called a(n)
sensory nerve
ball and socket joint
shoulder
Scoliosis is best characterized as
sideways curvature of the spine
anthropometric measures deal with measurements of
size, proportions, and composition of the human body
Slow Twitch Type I
slow oxidative
A muscle that exhibits involuntary control, is fatigue resistant, contracts in a slow and uniform manner, is best described as a:
smooth muscle
a muscle that exhibits involuntary control, is fatigue resistant, and contracts in a slow manner is best described as a
smooth muscle
the specificity principle leads to
specific physiological responses and adaptation
specificity principle states that the responses to exercise are
specific to the nature or type of exercise performed
the _____ principle applies to: strength muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance coordination motor patterns joint angle of movement speed of muscle contraction type of muscle contraction
specificity
null hypothesis
statement of no difference
The maximal amount of force exerted in a single attempt defines:
strength
Lactate Threshold:
the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood at a level greater than that observed at rest.
maturation
timetable of developmental events that lead to optimum integration and functioning of the body's systems
According to the CDC the leading cause of COPD is
tobacco use
According to the CDC the leading cause of COPD is:
tobacco use
The transverse plane is one that separates the body into
top and bottom
function of high density lipoproteins
transports cholesterol from vessel walls
function of low density lipoproteins
transports cholesterol to vessel walls
in which anatomical plane does pronation and supination occur?
transverse (horizontal)
in which anatomical plane does rotation occur?
transverse (horizontal)
which form of fat is stored in muscle?
tryglycerides
Units for power are
watts
Supination
when the palm is moved to face anterior (transverse)
Pronation (Prone Position)
when the palm is moved to face posterior (transverse)
supination (supine position)
when the palm is moved to face anterior
pronation (prone position)
when the palm is moved to face posterior
According to Deschenes & Kraemer functional constituents of the neuromuscular system would not include which of the following
work
BMI
wt(kg)/ht^2(m) Normative data, does not take into account muscle
Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to assess body composition by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and involves a combination of height (in meters) and weight (in kg). The correct combination of these two measures to calculate BMI is:
wt/ht^2
Position Analysis
x, y, z coordinates of body segment (COM)