Unit 2: The Industrial and Agricultural Revolution

Upper middle class

-Factory owners, merchants, wealthy farmers, bankers, & shippers -Govt. employees, doctors, lawyers, managers of factories, mines & shops -Enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.

Working Class

-Laborers ("unskilled" workers) -Little improvement in living or working conditions. -Livelihoods disappeared as machines replaced them. -Some smashed machines (Luddites) & rioted over poor living & working conditions

Lower middle class

-Overseers of factories & skilled workers (toolmakers, mechanical drafters, & printers) -Enjoyed a comfortable standard of living.

harbors

.............from which merchant ships set sail- naturual resources

Agricultural Revolution

...........started in Great Britain and was the first of two important non-political revolutions that started in the 18th century. It was both a revolution itself and an important cause of the Industrial Revolution.

Mercantilists

..........believed that there was a fixed amount of wealth and the job of a nation was to accumulate and extract as much wealth as possible.

Jethro Tull

.........Invented his horse-drawn seed drill in 1701. The machine drilled holes for three rows of seed at a time to the correct depth, planted the seeds, and covered them in dirt in one action.

Water power

.........and coal to fuel the new machines- naturual resources

Population Growth

.........because of the food surplus also helped start the industrial revolution. Because there were more people, there was more labor to mine the coal, build the factories, and run the machines.

Economics

.........is the study of how people make choices about how they use their limited resources to meet their wants and needs

irregular coastline

.........often creates safe places for ships to dock, called harbors. Great Britain's natural harbors led to the creation of cities that were centers of shipping. Boats carrying goods and people came from the Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, and English Channel, to Great Britain's harbors where their cargo was sold or shipped inland on rivers.

cholera

........developed in multiple big cities in britian because of the bad water

rivers

........for inland transportation- naturual resources

factors of production

........the resources needed to produce goods and services, that the Industrial Revolution required. They included land, labor, and capital (or wealth).

mercantilism

.......a system of wealth accumulation and trade for profit. This system emerged around the period of the Age of Exploration when new colonies were being established and many European nations believed that through trade, the accumulations of gold and the control of colonies would bring the most wealth.

Coal

......is a rock that combustible, meaning that it burns easily when set on fire. It fueled engines replaced water wheels as the main source of energy for factories and since it was prevalent in Great Britain, there was inexpensive (same term) that could be used to power the factories and later, trains.

British Parliament

......passed laws to help encourage and protect business ventures. Other countries had some of these advantages, but Britain had all the factors of production

iron ore

......was used to construct machines, tools, and buildings- naturual resources

medieval

.the transformation of agriculture from traditional ........... farming to more productive, efficient, and mechanical methods of farming through scientific innovation and new techniques starting in the mid-1700s

socialism

? COMMUNISM is the property less, classless, and stateless(no gov.) phase of society for which .......... is merely a preparation

Cartel

A group of corporations that joined forces and Fixed prices, set production quotas, or control markers

government

According to Smith, the ........ has only three functions: to protect society from invasion, to defend its citizens from injustice, and to keep up public works projects like roads and canals.

self-interest

Adam Smith believed that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic...... [things that will bring you personal gain or benefit]. Through pursuing their own(same term), Smith believed that all of society would benefit.

productivity

Adam Smith was interested in how wealth could be accumulated [gathered] by increasing worker ...... It is in this case is the effectiveness of producing something like a pair of sneakers. It is measured in terms of how much is produced in a given amount of time.

Romanticism

Art that Emphasizes imagination, freedom and emotion and It was a reaction of the neoclassical writers of the enlightenment who were ignored by classical greek and roman literature and ideals that stressed order, harmony, reason, and emotional restraint

four crop rotation system

As a result of the ........... British farmers could be more productive. The turnips replenished the soil with needed nutrients, provided another crop for farmers to eat and sell, and gave their livestock something to live on during the winter.

Age of Exploration

As a result of the...........Great Britain became wealthy and powerful, and gained colonies in North and South America, Africa, and South Asia.

textiles

As food supplies increased and living conditions were improving in England during the Agricultural Revolution, England's population dramatically increased. More people meant that the demand for food and goods increased, especially for ......... (cloth).

realism

At attempt to represent the world was. Focused on the harsh sde of life in cities and villages

mainland Europe

Because of its location close to............ and surrounded by major bodies of water, Great Britain was a leader in overseas trade with connections to the Mediterranean Sea and the rest of Europe and to the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean and to Asia around the tip of Africa.

furrows

Before the Agricultural Revolution, farmers used a plow to create ....... (ditches) then scattered seeds into them and covered them back up with dirt. This method was ineffective because birds and other animals could easily eat the seeds and they were planted with little accuracy.

banking system

Britain's highly developed ...... also contributed to the country's industrialization.

British soil

Britain's political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors as well. Though Britain took part in many wars during the 1700s, none occurred on ........ Their military successes gave the British a positive attitude, and they hadn't lost the lives or the infrastructure that other European countries had in their wars.

Corporations

Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and Helped get large amounts of capital

inventions

Businesspeople invested in the manufacture of new ........

Joseph Lister

Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. As a result Helped reduce deaths from infection

legumes and cover crops

During the Agricultural Revolution, a new method of crop rotation used by the Dutch in the Netherlands was introduced in Great Britain. The Dutch discovered that plants called.......... (ie-peas, alfalfa, and beans) and ...........like turnips, could replenish a field's nutrients just as well as leaving it fallow.

colonies

During the Industrial Revolution, English traders brought raw materials like cotton from its colonies to the factories in Great Britain where they were turned into finished goods. These manufactured goods were then sold throughout Great Britain, Europe, the United States, and back to people living in the British...........

common land

During the Middle Ages and up until the Agricultural Revolution, communities had ".........." that was used by all of the peasants to farm and hunt on.

Communism

Goal of classless society achieved, No gov. needed

location

Great Britain's...... made it easy for them to ship raw materials to factories and finished goods to other places to be sold.

Standard oil company

Had control of oil wells, oil refineries, and oil pipelines Dominated the American petroleum industry

Robert Koch

Identified the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. As a result People had better hygiene and this decreased the rate of disease

socialism

In ............, businesses and all of the factors of production would be owned by the government, or "the public," and they would operate for the benefit of all. Instead of the focus being on profit, then, these people believe that the government (NOT private individuals) should control businesses and industries. The government, then, would distribute goods and resources equally to everyone.

Industrialization

In addition to a large population of workers, the small island country of England had extensive natural resources. ........., which is the process of developing machine production of goods, required such resources

utilitarianism

In the 1700s, Jeremy Bentham introduced his philosophy of ......., which stated that governments should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

utilitarian movement

In the 1800s, John Stuart Mill led a ............. He questioned what he saw as the unregulated capitalism of the Industrial Revolution. He believed it was wrong that workers were forced to work in harsh conditions and lead deprived lives that sometimes bordered on starvation. Mill wanted the government to help working people with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits.

workers

Industry also posed new dangers for............ Machines injured them. A boiler might explode or a drive belt might catch an arm. And there was no government program to provide aid in case of injury.

free market

Laissez faire is based on the belief in a market economy or a.......This or market economy is an economic system where people are free to make economic decisions without government interference. There are three key elements or "natural laws" of this

Elevators

Made in practice for buildings to have more than 5 or six stories

Henry Ford

Mass produced cars which Made the united states a leader in the automobile industry and there was quick transport to and from cities

Agricultural Revolution

New tools, fertilizers and harvesting techniques during from the........ increased productivity which resulted in an increase in population. Innovations, such as the seed drill, made the process of planting seeds easier and more efficient which meant that fewer farmers were needed to produce the same amount of food.

Luddite movement

One group of people faced a particular challenge caused by the factory system. These were the weavers and other cottage industry workers still trying to earn their living by making goods at home. Their handmade goods were more expensive than factory-made items, so they had a hard time selling them. Facing ruin, some of these workers turned to violence. One night in 1811, masked workers attacked a textile factory in Nottingham, England. The incident marked the beginning of the...........

steam engine

Operated machinery and powered locomotives and steam ships. Also when Abraham Darby used coal instead of charcoal go smelt iron it led to producing less expenses and better quality iron which helped produce parts for it

Capitalism

Private ownership of industry, Freedom of competition; supply and demand, Results in unequal economic classes

Supply and Demand

Producers are people who make things. Consumers are people who buy things. The amount of a good that a producer makes is called its supply, the amount that is available. How much consumers want something is called demand. The price of something is determined through the law of ....... Producers try to sell their supply for the highest price possible, but this is limited by how much consumers demand it.

Workers Revolt

Proletariat organizes and carries out plan to overthrow bourgiouse

Socialism

Public (gov) ownership of industry, Goal is to bring economic equality, Aims for a classless society

urbanization

Pushed out of rural areas because of a lack of jobs, and drawn by employment opportunities at new factories, people flocked to industrial cities throughout Great Britain. The process of people moving to cities and the growth of cities is called......

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. In 1776, he published what is considered the "bible of capitalism," called An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (usually shortened to The Wealth of Nations). It is one of the world's first collected descriptions of what builds a nation's wealth.

Stock

Shares in a company and This helped get large amounts of capitals and corporations could expand to many areas

three-crop rotation system

Since the Middle Ages, farmers in Europe used the .......... which involved leaving one field fallow [empty] every year. This meant that they could not grow as much food and that livestock only had one field to graze on.

invisible hand

Smith believed an economy w out the gov should work smoothly and efficiently without any government interference, as if guided and organized by an....... Thisis a metaphor for a self-regulating economy where people get what they need by pursuing their own self-interests.

profit incentiv

Smith believed that consumers can get what they needed, people could generate wealth, and prices would set themselves all without government interference. Smith warned that if entrepreneurs do not have the ......... to take risks and innovate and if buyers can't buy from whomever they want and if sellers can't set their own prices, then the economy won't work "right."

Bessemer process

Steel became lighter, harder, and more durable and was produced more cheaply

increase

The Agricultural Revolution led to a drastic ........ in population in Great Britain and elsewhere, and the same in urbanization because people moved away from their farms to cities.

Adam Smith

The Industrial Revolution was a time of progress and innovation. ........ wanted to offer insight into the new changes he saw in the economy and he wanted to offer practical guidelines that could replace less relevant mercantilist economic ideas

technology

The development of new..... also helped business owners change the way business was done. For example a steam engine powered by coal was developed to pump water out of mines. Led to the industrial revolution

laissez faire economy

The invisible hand metaphor is connected to Smith's belief in a........ In this kind of economy, the government does not interfere in the economy by imposing regulations like taxes or restrictions on those who could trade. People are free to make their own decisions.

coal mines

The most dangerous conditions of all were found in......Frequent accidents, damp conditions, and the constant breathing of coal dust made the average miner's life span ten years shorter than that of other workers. Many women and children were employed in the mining industry because they were the cheapest source of labor.

innovative

The new owner of the land was able to farm it however they liked since it was theirs. They often used ....... techniques that made the land more productive than it had been before.

City

The peasants who once used the common land to farm and graze animals either worked for the farmers who owned the enclosed land or they moved to a nearby .........and got jobs in factories.

industrialization

The process of developing manufacturing on a large scale is called......

labor unions

The severe treatment of the Luddites illustrates that the British government did not want to get involved in factory problems. Because the government took no action, in the early 1800s British workers started to organize. They formed the first ........... which are organizations representing workers' interests.

competition

There is ....... where producers compete for consumer money by lowering their prices or introducing new products.

self-interest

There is....... so producers and consumers only think about their selfish needs when making decisions.

agriculture

There was a change in the......... of Western Europe. This improved the quality and quantity of farm products. and led to the industrial revolution

transportation

There was also a change in .......... Turnpikes were created and goods were able to travel faster. These turnpikes connected all of britain. Canals were also dug to connect rivers or inland towns. Bridges and harbors were upgraded to aid overseas trade. helped start the industrial revolution

capitalism

This idea of the free market is now known as ...... Under this , the means of production (such as factories) are owned by individuals and goods and services are produced for profit.

middle class

Though poverty gripped Britain's working classes, the Industrial Revolution created enormous amounts of wealth in the nation. Most of this new money belonged to factory owners, shippers, and merchants. These people were part of a growing .........., a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business-people, and wealthy farmers.

production

To increase............, factory owners wanted to keep their machines running as many hours as possible. As a result, the average worker spent 14 hours a day at the job, 6 days a week.

strikes

To urge employers to raise wages and improve conditions, labor unions in Britain organized ........., or work stoppages. At first, Parliament banned unions and strikes, fearing social and economic trouble. Slowly, pressure from the public and unions brought change

cuba and china

Today, we call nations like.....and........"communist", but actually, they have not reached this type of society yet. They are clearly not stateless because they all have extremely powerful governments. Their original intention might have been to achieve Marx's form of communism or something similar to it, but they still have not achieved the property less, classless, and stateless system.

Steam locomotive

Tracks could go places were rivers couldn't so Goods were able to be moved swiftly and cheaply over land

crop yields

Tull's seed drill increased..........[the amount of food grown] five times. In addition, planting with the seed drill was much quicker than hand planting and required fewer workers. As a result, farmers could plant and grow more crops. The workers who were no longer needed on the farm had to find work elsewhere, usually in a nearby town or city where factories employed many people.

factories

Women who worked in ........ had higher wages than women who worked at home. But women also were paid a lot less for than men.

assembly line

Workers were able to add parts to a product that moved along a belt. This divided labor and Made production cheaper and faster and lowered prices of goods. It was also more efficient

social gospel

a movement that urged christians to social service and campaigned for reforms in housing, healthcare and education

government

adam smith felt that the...... interference and taxation under mercantilism prevented wealth. He proposed a freer economy without this interference. Through The Wealth of Nations, he hoped to explain strategies and methods for gaining wealth.

Natural selection

all plants and animals produce more offspring than the food supply could support which caused species to compete to survive

Sojourner truth

an african american suffrigist who spoke up against opposition to teh suffrage movement

Social darwinism

applying the idea of surreal of the fittest to war and economic competition

Charles darwin

argued that all forms of life, including human beings had evolved into their present state over millions of years

labor union

association of workers who organize for the purpose of improving their economic status and working conditions

socialists

believed that wealthy people or the government must take action to improve people's lives.

Class Struggle

bourgeoise and proletariat struggle over wealth

inferior

british Middle class women were expected to be dependent on men. They were seen as ........... For example women were expected to be married.

Claude monet

brushed strokes of color side by side with out blending because the human eye would mix the colors

Temperance Movement

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

bourgeoise

capitalists, industrialists

Marxist Theory

capitlism, class struggle, workers revolt, socialism, and communism

canal

connected river together or insland towns with coastal ports but lost its impornace when steam locomotives was developped.

Eli Whitney

cotton gin seprated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate and cotton production increased

John dalton

developed modern atomic tiery

ARBITRATION

during collective bargaining If mediation fails, the talks may go into ........... - a settlement technique in which a neutral third party reviews the case and makes a decision that is legally binding for both sides

industrial revolution

during the...... laws were passed limiting child labor - originally not before 10 years old, later banned totally and regulating work hours for women and childre

Industrial Revolution

during the.......laws were passed regulating safety conditions in mines and factories, provided for accident and unemployment insurance, sending inspectors to enforce the laws

Vincent Van Gogh

experiment wit brush lines and bright color which created a dreamlike quality to every day subjects

John kay

flying shuttle enabled weavers to work so fast that they soon outpaced spinners

Elizebeth Cady Stanton

fought against salvery before organizing a movement for women rights

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

MEDIATION

in collective bargaining The two sides may agree to.......... - a settlement technique in which a neutral mediator meets with each side to find a solution

Women's suffrage

in europe groups dedtocated to ............ or women's rights to vote emerged

Florence Nightingale

insisted on better hygiene in hospitals and Founded the world first school of nursing and introduced more sanitary measures to hospitals

Louis Pastuer

invented Vaccines and as a result Helped lower the rate of diseases such as rabies and anthrax

Dynamite

invented by Alfred Noble ........was Used in construction and warfare

radio

invented by Guglielmo Marconi and Became today's cornerstone of today's global communications network

airplane

invented by Orville and Wilbure Wright and were able to fly across bodies of water amd people were able to travel faster

Telegraph

invented by Samuel F.B. Morse and Could send coded messages far distances

Electrical light bulb

invented by thomas edison and Illuminated cities and factories could operate after dark

Thomas Newcomen

invented the Steam engine improved by James Watt

Dynamo

invetned by Michael Faraday and Generated electricity and today all electrical generator and transformers are based of the........

labor force

many farmers migrated to cities which supplied factories with the large....... they needed to industrialize.

Luddites

opposed machines that were "hurtful to the commonality"—in other words, that put them out of work. They burned factories and smashed machines but tried to avoid injuring people. During 1812 their movement quickly spread to other cities. Several of the were caught and hanged, though, and the Their movement ended quickly.

Turnpike

private road built by entrepreneurs who charged a toll to travelers who used it Goods traveled faster and every part of britain was connected

Collective Bargaining

process of negotiation between representatives of workers and management to determine the conditions of employment

Louis Daguerre

produced photographs

Communism

property less, classless, and stateless(no gov.)

Gustave Courbet

realist, focused on ordinary subjects such as working class men and women

Charles dickens

realist, portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers. Produced the story of Oliver Twist

Henrik Ibsen

realist, produced plays that shed led on the hypocrisy around him

Ludwig van Beethoven

romanticist, combined classical forms with stirring range of sound. Produced nine sypmphonies, a violin concierto and more

Lord byron

romanticist, created a new kind of hero a mysterious melancholy figure who fell out of step with society

Victor hugo

romanticist, recreated france's past in novels

Racism

social darwinism encouraged an unscientific belief that one racial group was superior to another

james hargreaves

spinning jenny, spun many threads at the same time

Natural Laws

supply and demand, self interest, Competition for Consumer Money

capitalism

the focus began to shift from accumulating wealth to finding more effective ways to create wealth.

Manchester

the health of people in big cities in britian such as......was horrible because of unsanitary conditions

rivers

the island has many gently-flowing.......... which early factories used as energy sources by placing water wheels in the them which turned the gears in their factories to run the machines that made goods. They were also used to ship goods to and from factories.

Enclosure Movement

the process of making common land into private land, owned by a farmer. The land was then fenced in, or enclosed. Sometimes an individual bought the land from a town or the government of the town decided to enclose the common itself.

Crompton's mule

the self-acting mule, first invented by Kelly in 1792

craft

type of laber union where members are skilled in a certain ............ ex. carpenters

Industry

type of labor union where members work in the same industry ex. automobile workers

The Wealth of Nations

was produced using seventeen years of notes, observations and conversations with economists during the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution.

Richard arkwright

water frame- spinning machine powered by water

Wordsworth and Blake

william ........ and ......... part of the cultural movement called romanticism

proletariat

working class