Unit 2 AP Psych

The autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in

digesting food

sympathetic nervous sytsem

division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body

antagonist

drug that blocks cell receptors

A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called

electroencephalography (EEG)

Assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represent a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. Mating a female Rr rat with a male RR rat will produce offspring that are

100% runners

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?

A decrease in heart rate

Which scenario best exemplifies Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?

A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation.

Which of the following is classified as an antagonist?

A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.

Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?

Amygdala

Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage?

Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure

Epilepsy

In extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions

James was born with a condition that makes it impossible for him to metabolize certain proteins. Due to early screening and a special diet, he was able to avoid developing potentially serious symptoms. Which of the following disorders does James have?

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

In which of the following techniques do researchers inject a harmless, radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity?

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?

Reticular formation

The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are

SSRIs

Myelin Sheath

Structure that enables greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

Medulla

The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the

Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron?

The terminal buttons

Action potential

a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon

refractory period

a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired

agonist

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action

axon

a neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons

all or none response

a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing at all

Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to

absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron

Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by

afferent neurons

Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following?

aggression

A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question ?

alcohol

EEG

amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity across the brain's surface

An individual was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a mild tingling on the right side ofthe face and a sudden inability to speak. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a doctor would likely find

an abnormality in the brain tissue of the left hemisphere

Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in

an increase in respiratory rate

Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an

antagonist

A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in

autonomic arousal

medula oblongata

base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

genes

biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes

occipital lobe

brain region including areas that receive information from the visual fields

sensory neurons

carry information from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord

Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the

cerebellum

During the high-wire act, Grace walks along a rope suspended 30 feet above the circus floor. Which of the following is most involved in helping Grace coordinate her movements and maintain her balance during the performance?

cerebellum (rope)

Melatonin

chemical is most closely associated with sleep

hormones

chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

DNA

complex molecule containing the genetic information; makes up the chromosomes

An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty

comprehending a spoken request for information

The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called

dendrite

Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as

depressant

Most glands in the human body are a part of which system?

endocrine

Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as

endorphins

epigenetics

environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

environment/nurture

every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A child's sex is genetically determined by the

father

Lucid dreaming occurs when people

have dreams in which they are aware that they are dreaming

hypothalamus

helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Linked to emotion and reward

hippocampus

helps process for the storage of explicit memories of facts and events

Professor Janeja is studying which brain regions are involved in learning to correctly navigate a maze task. She randomly assigns half of a group of mice to get a lesion in one area of the brain. The other half does not get a lesion. Based on the following graph, where in the brain is the most likely site of the lesion?

hippocampus

blindsight

how a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the

hypothalamus

Broca's area

if this region of the brain is damaged, the individual will be physically unable to produce speech

Brain lateralization refers to the

inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other

dual processing

information often simultaneously processed on conscious and unconscious tracks

association areas

involves higher mental functions like learning, thinking, and speaking

corpus callosum

large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres

For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the

left cerebral hemisphere

The network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory is the

limbic system

Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?

loss of motor coordination

Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?

narcolepsy

endorphin

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

lesioning

naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all

neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse

REM

period of intense eye and brain wave activity while sleeping

autonomic nervous system

peripheral nervous system which controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs

The brain's ability to adapt after it is damaged is known as

plasticity

heritablity

proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is

reduced inhibition

brainstem

region of the brain responsible for automatic survival functions

pituitary gland

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called

reuptake

An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the

right visual cortex

circadian rhythm

roughly 24-hour sleep-wake cycle

adrenal glands

secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient's sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms?

sleep apnea

During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

sleep apnea

narcolpesy

sleep disorder in which individuals experience periods of intense drowsiness and inappropriate sleeping

awake but drowsy

stage of consciousness associated with the production of alpha waves

pineal gland

structure responsible for the production of melatonin

Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following biological systems is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety?

sympathetic nervous system

PET scan

test that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain does a given task

cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem

Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as

the absolute refractory phase

motor cortex

the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

central nervous system

the brain and spinal cord are part of which structural division of the nervous system

plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood

cerebral cortex

the brain's outer surface of interconnected neural cells

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons

heredity

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is

the myelin sheath

limbic system

the neural system that includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus

dendrites

the neuron's branching extensions that receive and integrate messages

Abnormalities in calcium regulation are most likely to arise from problems with

the parathyroid gland

frontal lobe

the portion of the cerebral cortex involved in making plans and judgments

parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as

the refractory period

endocrine system

the set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

sperry and gazzaniga

the two researchers best known for their work in split-brain studies

motor neurons

these carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

neurotransmitters

these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron

molecular behavior genetics

this area of research studies the molecular structure and function of genes

somatosensory cortex

this brain region receives sensory input for touch and body position

monozygotic

twins that develop from a single fertilized eggs that splits in two

dizygotic

twins that develop from separate fertilized eggs

Damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to be associated with difficulty in

understanding language

Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's

vision

Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a

visual deficit