Unit 2 Ocean 102 Questions

The halocline is a region of what rapidly changing property of seawater? - Polarity - Salinity - Density - Temperature

Salinity

The zigzag pattern on the red line (atmospheric CO2) is driven by fluctuations in?

Seasonal balance between global photosynthesis and respiration

Which has a higher pH? Soda Vinegar Freshwater Seawater

Seawater

The main mechanism driving coral "bleaching" is:

Increased temperatures resulting in starvation

Which of the following are currently being observed in the ocean atmosphere system? Select all that apply. - Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. - Increasing sea surface acidity. - Increasing sea surface temperatures. - Increasing tropical coral growth rates.

Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Increasing sea surface acidity. Increasing sea surface temperatures.

What are the sources of oxygen in the ocean? Select all that apply: - Photosynthesis - Respiration - Atmospheric mixing - Decomposition

Photosynthesis Atmospheric mixing

How does pollution impact coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Pollution can cause disease and mortality in sensitive species Pollution can disrupt overall ecological function Pollution can impede coral growth and reproduction

Which of the following are considered anthropogenic threats to coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Pollution from land or boats Trawling and other damaging fishing techniques Cyanine or blast 'fishing' for aquarium trade

True or False? Natural threats to coral reefs are often more severe because of changing ocean conditions due to anthropogenic actions.

True

True or False? The only way to stop ocean acidification is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere.

True

True or False? When carbon dioxide mixes with ocean water, an acid is formed.

True

Ocean acidification as a result of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes

a reduction in pH levels which decrease coral growth and structural integrity.

Which of the following is NOT considered an essential nutrient for photosynthesis or phytoplankton growth? Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Iron (Fe) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al)

Aluminum (Al)

What was the Washington shellfisheries impact to the state economy last year?

$270,000,000

Which of the following are currently being used to restore coral reefs? Select all that apply.

- Growing corals in nurseries and 'planting' them out on reefs. - Reattaching coral fragments using cement or epoxy putty. - Transplanting coral fragments to protected reefs. - Research to engineer super corals to grow and transplant on reef.

What is the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program doing to help protect corals against global climate change, pollution and over-fishing? Select all that apply.

- NOAA works with communities and fishers to make sure fisheries on reefs are sustainable. - NOAA works with communities to reduce sources of pollution to reefs. - NOAA works to establish protected areas. - NOAA works with scientists to grow and transplant corals. - NOAA monitors coral reefs and reports on the health and damage of the coral ecosystems. - NOAA helps educate people on the importance of and threats to coral reef ecosystems.

Which of the following statements about NRDC are correct? Select all that apply. - NRDC stands for Natural Resources Defense Council. - The President of NRDC is Sigourney Weaver. - NRDC is a for-profit company. - NRDC is an international environmental advocacy group.

- NRDC stands for Natural Resources Defense Council. - NRDC is an international environmental advocacy group.

Why is old, cold deep seawater that is upwelled relatively more corrosive? Select all that apply:

- Old water has had more organic matter accumulate and decay - Cold water holds more carbon dioxide than warmer water - Old deep water does not have a photosynthetically active community

Which of the following actions could and should be taken to protect and preserve coral reefs? Select all that apply.

- Reduce nutrient pollution to coastal waters where reefs live. - Reduce emissions of carbon dioxide. - Establish protected areas from fishing and collecting. -Stop boaters from anchoring their boats on the reefs.

Why are coral reefs so important? Select all that apply.

- Reefs protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms. - Reefs attract tourists and support the economies of islands and countries with coral reefs. - Reefs provide habitat and shelter for many marine organisms. - Corals provide food and nutrients essential to the marine food web.

Which of the following statements about a coral bleaching event are correct? Select all that apply.

- When the coral animal is under environmental stress, it will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. - Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching. - When corals are stressed by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues. - Corals can die if environmental stress is prolonged.

What three things dictate the outcome of a stress event in coral reef ecosystems? Select all that apply.

- Who their parents were -- their base genetics. - What their environmental history has been. - Who they partner with -- are they with the right type of microalgae?

"Corrosive" low pH waters of the Washington coast are expanding at what annual rate?

1-2 m/year

Washington state shellfisheries production has declined by how much since 2005?

80%

What is the residence time of carbon, or the average amount of time one carbon atom resides in a reservoir, in the deep ocean?

100,00 years

What percentage of animal protein intake by the global population comes from fisheries?

20%

Coral reefs occupy only 1% of the ocean, but are home to what percentage of all marine species?

25%

The concentration of free H+ in seawater has increased by about how much?

25%

The optimum temperature for most coral reefs is 23-25 C with few reefs existing in waters above _________________.

30 C

Approximately what percentage of coral in the Great Barrier Reef has died in the last 2 years?

30-50%

By 2030, it's predicted that over ________ of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by anthropogenic causes such as ocean acidification, rising temperatures, overfishing, pollution, sewage outflows, and poaching coral species for exotic pet market.

50%

Controlled fish farming supplies approximately how much of all fish and shellfish directly consumed by humans?

50%

Which of these is NOT an impact ocean acidification has on marine organisms?

Ability to respire

Sound travels farther in what pH water?

Acidic

All of these are ways people are trying to protect coral reefs, EXCEPT for:

Adding base (NaOH) to water near coral to combat acidification

How many people are directly affected by the presence of reefs?

Approx 500 million

According to the video, how much carbon dioxide mixes into the surface ocean each day?

Approximately 22 millions tons

What percentage of organisms that live in the sea depend on coral reefs?

Approximately 25%

The farming of marine organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants is known as ________________.

Aquaculture

Which reservoir turns over, or exchanges, CO2 the fastest?

Atmosphere

Which carbonate species do calcifying organisms rely on to build their shells?

Carbonate

When CO2 dissolves in water, it reacts with water to form different carbon species. Which of these species is very reactive and readily dissociates?

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

It can take 10,000 - 30 million years for a coral reef to form from a group of larvae. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic macrostructure formed by coral reefs?

Chains

NOAA states that climate change is the greatest global threat to coral reef ecosystems. Match the contributing factor of climate change on the left to the impact it will have on corals from the dropdown menu at right.

Checking in quiz lecture 18

Coastal upwelling zoneThe global ocean is not uniformly a source or sink for atmospheric CO2, but rather different regions of the ocean vary in whether they act as a local source or sink. What ocean regions are considered to be sources of CO2to the atmosphere? Select all that apply: - Coastal upwelling zone - High latitude water formation regions - Subtropical downwelling gyres - Equatorial regions

Coastal upwelling zone Equatorial regions

Which organisms are considered to be the most vulnerable to ocean acidification? Check all those that apply:

Coccolithophorids Bivalves Pteropods Coral Reefs

MAAD is an acronym for the different ways organisms can respond to perturbations in their environment. Please match the appropriate response with the example:

Cod and haddock in the North Sea have shifted towards the cooler Arctic waters --> Move As the temperature increases leading into the summer a dog will shed its heavy winter fur --> Acclimate Polar bears have been hybridizing at greater rates with grizzly bears resulting in pizzly bears that might be able to create a new species which can inhabit a different ecological niche --> Adapt Dinosaurs --> Death

Which of the following are considered a natural threat to coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Disease Predation Weather pattens like El Nino Waves from large storms Tidal emersion

Which of the following are ways that YOU can help preserve and protect coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Drive less. Reduce, reuse, recycle. Be a responsible aquarium owner. Know where your fish come from. Don't dump household chemicals into street gutters or storm drains. Make sustainable seafood choice.

The region of the water column where there is sufficient sunlight to carry out photosynthesis is called?

Euphotic zone

True or False? NOAA partners with other research and community groups to protect and restore corals.

True

A Congressional act passed in 2009 which authorizes federal research funding of ocean acidification through NOAA, NASA, and NSF goes by which acronym?

FOARAM

TRUE or FALSE: An individual organism can adapt to climate change

False

TRUE or FALSE: Killer whale communities that consume salmon are not likely to be impacted by Ocean Acidification.

False

TRUE or FALSE: Only fisheries of shell-forming organisms like clams, mussels, and oysters are projected to be impacted by Ocean Acidification.

False

TRUE or FALSE: Urban economies in Washington state are at greater risk from reduced shellfishery production.

False

True or False? Coral bleaching is only occurring in the Great Barrier Reef.

False

True or False? Coral reefs are not an important resource in the ocean since organism diversity there is very low.

False

True or False? Corals can never recover from a bleaching event

False

True or False? If seawater density decreases with depth, the water column is stratified.

False

True or False? It's too late to save most coral reef ecosystems and no actions should be taken to protect the remaining systems.

False

True or False? Only the smallest organisms are impacted by ocean acidification.

False

Jeff Orlowski is the director of Chasing Coral. Which of the following statements best describes why he made the film?

He wanted to document and share photographic evidence of change in coral reef ecosystems to raise awareness about the threats to and state of coral reefs.

Which of the following things are NOT dissolved in seawater? Salts Ice Metals Organics Gases

Ice

People depend on coral reefs for (check all that apply):

Medicines Tourism based economies Food Protection of shoreline

Where will light attenuate more rapidly?

Nutrient rich coastal temperate waters

What factors control how much gas can be held in a solution? Select all that apply. Pressure Light Temperature Salinity

Pressure temperature salinity

Oxygen concentration in a water column varies with depth. What causes oxygen concentration to increase at deep depths (below 1,000 m)? Pick the BEST answer.

Pressure and Temperature

Washington shellfisheries are responding to the declining pH of the upwelled coastal waters. Please identify which is NOT a strategy being used by the shellfisheries to combat the impact of ocean acidification:

Pressurized degassing of CO2 from seawater intake lines

Scientists predict that the majority of coral reefs will be dead by 2050 if the drivers of climate change are not addressed. What is the most important thing that you can do to help coral reefs recover?

Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases immediately.

The best environmental conditions for shallow coral reefs are (select all that apply):

Shallow water Warm water Clear water Salty water

Which of the following statements best describes what 'super corals' are?

Super corals have a mechanism that allows them to be more tolerant to high temperatures.

How many coral fragments have been transplanted over the last decade by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program?

Tens of thousands

Which of the following statements about fishing on coral reefs is incorrect?

The abundance of key reef fish species has increased in response to rapid human population growth, increased demand, use of more efficient fishery technologies, and inadequate management and enforcement.

By how much has the acidity of the ocean changed since the Industrial Revolution?

The acidity has increased by approximately 30%.

Which of the following are potential actions that could help the ocean "defend" itself against rising acidity and temperatures? Select all that apply. The establishment of Marine Protected Areas. - Increasing fishing pressure on organisms at low levels of the ocean food web. - Practicing sustainable fishing practices. - Reducing nutrient pollution in coastal areas.

The establishment of Marine Protected Areas. Practicing sustainable fishing practices. Reducing nutrient pollution in coastal areas.

True or False? Different species of coral are responding differently to environmental stressors and changing ocean conditions.

True

Select the communities and industrial regions which are most likely to be impacted by ocean acidification:

Tourism Shellfisheries Western Washington native tribes Wild-catch fisheries

Recreational harvesting of shellfish in Washington is a popular activity. TRUE or FALSE: you must obtain a license in order to recreationally fish/shellfish in Washington state

True

TRUE or FALSE: Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems in the ocean

True

True or False? Coral farmers select and grow resilient corals in labs or protected nurseries and transplant them out on coral reefs.

True

True or False? Coral reefs are sensitive to ocean acidity and some reefs may disappear within 20 to 30 years.

True

True or False? Coral reefs provide so many fundamentally important purposes and are intimately linked to human health.

True

The Bjerrum plot shows the relative concentrations of each carbonate species in seawater at different pH's. Please select the relative concentrations of carbonate species in seawater at pH of 7.

[HCO3-] > [CO2] > [CO32-]

Select all that apply. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity caused by climate change could lead to changes in ocean currents. Altered ocean currents could lead to changes in connectivity and temperature regimes that contribute to:

changes in dispersal of coral larvae lack of food for corals

When CO2 is dissolved into the ocean, the concentration of carbonate(CO3-2) ________________ and the concentration of bicarbonate (HCO3-)_________________.

decreases; increases

Which of the following are considered sources of land-based pollution? Select all that apply.

oil and chemical release or spills coastal development deforestation agricultural runoff stormwater runoff

The _________ is the region of the water column where density increases rapidly with water depth. Fill in the blank with the best choice from the list below.

pycnocline

Shallow water corals rely on a _____________ with photosynthetic algae called ______________ to provide an alternative source of nutrition to support the growth of enormous reef structures.

symbiosis; zooxanthellae