Unit 3 Quiz Questions
Which of the following statements related to plastics is/are true? Choose all that apply. A) Plastics can induce toxic effects in organisms. B) Plastics will be one of the defining features of the Archean fossil record. C) Most plastics in the environment are very small. D) Small plastics like nurdles are not problematic in the environment, as they are too small to enter the food web. E)Large plastics like grocery bags, soda bottle caps, are problematic because they can be ingested by animals, including sea birds and turtles.
A, C, E
Which of the following statements related to plastics is/are true? Choose all that apply. A) Plastic pollution is widespread in the Great Lakes; most of the plastics found in the Great Lakes are very small. B) Plastic production in 2050 is projected to be lower than it is at present because of an increase in the use of recycled plastics. C) Plastics are primarily found on beaches in heavily populated areas such as Los Angeles and Miami. D) Microplastics can be released into the environment when clothes are washed. E) Individual choices people make on a daily basis influence the amount of plastic pollution that ends up in the environment.
A, D, E
The per-capita population growth rate of a population is 0.1 per day. The per capita birth rate is 0.2 per day. The per capita death rate is 0.2 per day. What can you conclude from this information? (Choose all that apply.) A) That this is an open population (immigration and emigration occur). B) That this is a closed population (no immigration or emigration). C) That emigration exceeds immigration in this population. D) That the population is shrinking. E) That the population is growing. F) That immigration exceeds emigration in this population.
A, E, F
A population of deer mice consists of 200 individuals and has an r = 0.1. A population of wood rats consists of 100 individuals and has an r = 0.2. Which population is growing the fastest in terms of individuals per year? Assume the time period is 1 year. A) Wood rats B) both populations are adding the same number of individuals per year C) Not enough information is provided to determine which population is growing the fastest D) deer mice
B
Assuming that no density dependent factors are acting on a population, which of the following is a valid way to calculate the per capita population growth rate (rmax) in a population? A) B + I - D - E B) b - d + i - e C) dN/dt D) (dN/dt )/ rmax E) rmax Nt [ (K- Nt) / K ]
B
If a density dependent factor is affecting population growth, which of the following can we use when trying to find the rate of change in the population? Recall these equations:A) lambda (λ), since we know that it will be less than 1 during density dependent growth B) rmax Nt [(K- Nt)/K] C) rmax· Nt D) λt·N0 E) rmax, since we know that r will be constant under such conditions
B
Which of the following primates is the MOST closely related to humans? bonobos lemurs gorillas monkeys orangutans
Bonobos
A population can decrease in size as a result of which of the following processes? A) an increase in death rate B) an increase in emigration C) All of the answer options are correct D) a decrease in birth rate E) an increase in predation rate
C
How do fossils provide evidence of evolutionary history? A) Fossils provide an accurate account of the number of species that existed at any particular time. B) Very, very old fossils are an excellent source of DNA from which we can easily construct molecular phylogenies. C) Fossils provide a record of extinct species. D) Fossils provide complete information about extinct species.
C
A population of starlings reproduces once per year. The annual geometric growth rate of the population is 4. The population had 80 individuals in 1982. How many individuals will there be in 1984? Assume that starlings die after reproducing, and that individuals mature and can reproduce within a year. A) It is not possible to predict without information on migration. B) 80 C) 320 D) 1280 E) 84 F) 88
D
This question is based on the video on the Rising Star expedition. What did the scientists do before removing fossils? A) The scientists assembled all the fossils in one corner of the cave before removing any to be sure they had all the pieces. B) The scientists removed pieces of skin from the samples before removing them from the ground. C) The scientists took small samples of bone for genetic analyses before removing them. D) The scientists flagged and scanned fossils before removing them. E) The scientists did not remove any fossils from the cave.
D
Which of the following is an example of a commensalism? A) A jaguar kills and consumes a gazelle. B) A female cuckoo lays its egg in the nest of a different bird species, which then raises the cuckoo chick. C) A wasp paralyzes a caterpillar and lays its egg inside it. D) A fish lives inside a hermit crab shell and is protected by the crab, while the crab receives nothing from the fish and is not harmed E) A remora fish removes algae and parasites from a shark's skin, and receives protection from the shark in return.
D
Which of the following statements is a component of the "Out-of-Africa" hypothesis? A) Homo erectus is the sole surviving species of a remarkable adaptive radiation of Tribe Hominini. B) Neanderthal DNA is very similar to the DNA of Homo sapiens. C) There was extensive interbreeding between Homo sapiens and other Homo species in Africa. D) Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and stayed in Africa for about 130,000 years before small groups left Africa and colonized other continents. E) All Homo species evolved in Asia F) All Homo species evolved outside of Africa.
D
A population of prairie dogs shows logistic growth. As the population approaches carrying capacity (K), the number of individuals added to the population per unit of time ________.
Decreases
What is missing? ______________, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, ______________, Species
Domain, Genus
Experiments have demonstrated that fungi that form mycorrhizal associations with plants are: A) Commensals that benefit from the association but provide nothing in return B) Symbionts that provide water to the plant but receive nothing in return C) Competitors with the plants for nutrients D) Herbivores that actually consume plant tissue E) Mutualists that provide mineral nutrients to the plant and receive sugars in return
E
Monarch butterfly caterpillars are completely dependent upon milkweed as a food source between the larval stage and when they pupate (in a chrysalis) and emerge as butterflies. This relationship can be referred to as: A) niche differentiation. B) obligate mutualism. C) facultative mutualism. D) facultative parasitism. E) obligate herbivory
E
See Figure 24.8. When Rebecca Cann decided to conduct research on the evolution of humans, she chose to study mitochondrial DNA. Which of the following explains why she chose this type of DNA? A)because mitochondrial DNA lasts longer in the tissues B) because mitochondrial DNA is recombined from generation to generation and helps explain the phenotypic diversity in the human population C) because mitochondrial DNA is less abundant in cells than nuclear DNA and therefore easier to extract D) because mitochondrial DNA is circular E) because mitochondrial DNA has clear lines of inheritance; mothers pass their mtDNA to all their offspring, regardless of gender
E
(T/F) A facultative mutualism is one in which the organism cannot survive or reproduce without the other species with whom it interacts.
F
This question is based on the AAA Statement on Race. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Physical variations in a trait tend to occur gradually rather than abruptly over geographic areas. B) Most physical variation (~94%) lies within racial groups. C) No human is born with a built-in culture or language. D) Human populations are NOT clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups. E) Over time, the concept of race has been used to institutionalize arbitrary beliefs about people. F) All of the above are true statements
F
(T/F) All evidence suggests that the Neanderthals did not interbreed with our ancestors.
False
(T/F) This question is based on the AAA Statement on Race. There are clear, discrete phenotypic and genetic differences that make it possible to divide populations into different races.
False
(True or False) If a defensive compound is always present in an organism, then it MUST be a constitutive defense.
False
(True/False) Plastics are found in filter feeders like bivalves but not in organisms higher in the food web.
False
(True/False) The statement "humans evolved from chimps" is incorrect because we now know that bonobos are more closely related to chimps than humans are.
False
True or false: Once organisms have evolved to become mutualists, they are locked into that interaction permanently.
False
True or false: Plants always invest far more energy in growth than in defense.
False
Humans are included in which of the following groups? gorillas chimpanzees great apes prosimians
Great apes
Which of the following is NOT an animal phylum A) Chordata B) Brachiopoda C) Porifera D) Mollusca E) Arthropoda F) Echinodermata G) Cnidaria H) Insecta
H
What is missing? Eukaryota, Animalia, Chordates, Mammalia, Primates, __________________, _________________, __________________
Hominidae, homo, homo sapiens
This question is based on the video on the Rising Star expedition. Dr. Lee Berger, the lead scientist on the Rising Star Expedition, did not access the site himself. What made Dr. Berger realize that the first fossil they brought up was probably NOT from an Australopith? It did not have any teeth. It had fur. It was too small. It had a very large jaw. It had grasping claws.
It was too small
According to the video, which two factors that constrained (limited) growth of the mosquito population in 2011 were removed in 2012? (choose two) Parasites Predators Pesticides Space Temperature Food
Space, Temperature
(T/F) Comparing one person from Europe with one person from Africa would show a greater amount of variation than comparing two native people from New Zealand. (Hint: see Figure 24.15, page 499).
T
True or False : Lambda and r are related; specifically the natural log of lambda is equal to r.
True
True or False : r is the per-capita growth rate of a population.
True
True or false: In interactions between species, sometimes one species seems to be unaffected by the species with whom it interacts.
True
Which of the following is NOT an anatomical change that would be associated with a transition from four to two legs? narrower human foot S-shaped spine wider stance repositioned foramen magnum None of the answer options is correct.
Wider stance
In one year, there were 100 babies born in a population with 500 individuals. What is the per capita birth rate? A) 0.1 B) 500 C) 0.2 D) 100 E) 0.5
C
What is the correct order of taxonomic hierarchy? A) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Domain, Genus, Species, Order B) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species C) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
C
On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull instead of the back (as in other members of Tribe Hominini) is evidence for what evolutionary change in our evolution as primates? A) All of these statements are correct. B) It occurred as a consequence of the evolution of large body size. C) It allowed for the development of binocular vision. D) It occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance. E) It allowed for the hominin brain to grow much larger than other primates' brains.
D
Plants must have colonized land before animals because ... A) Animals needed to have plants colonize land first to provide shelter and camouflage from predators B) Animals fertilize the soil with feces, which provides essential nutrients to plants C) Animals would have been more susceptible to parasites if the animals colonized land without plants D) Plants provide food for all terrestrial primary consumers E) All plants require pollinators, which are always animals
D
In class, we saw a figure from the Krebs et al. 1995 experiment that showed years (time) on the x-axis and hare and lynx densities on the y-axes. What is the maximal density of hares observed during this study, as shown on this figure? A) about 23 per 100 square kilometers B) 4000 per square kilometer C) about 2000 per square kilometer D) about 15 per 100 square kilometers E) about 3500 per square kilometer
E
What is missing? Eukaryota, Animalia, Chordates, Mammalia, _______________, Hominidae, ______________, Homosapiens
Mammalia, Primates
In what way have mass extinctions helped cause diversification and adaptive radiations? A) Mass extinctions eliminate ecologically dominant species, enabling survivors to diversify in environments with few competitors. B) Mass extinctions wipe out poorly competing species, enabling good competitors to diversify. C) Mass extinction events permanently alter environments, favoring species with novel (new and unique) character combinations. D) Mass extinction events cause mutations, increasing the genetic variability of populations.
Not C (Probably D, I Have no idea)
We use this population model describing the rate of population growth (how quickly or slowly a population is growing or shrinking): dN/dt = rmax · Nt In this model, rmax refers to: ________________. Hint: read the choices carefully! A) Per capita population growth rate when b is as high as possible and d is as low as possible B) Average rate of change in number of individuals per unit time C) Geometric growth rate of the population D) Number of individuals in the population E) B+I-D-E
Not C or B or E
In what kind of environment are fossils most likely to be preserved? shallow lake bed desert tundra fast flowing creek tropical rainforest
Shallow lake bed
(True/False) The Great Pacific Garbage Patch can get as big as the United States.
True
True or false: At its earliest stages, a logistic growth curve closely resembles an exponential growth curve.
True
True or false: Competition can occur over resources such as space, mates, and nesting sites, not just over food.
True
If you compared all the base pairs contained in the human and bonobo genomes, roughly what percent of them would differ from each other?
1%
This question is based on the video on the Rising Star expedition. How many skeletons did they find in the first couple of days of excavations?
4
How many legs do insects have?
6
This question is based on the video on the Rising Star expedition. When they analyzed the mandible that they removed from the cave, the video shows them comparing it with the mandible of what species?
?
How do fossils provide evidence of evolutionary history? A) Fossils provide a record of extinct species. B) Older fossils are an excellent source of DNA from which we can construct molecular phylogenies. C) Fossils provide complete information on extinct species. D) Fossils provide an accurate account of the number of species that exist at any particular time.
A
Logistic growth: A) often occurs in populations with limited resources. B) occurs when a population increases exponentially. C) does not involve immigration. D) occurs when individuals of a new species colonize an island with high resource levels. E) occurs when a maximum population growth rate (r(max)) is reached.
A
Two closely related species of salamanders live in eastern North America. One species has a range that goes a lot further north than the other. The other species has a range that goes a lot further south. However, the two species live in sympatry in some portions of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. A) two closely related species will tend to use more similar resources when they do not live together but will tend to use different resources when they live in sympatry. B) two closely related species will tend to have more morphological similarity in the areas where their ranges do not overlap but will tend to have less morphological similarity in the areas where their ranges overlap
A
We use this population model to predict the population at a given time, assuming you know the population size at the time just before: Nt+1= λ·Nt, In this model, Nt refers to: ____________. A) Number of individuals in the population at a given time, t B) B + I - D - E C) Number of individuals in the population at the initial time of counting the population D) Geometric population growth rate E) Per capita population growth rate
A
What evidence was found in the fossil record of the Cambrian explosion? A) evidence of diversification of marine animal body plans B) evidence of a mass extinction event C) evidence of a toxic atmosphere due to a meteor D) impact and widespread volcanism E) evidence of animals moving onto land (tetrapods) F) evidence of dinosaur diversification
A
What example does the video (you watched as part of your prereading) use to make the point that population ecology is important to understand? A) The West Nile virus outbreak in Dallas in 2012. B) The growth of feral hippo populations in Colombia. C) Salmon fisheries D) The SARS outbreak in Toronto in 2003. E) The ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2015.
A
Which of the following are influenced by herbivory? A) all of the answers are correct B) plant population size C) plant community structure D) plant population growth rate E) plant evolution
A
Which of the following statements about great apes is correct? A)Bonobos are more closely related to humans than to orangutans. B) Gorillas are more closely related to orangutans than to humans. C) Bonobos are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees. D) Orangutans are more closely related to chimpanzees than to gorillas.
A
Which, if any, of the following phenotypes has the highest fitness in modern humans (Homo sapiens)? A) It is impossible to answer this question given the information in the question stem B) Light colored skin, assuming the skin color has a genetic basis C) Skin that produces pheomelanin D)Skin that produces eumelanin E) Tanned skin, assuming the person is born producing pheomelanin
A
Which of the following is an enemy-victim interaction? (Select all that apply) A) parasitism B) competition C) predation D) mutualism E) herbivory F) commensalism
A, C, E
True or false? A group of species that arises as a result of adaptive radiation is monophyletic.
true
Which of the following is accurate, given modern data regarding the evolution of modern humans (Homo sapiens)? (choose all accurate) A)Modern humans dispersed across the world from Africa, beginning ~60,000 years before present. B) The modern human species originated ~1.2 million years before present. C) The modern human species originated in Asia. D) The modern human species originated in Europe. E) The modern human species originated in Africa.
A, E
Which are shared, derived traits of all theropod dinosaurs, including modern birds? Mark all valid answers. A) Semi-lunate carpal bone B) 4 walking legs C) Flight D) Collagen E) Bipedalism F) Furcula (wishbone) G) Hollow bones filled with air (pneumatic bones)
A, F, G
As a population approaches its carrying capacity, how does its growth change? A) The growth rate stays the same. B) The growth rate slows as N approaches K. C) r changes until it is close to K. D) The growth rate slows until N is close to r. E) The growth rate slows until N is 0.
B
Monarch butterfly caterpillars are herbivores of common milkweed. Milkweed produces a sticky latex sap and a toxin in its leaves. How is the interaction between the caterpillars and milkweed characterized? A) 0 for the milkweed and + for the caterpillar B) - for the milkweed and + for the caterpillar C) + for the milkweed and - for the caterpillar D) - for the milkweed and - for the caterpillar E) + for the milkweed and + for the caterpillar
B
Mark the answers that accurately place the events in chronological order (most ancient event first and the more recent event second). Choose all accurate answers. A) A vertebrate group evolves to live on land, groups of plants and fungi evolve to live on land B) Plants and fungi move to land, K-T (end-Cretaceous) extinction C) First evidence of an oxygen-rich environment, First fossil evidence of eukaryotic cells D) K-T (end-Cretaceous) extinction, Oldest fossil evidence of animals E) Evolution of photosynthesis, First evidence of an oxygen-rich environment
B, C, E
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE of the relationship between monarch butterflies and milkweed? A) Monarch caterpillars are generalists that have evolved ways to metabolize the cardenolides in milkweed latex. B) Older monarch caterpillars cut major plant veins and feed on the resulting "safe" leaf material. C) Young monarch caterpillars feed in trenches, avoiding the latex. D) Monarch butterflies store cardenolides they consume and use them as defenses against predators. E) Monarch caterpillars are specialists that have coevolved with milkweed.
A
This question is based on the video on the Rising Star expedition. Which was the first fossil that the scientists took out of the cave?
A mandible
Which of the following are considered vital rates? (Choose all that apply) A) Birth rate B) Emigration rate C) Instantaneous per capita growth rate D) r E) Death rate F) Geometric growth rate G) Immigration rate H) Lambda
A, B, E, G
What evidence can we find of ancient organisms that rarely form conventional fossils? Select all that apply. A) foot prints B) proteins extracted from ancient fossils provide evidence of their metabolism C) dung D) molecular fossils from lipids such as cholesterol E) DNA extracted from the oldest fossils
A, C, D
In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California there are many populations of the checkerspot butterfly Euphydryas editha. You notice that females of one population lay their eggs near the tip of a plant's stem (population A). Females of another population in the same area lay their eggs at the base of the stem on a different type of plant (population B). The young hatch out as caterpillars; they live on the host plant and eat its leaves. The choice of different host plants by members of these two populations of butterfly: A) decreases competition among members of the same butterfly population. B) decreases competition between members of the two different butterfly populations. C) increases competition between members of the two different butterfly populations. D) increases competition among members of the same butterfly population. E) has no effect on competition between members of the two different butterfly populations.
B
The Burgess Shale preserves a remarkable fossil record of: A)the tracks of dinosaurs walking on land. B) marine life during initial diversification of animals in the Cambrian Period 505 million years ago. C) molecular evidence of bacteria and other organisms. D) delicate flowers and mushrooms from the early invasion of land plants. E) plants, insects, and mammals around 50 million years ago, as the age of mammals began.
B
The per capita birth rate of a species of duck is 0.12. The per capita death rate of that same duck species is 0.14. Assume immigration rate equals emigration rate. Is the population increasing, decreasing, or staying the same size? If you cannot tell based on the available information, choose "not enough information is provided to determine a trend". A) Increasing B) Decreasing C) Staying the same size D) Not enough information is provided to determine a trend
B
Which of the following is an accurate definition of carrying capacity? A) The amount of blood that a mosquito can take in and still fly. B) The number of individuals that a habitat can sustain with the resources that it has available. C) The number of predators that an ecosystem can support. D) The amount of water that a stagnant body of water can hold. E) The sum of all of the density independent factors in a population.
B
Which of the following is an accurate definition of ecosystem ecology? A) A group of individuals of a single species that live together in one geographic area. B) The study of how all living and non-living things interact within a given geographic area. C) A group of species that all live together in one geographic area and interact with one another
B
Which of the following statements about mutualisms is FALSE? A) Over time, the two partners involved in a mutualism may become increasingly interdependent. B) The partners in a mutualism are trying to help each other out. C) In a mutualism, both partners benefit from the interaction. D) Mutualisms are subject to natural selection. E) Individuals involved in a mutualism pay some costs associated with that mutualism
B
Which one of the following is an advantage of using the fossil record to obtain information about our evolutionary history? A)The fossil record gives us the information necessary to define species. B) The fossil record gives us examples of the intermediate stages of evolution. C) The fossil record gives us the information needed to confirm that the Neanderthals were the first bipedal hominins. D)There is no advantage that the fossil record provides that DNA analysis doesn't also provide.
B
Why do we only see Neanderthal input in non-African genomes? A) Only Y chromosome DNA can be transmitted from Neanderthal genomes. B) Neanderthals never interbred with Homo sapiens in Africa. C) Neanderthals were adapted to a cold European climate. D) Only mtDNA can be transmitted from Neanderthal genomes.
B
Why is agreement between the fossil record and phylogenies constructed from living organisms considered to be strong evidence of evolution? A) All living organisms will eventually become fossils; therefore, evidence of their evolution will be recorded in the fossil record. B) It is unlikely that two independent methods of investigation would result in the same pattern by chance alone. C) Phylogenetic methods based on DNA sequences can suggest that two species are closely related, but only fossils can show direct evidence of an evolutionary relationship between species. D) All of these choices are correct. E) Evolutionary processes cannot be studied directly in the laboratory alone, so it is necessary to compare living and extinct species to see evidence of evolutionary change.
B
The MC1R gene________________. Choose all that apply. A) shows the most variation in African populations, as humans evolved in Africa B) shows the most variation among populations that live outside of Africa C) has some polymorphisms that have evolved since the origin of modern humans (Homo sapiens) D) affects the type of melanin produced by human skin cells E) does not show much variation among populations of humans around the globe F) does not show much variation in most African populations G) is a gene that humans have in common, but is not present in other mammals H) codes for the protein, melanin
B, C, D, F
In a population of grouse (a bird), the carrying capacity is a density of 100 animals per acre. Ecologists have determined that parasitism is regulating this population of grouse. Given this, what are reasonable predictions? Choose all reasonable answers. A) The population density will remain around the carrying capacity. B) The population density of the parasite may oscillate (move up and down). C) The population density of grouse may remain around an equilibrium density. D) The population density of the grouse will have a constant r which is greater than 0. E) The population density of grouse may oscillate (move up and down).
B, C, E
At high latitudes relative to the equator, ... (Choose all statements that are valid.) A) the ability of human skin to produce vitamin D generally is higher, assuming that the amount and type of melanin in the skin does not change. B) the potential for UV radiation (UV light) to degrade folate in the skin generally is lower, assuming that the amount and type of melanin in the skin does not change. C) the intensity of UV radiation (UV light) generally is lower. D) the intensity of UV radiation (UV light) generally is higher. E) the potential for UV radiation (UV light) to degrade folate in the skin generally is higher, assuming that the amount and type of melanin in the skin does not change. F) the ability of human skin to produce vitamin D generally is lower, assuming that the amount and type of melanin in the skin does not change.
B, C, F
If you want to radiometrically date a fossil of a plant you believe lived about 30,000 years ago, which isotope would you use? Use the radioisotope chart in the lecture slides to help you answer this question. A) Carbon 13, because it is an isotope that is present in the atmosphere at higher levels than carbon 14. B) Carbon 14, because it is present in trace amounts in the atmosphere. C) Carbon 14, because its half-life is short enough to date a 30,000 year old fossil. D) Carbon 12, because it is the most abundant form of carbon on earth and will certainly be present in the fossil. E) Uranium 235 or 238 would both be good isotopes to use, because they decay to the easily detectable lead 206 and 207, respectively. F) Argon 40, because its half-life is long enough that most of the original argon 40 will still be present in a 30,000 year old fossil and it will be easy to detect. G) Potassium 40, because potassium is an important plant nutrient. H) Carbon 12, because it is stable and not likely to decay, even in a fossil.
C
In 1987, 18 black-footed ferrets, the last known individuals of this species, were captured and brought into a captive breeding program in Wyoming. In 1989, the total ferret population, still in captivity, was 120 animals. These 120 animals in 1989 represented: A) rN, the geometric rate of growth of the population. B) ΔN, the change in population size from 1987 to 1989. C) N, the total population size. D) r, the per capita growth rate. E) ΔN/Δt, the rate of change in population size.
C
Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, predation: A) results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other. B) results in gain for both individuals. C) results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other. D) is a lose-lose interaction. E) none of these
C
The colonization of land by animals: A) preceded (came before) the presence of plant species on land. B) was made more easy by high atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. C) may have taken place independently by a variety of species descended from aquatic ancestors. D) took place billions of years ago.
C
We use this population model to predict the population at a given time, assuming you know the population size at the time just before: Nt+1= λ·Nt In this model, Nt refers to: ____________. A) Per capita population growth rate B) Number of individuals in the population at the initial time of counting the population C) Number of individuals in the population at a given time, t D) B + I - D - E D) Geometric population growth rate
C
Which of the following best describes a species' niche? A) with whom it reproduces B) all of the climatic conditions to which it is adapted C) its habitat and how it uses available resources in that habitat D) where it lives E) what it eats
C
Which of the following is an accurate definition of an ecological community? A) The study of how all living and non-living things interact within a given geographic area. B) A group of individuals of a single species that live together in one geographic area. C) A group of species that all live together in one geographic area and interact with one another.
C
Which of the following statements about mutualisms is FALSE? A) Mutualisms are subject to natural selection. B) The fitness of both species involved in a mutualistic interaction is increased by the interaction. C) Organisms involved in a mutualism cannot survive without their partner. D) Some mutualisms require a specific partner (one species), while others are less specific (any one of several different species). E) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in nodules on the roots of soybeans are an example of a mutualistic interaction
C
Why is agreement between the fossil record and phylogenies constructed from living organisms considered to be strong evidence of evolution? A) Evolutionary processes cannot be studied directly in the laboratory alone, so it is necessary to compare living and extinct species to see evidence of evolutionary change. B) All living organisms will eventually become fossils; therefore, evidence of their evolution will be recorded in the fossil record. C) It is unlikely that two independent methods of investigation would result in the same pattern by chance alone. D) All of these choices are correct. E) Phylogenetic methods based on DNA sequences can suggest that two species are closely related, but only fossils can show direct evidence of an evolutionary relationship between species
C
The fossil remains of animals with body plans recognizable as arthropods, echinoderms, mollusks, and other bilaterians first appeared during the ____________ Period, around ____________ million years ago.
Cambrian, 542
Some people think that, because modern humans have shelter, easy access to food, medical care, and protection from predators, that humans are no longer evolving by natural selection. Why is this incorrect? A) Humans are phenotypically very diverse, despite the small amount of genetic difference between humans. B) Humans can easily move around the globe, so there are few isolated human populations and substantial gene flow between human populations. C) Researchers have identified SNPs in non-coding regions of the human genome that have increased or decreased in frequency over time D) The expression of many genes is affected by the environment. E) Diseases which cause death before a person reaches reproductive age still exist despite modern medicine.
E
We use this population model to predict the population at a given time, assuming you know the population's size at some initial time point: Nt = λt·N0 In this model, λt is the: A) Number of individuals added to the population between time 0 and time t B) Geometric population growth rate at time = t C) Per capita population growth rate D) Density-dependent rate of change in the population size E) Ratio of the population size at time t and the initial population size
E
What information is provided by the fossil record that cannot be provided by examining living organisms? A) absolute dates for when different taxa diverged B) timing of mass extinctions C) records of environmental conditions D) a record of extinct species E) All of the answer options are correct.
E
Which of the following anatomical changes accompanied the transition (in humans) from partial to full bipedalism? A) the development of longer legs B) the repositioning of the foramen magnum in the skull C) the development of a wider "basin-shaped" pelvis D) the narrowing of the human foot E) All of these choices are correct.
E
Which of the following statements about competition is true? A) Competition can promote niche divergence. B) With competition, both organisms suffer from the interaction. C) The struggle for survival caused by excess reproduction influenced Darwin's thinking. D) Competitive exclusion is when one species is prevented from occupying a particular habitat or niche. E) all of the choices are true
E
You are interested in a population of fruit bats on an island. You measured the population size and the number of bats that were born and that died during an entire year: Initial population size = 100 bats Number of births = 35 Number of deaths = 25 Assume immigration rate equals emigration rate. Assuming the population is growing exponentially, how many bats will be added during the year that you studied? A) 110 bats B) 35 bats C) 100 bats D) there is no way to know E) 10 bats F) 135 bats G) 500 bats
E
You may have heard that monarch butterflies (and their caterpillars) are "poisonous" to many predators. What makes these insects so toxic? A)Monarch caterpillars ingest milkweed latex which "chokes" their predators. B) Monarch caterpillars produce cardenolides in their digestive tracts. C) Monarch caterpillars secrete latex from their bodies. D) Monarch caterpillars use cardenolides from milkweed to synthesize heir own unique toxins. E) Monarch caterpillars store cardenolides from milkweeds.
E
Which of the following applies to human skin color? Choose all that apply. A) Only affected by the MC1R gene if the person carries a mutated version of the gene B) Has been in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium since hominins first evolved C) Production of pheomelanin is the dominant trait D) Only people with the MC1R gene can make eumelanin, because light-skinned people do not have the MC1R gene E) Heritable F) Has evolved due to evolutionary processes such as natural selection G) Polygenic trait H) Discrete trait I) Affected by the MC1R gene
E, F, G, I
What is missing? _______________, _________________, _________________, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, Homosapiens
Eukaryota, Animalia, Chordates
What is the order of human taxonomic hierarchy.
Eukaryota, Animalia, Chordates, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae, Homo, Homosapiens
(Yes/No) Can populations keep growing indefinitely?
No
Which of the following statements about lambda is TRUE? A) It can only be used to predict future population size for populations that are increasing in size. B) It can be used to predict population size in the future if the current population size is known. C) It can only be used to predict population size a single time step in the future. D) All of the choices are correct. E) None of the choices are correct.
Not A
Which of the following animal phyla contains the greatest number of species? (Refer to table 44.1, page 955) A) Arthropoda B) Nematoda C) Platyhelminthes D) Mollusca E) Chordata
Not B, Probably A
____________ can have similar effects on population sizes as predators; that is, they can regulate populations below carrying capacity.
Parasites
