UNIT 2

A joint a) is also known as an articulation. b) is a point of contact between two bones. c) is a point of contact between bone and cartilage. d) is a point of contact between bone and teeth. e) all of the above

All of the above

Pennate muscles have a) a large number of short-fibered fascicles distributed over their tendons. b) greater power than parallel muscles. c) greater range of motion than parallel muscles. d) A and B e) A, B, and C

a large number of short fibered fascicles distributed over their tendons, greater power than parallel muscles and greater range of motion than parallel muscles

Skeletal muscles a) that produce movements do so by exerting force on tendons that pull on bones or other structures (such as skin). b) comprise the Muscular System. c) cross at least one joint in most cases. d) move articulating bones at joints. e) all of the above

all of the above

ligaments may A) be dense regular connective tissue B) be dense irregular connective tissue C) serve as intrinsic binding structures within a joint D) serve as extrinsic supporting bands that stabilize joints E) all of the above

all of the above

Articular discs found in some synovial joints

are located in the space between the ends of the bones

What structure encloses the synovial joint and synovial cavity?

articular capsule

What structure(s) of the synovial joint absorb(s) shock from external forces that are placed on it?

articular cartilage, synovial fluid, hyaline cartilage covering the articulating surface of bones

Which feature goes with the shoulder (humeroscapular) joint? a) sphenomandibular ligament b) glenoid labrum c) radial annular ligament d) zona orbicularis e) acetabular labrum

b) glenoid labrum

Which joint could be called a saddle joint?

between trapezium and first metacarpal

Which structural joint category has cartilage joining the ends of the articulating bones?

cartilaginous

Which of the following descriptions best describes epimysium? a) A thin wrapping of mostly reticular fibers that surrounds each muscle fiber. b) A dense irregular connective tissue covering for a muscle fiber bundle (fascicle). c) Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds a muscle, holding fascicles together. d) None of the above.

dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds a muscle holding fascicles together

Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle contain what type(s) of cell junctions? a) desmosomes and gap junctions. b) tight junctions only c) gap junctions and tight junctions d) hemidesmosomes

desmosomes and gap junctions

This functional joint category has the greatest amount of movement

diarthrosis

Which joint shows a hinge motion?

elbow joint

The connective tissue that surrounds and separates individual skeletal muscle fibers (cells) is called _____. a) sarcolemma b) fascia c) endomysium d) epimysium

endomysium

In an X-Ray of a young person's skeleton, what are easily seen as thin dark areas between the white-appearing bone tissue?

epiphyseal cartilages

Fibrous connective tissue firmly holds the articular surfaces of bones together

fibrous joints

A good description for a plane joint is

flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle differs in that it: a) contracts for shorter periods of time. b) has a short refractory period. c) has a different arrangement of thick and thin filaments. d) has branching cells.

has branching cells

Which of the following terms could describe a joint at which flexion and extension are the only movements? 1. pivot joint 2. hinge joint 3. monaxial joint 4. biaxial joint

hinge joint and monaxial joint

Alternating the turning of the palm of the hand toward the ceiling and then turning it toward the floor is a movement of the forearm. This movement...

includes pronation, includes supination, does not occur at the radiocarpal joint

Fibrous joints A) consist of sutures, synchondroses, and interosseous membranes B) are joints that join together bones with dense regular connective tissue C) may, in some cases become a synostosis D) A & B E) A,B, C

may, in some cases become a synostosis

Which feature goes with the knee joint? a) medial and lateral menisci b) glenoid labrum c) radial annular ligament d) zona orbicularis e) acetabular labrum

medial and lateral menisci

As a general rule: A) less mobile joints are less stable B) more mobile joints are more stable C) more mobile joints are less stable D) A and B E) A and C

more mobile joints are less stable

which of the following statements about joint classifications is true? A) symphyses are synarthrotic B) most synchondroses are diarthrotic C) most synovial joints are dirthrotic D) all of the choices are correct?

most synovial joints are diarthrotic

Which sequence is in the correct order from largest to smallest? a) muscle fiber, myofibril, fascicle, filaments b) myofibril, fascicle, filaments, muscle fiber c) muscle, muscle fiber, myofibril, fascicle d) muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril

muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril

One sarcomere contains all of the following EXCEPT: a) the H zone b) myosin c) myofibrils d) the M line

myofibrils

During contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber: a) the thick filaments meet at the center of the sarcomere. b) the sarcomere length does not change. c) actin and myosin molecules contract, causing filaments to shorten. d) myosin cross-bridges (heads) move the thin filaments so that their ends meet or overlap in the center of the sarcomere.

myosin cross-bridges (heads) move the thin filaments so that their ends meet or overlap in the center of the sarcomere.

An example of a syndesmosis is a

periodontal ligament

Pointing the toes downward and raising the heel, on your tiptoes is called:

plantar flexion

Which joint shows the motion called rotation? a) acromioclavicular b) wrist c) intertarsal d) interphalangeal e) radioulnar

radioulnar

In skeletal muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): a) forms transverse (T) tubules. b) is similar to the Golgi complex. c) contains extracellular fluid. d) releases Ca2+ to trigger contraction.

releases CA2+ to trigger contraction

The primary type of movement permitted at a pivot joint is

rotation

Concerning diarthroses, one may speculate that as mobility increases, _____ decreases.

stability

If a joint is enclosed in a tough connective tissue capstule and if it contains a joint cavity, it is classified as a:

synovial

Place the following events in the correct order. 1. ACh is released into the synaptic cleft. 2. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. 3. A muscle action potential is triggered. 4. An action potential arrives at the synaptic end bulb. 5. ACh binds to receptors on the motor end plate. a) 2, 4, 5, 1, 3 b) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5 c) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5 d) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3

D - an action potential arrives at the synaptic end bulb, synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, ACH is released into the synaptic cleft, ACH binds to receptors on the motor end plate and a muscle action potential is triggered

which tissue found at the end of a bone reduces friction in a joint?

Hyaline (articular) cartilage

Which of the following is/are TRUE? 1. Synergists are muscles that oppose the agonist. 2. Agonists contract while the antagonists relax. 3. The biceps brachii and the triceps brachii are an antagonistic pair

agonists contract while the antagonists relax and the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii are an antagonistic pair

Which is a correct statement? A) a muscle fiber contains myobrils B) myofibril contains thick and thin filaments C) thick and thin filametns are arranged into sarcomeres D)All of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

This functional joint category is slightly movable

amphiarthrosis

Which joint is the most frequently injured of the major joints of the body?

ankle (talocrural)

What type of synovial joint is found between the humerus head and the glenoid cavity at the shoulder (between scapula and humerus)?

ball and socket joint

The fleshy portion, between tendons, of a muscle is called the a) belly. b) body. c) bundle. d) A and B e) A, B, and C

belly and body

Which joint shows a pivot motion?

between atlas and dens of axis

Which joint allows a gliding movement to occur?

between tarsal bones

The strength of movement produced by a muscle depends upon how close to the joint it is attached. A muscle attached farther away will produce a more powerful movement than one attached nearer the joint. a) Both statements are true. b) Both statements are false. c) Statement 1 is true; statement 2 is false. d) Statement 2 is true; statement 1 is false

both statements are true

When examined microscopically, striations are visible in the _____ muscle tissues a) cardiac and skeletal b) smooth and skeletal c) cardiac and smooth d) skeletal ONLY

cardiac and skeletal

Epiphyseal plates of growing bones may be classified as A) cartilaginous joints B) synarthrotic joints C) syndesmoses D) cartilaginous joints and synarthrotic joints E) cartilaginous joints and syndesmoses

cartilaginous joints and synarhtrotic joints

the junction of the first rib with the manubrium of the sternum

contains hyaline cartilage and is a synchondrosis

The ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully when stimulated is:

contractility

The articular cartilage 1. consists of two layers: an outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue and an inner layer of loose connective tissue. 2. firmly binds the articulating bones. 3. covers the surfaces of the articulating bones at a synovial joint. 4. helps absorb shock and reduces friction at a synovial joint. a) 1, 2, and 3 b) 2, 3, and 4 c) 3 and 4 only d) 1 and 2 only

covers the surfaces of the articulating bones at a synovial joint and helps absorb shock and reduces friction at a synovial joint

Which type of joint has the most movement?

diarthrosis

Which of the following statements is/are true? a) There are 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and vascular. b) The 3 types of muscle tissue are all controlled in the same way by the nervous system. c) Skeletal muscle is primarily involuntarily controlled. d) Vascular muscle is found only in the heart. e) none of the above

e) none of the above

The ability of muscular tissue to respond to certain stimuli by producing action potentials is:

excitability

The ability of muscular tissue to be stretched without being damaged is

extensibility

What movement results in the increase in the angle of a joint?

extension

Adduction moves an appendage away from the midline.

false

Large dense irregular connective tissue sheets that protect and group muscles together are called a) fascia. b) fascicles. c) sarcolemma. d) fenestrations. e) none of the above

fascia

The skeletal muscle fibers that fatigue most easily are: 1. red muscle fibers. 2. slow oxidative (type I) fibers. 3. fast glycolytic (type IIb) fibers. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 and 3.

fast glycolytctic type 11b fibers

An increase (hypertrophy) or decrease (atrophy) in muscle size is primarily due to: 1. increased or decreased numbers of muscle cells. 2. increased or decreased deposition of adipose tissue. 3. increased or decreased size of skeletal muscle fibers. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 and 3.

increased or decreased size of skeletal muscle fibers

Which joint shows the motions called inversion and eversion?

intertarsal

Each skeletal muscle a) is an organ. b) contains hundreds to thousands of skeletal muscle cells, known as muscle fibers. c) contains connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fibers. d) A and B e) A, B, and C

is an organ, contains hundreds to thousands of skeletal muscle cells known as fibers, contains connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fibers

A muscle that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover so that the prime mover can act more effectively at a joint a) is called an antagonist. b) is called a synergist. c) is called a fixator. d) A and B e) A and C

is called a fixator

Ordinarily, the insertion of a muscle: 1. in a limb is proximal to the origin. 2. does not move when the muscle contracts. 3. is the movable point of attachment of a muscle. 4. attaches a muscle to a bone or skin.

is the movable point of attachment of a muscle and attaches a muscle to a bone or skin

Which of the following is TRUE of myosin? 1. It is located in the A band of the sarcomere. 2. It binds to tropomyosin during contraction. 3. It forms thick filaments. 4. The molecules are helix shaped. a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 1, 2, 3 only c) 1, 3 only d) 2, 4 only

it is located in the A band, it forms thick filaments

Muscles of Facial Expression do Not include the ___________ muscle(s) A ) orbicularis oris b) risorius c) platysma d) corrugator supercilia e) levator palpebrae superioris

levator palpebrae superioris

Structures that are most responsible for holding bones together at a synovial joint are

ligaments

Neurotransmitter receptors are found where on the sarcolemma? a) transverse (T) tubules b) motor end plate c) sarcoplasmic reticulum d) muscle filaments

motor end plate

Muscle action is the a) movement a muscle is capable of producing at a joint it crosses. b) strength of contraction a muscle is capable of producing. c) area over which a muscle can produce movement. d) A and B

movement a muscle is capable of producing at a joint it crosses and area over which a muscle can produce movement

A small amount of tautness or tension in a skeletal muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units is called _____. a) muscle tone b) an eccentric isotonic contraction c) a concentric isotonic contraction

muscle tone

Within antagonist (opposing) muscle pairs a) one muscle the (agonist) contracts to cause an action while another, the antagonist, stretches and yields to the action of the agonist. b) one muscle (the agonist) stretches and yields to the action of the antagonist, to cause a relaxation/contraction feedback. c) opposing muscles are usually located on opposite sides of a bone or joint. d) A and B e) A and C

one muscle (the agonist) contracts to cause an action while another, the antagonist, stretches and yields to the action of the agonist and opposing muscles are usually located on opposite sides of a bone or joint

A good description for a condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint is

oval-shaped projection fits into an oval depression

This type of synovial joint is found between the atlas and axis This type of synovial joint is found between the atlas and axis. a) Ball-and-socket b) Planar c) Hinge d) Pivot

pivot

What type of synovial joint is found between the scapula and clavicle?

planar

Regarding characteristics used to name muscles, which of the following is incorrectly matched? a) rectus-parallel to midline b) platys-circular c)bicepts - two origins d) brevis - short

platys-circular

Fascicular arrangement in muscles affects a muscle' a) power. b) color. c) range of motion. d) A and B e) A and C

power and range of motion

The articular capsule of the hip joint is one of the strongest in the body. It consists partially of

pubofemoral ligament

Which feature goes with the elbow joint? a) medial and lateral menisci b) glenoid labrum c) radial collateral ligament d) zona orbicularis e) acetabular labrum

radial collateral ligament

The deltoid muscle is named according to: a) orientation of muscle fascicles relative to the body's midline. b) relative shape of the muscle. c) relative size of the muscle. d) location.

relative shape of a muscle

The surfaces of the bones at a gliding joint perform the movement(s) of

side to side movement

_____ muscle fibers (cells) do NOT contain sarcomeres a) Smooth b) Cardiac c) Skeletal d) Smooth and cardiac

smooth

Which feature goes with the temporomandibular joint? a) sphenomandibular ligament b) glenoid labrum c) radial annular ligament d) zona orbicularis e) acetabular labrum

sphenomandibular ligament

The action that moves the palm of the hand into anatomical position is

supination

This movement involves the palm of the hand facing forward or upward.

supination

A __________ is a type of cartilaginous join in which two bones are held together by a disc of fibrocartilage

symphysis

This functional joint category has the least amount of movement.

synarthrosis

Which structural joint category has an articular (joint) capsule?

synovial

Which of the following pairs of terms is most closely associated or matched? a) atlanto-occipital, synchondrosis b) vertebrocostal, synarthrosis c) talocrural (ankle), diarthrosis d) sacroiliac, synarthrosis

talocrural (ankle), diarthrosis

Which joint shows the motions called elevation and depression?

temporomandibular

Which of the following is FALSE regarding skeletal muscle fibers (cells)? A) Each fiber is a single cell with a hundred or more nuclei. b) The cells are cylindrical and are arranged in parallel fashion. c) A skeletal muscle fiber may be up to 30 cm (12 in.) long. d) The myofibrils are arranged at right angles to the long axis of the cell, creating cross striations.

the myofibrils are arranged at right angles to the long axis of the cell creating cross striations

A good description for a ball-and-socket joint is

the only synovial joint that allows triaxial movement

The close association of a transverse (T) tubule and two terminal cisterns forms a: a) sarcomere b) triad c) fasciculus d) cross-bridge.

triad

The ______ protein has direct contact with actin in a muscle in the resting state, while the _____ protein has direct contact with actin in a muscle in the contracting state. a) tropomyosin; myosin b) myosin; troponin c) titin; tropomyosin d) troponin; myomesin

tropomyosin and myosin

The protein that combines with the calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum prior to contraction of a sarcomere is a) tropomyosin. b) troponin c) mysosin d) actin e) ATP

troponin

A bursa is a sac-like structure in a synovial joint that is sometimes present to reduce friction.

true

The knee joint is a hinge joint but can also demonstrate both gliding and rotation movements.

true

The synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid

true

Which best describes the buccinator? a) swimmer's muscle b) trumpeter's muscle c) most important breathing muscle d) boxer's muscle e) "workhorse" of the elbow flexors

trumpeter's muscle

The two types of smooth muscle tissue are: a) visceral (single-unit) and parietal. b) red and white. c) visceral (single-unit) and multiunit. d) radial and circular.

visceral (single unit) and multiunit

This muscle's actions include drawing the angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smilling. a) Risorius m. b) Levator labii superioris m. c) Depressor anguli oris m. d) Orbicularis oris m. e) Zygomaticus major m.

zygomaticus major m.