Unit 1 Chapter 2

Cohort studies and case-control studies

Observational epidemiological research includes:

Cannot

Observational epidemiological studies _____ establish causation.

Registered dietician

One of the best sources to consult with in order to solve nutrition imbalances is a

1. Make observations 2. Develop a hypothesis 3. Design the study and preform tests 4. Analyze data and draw conclusions 5. Share results with peers

Organize the basic steps of experimental epidemiological research in order from start to finish.

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

Has completed rigorous work in nutrition, participates in continuing education, and has completed rigorous clinical training in nutrition

The RD credential indicates that the person

First

The _____ amendment to the US constitution guarentees freedom of the press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information.

FDA

The _____ is the federal agency responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.

Adds to a persons dietary intake, and contains one or more dietary ingredients

The dietary supplements health and education act (DSHEA) of 1994 defines a supplement as a product that

Herbal ingredients may interact with prescription medications or other dietary supplements.

Use of dietary supplements, especially medicinal herbs, should be shared with health care providers because

Testimonial

When someone with notoriety is paid for their endorsement of a product, this is called a _____ and this is why it should not be considered valid.

Correlation

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be _____ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

Echinacea, fish oil, and beta carotene

Which of the following are examples of dietary supplements?

Whole-grain cereals, fruits, and vegetables

Which of the following are examples of whole foods?

Avoid practitioners who prescribe unnecessary megadoses of nutrients, apply healthy nutrition practices to confirm or disprove claims, examine the scientific credentials of the individual or company making a claim, and read the product labels carefully.

Which of the following are suggestions to help consumers make healthful and logical nutrition decisions?

Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis, scientists summarize the findings, and scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals.

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment

Reading peer-reviewed journals

Which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information?

There is little evidence that they are effective

Which statement is true about no nutrient dietary supplements.

Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation, and person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation.

Who are the subjects in a case-control study?

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

Random

_____ assignment of subjects to groups in a research study helps to ensure that members of treatment and control groups have similar characteristics. This enhances the validity of the study results.

Pseudoscience

_____ is the presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods

Quackery

_____ promotes useless medical treatments.

Registered dietitian

A _____ _____ is a college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition.

Control

A _____ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

Variable

A _____ is a factor such as a persons age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

It enables scientist to control the influence of other variables in the study, and it allows scientists to determine if a treatment had an effect.

A control group is important for which of the following reasons?

May be natural or man-made, is a substance that alters body functions, and may have beneficial as well as harmful effects

A drug

Testimonial

A famous football player appears in a advertisement for a new sports drink and he endorses the use of this drink to enhance performance. This is called a

Treatment

A person in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the _____ group.

Is usually a registered dietitian, has extensive college coursework in nutrition, and has experience in the application of scientific methodology.

A true nutrition expert ______

Cohort

A type of epidemiological study where researchers observe a population and collect data over time is called a _____ study.

Control

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and _____ group.

Experiment

A(n) _____ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

Anecdote

A(n) ______ is a report of personal experiences.

Double-blind studies

An experimental design in which neither the investigator not the subjects are aware of each participants group assignment is called _____ _____.

Uses personal testimonials, is widespread in our culture, and promotes purchase of special products.

Nutrition misinformation, or nutrition fiction, _____.

Scientific

Nutrition researchers rely on the _____ method, which involves making observations, asking questions, and developing hypotheses.

Their occurrence, and their distribution

Epidemiology is the study of several characteristics of health problems in populations including

A treatment group

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize

Vivo, Vitro

Experiments using whole, living organisms are classified as in _____, whereas "test tube" experiments are classified as in _____.

Placebo

In an experiment, a "sugar pill" or fake injection is called a(n)

Evidence based

Information based on the results of scientific studies is called _____ _____ information.

Poor diets and lack of proper nutrition

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of _____

Supplements

Boosting nutrient intakes, preventing diseases, and enhancing good health are all reasons why many people take dietary _____.

The FDA evaluates supplements as foods, not medication.

Consumers are often unaware that

Can

Dietary supplements _____ interact and influence with other medications.

Nutrient pills, protein powders, and energy drinks

Dietary supplements include

Deficiency

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient _____ diseases.

Supplements

Echinacea, acidophilus, and garlic are all examples of dietary ______.

Cannot

Epidemiological studies _____ establish causation.

Physical examinations of, and surveys of

Epidemiologists often rely on _____ people to obtain health data.