Unit 3-5 Review Study Guide

Which of the following is not one of Robert Sternberg's components of creativity? a) A venturesome personality b) Imaginative thinking skills c) A creative environment d) A position of ignorance e) Intrinsic motivation

d) A position of ignorance

The work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a) Humanism b) Gestalt psychology c) Trait theory d) Behaviorism e) Neuropsychology

d) Behaviorism

Photoreceptors relay visual information to the brain through which of the following cells? a) Trigeminal and vestibular b) Bipolar and Schwann c) Ganglion and vestibular d) Bipolar and ganglion e) Bipolar and vestibular

d) Bipolar and ganglion

The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits to the brain is called the a) Lens b) Sclera c) Fovea d) Blind spot e) Aqueous humor

d) Blind spot

Melanie is addicted to heroin. The room in which she usually takes heroin will likely become what for her drug cravings? a) Primary reinforcer b) Autonomic response c) US d) CS e) CR

d) CS

The intelligence quotient (IQ) has traditionally been based on the relationship between an individual's mental age and his or her a) Stage of cognitive development b) Level of physiological development c) Reading ability d) Chronological age e) Quantitative aptitude

d) Chronological age

Pavlov is to _________ as Skinner is to ________ a) Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement b) Observational learning; operant conditioning c) Operant conditioning; classical conditoning d) Classical conditioning; operant conditioning e) Primary reinforcers; secondary reinforcers

d) Classical conditioning; operant conditioning

The coiled tube in the inner ear that contains the auditory receptors is called the a) Semicircular canal b) Ossicle c) Pinna d) Cochlea e) Oval window

d) Cochlea

Which of the following explains why a rose appears equally red in bright and dim light? a) Young-Helmholtz theory b) Opponent-process theory c) Feature detection d) Color constancy e) Color blindness

d) Color constancy

Which of the following is the best phrase for the narrowing of available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution? a) Allowing for incubation b) Divergent thinking c) Developing expertise d) Convergent thinking e) Experiencing other cultures

d) Convergent thinking

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors?

D

In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain?

E

According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten-year-old child with a mental age of eight and a half years is a) 85 b) 95 c) 100 d) 105 e) 115

a) 85

Average IQ scores have increased steadily over the past 100 years. It has been argued that this effect is most likely due to a) An increase in the average number of years in school b) A decrease in genetic mutations c) A decrease in access to medical care, clean water, and nutritious food d) An increase in population e) An increase in genetic diversity

a) An increase in the average number of years in school

What did Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrate? a) Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults b) There may be a negative correlation between televised violence and aggressive behavior c) Children are more likely to copy what adults say that what adults do d) Allowing children to watch too much television is detrimental to their development e) Observational learning can explain the development of fears in children

a) Children are likely to imitate the behavior of adults

The tendency of most people to identify a three-sided figure as a triangle, even when one of its sides is incomplete, is the result of a perceptual process known as a) Closure b) Proximity c) Similarity d) Feature analysis e) Shape constancy

a) Closure

Robert Rescorla's contingency model of classical conditioning states that a) Conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another b) Contiguity of stimuli is sufficient for conditioning to occur c) Reinforcement contingencies predict extinction d) Any stimulus can become conditioned when paired with an unconditioned stimulus e) The only difference between the conditioned response and the unconditioned response is the stimulus used to elicit them

a) Conditioning occurs only when one event reliably predicts another

Which of the following is the tendency to search for supportive information of preconception while ignoring contradictory evidence? a) Confirmation bias b) Intuition c) Mental set d) Availability heuristic e) Overconfidence

a) Confirmation bias

When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept a) Context effects b) Schemas c) Binocular cues d) Bottom-up processing e) Divided attention

a) Context effects

Responses extinguish fastest when they are learned through which type of reinforcement schedule? a) Continuous b) Negative c) Variable-interval d) Variable-ratio e) Fixed-interval

a) Continuous

The "faces or vase" figure illustrates the Gestalt organizing principle of a) Figure-ground b) Common fate c) Closure d) Continuity e) Proximity

a) Figure-ground

If Carmelita stares at a red spot for one minute and then shifts her gaze to a white piece of paper, she is likely to experience an afterimage that is a) Green b) Red c) Blue d) Violet e) Black

a) Green

A 40-year-old man and his 7-year-old son move to a country where they have to learn a new language. Compared with his son, the 40-year-old man will a) Have more difficulty learning to produce phonemes that do not exist in his native language b) Require less active processing to acquire the syntax of the new language c) Overregularize more often d) Learn the grammar of the new language more slowly but ultimately acquire the language better e) Learn new vocabulary at a faster rate by using techniques such as fast mapping

a) Have more difficulty learning to produce phonemes that do not exist in his native language

According to Carol Dweck, students are often hampered by a "fixed mindset." This means they believe: a) Intelligence is biologically set and unchangeable. b) It is never good to change your mind once it is made up. c) Intelligence can be "repaired" by doing specific mental exercises. d) Problems can only be solved a particular way. e) They have already done everything they can to improve.

a) Intelligence is biologically set and unchangeable.

Who conducted a famous study of high IQ children? a) Lewis Terman b) David Wechsler c) Robert Sternberg d) Howard Gardner e) Alfred Binet

a) Lewis Terman

Which of the following is an accurate conclusion based on Hermann Ebbingaus' forgetting curve research? a) Most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off b) We forget more rapidly as time passes c) Forgetting is relatively constant over time d) Forgetting is related to many factors, but time is not one of them e) We are more likely to forget items in the middle of a list than at he beginning or the end

a) Most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a) Naturally triggers a response b) Objectively studies psychology c) Is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response d) Is a naturally occurring response e) Is Pavlovian

a) Naturally triggers a response

Alisha wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Alisha employing a) Operant conditioning b) Classical conditioning c) Observational learning d) One-Trial learning e) Higher-order learning

a) Operant conditioning

Shaping is a(n) ___________ technique for ____________ a behavior. a) Operant; establishing b) Operant; suppressing c) Respondent; establishing d) Respondent; suppressing e) Classical; establishing

a) Operant; establishing

Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that a) People have an inherent language acquisition device b) Thinking is merely language of a nonverbal nature c) Different levels of language ability are determined by heredity d) Language acquisition can be explained by social modeling e) Language is learned principally through verbal reinforcement

a) People have an inherent language acquisition device

A professor used distortion goggles to shift the wearer's gaze 20 degrees to demonstrate altered perception. Initially the student bumped into numerous desks and chairs while walking around, but then decided to wear the goggles for 30 minutes. After a half hour, the student was able to avoid the obstacles easily, illustrating the concept of a) Perceptual adaptation b) Visual interpretation c) Sensory restriction d) Perceptual constancy e) Binocular cues

a) Perceptual adaptation

Which term refers to the illusion of movement that results from two or more stationary, adjacent lights blinking on and off in quick succession? a) Phi phenomenon b) Perceptual constancy c) Binocular cues d) Retinal disparity e) Depth perception

a) Phi phenomenon

Emily takes a test in AP Bio and gets a 70%. Because she loves biology so much, she takes the same test again the next day and gets a 20%. This test would not be considered a) Reliable b) Valid c) Significant d) Skewed e) Random

a) Reliable

A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of the following visual cues for seeing in depth? a) Retinal disparity b) Linear perspective c) Motion parallax d) Relative size e) Texture gradient

a) Retinal Disparity

The view of David's left eye is slightly different from the view from his right eye. This is due to which depth cue? a) Retinal disparity b) Relative size c) Linear Perspective d) Relative motion e) Convergence

a) Retinal disparity

Which of the following abilities is an example of implicit memory? a) Riding a bicycle while talking to your friend about something that happened in class. b) Retrieving from memory the details of an assignment that is due tomorrow. c) Vividly recalling significant events like 9/11. d) Remembering the details of your last birthday party. e) Recognizing names and pictures of your classmates many years after they have graduated.

a) Riding a bicycle while talking to your friend about something that happened in class.

Of the following, which term best describes the condition in which a person with limited mental ability excels at a specific skill such as computation? a) Savant syndrome b) g factor c) Creative intelligence d) Emotional intelligence e) Street smarts

a) Savant syndrome

The basketball players could remember the main points of their coach's halftime talk, but not her exact words. This is because they encoded the information a) Semantically. b) Iconically. c) Implicitly. d) Shallowly. e) Automatically.

a) Semantically

Service dogs are often trained to assist in such tasks as letting their person know someone is at the door, safely crossing the street, or pushing buttons on the elevator. Which concept best describes how dogs were trained for these behaviors? a) Shaping b) Latent learning c) Operant discrimination d) Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

a) Shaping

The thalamus processes information for all of the following senses EXCEPT a) Smell b) Hearing c) Taste d) Vision e) Touch

a) Smell

Climbing an irregular set of stairs is more difficult for an individual who wears a patch over one eye primarily because a) Some depth perception is lost b) The ability to perceive interposition is lost c) The patch alters the ability of the open eye to compensate d) Half of the visual field is missing e) The patch disrupts the functioning of the vestibular system

a) Some depth perception is lost

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus a) Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b) An innately reinforcing stimulus c) Something that when removed increases the likelihood o f the behavior d) An event that decreases the behavior it follows e) An amplified stimulus feeding back information to response

a) Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a) Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b) An innately reinforcing stimulus c) Something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d) An event that decreases the behavior it follows e) An amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

a) Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer

Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate? a) Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals. b) Perceptual constancy, because Luis still views the cat as a cat even though it appears as a moving picture. c) Depth perception, because Luis needs both eyes to view the movement. d) Color constancy, because the cat does not appear to change color. e) Interposition, because the pictures are in a sequence that is logical.

a) Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals.

Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue? a) Texture gradient b) Relative height c) Retinal disparity d) Interposition

a) Texture gradient

The correlation between the IQ scores of fraternal twins raised together is lower than the IQ scores of identical twins raised together. What conclusion can be drawn from this data? a) There is a genetic effect on intelligence. b) Nothing because, type of twin has not been held constant. c) There is an environmental effect on intelligence. d) Nothing because cultural differences have not been considered e) Nothing, because there is no comparison between twins and adopted children.

a) There is a genetic effect on intelligence.

What do we Call the Conversion of stimulus energies, like sights and sounds, into neural impulses a) Transduction b) Perception c) Priming d) Signal Detection Theory e) Threshold

a) Transduction

In class just before an exam, Brendan is loud and cursing. The teacher kicks Brendan out of class. As a result, Brendan receives an F for that exam. Kaylee sees this and thinks to herself "I am never going to do that." This is an example of? a) Vicarious reinforcement b) Prosocial behavior c) Latent learning d) Operant conditiong e) Classical conditioning

a) Vicarious reinforcement

For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented: a) About 1 second after the US. b) About one-half second before the US. c) About 15 seconds before the US. d) At the same time as the US. e) Without the US.

b) About one-half second before the US.

What is another name for a methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem? a) Heuristic b) Algorithm c) Insight d) Mental set e) Confirmation bias

b) Algorithm

A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to a) Predict an individual's ability to succeed in a particular job b) Allow a student to be exempted from a college course c) Assess the mental age of a gifted eight-year-old d) Investigate and individual's cognitive style e) Determine whether a person is an extrovert or an introvert

b) Allow a student to be exempted from a college course

Frequency is to pitch as ____ is to _____. a) Wavelength; loudness b) Amplitude; loudness c) Wavelength; intensity d) Amplitude; intensity e) Pitch; Intensity

b) Amplitude; loudness

A test that is valid must a) Have scores that fit a normal curve b) Be reliable c) Be normed on a random sample d) Predict future behavior e) Reveal important information

b) Be reliable

______ Processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation a) Top-down b) Bottom-up c) Parapsychological d) Human factors e) Industrial-organizations

b) Bottom-up

Eric was watching a scary movie while home alone. He heard a storm rattling the windows and interpreted that as the sound of an intruder trying to break in. His error was due to the influence of a) Phi phenomenon b) Bottom-up processing c) Clairvoyance d) Perceptual set e) Perceptual adaptation

b) Bottom-up processing

Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision? a) Rods b) Cones c) Optic nerves d) Wavelengths e) Hues

b) Cones

A teenager believes very strongly that a particular basketball player should not play on his favorite team. Over the course of the season, the teenager focuses on every mistake, turnover, and missed shot the player makes. However, the teen does not notice how well the player passes, helps the other teammates, and rebounds. This teenager's behavior illustrates which of the following? a) A mnemonic b) Confirmation bias c) The availability heuristic d) An algorithmic error e) Metacognition

b) Confirmation bias

You are more likely to remember psychology information in your psychology classroom than in other environments because of what memory principle? a) Mood congruence b) Context effects c) State-dependency d) Proactive interference e) Retroactive interference

b) Context effects

Which of the following is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye? a) Lens, pupil, cornea, retina b) Cornea, pupil, lens, retina c) Pupil, cornea, lens, retina d) Retina, lens, cornea, pupil e) Pupil, lens, cornea, retina

b) Cornea, pupil, lens, retina

Which of the following types of intelligence would be most important in answering trivia questions? a) Fluid b) Crystallized c) Bodily kinesthetic d) Creative e) Practical

b) Crystallized

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive a) Patterns b) Depth c) Size constancy d) Shape constancy e) Different Hues

b) Depth

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that a) Can be detected 5% of the time b) Falls below the threshold for conscious detection c) Activates unconscious associations that affect perceptions, memories, and responses d) Has been transformed into neural impulses e) Triggers a diminished response due to constant activation

b) Falls below the threshold for conscious detection

In order to get more audience participation, a radio show offers a prize to the first person to call the show at the beginning of every hour. The show is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? a) Continuous b) Fixed ratio c) Fixed interval d) Variable ratio e) Variable interval

b) Fixed interval

Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be a) Learning to meditate so she can relax when her roommate is annoying her b) Going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out c) Feeling like she is powerless in the situation because she grew up with a sister that was mean to her d) Thinking she has to rely on luck to work things out with her roommate e) Waiting until her lease runs out to move in order to save money, even though she wants to move right away

b) Going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out

Which of the following best represents crystallized intelligence? a) Jake can solve math word problems quickly. b) Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles. c) Aliyah has a knack for training dogs. d) Anna writes creative computer games. e) Heng bakes excellent chocolate chip cookies.

b) Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles.

Steve's cat used to run away from loud music. Over time the cat stopped running away from the sound. Which of the following processes has occurred? a) Classical conditioning b) Habituation c) Generalization d) Operant conditioning e) Sensitization

b) Habituation

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a) Corpus callosum b) Hippocampus c) Cerebellum d) Hypothalamus e) Motor cortex

b) Hippocampus

Benjamin Lee Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis relates to what aspect of the power of language? a) How thinking determines language b) How language influences thinking c) The role of the language acquisition device d) The importance of critical periods in language development e) The development of language m nonhuman animals.

b) How language influences thinking

Receptors that are especially important for helping a person maintain balance are located in the: a) Gyrus cinguli b) Inner ear c) Tendons d) Ossicles e) Ligaments

b) Inner ear

Janie is successful with word games that require her to create words out of a series of letters. Which of the following combinations most likely contributes to her success? a) Linguistic intelligence and a mental set b) Linguistic intelligence and heuristics c) Spatial intelligence and functional fixedness d) Spatial intelligence and heuristics e) Spatial intelligence and a mental set

b) Linguistic intelligence and heuristics

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a a) Longitudinal study on 200 smokers to determine whether their sense of smell improved over time b) Longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did c) Cross-sectional study of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether nonsmokers' sense of smell improved with age d. Cross-sectional study on 200 smokers to determine whether smokers' sense of smell stayed the same over time e) A survey asking 100 participants how long they have been smoking and how many packs of cigarettes a day they smoke

b) Longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did

A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a a) Grapheme b) Morpheme c) Phoneme d) Performative e) Holophrase

b) Morpheme

The prefix "pre" in "preview" or the suffix "ed" in "adapted" are examples of a) Phonemes. b) Morphemes. c) Babbling. d) Grammar. e) Intuition.

b) Morphemes.

Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence than Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with? a) Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability. b) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. c) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit three specific types of intelligence. d) Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny is practical, creative, and analytical, so she concludes that Lenny must be the most intelligent person in her class. e) Because Jenny can memorize evert book she reads, Ms. Reagan concludes that she must have a high IQ.

b) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone.

A student studies diligently to avoid the bad feelings associated with a previously low grade on a test. In this case, the studying behavior is being strengthened because of what kind of reinforcement? a) Positive reinforcement b) Negative reinforcement c) Delayed reinforcement d) Conditioned reinforcement e) Primary reinforcement

b) Negative reinforcement

Because he is afraid of public speaking, Scott withdraws from a class that requires oral presentation and enrolls in another class without a presentation requirement. He continues the pattern, switching classes each semester to avoid getting presentations. Scott's behavior has been a) Positively reinforced b) Negatively reinforced c) Punished d) Weakened e) Classically conditioned

b) Negatively reinforced

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) __________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ___________ stimulus. a) Conditioned; neutral b) Neutral; conditioned c) Conditioned; unconditioned d) Unconditioned; conditioned

b) Neutral; conditioned

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called ___________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is __________. a) Secondary; Skinner b) Observational; Bandura c) Secondary; Pavlov d) Observational; Watson

b) Observational; Bandura

What do we call a mental predisposition that influences our interpretation of a stimulus? a) Context effect b) Perceptual set c) Extrasensory perception d) Emotion e) Motivation

b) Perceptual set

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the a) Behavior is complex b) Punishment is delivered soon after the behavior c) Punishment is both mental and physical d) Behavior was very recently acquired e) Punishment is delivered by someone with authority

b) Punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

In which of the following scenarios is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning? a) After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences b) Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away c) Marta always associated her mother's fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association but when a colleague brought a fruitcake to work she felt the happiness return d) When Clara smells a certain cologne it makes her smile because it reminds her of her first boyfriend, but other colognes do not have that effect on her e) After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist

b) Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building. However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away

The most common form of color blindness is related to deficiencies in the a) Blue-yellow b) Red-green system c) Process of visual summation d) Bipolar cells e) Secretion of rhodopsin

b) Red-green system

James takes an IQ test when he is in third grade and receives a score of 112. When he is tested again in sixth grade with an alternative version of the same test, his score is 114. The fact that the two scores are very similar most directly indicates that the IQ test is a) Valid b) Reliable c) Biased d) Standardized e) Accurate

b) Reliable

Carlos wants to lose weight but is having a hard time motivating himself to go to the gym after work because he enjoys watching movies after work instead. To increase his likelihood of going to the gym, Carlos should a) Reward himself just before going to the gym b) Reward himself immediately after going to the gym c) Makes an effort to spend time watching movies when not at the gym d) Set a goal of going to the gym at least seven times week e) Avoid people who go to the gym

b) Reward himself immediately after going to the gym

Andrea decides to paint her room an extremely bright electric blue. Which of the following best fits the physical properties of the color's light waves? a) no wavelength; large amplitude b) Short wavelength; large amplitude c) Short wavelength; small amplitude d) Long wavelength; large amplitude e) No wavelength; small amplitude

b) Short wavelength; large amplitude

Which of the following is true? a) The absolute threshold for any stimulus is constant b) The absolute threshold for any stimulus varies somewhat c) Absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected 75% of the time d) Absolute threshold is defined as the minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected 60% e) The absolute threshold is defined by the degree to which two stimuli differ

b) The absolute threshold for any stimulus varies somewhat

The figure-ground relationship has demonstrated that: a) Perception is largely innate b) The same stimulus can trigger more than one perception c) A stimulus can trigger only one perception d) Different people see different things when viewing a scene e) Perception is simply a point-for-point representation of sensation

b) The same stimulus can trigger more than one perception

Mrs. Morrow gives her AP Psych students a psychology test that contains chemistry questions. This test would not be considered a) Reliable b) Valid c) Creative d) A prototype e) Statistically significant

b) Valid

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a _________ schedule. a) Fixed-ratio b) Variable-ratio c) Fixed-interval d) Variable-interval e) Constant-interval

b) Variable-ratio

Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate categories for the basic-level category of "automobile"? a) Vehicle, transportation b) Vehicle, convertible c) Station wagon, minivan d) Sedan, compact car. e) Foreign car, domestic car

b) Vehicle, convertible

Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound? a) The sound has a long wavelength b) the sound has a high-amplitude sound wave c) The sound is complex d) The sound has a short wavelength e) The sound has a low-amplitude sound wave

b) the sound has a high-amplitude sound wave

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies practical intelligence as suggested by Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory? a) A child becomes an accomplished doctor. b) A student achieves high scores on the math and language portions of a standardized exam. c) A club president devises a way to publicize important upcoming events. d) A student composes a new song. e) A child has few social skills but an unusually strong memory.

c) A club president devises a way to publicize important upcoming events.

Chelsea is washing her hands and adjusts the faucet handle until the water feels just slightly hotter than it did before. Chelsea's adjustment until she feels a difference is an example of a) A subliminal stimulus b) An absolute threshold c) A difference threshold d) Signal detection e) Weber's law

c) A difference threshold

The intensity at which a sound becomes audible for a given individual is known as the individual's a) Contrast sensitivity b) Critical frequency c) Absolute threshold d) Just noticeable difference e) Response threshold

c) Absolute threshold

Intellectual disability is defined by both IQ and which of the following? a) Chronological age b) Mental age c) Adaptive ability d) Physical condition e) Heritability

c) Adaptive ability

A researcher asks two different groups their opinion about how much money the president should earn per year. Participants in Group 1 are asked: "Should the president earn more or less than $200,000 per year? How much should he or she earn?" Participants in Group 2 are asked: "Should the president earn more or less than $2 million per year? How much should he or she earn?" The researcher finds that participants in Group 2are more likely to suggest that the president should make more than $1 million per year. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following? a) Algorithms b) Heuristics c) Anchoring effect d) Proactive interference e) Fixation

c) Anchoring effect

Which of the following is an example of a prelinguistic event? a) Telegraphic speech b) Motherese c) Babbling d) Holophrasing e) Paraphrasing

c) Babbling

Five-year-old Tahani is entering a school where English is the only language spoken, but in her home, her family uses a combination of both English and her family's native language. When she starts school, she takes a test measuring her English language development. Her score is well below that of the other children in her class, most of whom live in homes where only one language is spoken. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Tahani's test scores? a) Tahani has a language-specific impairment and should go to a language therapist. b) The test is culturally biased and contains concepts Tahani does not know. c) Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers. d) Tahani is experiencing language confusion due to her exposure to multiple languages. e) Tahani experienced stereotype threat while taking the test, and that caused her to score below her peers.

c) Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers.

Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? a) Developing a craving for food after smelling it b) Being able to navigate using directions c) Being able to tell exact bodily positions without looking at the body d) Being able to locate where a sound is coming from e) Balancing oneself on a ladder

c) Being able to tell exact bodily positions without looking at the body

Dr. Porter is studying the effectiveness of two intervention programs to improve the outcomes of children who have an intellectual disability. Which of the following groups of children should she include in her study? a) Children who have been diagnosed with a language-specific impairment. b) Children who have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) c) Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69 d) Children who have an IQ between 100 and 125 e) Children who get C's in their classes

c) Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69

Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? a) Shape constancy​ b) Interposition​​​d c) Color constancy d) Absolute threshold

c) Color constancy

A person is asked to listen to a series of tones presented in pairs, and asked to say whether the tones in each pair are the same or different in pitch. In this situation the experimenter is most likely measuring the individual's a) Sound localization ability b) Dichotic listening ability c) Difference threshold d) Echoic memory e) Attention span

c) Difference threshold

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, _____ will soon take place. a) Generalization b) Discrimination c) Extinction d) Aversion e) Spontaneous recovery

c) Extinction

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? a) Acquisition b) Habituation c) Generalization d) Functional fixedness e) Stimulus

c) Generalization

Martin has been heavily influenced by the work of Lewis Terman. Which of the following perspectives on intelligence would Martin most likely have? a) Intelligence is not fixed but rather is a dynamic and changing capacity. b) Intelligence is to fixed and can be cultivated through education. c) Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity. d) Creativity is the most predictive sign of intelligence. e) Memory is the most predictive sign of intelligence.

c) Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity.

An artist who wants to show that one figure is closer to the viewer than another, partially blocked figure standing slightly behind it is using the principle of a) Relative height b) Light and shadow c) Interposition d) Relative clarity e) Relative size

c) Interposition

Jasmine is worried about an upcoming exam. Which scenario best illustrates emotion-focused coping? a) Jasmine decides it is pointless studying, because she thinks her teacher is unfair b) Jasmine decided to put off going to a party until she studies for two hours c) Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress d) Jasmine sets aside an hour each night to study for her exam and goes to the instructor's extra study session e) Jasmine notices that the best student in class makes flash cards to study, so she makes flash cards

c) Jasmine reaches out to her friends for comfort to reduce her stress

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? a) Acquisition b) Stimulus c) Learning d) Habituation e) Response

c) Learning

Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by: a) Discrimination learning b) Punishment c) Negative reinforcement d) Classical conditioning e) Positive reinforcement

c) Negative reinforcement

Monkeys raised in labs showed no fear toward snakes. Monkey raised in the wild showed strong fear of snakes. Lab-raised monkeys shown a video of wild monkeys responding to snakes began acting fearfully after being exposed to a toy snake. This illustrated the power of a) Insight learning b) Prosocial behavior c) Observational learning d) Cognitive maps e) Shaping

c) Observational learning

After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? a) Functional fixedness​​ blindness b) Bottom-up processing c) Perceptual set d) Context-dependent memory e) Inattentional

c) Perceptual set

Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at a) Testing the worth of various theoretical definitions b) Operationally defining one theory of intelligence c) Predicting children's success in school d) Selecting workers for successful job performance e) Establishing the learning potential of French military recruits

c) Predicting children's success in school

On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, an IQ of 100 indicates that the test taker a) Correctly answered all of the items on the test b) Obtained the highest scores in the standardization sample c) Scored at the average level for test takers of the same age d) Scored above the level of the average American adult e) Took as long as the average test taker to answer the test items

c) Scored at the average level for test takers of the same age

A student who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having a) Ranked 75th from the top in a group of 100 test takers b) Answered 75% of the test questions correctly c) Scored higher than 75% of the test takers d) Scored 75% higher than the average test taker e) Scored 75% of the highest score

c) Scored higher than 75% of the test takers

A decrease in sensory responsiveness accompanying an unchanging stimulus is called: a) Sensory fatigue b) Accomodation c) Sensory adaptation d) Sensory interaction e) Sensory deprivation

c) Sensory adaptation

As you watch a friend walk away from you, your retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This is an example of a) Motion parallax b) Retinal disparity c) Size constancy d) Continuity e) Common fate

c) Size constancy

In Watson's Little Albert experiment, Albert became fearful of furry masks, rabbits, and dogs in addition to the original rat. Which concept did this best illustrate? a) Unconditioned stimulus b) Unconditioned response c) Stimulus generalization d) Stimulus discrimination e) Neutral stimulus

c) Stimulus generalization

The utterance "likes dog my swim to" does not sound correct because it violates the rules of a) Lexicon b) Prosody c) Syntax d) Fast mapping e) Morphemes

c) Syntax

Dr. Sosa administers the first exam to all his introductory psychology students, which amounts to 250 students total. The mean for the first exam was 75%. The grades for Dr. Sosa's classes are distributed as shown above. Dr. Sosa concludes the students in his class are achieving appropriate mastery of the material. Why is this conclusion invalid? a) Dr. Sosa should have evaluated each of his classes separately. b) The distribution is negatively skewed. c) The distribution is positively skewed. d) Dr. Sosa did not evaluate enough students. e) Dr. Sosa evaluated too many students.

c) The distribution is positively skewed.

Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is: a) The subject's age b) The strength of the stimuli c) The predictability of an association d) The similarity of stimuli e) The strength of responses

c) The predictability of an association

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ? a) Fear b) The cat c) The slamming of the door d) Person who slammed the door e) The Room

c) The slamming of the door

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment? a) Honeybees will automatically stick out their tongue when sugar water is placed on their antennae. If a neutral odor is paired with the sugar water, the bees will eventually stick out their tongue. Finally, if a second neutral odor is paired with the first odor, the bees will learn to stick out their tongue in response to this odor. b) As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant. c) While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi. d) Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother's room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks. e) A rat was taught to dunk a ball into a miniature basketball hoop in order to receive a treat. After the rat stopped receiving treats, it eventually stopped playing basketball. A week later, however, the rat randomly started playing basketball again.

c) While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

The term gestalt means a) Grouping b) Perception c) Whole d) Sensation e) Individuation

c) Whole

A normally functioning 65 year old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a: a) Phenomenon that is uncommon for people of his age b) Phenomenon predicted by Erik Erikson as part of the eight stages of psycho-social development c) Decrease in his crystalized intelligence d) Decrease in his fluid intelligence e) Difficulty with concrete operational thinking

d) Decrease in his fluid intelligence

As her friend Milo walks toward her, Noriko perceives his size as remaining constant because his perceived distance ________ at the same time that her retinal image of him ________. a) Increases; decreases b) Increases; increases c) Decreases; decreases d) Decreases; increases e) Remains; changes

d) Decreases; increases

According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true? a) Individuals have a natural predisposition to learn language. b) Individuals learn positive instances of concepts faster than they learn negative instances. c) Children learn their first language from their relatives and their peer group. d) Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways. e) Children learn qualifying words such as "more" and "further" sooner than they do absolutes such as "every" and "all."

d) Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of a) Source amnesia b) Storage decay c) Proactive interference d) Encoding failure e) Retroactive interference

d) Encoding failure

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone? a) Generalization b) Discrimination c) Spontaneous recovery d) Extinction e) Acquisition

d) Extinction

Which of the following methods is used in studies designed to determine the primary components of intelligence? a) Test-retest b) Alternate forms c) Random sampling d) Factor analysis e) Standardization

d) Factor analysis

Visual acuity is best in the a) Lens b) Iris c) Cornea d) Fovea e) Pupil

d) Fovea

The type of intelligence that Howard Gardner described as individuals' abilities to understand themselves and to be aware of their talents and limitations is a) Naturalistic b) Interpersonal c) Kinesthetic d) Intrapersonal e) g

d) Intrapersonal

The size of the pupil is controlled by the a) Lens b) Retina c) Cornea d) Iris e) Fovea

d) Iris

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? a) It has a long wavelength and high frequency.​​ b) It has a long wavelength and low frequency.​​ c) It has a small amplitude d) It has a short wavelength and high frequency. e) It has a large amplitude

d) It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

Emiko's cat often meows for food. Emiko decides to eliminate the behavior by feeding the cat only when it does not meow. Over the next few weeks, she sometimes ignores the cat when it meows. Other times, she feeds the cat when it meows. Which of the following is the most reasonable prediction to make about the cat's meowing for food? a) It will disappear due to extinction b) It will decrease overall but not extinguish c) It will remain unchanged due to a continuous schedule of reinforcement d) It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement e) It will increase due to positive punishment

d) It will increase due to a variable schedule of reinforcement

After several attempts to escape with no success, the victim in an abusive relationship gives up hope of escape and no longer tries. The best explanation for this is a) Latent learning b) Intrinsic motivation c) Vicarious learning d) Learned helplessness e) Superstitious behavior

d) Learned helplessness

The three small bones of the ear are located in the a) Cochlea b) Outer ear c) Inner ear d) Middle ear e) Auditory nerve

d) Middle ear

Taking a painkiller to relieve a toothache is behavior learned through which of the following processes? a) Shaping b) Punishment c) Positive reinforcement d) Negative reinforcement e) Omission training

d) Negative reinforcement

What do we call the smallest distinctive sound units in language? a) Structure b) Morphemes c) Grammar d) Phonemes e) Thoughts

d) Phonemes

When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as a) Convergence b) Relative motion c) Linear perspective d) Retinal disparity e) Just noticeable difference

d) Retinal disparity

Which of the following is most likely to be used as evidence against the concept of g? a) Mental age b) Standardization c) Insight d) Savant syndrome e) Imprinting

d) Savant syndrome

Which of the following could be considered an unconditioned response? a) Getting money as a reward b) Navigating a maze c) Playing checkers d) Shivering in cold weather e) Cheering when your favorite team scores a point

d) Shivering in cold weather

Gustatory receptors are sensitive to all of the following taste qualities EXCEPT a) Bitter b) Sweet c) Salty d) Spicy e) Sour

d) Spicy

A child who learns that spoons are tableware and then correctly calls forks and knives tableware is demonstrating a) Rote learning b) Imitation training c) Discrimination training d) Stimulus generalization e) Classical conditioning

d) Stimulus generalization

Which of the following best identifies the early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs? a) Two-word stage. b) Babbling stage. c) One-word stage. d) Telegraphic speech. e) Grammar.

d) Telegraphic speech.

What does Edward Thorndike's law of effect state? a) The difference between positive and negative reinforcement b) The behavior maintained by partial reinforcement in more resistant to extinction that behavior maintained by continuous reinforcement c) How shaping can be used to establish operant conditioning d) That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again e) The limited effectiveness of punishment

d) That rewarded behavior is more likely to happen again

For extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ? a) The CR occurs after the CS but does not occur after other stimuli b) the CR occurs after a stimulus that is similar to the CS c) The CS and the UCS are repeatedly paired, and the CR gains strength d) The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the USC, and the CR loses strength e) When the CR loses strength, a rest period is given, after which the CS again elicits the CR

d) The CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the USC, and the CR loses strength

A prototype is best defined as a) An example of habituation b) An example of bottom-up processing c) The equivalent of feature abstraction d) The hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category e) An essential element of category membership

d) The hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category

Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi? a) Latent learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer b) Insight learning, because sushi acts a reinforcer c) Social learning, because Xander is probably imitating someone else who also got sick from the Sushi d) biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion e) Negative punishment, because this example illustrates taste aversion

d) biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement? a) Presenting a positive stimulus after a response b) Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response c) Being told that you have done a good job d) Providing a reward for the accomplishment of a task e) All of the above are examples.

e) All of the above are examples.

When instances come readily to mind, we often presume such events are common. What of the following is the term for this phenomenon? a) Intuition insight b) Confirmation bias c) Belief perseverance d) Mental set e) Availability heuristic

e) Availability heuristic

In audition, transduction occurs within the a) Tympanic membrane b) Incus c) Stapes d) Malleus e) Basilar membrane

e) Basilar membrane

Which of the following results of correlational studies implies that environment contributes to the determination of IQ? a) Correlations are higher for identical twins than for fraternal twins. b) Correlations are higher for children and their biological parents than for children and their adoptive parents. c) Correlations are higher for parents and their children than for husbands and wives. d) Correlations for two children in the same family are lower when one of the children is adopted than when both are the biological offspring of the parents. e) Correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive.

e) Correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive.

Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following? a) Prototyping b) Cognition c) Intrinsic motivation d) Venturesome personality e) Creativity

e) Creativity

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of kinesthetic sense? a) Severing of the corpus callosum b) Removal of apportion of the olfactory bulb c) A tumor in the somatosensory cortex d) Destruction of part of the hypothalamus e) Damage to the cerebellum

e) Damage to the cerebellum

Because studies of learning show that events occurring close together in time are easier to associate than those occurring at widely different times, parents should probably avoid which of the following? a) Corporal punishment b) Mild punishment c) Consistent punishment d) Inescapable punishment e) Delay of punishment

e) Delay of punishment

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli? a) Absolute threshold b) Perception c) Subliminal Stimulus d) Sensation e) Difference threshold

e) Difference threshold

Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal? a) Cochlea b) Auditory nerve c) Anvil d) Stirrup e) Eardrum

e) Eardrum

The perceived pitch of a tone is largely determined by its a) Loudness b) Timbre c) Amplitude d) Complexity e) Frequency

e) Frequency

Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence? a) Understanding emotions b) Perceiving emotions c) Using emotions d) Managing emotions e) Inventing emotions

e) Inventing emotions

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that a) State-dependent memories are easily retrieved b) Priming is affected by the release of serotonin into the synapses c) Proactive interference is minimized by LTP d. Source amnesia decreases the more the rats run the maze e) LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

e) LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations

Individuals who believe that an unpleasant experience is unavoidable and therefore do nothing to change the course of events are exhibiting a) Self-actualization attributes b) fight-or-flight c) Attributional deficits d) Cognitive dissonance e) Learned helplessness

e) Learned helplessness

If the figure above represents the sequence in classical conditioning, what does the bell represent in Box 2? a) Unconditioned stimulus b) Unconditioned response c) Conditioned stimulus d) Conditioned response e) Neutral Stimulus

e) Neutral Stimulus

After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by a) Retinal disparity b) Color constancy c) Selective Attention d) Trichromatic Theory e) Opponent-Process theory

e) Opponent-Process theory

Although carpenter Smith perceived a briefly viewed object as a screwdriver, police officer Wesson perceived the same object as a knife. This illustrates that perception is guided by: a) Interposition b) Shape constancy c) Retinal disparity d) Linear perspective e) Perceptual set

e) Perceptual set

The Receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the: a) Fovea b) Cone c) Bipolar Cell d) Lens e) Rods

e) Rods

Balance is influenced by the a) Cochlea b) Basilar membrane c) Eardrum d) Auditory nerve e) Semicircular canals

e) Semicircular canals

A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? a) Encoding failure b) Social facilitation c) Retrograde amnesia d) Repression e) The serial position effect

e) The serial position effect

People listening to rock music played backward often perceive an evil message if specifically told what to listen for. That phenomenon best illustrates a) Parapsychology​ b) Complementary afterimages c) ​Perceptual constancy d) ​Perceptual adaptation e) Top-down processing

e) Top-down processing

The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is a) Sensory adaptation b) Feature detection c) Just noticeable difference d) Signal detection e) Transduction

e) Transduction

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? a) A hippo allows fish to eat off its skin to clean it b) Students in a classroom have their recess taken away until they are quiet c) A baseball player works in the batting cages until she becomes skilled at hitting d) A worker learns to fear the phone ringing because of a boss who yells over the phone e) Young women wear a clothing style that style similar to that of a popular singer

e) Young women wear a clothing style that style similar to that of a popular singer

Learning is best defined as a) a change in the behavior of an organism. b) a any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked. c) a behavior that is eliminated using classical conditioning. d) behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning. e) relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.

e) a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.