Unit 2: part 1 exam

Albert Fall

Albert Bacon Fall was a United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President Warren G. Harding, infamous for his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal. Secretary of the Interior Fall rented government lands to oil companies in return for personal loans and gifts. The land in question existed in California and Wyoming. The federal government was holding oil under this land as a reserve for the United States Navy, but Fall decided to lease the land illegally to Mammoth Oil Company and to the Pan American Petroleum Company in return for the personal loans. In total, Fall received approximately 404,000 dollars in loans or gifts from these two oil companies.

Charles Evans Hughes

As chief justice he led the Supreme Court through the great controversy arising over the New Deal legislation of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1921 Hughes was appointed secretary of state by Pres. Warren G. Harding Hughes negotiated a separate peace treaty with Germany after the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, supported attempts to secure the entry of the United States into the League of Nations, and planned and then served as chairman of the Washington Conference (1921-22) on disarmament. He also insisted that the United States refrain from recognizing the government of the Soviet Union until it recognized property rights and other elements central to capitalism. In 1925 Hughes resigned as secretary of state and returned to private law practice.

Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge was president of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Coolidge was known for his quiet demeanor, which earned him the nickname "Silent Cal. he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920 and succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor's administration and left office with considerable popularity During Coolidge's presidency, the United States experienced a period of rapid economic growth known as the "Roaring Twenties." He left the administration's industrial policy in the hands of his activist Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover, who energetically used government auspices to promote business efficiency and develop airlines and radio.

Charles Forbes

Charles R. Forbes. Charles Robert Forbes (February 14, 1878 - April 10, 1952) was appointed the first Director of the Veterans' Bureau by President Warren G. Harding on August 9, 1921 and served until February 28, 1923. ... His tenure as the first Veterans' Bureau director was characterized by corruption and scandal. It was later revealed that Forbes entered into corrupt arrangements with a number of contractors, particularly with those involved in the operation of hospitals, and sold government property at a fraction of its value. Charles F. Cramer, attorney for the bureau, committed suicide, which brought increased attention to the agency. In 1923, Forbes resigned his position and fled to Europe.

Harry Daugherty

Daugherty faced bitter public opposition when Harding named him attorney general, and he nearly faced impeachment proceedings in 1922. Rumours of corruption circulated around him during Harding's administration, and when he refused to open Justice Department files to a congressional committee investigating charges of wrongdoing by Harding's associates, he was dismissed (March 1924) by Pres. Calvin Coolidge.

Ohio Gang

Harding's "advisors" who played poker, drank, and smoked with him in the White House. The Ohio Gang was a gang of politicians and industry leaders closely surrounding Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States of America. Many of these individuals came into Harding's personal orbit during his tenure as a state-level politician in Ohio, hence the name. They had a lot of scandals.

Agricultural Marketing Act

The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929, under the administration of Herbert Hoover, established the Federal Farm Board from the Federal Farm Loan Board established by the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars. The Act was introduced as a measure to stop the downward twisting of crop prices. The Act sought to help farmers in buying, selling, and storing agricultural surpluses.

Dawes Plan

The Dawes Plan was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem that Germany had to pay, which had bedevilled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles. The Dawes Plan provided short-term economic benefits to the German economy and softened the burdens of war reparations. By stabilizing the currency, it brought increased foreign investments and loans to the German market.

Federal Farm Board

The Federal Farm Board was actually created in 1929, before the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, but its powers were later enlarged to meet the economic crisis farmers faced during the Great Depression. It was established by the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 from the Federal Farm Loan Board established by the Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, with a revolving fund of half a billion dollars to stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

The Kellogg-Briand Pact is a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". was an agreement to outlaw war signed on August 27, 1928. ... Others initiated a movement to try to outlaw war outright.

McNary-Haugen Bill

The McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Act, which never became law, was a controversial plan in the 1920s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products. The plan was for the government to buy the wheat and then store it or export it at a loss. According to the bill, a federal agency would be created to support and protect domestic farm prices by attempting to maintain price levels that existed before the First World War. By purchasing surpluses and selling them overseas, the federal government would take losses that would be paid for through fees against farm producers.

Teapot Dome Scandal

The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. The upshot of the Teapot Dome Scandal was the accusation that Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, had bypassed the open bid process in awarding leases for government oil land to private oil companies. When these leases and contracts came under investigation by committees of the U.S. Senate, it was disclosed that shortly after the signing of the Teapot Dome lease, Fall and members of his family had received from an unknown source more than $200,000 in Liberty bonds under circumstances indicating that the bonds came from a company organized by Sinclai

Election of 1928

The United States presidential election of 1928 was the 36th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1928. Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover defeated the Democratic nominee, Governor Al Smith of New York. Hoover was the last Republican to win a presidential election until 1952. Smith was the first Roman Catholic to run for the presidency. The major issues in the 1928 campaign were religion and prohibition. Attacks were made against Smith, claiming that if elected, he would make Catholicism the national religion. Smith campaigned against prohibition, while Hoover supported its continuation.

Black Tuesday

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29),the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 ("Black Thursday"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States The stock market crash of 1929 was not the sole cause of the Great Depression, but it did act to accelerate the global economic collapse of which it was also a symptom. By 1933, nearly half of America's banks had failed, and unemployment was approaching 15 million people, or 30 percent of the workforce. The situation worsened yet again on the infamous Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, when more than 16 million stocks were traded. The stock market ultimately lost $14 billion that day

Washington Naval Conference

The Washington Naval Conference, also called the Washington Arms Conference or the Washington Disarmament Conference, was a military conference called by U.S. President Warren G. Harding and held in Washington, D.C., from 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922. Conducted outside the auspice of the League of Nations, it was attended by nine nations—the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal regarding interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Soviet Russia was not invited to the conference. It was the first international conference held in the United States and the first arms control conference in history, The Washington Naval Conference, was the world's largest naval powers gathered in Washington, D.C. for a conference to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia.

Adjusted Compensation Act

The World War Adjusted Compensation Act, or Bonus Act, was a United States federal law passed on May 19, 1924, that granted a benefit to veterans of American military service in World War I. A compensation measure worked its way through Congress by the fall of 1922, but President Warren Harding vetoed it, an action in keeping with Treasury Secretary Mellon's drive to avoid all unnecessary government expenditures. Undeterred, the veterans' groups kept up the pressure and succeeded in gaining passage of what was popularly known as the Soldiers' Bonus Act in the spring of 1924. Calvin Coolidge's veto of the measure was overridden.

Warren G. Harding

Warren G. Harding, the 29th U.S. president, was born on November 2, 1865, in Corsica (now Blooming Grove), Ohio. Harding's campaign for the presidency promised a "return to normalcy." He personally overturned or allowed Congress to reverse many policies of the Wilson Administration, and approved tax cuts on higher incomes and protective tariffs. His administration supported limiting immigration and ending spending controls that had been instituted during World War I. Harding also signed the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which allowed the president to submit a unified budget to Congress Additionally, Harding personally championed civil liberties for African Americans, and his administration supported liberalizing farm credit. By awarding high-level positions to political supporters, the results were mixed at best. While Hughes, Mellon and Hoover were very effective, several other high-level appointees—known as the "Ohio Gang"—proved to be unscrupulous and corrupt, paving the way for scandal. Perhaps the worst disgrace was the Tea Pot Dome Scandal

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

is a United States Supreme Court opinion that federal minimum wage legislation for women was an unconstitutional infringement of liberty of contract, as protected by the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. In 1918, Congress passed a law to set minimum wages for women and children in the District of Columbia. As in other cases, the question was one of balancing the police power of Congress to regulate working and living conditions with the right of individuals to conduct their own affairs without legislative interference.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

was a law that raised American tariffs on many imported goods to protect factories and farms. The US Congress displayed a pro-business attitude in passing the tariff and in promoting foreign trade through providing huge loans to Europe, which, in turn, bought more US goods. was the highest in U.S. history and angered the Europeans, whose efforts to acquire dollars through exports were hampered even as the United States demanded payment of war debts. In raw materials policy, however, the United States upheld the Open Door. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover rejected both statist economic competition that bred war and laissez-faire competition that bred cycles of boom and bust. Instead, he advocated formal cooperation among firms of various nations to stabilize the price and supply of commodities, raise living standards, and yet avoid the waste and oppression of regulatory bureaucracies.