Unit 2

Obesity becomes more difficult to change after age:

2

Womens frontal lobe develop

20's

Armando is in middle childhood. That means he is between the ages of:

6-11

"Real" school should probably begin at age _____ because by this time children have entered concrete operations.

7

Pruning of the frontal lobes does not begin until a person reaches about _____ years old.

9

The large _____ make(s) the human brain special compared to other animals' brains.

Frontal lobes; involved in thinking and reasoning

static reasoning

Static reasoning occurs when a child assumes that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it.

Why can't 1-year-old children be potty trained?

Their neurons have not myelinated, and their frontal lobes have not developed.

_____ is the crucial ability that allows people to relate to others in a give-and-take way.

Theory of Mind

Aggressive children may misinterpret other people's behaviors; they believe these behaviors are intentionally bad and directed at them personally. This unrealistic view of the world is called a:

hostile attributional bias.

The German astronomer/mathematician Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) used the planetary tables of Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). Kepler's work was later used by English mathematician Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in his theories on gravitation. This illustrates the principle that:

humans have the potential to build on previous generation's intellectual advances.

phonemes

one syllable long

Two-year-old Gage says "kitty" every time he sees any four-legged animal. This illustrates:

overextension

Overextensions show that the child doesn't understand:

semantics

Rachel has lined up her dolls from smallest to biggest. Rachel has mastered the Piagetian task called:

seriation

The emergence of theory of mind is NOT predicted by:

size of the amygdala

As a new elementary school teacher, Chloe is trying to figure out how to be more effective at scaffolding. Her mentor would NOT recommend:

sticking to the recommended curriculum for every child.

Today, the top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children affects roughly one in nine children. It is:

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

_____ refers to the frontal lobe's ability to inhibit one's responses and to plan and direct one's thinking.

Executive function

_____ are the smallest unit of meaning in a particular language.

Morphemes

Theory-of-mind abilities emerge:

about age 4

Animism

belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive.

What are humans able to do that no other animals can do?

build on each generation's intellectual advances.

A color-matching activity is within Cleo's zone of proximal development. In other words, Cleo:

can perform this activity with guidance or is being taught by a more skilled person.

Piaget's concept of egocentrism explains why young children:

cannot adopt another person's point of view.

Karen knows that her Aunt Mary is an aunt. She does not understand that Mary is also someone's sister. This displays the concept of:

centering

Which term involves focusing on one idea or aspect of something, to the exclusion of all others?

centering

According to Jean Piaget, which is one of the factors that limit a preoperational child's thinking?

centration

When do most people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?

elementary school

Disruptive and aggressive behavior may indicate _____, while timidity and self-consciousness may indicate _____. Both show problems with _____.

externalizing tendencies; internalizing tendencies; emotion regulation

Joshua is 5 years old and will begin kindergarten this year. His parents have patiently been working with him as he buttons his shirt, and they allow him to cut his own food at dinner with a knife, giving help when he needs it. As a result, it is likely that Joshua will soon master these:

fine motor skills

Strength is a factor that would figure very little into the development of _____ such as drawing and writing.

fine motor skills

skills that involve small body movements, such as pouring liquids and cutting food, are called:

fine motor skills

Chelsea is 18 years old and has just acquired her driver's license. Despite her mother's warnings, she still acts impulsively when she drives. For example, she always speeds up to "beat" yellow lights, and she changes lanes without looking. Chelsea's impulsivity may be caused by the slow development of her:

frontal

While at preschool, 3-year-old Felipe yanks a toy out of the hands of another child. His mother observes this and is upset by Felipe's behavior. When she describes what happened to her brother, who is a developmental psychologist, he explains that Felipe's behavior is due to an immature:

frontal lobe

Poor nutrition in the developing world can cause all of the following EXCEPT:

genetic disorders but it can cause: slowed body growth, lethargy, and impaired social cognition

Children with ADHD learn better:

in noisy environments.

Young children whose mission is to courageously test their abilities in the world would are described by Erik Erikson as facing which psychosocial task?

initiative versus guilt

Four-year-old Jose just received a game that involves placing foam numbers into a template. As Jose looks for where each number belongs, his mother notices that he is mumbling "eight," "six," etc. Jose is using what Vygotsky called _____ to master this task.

inner speech

Melinda is the oldest of four children. Grace is the second child, and Randolph is the third. Jennifer was born last. Which child will be most motivated to develop theory-of-mind abilities at the youngest age?

jennifer

Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child's belief that nothing that is done can be undone?

lack of reversibility

Humans have _____ than other specie

larger cerebral cortex

Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and give up on tasks without trying have developed:

learned helplessness.

Boys and girls between the ages 6 and 11 are in the _____ stage of life.

middle childhood

Jenny says, "Me going car." This sentence has three:

morphenes

One reason why relational aggression becomes common in girls, is that, _______ aggression is severely sanctioned in females.

overt, or physical

In childhood many fine motor skills, such as buttoning shirts, writing with a pencil, and cutting food, are mastered as long as children have:

practice, the right nutrition and the brain has matured.`

According to Jean Piaget, centration is one of the factors that limit thinking during the _____ stage.

preoperational

Theresa thinks that her sister is a princess when she wears a tiara in her hair and a servant when she wears old clothes. Theresa is in the _____ stage, and is probably _____.

preoperational; in preschool

As a society, which is NOT an essential step toward combating childhood obesity?

putting overweight children on strict diets

Focus on Appearance

refers to a characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent.

Theory of mine

refers to a person's theory of what other people might be thinking; it is an advance in thinking, not a limitation.

Which environmental intervention is helpful in relieving Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms?

regular recess breaks

Because she does not have a pen and paper (or a GPS) in her car, Brittany memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Brittany is using a learning strategy called:

rehearsal

Amy is jealous that her friend Beth is getting to know a new girl at school. Amy doesn't want Beth to like the new girl better than her, so she starts a rumor that the new girl has been talking badly about Beth behind her back in the hopes that this will end the relationship. This type of behavior is called _____ aggression.

relational

U.S. prejudice against obese children has _____ over the past few decades. Incorrect: declined

risen

Mrs. Taylor gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a specific skill. Mrs. Taylor is using a teaching technique called:

scaffolding

Seriation

the ability to put objects in order according to some principle.

Mean length of utterance

the average number of morphemes per sentence.

Renee Baillargeon's experiment involving two kinds of false-belief sequences showed how _______ can develop before toddlers can articulate their understanding in words.

theory of mind

Samantha recently figured out that her father does not know what she is thinking. She has discovered that she can tell lies, and her father often believes them. This suggests that Samantha has developed:

theory of mind

Harry has externalizing problems and often interrupts other children when they are playing. According to the text, the BEST approach for correcting Harry's behavior is:

to gently explain to him that other kids don't like it when he barges in on their games.

Piaget _____ young children's cognitive capacities.

underestimated

Jean Piaget has been criticized for:

underestimating children's abilities during early childhood.

During early childhood, the neurons in the _______ are in their pruning phase. This explains why, compared to impulse control, humans rapidly develop vision and master basic physical milestones such as walking, at a relatively young age

visual and motor cortices