Unit 2 AP Psych
The autonomic nervous system is most directly involved in
digesting food
sympathetic nervous sytsem
division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body
antagonist
drug that blocks cell receptors
A participant in a study of music perception listens to music with electrodes attached to her scalp while data are collected on the activity of her brain. This technique is called
electroencephalography (EEG)
Assume that R represents a dominant gene in rats for normal running and that r represent a recessive gene in rats for an abnormal gait called waltzing. Mating a female Rr rat with a male RR rat will produce offspring that are
100% runners
Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in which of the following?
A decrease in heart rate
Which scenario best exemplifies Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection?
A mutation in a species of lizards that allows them to better blend into their surroundings leads to greater survival and more offspring possessing this mutation in a later generation.
Which of the following is classified as an antagonist?
A tricyclic antidepressant, because they block serotonin and norepinephrine transporters.
Damage to which of the following brain structures may cause the inability to detect the emotional significance of facial expressions, especially those demonstrating fear?
Amygdala
Which of the following groups of characteristics best describes the REM sleep stage?
Fast breathing, relatively high heart rate, relatively high blood pressure
Epilepsy
In extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which of the following conditions
James was born with a condition that makes it impossible for him to metabolize certain proteins. Due to early screening and a special diet, he was able to avoid developing potentially serious symptoms. Which of the following disorders does James have?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
In which of the following techniques do researchers inject a harmless, radioactive substance into the living human brain to examine activity?
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
Significant damage to which of the following parts of the brain will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?
Reticular formation
The drugs that block the reabsorption of neurotransmitters in the synapse during neural transmission are
SSRIs
Myelin Sheath
Structure that enables greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next
Medulla
The area of the brain stem that is important in controlling breathing is the
Neurotransmitters are typically stored in which of the following parts of a neuron?
The terminal buttons
Action potential
a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
refractory period
a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired
agonist
a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action
axon
a neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons
all or none response
a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing at all
Reuptake of a neurotransmitter refers to
absorption of the neurotransmitter into the terminal buttons of the sending neuron
Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by
afferent neurons
Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce which of the following?
aggression
A certain drug reduces the activity of the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebellum. It affects several neurotransmitters, most notably gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Which of the following is most like the drug in question ?
alcohol
EEG
amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity across the brain's surface
An individual was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a mild tingling on the right side ofthe face and a sudden inability to speak. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a doctor would likely find
an abnormality in the brain tissue of the left hemisphere
Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system results in
an increase in respiratory rate
Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an
antagonist
A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in
autonomic arousal
medula oblongata
base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
genes
biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes
occipital lobe
brain region including areas that receive information from the visual fields
sensory neurons
carry information from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord
Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the
cerebellum
During the high-wire act, Grace walks along a rope suspended 30 feet above the circus floor. Which of the following is most involved in helping Grace coordinate her movements and maintain her balance during the performance?
cerebellum (rope)
Melatonin
chemical is most closely associated with sleep
hormones
chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
DNA
complex molecule containing the genetic information; makes up the chromosomes
An individual with damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to have difficulty
comprehending a spoken request for information
The part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons is called
dendrite
Based on its effects on the central nervous system, alcohol can be classified as
depressant
Most glands in the human body are a part of which system?
endocrine
Painkilling substances produced by the brain are known as
endorphins
epigenetics
environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
environment/nurture
every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
A child's sex is genetically determined by the
father
Lucid dreaming occurs when people
have dreams in which they are aware that they are dreaming
hypothalamus
helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Linked to emotion and reward
hippocampus
helps process for the storage of explicit memories of facts and events
Professor Janeja is studying which brain regions are involved in learning to correctly navigate a maze task. She randomly assigns half of a group of mice to get a lesion in one area of the brain. The other half does not get a lesion. Based on the following graph, where in the brain is the most likely site of the lesion?
hippocampus
blindsight
how a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
The part of the endocrine system that is responsible for overseeing and regulating the release of hormones across the entire body is the
hypothalamus
Broca's area
if this region of the brain is damaged, the individual will be physically unable to produce speech
Brain lateralization refers to the
inclination for certain cognitive processes to be specialized to one hemisphere of the brain or the other
dual processing
information often simultaneously processed on conscious and unconscious tracks
association areas
involves higher mental functions like learning, thinking, and speaking
corpus callosum
large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres
For most people, speech functions are primarily localized in the
left cerebral hemisphere
The network of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory is the
limbic system
Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in which of the following problems?
loss of motor coordination
Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely being treated?
narcolepsy
endorphin
natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
lesioning
naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue
Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are all
neurotransmitters that excite or inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
REM
period of intense eye and brain wave activity while sleeping
autonomic nervous system
peripheral nervous system which controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs
The brain's ability to adapt after it is damaged is known as
plasticity
heritablity
proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes
A common psychological effect of alcohol intake is
reduced inhibition
brainstem
region of the brain responsible for automatic survival functions
pituitary gland
regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the neuron after it fires is called
reuptake
An image projected to the left visual field of a split-brained person will be processed in the
right visual cortex
circadian rhythm
roughly 24-hour sleep-wake cycle
adrenal glands
secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress
A patient reports constant sleepiness. A series of tests reveal that the patient's sleep is frequently disrupted by periods of interrupted breathing and brief awakenings. Which of the following diagnoses would account for such symptoms?
sleep apnea
During the night, Alicia stops breathing repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?
sleep apnea
narcolpesy
sleep disorder in which individuals experience periods of intense drowsiness and inappropriate sleeping
awake but drowsy
stage of consciousness associated with the production of alpha waves
pineal gland
structure responsible for the production of melatonin
Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the
sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following biological systems is most likely responsible for an increase in heart rate while experiencing anxiety?
sympathetic nervous system
PET scan
test that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain does a given task
cerebellum
the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem
Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as
the absolute refractory phase
motor cortex
the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord are part of which structural division of the nervous system
plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood
cerebral cortex
the brain's outer surface of interconnected neural cells
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
heredity
the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring
During neuronal firing, the part of the neuron that acts as an insulator and conductor to speed the electrical impulse as it travels down the axon is
the myelin sheath
limbic system
the neural system that includes the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus
dendrites
the neuron's branching extensions that receive and integrate messages
Abnormalities in calcium regulation are most likely to arise from problems with
the parathyroid gland
frontal lobe
the portion of the cerebral cortex involved in making plans and judgments
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
The time shortly after a neuron fires is referred to as
the refractory period
endocrine system
the set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
sperry and gazzaniga
the two researchers best known for their work in split-brain studies
motor neurons
these carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
neurotransmitters
these travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron
molecular behavior genetics
this area of research studies the molecular structure and function of genes
somatosensory cortex
this brain region receives sensory input for touch and body position
monozygotic
twins that develop from a single fertilized eggs that splits in two
dizygotic
twins that develop from separate fertilized eggs
Damage to Wernicke's area is most likely to be associated with difficulty in
understanding language
Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely affect a person's
vision
Damage to a small part of the occipital lobe would most likely result in a
visual deficit