Unit 3 AP Psych
The outer ear consists of the: a- pinna, ear canal, and eardrum. b-timbre, earlobe, and skin. c- pinna and earlobe. d-earlobe and eardrum.
A
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision: a-there are three basic colors, or wavelengths. b- there are three types of rods, each responsive to a different color. c- cones come in three basic varieties: red-sensitive, green-sensitive, or blue-sensitive. d-cones respond to either red-green or blue-yellow.
C
After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by a-Wavelength control theory b-Trichromatic theory c-Opponent-process theory d-Retinal disparity
C
Both Myra and Ben have worn glasses since they were children, but Myra is extremely nearsighted, and Ben is extremely farsighted. Both Myra and Ben have: a-malfunctioning cones. b-malfunctioning bipolar cells. c-abnormally-shaped eyeballs. d- abnormally-shaped retinas.
C
binocular cues
close your eys and put both pointer fingers on your nose. depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
fovea
cones cluster, central focus point in retina
iris
controls pupil size, color muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity, responds to your cognitive and emotional state
monocular cues
depth cues available to either eye alone, only one eye
rods
detects black, gray, white, sensitive to movement, let you see dim light
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness
conduction hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea, less common
Transduction
our ears receiving energy (sound waves) and they transduce into neural massages that go to are brain. converting one form of energy into another form that are brain can use.
parallel processing
running two or more processors to complete one task
change blindness
seeing a picture of a coke can, pencil, marker and a cap to a bottle them looking at a different picture where there is no coke can and not realizing they took something away. failure to notice a change
vestibular sense
sense of balance, head
Olfaction
sense of smell
audition
sense of sound perception and results from tiny hair fibers in the inner ear
A researcher studied 30 people ages twenty to forty, 30 people ages forty-one to sixty, and 30 people ages sixty-one to eighty. The researcher set up two rooms—one with a faint rose smell, and one with a faint lemon smell. Each participant was asked to enter each room and identify the smell in the room. What research method did the researcher use, and what outcome would be found? A-Cross-sectional. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age. B-Cross-sectional. Middle-aged people have the strongest sense of smell. C-Cross-sectional. No conclusions can be made because cause and effect cannot be inferred. D-Longitudinal. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age. E-Longitudinal. Middle-aged people have the strongest sense of smell.
A
Luis constructed a flip-book with 30 different still images of a cartoon cat. When Luis quickly flipped through successive images of the cat, the cat appeared to move. Which of the following concepts does the example illustrate? A-Stroboscopic movement, because the book is a series of images presented at separate time intervals. B-Perceptual constancy, because Luis still views the cat as a cat even though it appears as a moving picture. C-Depth perception, because Luis needs both eyes to view the movement. D-Color constancy, because the cat does not appear to change color. E-Interposition, because the pictures are in a sequence that is logical.
A
The visual sensory receptor cells that transform light energy into a neural signal are the: a- rods and cones in the retina. b- bipolar cells in the blind spot. c-pupil and lens. d-corneal cells in the optic nerve.
A
Visual acuity is highest when images are focused on the fovea because of the high concentration of _____ in that region. a- cones b-rods c-peripheral cells d- bipolar cells
A
Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? A-Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. B-Mariann still saw an apple as red even when the light in the room got darker. C-Allison's hair was still perceived as bright pink even when the sky became overcast. D-Sarah did not notice the sound of the air conditioner until it suddenly shut off. E-Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues.
A
Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? A-Even though the angle from which she viewed the table had changed, Elise still perceived the table as rectangular. B-Mariann still saw an apple as red even when the light in the room got darker. C-Allison's hair was still perceived as bright pink even when the sky became overcast. D-Sarah did not notice the sound of the air conditioner until it suddenly shut off. E-Marcia is able to catch the basketball because of binocular cues.
A
Which of the following statements is TRUE? a-Sound waves are collected in the outer ear, amplified in the middle ear, and transduced into neural messages in the inner ear. b-Sound waves are collected in the outer ear, translated in the middle ear, amplified in the inner ear, and transduced by the eardrum. c- After bouncing off the eardrum, sound waves are routed to the brain via the auditory nerve. d-Sound waves are amplified in the outer ear, collected in the inner ear, and transduced into neural messages in the middle ear.
A
When Rocco views the image above, he sees it as a 13 when it is part of a larger number but as a B when it is part of a word. Rocco's response shows the importance of what perceptual concept? A-Context effects B-Binocular cues C-Divided attention D-Schemas E-Bottem Up processing
A (picture)
extrasensory perception (ESP)
Are there people who can really read are minds? Controversial claims that perception can occur apart from sensory input, includes telepathy
A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that A-can be detected 5 percent of the time B-falls below the threshold for conscious detection C-activates unconscious associations that affect perceptions, memories, and responses D-has been transformed into neural impulses E-triggers a diminished response due to constant activation
B
After his friend said a new movie was the funniest he had seen in years, Willard found himself laughing throughout the viewing, even though the movie was not very funny. What concept is Willard demonstrating? A-Functional fixedness B-Perceptual set C-Inattentional blindness D-Bottom-up processing E-Context-dependent memory
B
Even though it was nearly dark outside, Kaci could still tell that the basketball she was playing with was orange. Which of the following concepts is best illustrated in this example? A-Shape constancy B-Color constancy C-Perceptual adaptation D-Interposition E-Absolute threshold
B
From the optic chiasm, the PRIMARY visual pathway projects first to the _____ and process information about _____. a-midbrain; location of objects b-thalamus; form, color, brightness, and depth of objects c-temporal lobe; movement, speed, and direction of objects d-optic disk; shape, size, and distance of objects
B
Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? A-It has a long wavelength and high frequency. B-It has a short wavelength and high frequency. C-It has a long wavelength and low frequency. D-It has a large amplitude. E-It has a small amplitude.
B
The primary function of the outer ear is to: a- transfer sounds to the cochlear membrane. b-collect sound waves and funnel them into the ear canal. c-provide a convenient place for wearing earrings. d-protect the delicate inner structures of the ear from loud sounds.
B
To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a A-longitudinal study on 200 smokers to determine whether their sense of smell improved over time B-longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers' sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers' did C-cross-sectional study of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether nonsmokers' sense of smell improved with age D-cross-sectional study on 200 smokers to determine whether smokers' sense of smell stayed the same over time E-a survey asking 100 participants how long they have been smoking and how many packs of cigarettes a day they smoke
B
Which of the following refers to the photoreceptors responsible for color vision? A-Rods B-Cones C-Optic nerves D-Wavelengths E-Hues
B
Which part of the brain receives messages from the hair-like receptors that are involved in the vestibular sense? A-Frontal lobes B-Cerebellum C-Medulla D-Hypothalamus E-Amygdala
B
Which type of sensory receptors are involved in color vision? a- rods but not cones b- cones but not rods c-rods and cones d- trichromatic cells
B
This image depicts the path that wound waves take through the human ear. Which structure contains the basilar membrane? A B C D
B (picture)
Julia is practicing her trumpet and produces a loud sound. Which of the following is the best explanation for the loudness of the sound? A-The sound has a long wavelength. B-The sound has a short wavelength. C-The sound has a high-amplitude sound wave. D-The sound has a low-amplitude sound wave. E-The sound is complex.
C
Which of the following scenarios most clearly describes the effects of a strong kinesthetic sense? A-Developing a craving for a food after smelling it B-Being able to navigate using directions C-Being able to tell exact bodily position without looking at the body D-Being able to locate where a sound is coming from E-Balancing oneself on a ladder
C
This image depicts a cross-section of the human eye. Which structure changes shape to focus incoming light? A B C D E
C (picture)
Mrs. McGillicuddy is an active 80-year-old, but she has trouble hearing. Her hearing improves after she is fitted with a hearing aid. Mrs. McGillicuddy is suffering from _____ deafness, which was probably caused by _____. a-nerve; deterioration of the auditory nerve b-nerve; exposure to very loud noise c-conduction; damage to the pinna of her left ear d-conduction; the hammer, anvil, and stirrup becoming brittle
D
The muscle that controls the amount of light entering the pupil is the: a- fovea. b-cornea. c-retina d- iris
D
Where would you expect to find visual feature detectors? a- thalamus b-auditory nerve c-optic chiasm d-visual cortex
D
Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli? A-Absolute threshold B-Sensation C-Perception D-Difference threshold E-Subliminal stimulus
D
Which of the following refers to the transformation of stimulus energy into neural impulses? A-Perception B-Bottom-up processing C-Top-down processing D-Transduction E-Psychophysics
D
Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in impairment of the kinesthetic sense? A-Severing of the corpus callosum B-Destruction of part of the hypothalamus C-Removal of a portion of the olfactory bulb D-Damage to the cerebellum E-A tumor in the somatosensory cortex
D
In the figure above, what letter corresponds to the light-sensitive surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors? A B C D
D (picture)
Domingo has just hit Play to begin listening to a new song he bought. Based on the structure of the ear, what will the sound waves contact first after moving through Domingo's auditory canal? A-The cochlea B-The auditory nerve C-The anvil D-The stirrup E-The eardrum
E
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect? A-Carol performs better in her recital when she practices in short sessions, several times a day. B-Edgar solves his jigsaw puzzles faster when he completes the edges first. C-Rosemarie shoots more accurately at her archery competition when other people are around. D-Vernon is more social at parties when he has had caffeine. E-Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.
E
pitch
How high or low a sound is
difference threshold
When you are listening to music at 50 percent you probably won't notice if your music goes to 55 percent but if it increases to 110 percent, you wouldn't notice that extra 5 percent. minimum stimulus differences a person can detect half the time.
sensation
You smell a candle that is scented with apple pie. our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
absolute threshold
a hearing test. the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. light, sound, pressure, and oder
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
cones
center of retina, function in daylight or well light conditions
lens
after passing through pupil, light hits the transparent lens, then lens focusing on light rays into a image on retina
Intensity
amount of energy the wave contains
phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
blind spot
area with no receptor cells
selective attention
being able to focus on what one person is saying while in a room of multiple people talking.
Wavelength
distance from one wave peak to the next
bottom-up processing
doing a blind taste challenge. starts at your sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing, detects lines, angles, and colors
frequency theory
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
perception
knowing when to try different techniques of learning with a kid. our brain processes information and organizes and interrupts sensory input
accommodation
lens changes in order to shape to focus near or far sided objects
Cornea
light enters eye, which blends to create focus
pupil
light passes though, a small adjustable opening
kinesthesia
movement senses, keeps you aware of your body parts and movement
retina
multilayered tissue on the eyeballs sensitive inner surface
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
optic nerve
nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain
sensory interaction
one sense may influence another
grouping
organizing stimuli into groups
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
Gestalt
pieces of information into a whole
Weber's Law
played a sound to someone and slowly increased the levels of music. to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.
perceptual adaptation
putting glasses on for the first time. the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
top-down processing
read a colors name that is in a different color. constructs perception from this sensory input by drawing on your experiences and expectations. Interrupts what my senses detect
sensory receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
sensory adaptation
sitting in class and being able to smell your classmates' perfume very strongly, after a while you stop smelling it. Constantly being exposed to a unchanging stimulus, we become less aware of it.
parapsychology
study of paranormal phenomena, including extrasensory perception and psychokinesis
signal detection theory
teachers either can see when a kid is on their phone and other teachers cannot tell. Predicts when we will detect signals
color constancy
the ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
middle ear
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window
hue
the color we see determined by the wavelength
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
inner ear
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
figure-ground
the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).
Psychophysics
the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them
oppenent process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision.
trichromatic theory
theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green
gate-control theory
theory that explains how the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain
inattentional blindness
watching a screen of multiple people dancing and not realizing someone in a gorilla suit is walking across the screen. focusing on one part of the environment.
place theory
we hear different pitches because sound waves trigger activity in different places among the cochlea's basilar membrane
subliminal
words being flashed on a screen so quickly we don't even see. below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness, you cannot detect 50 percent of the time
perceptual set
you look a title that says monster and in the picture you see a monster, but someone else does not look at the title and they see a tree and not a monster. A set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affect our top-down, what we hear, taste, smell and see.
