UNIT 3 Test

management circular and need for it How might the following impact sustainability of fisheries over time: Restricting the length of fishing season Limiting the number of boats in the fishery Limiting the size of boats Banning taking of females

Management very circular, get data, go into analysis and stock assess, set catch target, and with that make regulations to set management decision in place, to make sure sustainable fisheries Manage us fisheries to sustain protect and increase seafood supply, rec opportunities and subsistence opp, create jobs, support ecosystem all help sustianability Restricting the length of fishing season - to not interfere with reproduction and allow fish to reproduce and add to population LImiting the number of boats in the fishery Limiting the size of boats - if smaller fishery smaller size boats Banning taking of females - if particularly sensitive so have that reproduction

connection between marine protected areas and fisheries?

Marine protected areas - broad term for a park or other protected area that includes some marine or Great Lakes area. They can span a range of habitats including the open ocean, coastal areas, inter-tidal zones, estuaries, and the Great Lakes. - currently cover 26% of the ocean, % of ocean in marine protected area provide protections out in marine or great lakes areas, park sanctuary refuge, protect habitat for fish, marine mammals, others, Important for fisheries, if don't have a lot of tourism and fishing in area removing all those stressors and letting fishery do its thing and survive and reproduce so important for management protect a wide range of ocean and coastal resources through a range of management measures that are targeted at the specific goals and objectives of the area. aim to restore fisheries may focus on fishery restrictions.

Overfishing

Market forces will inevitably lead to overfishing As long as there is money to be made, fishers will be attracted to the fishery According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), of the 600 stocks it monitors: 52% are fully exploited and are close or have reached maximum sustainable yield 17% are overexploited (overfished) 7% are depleted Only 3% are underexploited Overfishing has direct effects on the rest of the food web fish that remain smaller than before and smaller femals lay less eggs than larger one and for some species larvae from smaller females grow slower and smaller

sewage as pollution, sludge

Most sewage is discharged into the sea or rivers that flow into the sea - Domestic sewage carries waste-water from homes and city buildings - Industrial sewage contains a variety of wastes from factories, etc. Contains many viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc. which can be directly passed along to marine life Many countries require sewage to be treated before it's discharged - Allow solid matter to settle out -Allow decay bacteria to break down organic matter -Addition of chlorine and other chemicals for purification - Expensive process - not all communities can afford it - Formation of sludge (wastes taken out of the sewage) as a byproduct can also pose as a threat if improperly disposed of - can smother communities and create black deserts

What are three ways that invasive species can be introduced to a new area. Give at least one example.

- Ballast water of oceangoing ships move one continent to another may collect diff species and as water get spilled from ship inadvertently introduce new species from where coming from (Tsunami early 200s in japan kicked ___ to oregon and introduce new species) intentional and accidental releases of aquaculture species Lionfish in caribbean and gulf of mexico someone let go aquarium fish and skyrocketed in growth

How does the United States compare to other countries in terms of their sustainable efforts for fishing? How often are stocks assessed in the United States?

2020 aprox. 90% all stocks or complexes not exceed annual catch limits monitor catch levels and keep in check annually to reduce chance of voerdishing and ensure long term bio and econom sustain. US pretty good job making sure not harming but catching optimal levels of fish US asses fish stock yearly basis look at how catching how many and where see if subject to overfishing or are overfished, monitor annually last ten years

Salmon ranching + farming

32 million+ lbs salmon are farmed-raised Atlantic salmon are produced annually in the United States - making it one of the nation's top mariculture species unique in that migrate in spring from rivers they were born. Years later return back to where came from to spawn. Rather than raising them all the way to harvest, some species are only grown for a short time and are then released as juveniles (fry) to enrich natural populations in a process known as seeding ranching - Practice in which cultured juvenile salmon are released into fresh water and allowed to migrate to sea so they can be harvested later when they return as adults. farming - Aquaculture where salmon are raised from young stages in offshore enclosures.

Rebuilt

A stock that was previously overfished and that has increased in abundance to the target population size that supports its MSY. lot of management decisions and processes going into how to rebuild

where most seafood now comes from

As wild fish stocks overfished, now, most seafood comes from aquaculture in Asia, which has over 90% of fish farms, and particularly China, which had 55 million tons of aquaculture production in 2011. Asia as a whole produced 84.2 million tons in 2011, marking a 92% increase since 2001. as in 2011 47% of world fisheries production consisted of farmed fish with a vast majority of farmed fish coming from Asia numbers show that aquaculture has significantly increased across the world.

What is fisheries science? Why is it important to the management of fisheries?

Assessments classified as fishery science, data to better understand abundance + distribution + health of marine life + habitats that depend on + data form foundation for conservation work to remain sustainable help determine how much fish can be caught in a fishery for it to remain sustainable. Surveys conducted (primary source of data, look at how things impact fishery and ecosystem ) 4 diff types - Ecosystem - how ecosyst from individ fish to other factors doing - Surveys count how many fish out there - Habitat how healthy to protect selves and feed - Protected species - endangered/marine mamm Help w/ sustainability + study link w/ climate change and ecosystem, collect ocean temp, currents, ocean chemistry so change way interacting with fishery and make sure sustainable New tech + techniques improve precision + accuracy of data, + expand survey areas, collect data more frequently, more info precise better pinpoint how impacting

How has gear innovation impacted bycatch?

Bycatch - fishermen discard fish that shoudlnt be catching or dont want or cant sell and throw out and often times dead, get caught in net or hooked by fishing gear, complecx and global issue that threatens resilience and sustianabilioty fo fishery so lot in US to minimize bycatch of fishery Adjust gear type device that sea turtle can swim out within net, lot of innovation, minimize Observers electornic or human on veseel to see how much bycatch taking place and when kow info about fish stcoj can use info to see impact of bycatch on that fishery

Bycatch

Bycatch - organisms that are caught unintentionally while fishing for other species Roughly 25% of the worldwide catch is bycatch - most of which goes unreported.

Energy as resource challenges that have affected the development of new technologies to harness energy from the ocean.

Can be converted into electricity by turbine generators Tidal Energy - energy that can be harnessed as a result of the movement of the tides; pollution free but highly destructive to nearby environment can change tidal patterns cause pollutants accumulate upstream and destroy estuaries Wave Energy - a source of energy derived from wind-generated waves and strong ocean currents Thermal Energy - takes advantage of the temperature difference between the surface and the deep water Problems include: corrosion and the effects of exposure to the elements, biofouling, unwanted growth of seaweeds, encrusting animals, and microorganisms

There are thousands of fishes, crustaceans, and molluscs, but only few support major fisheries:

Clupeoid fishes; Cod and related species; Mackerels, Flatfishes, and Salmon Tuna Molluscs and Crustaceans

What are the three main types of fisheries? Describe what they entail.

Commercial - fish caught and marketed for profit, make ton of money selling in us and exporting canada and europe Activity of catching fish and other seafood for profit mostly from wild fisheries, large scale fisheries, huge boats huge nets - referred to as industrial fishing Recreational - for sport or pleasure, big boats go out gulf of mexico or off of florida catching things like tuna, tourism Sport fishing game fishing, for pleasure exercise , competition (alot in us SE and gulf of mexico Saltwater rec fishing integral part of american coastal life cultural cornerstone, past times, driving economy Subsistence - personal family or community consumption, often tribal fishing - culturally important to have access to diff types of fish to feed family and cultural purposes

How would changes in factors such as location of species' habitats, water conditions, or prey distribution affect how stock assessment data is collected?

Data collect provide info on: - Species numbers and distribution - Reproduction and growth rates - Population behaviors and distributions - are they moving, prey distribution moving, might need to change how catching fish or the surveys - Contaminants in animal tissues - Environmental data It would change where stock assessment data is collected

Freshwater, desalinization, ocean minerals

Desalination - the conversion of seawater into freshwater via reverse osmosis Minerals - NaCl, Mg, and Br salt magnesium and bromine

Direct Impacts

Direct and immediate, directly interact with environ. Physical disturbances Including - Pollution - Dredging (clean out the bed of (a harbor, river, or other area of water) by scooping out mud, weeds, etc.) - Landfilling Use of explosives to modify or destroy habitats

What is the relationship between overfishing and maximum sustainable yield?

Directly related, harvest rate overfishing is direct result of fishing activity, fish and fish at high levels get to point where no more left in population Overfishing occurs when exceed msy

Bycatch

Fishermen sometimes catch and discard animals they do not want, cannot sell, or are not allowed to keep, creating what we know as bycatch. Bycatch can be fish, marine mammals, sea turtles, and seabirds that become hooked or entangled in fishing gear.

Identify and describe the four main US laws and regulations of fisheries management.

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) - primary law that governs marine fisheries management in U.S. federal waters and its objectives include: - Preventing overfishing - Rebuilding overfished stocks - Increasing long-term economic and social benefits - Ensuring a safe and sustainable supply of seafood - Protecting habitat that fish need to spawn, breed, feed, and grow to maturity. Endangered Species Act (ESA) - to conserve endangered and threatened species and their ecosystems. Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) - to prevent marine mammal species and population stocks from declining beyond the point where they ceased to be significant functioning elements of the ecosystems of which they are a part. National Aquaculture Act - to promote and support the development of aquaculture.

What are the current efforts prioritized by the NOAA fisheries legislative affairs office?

Reauthorize MSA - emerging issues like climate change not incorporated in bill, working with members in congress to rewrite and update this bill, diff versions of this Increased funding for threatened and endangered species, including salmon and North Atlantic right whales, ways to protect salmon and whales - N atlantic right whale critically endangered only about 350 left in total pop, inc funding from congress to help with those issues New legis. offshore wind and fisheries, emerging issue not lot of legislation outlining what should do and how to do so work with couple of member in east coast to think about how should be crafting bills on that topic to protect fisheries and fishery surveys New legis. IUU fishing, couple of bill focus on combatting illegal activity at the source but also traceability of seafood in supply chain, b etter marketing where fish coming from so feed into prgams like seafood watch nd to take enforcement action so can get bad actors out of picture

Reproductive rate

The reproductive rate of organisms depends in part on the stock, or population size

Marine commerce and recreation

Tourism - Diving - Surfing - Recreational fishing - Whale-watching - Source of income for national economies - Provides jobs The Aquarium Trade - Export of colorful tropical fishes - Can be destructive to the natural environment - Often collected by using poisons or explosives - Has helped reduced the impact of collecting reef fish

Fed intervention: UN Convention Law of the Sea US Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 US Pew Oceans Commission of 2003

UN Convention Law of the Sea Allows nations to establish an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) 200 nautical miles offshore Nations are required to use their resource in a sustainable manner can keep foreign fisheres out or sell fishing license US Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 Required federal fisheries managers to develop management plans to prevent overfishing restore stocks and reduce by catch first time protection extended to non commercial species Foreign nations with fishing agreements must receive a fishing permit US Pew Oceans Commission of 2003 Called for policies to protect marine ecosystems Beginning to yield positive results - much improvement is being seen, 34 important fisheries have returned to health since 2000

How do fisheries impact the economy in the United States? What are the highest value species that were caught in the US as of 2020?

US fisheries one of largest in world, Big economic driver in US and around the world billlions dollar, millions job Commercial fisheries in 2020 caught 8.4 billion pound of fish valued at 4.8 billion dollars Types of species caught in comm. Fishing highest value is crab - alaska, lobster - maine, scallops salmon shrimp worth millions of dollars on annual basis bring lot of money into economy 2020 commercial and rec fishing generate 1.7 million jobs, 253 billion in sales, 117 billion to GDP recreational - 2020 200 million fishing tips and caught 1 billion fish so lot of money spent on trips for tourisms past times really contribute to economy

Distinguish between the term endangered and threatened. Threats include

Under the Endangered Species Act, a species is considered endangered if it is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. A species is considered threatened if it is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future.

How can you reduce the risk/impact of these co-uses when evaluating the costs/benefits of their contribution to marine ecology?

When look where puting wind farms or doing gas exploration look at ocean use where mammals swimming here fisheries fishing and plan around them so everyone can do their thing - look at offshore wind farms and plan and think where whale migrating and put in area with least impact, create boating paths where don't see many marine mammals or fisherei, balance based on science, available new science to inform what types of things doing for ocean use rec opportunities

What is meant by the term import restrictions?

Work with nations to make sure their management practices equivalent to US and if not doing import restrict, lot of fish imported and if have illegal acitivty in fishery mmay cutoff potential income to that coutnry, noaa work with state department and coast guard and IUU big effort witin congress lot of work internationally with china and taiwan make sure theyre not undermininign sustainability of global seafood fishery

Why is the lake green? Explain why this kills the fish. eutrophication - what is the source of the anoxic environment?

algal bloom that is caused by excess nutrients and that depletes the lake of oxygen, which kills fish because they need this oxygen to survive. Eutrophication - process that occurs when a body of water is contaminated with excessive levels of nutrients usually due to fertilizer runoff or excess fish waste, which leads to algal blooms. algal blooms block light from penetrating through the water, preventing photosynthesis and resulting in less oxygen. large numbers of algae also use up oxygen for respiration and when they die, decomposers also use up oxygen, further reducing oxygen levels resulting in an anoxic environment where fish don't have enough oxygen to survive and dead zones that are detrimental to most marine species

Fishing Effort

amount of fishing gear of a specific type used on the fishing grounds over a given unit of time spent searching for fish (e.g. a fishing operation, fishing activity, day or fishing trip).

Annual Catch Limit

amount of total catch specified for an actively-managed fish stock, target that use to make sure have MSY year after year

How is a fishery unit defined?

area where fish caught for commercial, recreational , subsistence fishing, usually defined as a unit determined/type of fisheries defined by an authority that is engaged in raising or harvesting fish Typically, unit defined in terms of: - people involved species or type of fish area of water or seabed fishing gear class of boats purpose of the activities.

hy are scallops (a type of shellfish) referred to as "nature's own water filters"? What is being filtered from the water?

cause they are filter feeders meaning that they filter out things like fish waste from the water, which they feed on.

role fisheries play in the U.S. economy

contributed 1.7 million jobs $253 billion in commercial and recreational sales in 2020 worldwide fish is the main daily source of protein for 1.2 billion people.

explain why a catch over the maximum sustainable yield will result in the collapse of a fishery + example

fish caught at faster rate than can reproduce and make up for the lost fish pop size of the fish will dec and if fisheries continue catching over MSY each year population will diminish and eventually die out. less fish available to catch, these fisheries will eventually collapse. the Atlantic northwest cod industry 70s powerful machines were created that could catch large amounts of fish in deeper areas, resulting in a significant increase in the amount of cod caught that was beyond MSY. By 90s, populations of Atlantic cod were so low that the Ground Banks fishing industry in Newfoundland collapsed, - put at least 35,000 workers out of work. While efforts have been taken to restore the cod population, today, they still remain fairly low.

Fishing + farming methods

fishing methods. Gill nets (a) can be highly effective, and their mesh size and length are often regulated for taking particular catches or for reducing bycatch. Purse seines (b) are especially important for capturing schooling fish like clupeoid fishes and tuna. T longlines (c) and trawls (d) is controversial due to the large, unintentional bycatch. Fishing Beach and boat seines Bottom trawls Dredges Gillnets Handlines and jigs Harpoons Longlines Midwater trawls Pole and Lines Pots Purse Seines Trolling Lines Farming Bottom culture Off-bottom culture Pens Ponds Raceways Recirculating tanks

Explain how climate ready fisheries responds to climate change to support management decisions? (Hint: describe the image on slide 27.)

info on current conditions—and what changing—critical for sound scientific advice for sustainable management how take climate info and put into current decision making, refer to as climate ready fisheries Climate Ready Fisheries is building a dynamic fisheries management system that incorporates climate and ecosystem environmental data to support management actions/decisions and the resilience of communities that depend on our nation's fisheries so continue have sustainable resilient communities into future NOAA think about models that take info and plug into actions immediately and reiterative process, latest science and how manage and also want to manage this way does science say that'll lead to sustainable outcome, feedback mechanisms that has continuous improvement in meeting decision maker needs and scientific endeavors so make sure taking into account climate change info

Longlining

involves vessels that deploy miles of fishing line with baited hooks in the open ocean to catch fish like mahi mahi, tuna, and swordfish. They can set up to 50 miles of baited hooks that are left overnight or for several days. However, they can also catch sharks, endangered sea turtles, sea birds, and marine mammals, negatively impacting the environment.

Dredges

large metal framed baskets dragged across the seafloor to catch and dig out shellfish, such as oysters, scallops, and clams. sometimes have components like metal rakes, teeth, or hydraulic jets that dislodge and lift organisms into the basket. dredges disturb the sediment, resulting in blooms and siltation and impacting seafloor habitats and bottom-dwelling species.

Offshore drilling + Methane and natural gas

large percentage of cont shelves considered potential source of oil drilling is now going beyond shelf and pipelines established to transport oil to terminals on land toxic oil components digested, interfere with reproduction and growth, inc disease, layer of oil on feathers dec maintain thin layer of warm air, Methane hydrates found deep under ocean floor worldwide; can be used as fuel Concerns - threat of oil pollution, effects on coastal fisheries and recreation, acceleration of greenhouse effect by methane emissions Offshore oil-drilling rigs and ship platforms have been built to get oil from deeper water farther offshore than ever before.

Tuna

migration routes criss-cross the oceans, mostly in tropical waters Skipjack, Yellowfin, Albacore, Bigeye, Bluefin large seines, surface longlines, gill nets Eaten mostly in affluent countries, either canned or raw

Molluscs and Crustaceans

molluscs - Dredging, traps, long lines (depends on the species) sold for food or jewelry squid, Cuttlefish, Octopuses ,Clams Oysters Mussels Scallops, Abalones, Conch crusta - Purse Seines, Trawls, Traps Sold for food, bait, fish food Shrimp (or prawns) Lobster Blue Crabs, King Crabs, Dungeness Crabs

catfish is a sustainable source of protein?

mouth brooding allows for a large number of eggs that can be extracted for hatching have rapid growth rates, a vegetarian diet, the ability to survive in dense population, meaning that the catfish population can likely repopulate and keep up with the rate at which catfish are killed for food.

Distinguish between direct and indirect impacts of invasive species on native species.

negative impacts on native species due to interactions often fast growing don't have their natural predators there so can outcompete in things like food light prey habitat, competing with native indirect consequences - disease introduced and cause lot of harm Pop can inc dramatically like with lionfish in 80s sauce didn't have natural predators and cause harm to corals and native fish in varribiean, negative impact on biodiversity of ecosystems and fishery resources Invasive species are capable of causing extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity, competing with native organisms for limited resources ,and altering habitats.

Bottom Trawl

nets pulled along the seafloor in order to catch bottom-dwellers, such as cod, halibut, lobster, rockfish and shrimp. also catch other organisms, bycatch, often thrown back into the water dead or dying. D dragging across seafloor can also damage sensitive seafloor habitats.

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

to conserve endangered and threatened species and their ecosystems. Endangered and threatened species threats: - habitat destruction - effects of pollution - disease - competition from invasive species - changing climate - intense or illegal harvesting pressures Recovery - process of restoring species to point no longer require safeguards of ESA, use recovery plans, set milestone where point that don't need protections to survive, powerful effective tool protections to not go extinct but also recover, there to help them recover , helpful and getting to recover and just keep survive

Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)

to prevent marine mammal species and population stocks from declining beyond the point where they ceased to be significant functioning elements of the ecosystems of which they are a part. All marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. prevent marine mammals going extinct lot of agencies responsible for protect whales, dolphins, seals, polar bears, sea turtles 70s lot of whale hunting and prohibit take of marine animals prohibits the "take" of marine mammals—including harassment, hunting, capturing, collecting, or killing—in U.S. waters.

National Aquarium Act

to promote and support the development of aquaculture.

What is the species in the spotlight initiative? Why is it important?

Of all the species that NOAA Fisheries protects under the Endangered Species Act, they consider nine among the most at risk of extinction in the near future. The "Species in the Spotlight" initiative brings greater attention and marshal resources to save these highly at-risk species. These nine species were chosen because they are all endangered, their populations are declining, and they are considered a recovery priority. NOAA species initiative bring attention and rsoruces to help species recover, that are declining really fast, focus research on go out in communit and envoruage actio around the, atlantic salmon, cook inlet beluga, hawaiin monk seal, pacific leatherback, north atlantic right whale, southern resident killer whale, white abalone, sacramento river winter-run chinook salmon, central california coast coho

Ocean mining, Polymetallic nodules

Offers "rare-Earth" minerals needed for a variety of electronics (i.e. Hybrid cars) Polymetallic Nodules - lumps of minerals such as manganese nickel copper cobalt Mn, Ni, Cu found in the deep ocean floor Massive sulfide deposits - mineral deposits on the seafloor created when hot water emerges from the crust and hits the cold ocean water Poses threats to the surrounding environment

Identify and describe three different ocean co-uses.

Oil + gas exploration has the potential for oil spills are harmful to marine birds and mammals as well as fisheries and shellfish still seeing impact of exon oil spill to this day and long lasting impacts on animals Shipping + boating tourism - potential for vessel strikes with marine mammals. N Atlan right whale spawns in georgia and florida then move to canada to feed there move up and down coast and struck by vessels emerging important issue that thinking about and structure way that fisheries opening up their fishing zones and how overlap with migration of diff organisms Offshore wind energy development - potential to play an important role in US efforts to combat climate crisis and build clean energy economy. popular renewable source, steadily increasing in east coast and soon in gulf of MX as huge wind turbines come into ocean cause noise that impact and impact way do stock assessments and surveys, huge thing there may not able drive vessel through area, think of how prote

Finfish vs shellfish

fin- fisheries term for commercially harvested fish Shellfish: fisheries term for molluscs and crustaceans

What are the ABCs of stock assessment?

Abundance data is a measure of the number or weight of fish in stock Biology data - info on growth rate and natural mortality, enough new animals coming in and not outweighing mortality Catch data - amount of fish removed from stock by fishing Look at this info and use to inform models and have highest quality assessments and data accurate and come in at trite time to inform management decisions

What are some specific examples of aquaculture in the United States?

Alaska - produces shellfish and aquatic plants, algae and seaweeds Northeast- Atlantic Salmon, oysters, clams, and mussels The Pacific Northwest - finfish, shellfish, and algae species, algae farmed that tasted like bacon Southeast - oysters, clams, trout, flounder, sea bass, and algae

Describe the difference between aquaculture and mariculture.

Aquaculture is the growth and harvesting of aquatic organisms Mariculture is the specific farming of marine and brackish-water organisms These efforts reduce the pressure of fishing on global fish catches Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is harvested from floating cages and brackish water ponds in SE Asia. Some will be eaten, others allowed to mature and spawn to replenish the cages dn ponds Drawbacks: Parasites and disease can be devastating due to crowded conditions Huge amounts of feces, urine, and uneaten food depletes the water quality - Can ultimately lead to harmful algal blooms Some fish farms use chemicals which can be harmful to surrounding marine life Can introduce parasites and diseases into the wild Destruction of the natural environment

Distinguish between aquaculture and fisheries. How is the amount of seafood supplied from aquaculture anticipated to change in the future? Why is this the case?

Aquaculture—the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of animals and plants in all types of water environments—is one of the most resource-efficient ways to produce protein. helped improve nutrition and food security in many parts of the world. Globally, aquaculture supplies more than 50 percent of all seafood produced for human consumption—and that percentage will continue to rise. On land, offshore, open ocean lot of ways to do aqua, one of most resource efficient ways to produce protein, important source of supplementing seafood we eat , rise cause tech helping and becoming more accepted US slightly behind - lot of eu like norway really good at it, us starting to invest,

Catch-Effort Curve, sustainable yield

If the population size is too small, the number of individuals born is also small because there aren't many potential parents If the population size is too big, competition, overcrowding, and diseases can slow growth rate. Sustainable yield - the amount that can be caught and just maintain a constant population size Maximum sustainable yield: the highest catch that can be continued year after year without threatening the stock Fishing effort: how many boats and fishers there are, how long they're at sea, etc. Catch just enough to prevent the population from growing, but not enough to reduce it. When there is little fish effort, the catch is small (only a small fraction of the stock is removed) Populations will remain in check with natural mortality rates, but fisheries will yield less food. shows the sustainable yield versus fishing effort where the maximum sustainable yield occurs at the moderate levels of effort - resulting in intermediate stock size The smooth catch-effort curve represents an oversimplified model that doesn't take many natural features into account Ex: Competition between species, size of fish caught, time of year (relative to breeding season) actual pop size of most catches unkown

IUU Fishing

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing describes fishing-related activities that may violate both national and international fishing regulations. Undermines efforts to sustainably manage fisheries and conserve marine resources. threaten food security upsetting economics and coastal communities cause not don in right way in wrong area, bad gear, wrong fish,

Fry + Spat, Floating Pens

Immature fish (fry) are captured from the wild and transferred to ponds - Fed with fish by-product to reduce waste and maximize profit Fry or spat (immature bivalve molluscs) are sometimes transplanted to favorable sites in coves, natural ponds, estuaries, fjords, and mangrove forests Some fish are raised in floating pens or cages Oysters, mussels, and other molluscs can be grown on racks, in baskets, or hanging from racks Aquaculture does not involve adding food, fertilizers, or antibiotics

Explain the Catch-Effort Curve. What is being shown and why is it important for fisheries to understand?

It uses the amount of catch and the fishing effort (number of boats/days spent fishing) to display ow much catch is under utilizing resources, zone of optimal effort, and overfishing the peak of the curve is the MSY where you catch an optimal amount for the resources used while leaving enough to reproduce so can continue year after year

What are two resources available to consumers to check for sustainable fishing efforts in the foods they are shopping for/eating?

Label and marketing programs - Monterey bay aquarium seafood watch - cards that show what sustainably caught and what to avoid keep general public informed NOAA fisheries have fishwatch provide info where fish caught, what season, info on fishery, diff regions and fish with ton of info Marine seafood council label certifies sustainable Aquaculture label tells that sustaianbel

Identify and describe three specific examples of success stories from ESA. What does this demonstrate about this 50 year old legislation?

Less than 1 percent of the species listed under the ESA have gone extinct. Others have been recovered to the point where they no longer need protections under the ESA. Gray whale - no longer extinction - delisted 1994, continues increasing and est 26000 whales out in population mon k seal steep decline since 50s 2022 did assessment saw since 2013 inc by 2% in numbers each year Greens ea turtle - 2016 some populations go from endangered to threatened It is helpful and effective in not just protecting but recovering these species

What is seafood fraud?

Lying about type of fish coming into US not providing correct documentation when importing exportin - lying about type of fish that is, undermines sustainability management

Mackerels, Flatfishes, and Salmon

Mackerels and related fish: - cheap protein, midwater trawls Jacks, mullets, rockfish, ocean perches (redfish), and mackerels Flatfishes: - Longlines, Bottom Trawling Flounders, halibuts, etc. Salmon - 70% of the seafood market, Purse Seines, Gillnets - Caught along the coast and in the open ocean - Fisheries are threatened by overfishing and environmental degradation - Destruction of salmon breeding sites

What three groups are involved in enforcement of sustainable fishing and fisheries management?

NOAA, coast guard, state department Cost guard board ships that suspicious in conjunction with NOAA office of law enforcement, check gear type or type of fish, look at boat size or fif wrong area, also work with state department

Where are some of the more active/abundant aquaculture regions in the United States? How does aquaculture contribute to the United States economy?

Pacific 38% of aquaculture value Gulf of Mex 22% Atlantic 40% aquaculture value of 1.5 billion makeup 24% of US seafood production and fishery product by value supply 659 million pounds of product 18th in global aquacult. production

Pollution

Pollution can be described as the introduction by humans of substances (pollutants), heat energy, or even sound that decreases the quality of an environment Pollutants are artificial substances that do not occur naturally - Liberation of naturally occurring substances by humans into an environment is also considered pollution. Can be direct or indirect impacts great pacific garbage patch - occurs cause gyres and movement of water in ocean things that don't occur naturally that have made way into nat enviro, sound, chemical, physical, diff forms

What are some examples of habitat conservation and restoration? Why is this important in the role of sustainable fishing and fisheries management?

Protect and restore habitat to sustain fisheries, recover protected species, and maintain resilient coastal ecosystems and communities. habitat where Where get food, live, have protection, vulnerable to pollution and human impact Examples : - Opening rivers by removing barrier, such as dams - Reconnecting coastal watersheds, marshes seagrass beds mangroves, can become eroded, sea level rise, development, reconnect so fish have access to those habitats - Restoring shallow coral reefs, resilient to various threats, restore through diff technique - habitat for juvenile fish - Rebuilding shellfish populations, oyster reef also for juvenile fish, make sure healthy and not eroding so keep valuable source for fish

Midwater trawls

pulled through gigantic nets through the ocean to herd and catch fish, such as anchovies, cod, and flounder. These are so large that they can catch a whole school of fish at once. While they don't impact the seafloor, there is still significant bycatch that includes at-risk species.

How might the reproduction rate factor into MSY?

The higher the reproduction rate the higher the MSY because if fish are being added to pop quickly then we can also catch fish at higher rate without decreasing population

Vulnerability score where the marine environments are located that are most impacted by human activities.

The impact of humans on the marine environment reaches practically every corner of the ocean planet, even the surface water farthest from the land. most impacted marine environments are along the coast near the densely populated regions of the northern hemisphere. Data was gathered from maps showing 17 different human activities like pollution, fishing, fertilizer runoff, and climate change, as well as maps for 14 marine ecosystems worldwide. A "vulnerability score" was used to quantify the impact. Most destruction of habitats takes place along the coast close to where people live, as in estuaries and mangrove forests. It results mostly from unplanned or poorly planned coastal development. high developed, densley populated coast sedimentation from human acrivities smother coral reefs and make murky

What types of questions are stock assessments designed to answer?

current status of stock relative to established targets? (experiencing overfishing? overfished?) How much can fishermen catch while maintaining a healthy and sustainable fish stock? If a stock depleted, what steps to rebuild to healthy sustianable abundance Levels? Assessments Important to give info on fisheries and how we are fishing

Identify and discuss one method by which fish populations can be conserved

developing and using tools that reduce bycatch. scientists working on a trawling net that can catch haddock, which have been growing at a faster rate than other species, without catching cod, a type of fish that has been having issues with their growth rate and population size. By using tools like this net that decrease bycatch of vulnerable organisms, fisheries can help conserve fish populations that are depleted, allowing them to reproduce and hopefully return to healthy numbers, while still being able to catch fish that have more sustainable populations.

pound for pound graph

displays the feed conversion ratio for various animals, comparing the number of pounds of feed required to produce one pound of body mass for fish require 1.1 pounds of feed to produce one pound of body mass cows require 6.8 pounds, pigs 2.9 pounds, chickens 1.7 pounds.

Do all species have the same MSY? Why or why not?

factors like reproduction rate Based on population fishing effort based on science do stock assessment s look at abundance biology catch effort and all go into calculating msy based on complex model that shoot out what think msy is constantly changing as learn more info and have annual stock assess if see that abundance data low, lower MSY

What is the "Blue Revolution"

global increase in aquaculture and fish farming started in the 1980s large expanses of mangroves were converted to farms where fish are raised in controlled populations allowing for cheap and large amounts of seafood like shrimp, salmon, and tilapia to be raised and sold as food.

Fish stock

group of fish of same species living in same geographic area and interact/mix enough that breed with each other when mature

What is meant by the term sustainable fishing? How does sustainable fishing impact the United States' decision to import fish from other countries?

harvested or farmed in a manner provides for needs while allowing species reproduce, habitats flourish, and productive ecosystems available for future generations. requires constant and routine attention to new scientific information that can guide management actions. US the most sustainable fishery in world, manage 460 stocks and stock complexes, when import fish look at way they fishing and where to make sure sustainable Lot of stocks that don't know a lot about - where new info and science helping import restrictions In us can take license away for fishing, civil penalty- go to jail, internationally more difficult so can immprt restrictions sometime can do cil if come into us territory

Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)

highest catch that can be caught year after year without threatening the fish stock, The largest long-term average catch that can be taken from a stock under existing conditions. When talk about status of stock use terms: MSY, overfishing, overfished, rebuilt, fishing effort, annual catch limit when nautral growth rate is highest, catches some but leaves enough to reproduce so can continue year after year

Invasive species + causes

organism or plant introduced to a environment, where notnative. negative impacts native species due to interactions often fast growing + have devastating effects on an ecosystem, no natural predators so outcompete native for food light prey habitat, space, introduce parasites Lionfish competitions to spear them, put chemical that causes them to die, depends on type of invaisve specis, crab in washington just go out and pickt hem out of habitat, look at how spreading to cut off at source if one area where reproducing or breeding target place and grab eggs and reproductive animals, usually going out and hunting them to get rid of them 84% of coasts worldwide have invasive species - mostly due to accidental introductions - Shipping - organisms such as barnacles and encrusting algae can traverse an ocean on the underside of a ship or moving oil platform, which introduces these organisms to new ecosystems at a new port - Transplantation - the introduction of species for more commercial purposes - Aquarium Trade - lionfish - accidental release, to the Caribbean and South American coasts. They are voracious consumers of small reef fish - devastating major food chains in these areas.

What are the three pillars of fisheries management? What are the three rules of fisheries management?

pillars: science - provide with info to, ensures continued improvement of management decisions provides fishery managers with the information necessary to manage the long-term sustainability of U.S. fisheries. Management - science based process, take science and put into management decisions the science-based process ensures continuous improvement of fishery management plans in response to new information. Enforcement - ensure accountability to the resource and the economies and communities that rely on it. 1) how much fish you can catch 2) what fishing method and gear type you can use (not doing more harm than good) 3) where you can catch the fish. rules and way enforced are foundation of a sustainable Fishery.

Cod and related species

pollock, haddock, hakes, and whiting Location: demersal (bottom-dwelling), cold-water species bottom trawls Alaskan Pollock - Largest fishery in the US - Threatened by overfishing, - led to a decline in Stellar sea lions Atlantic Cod - Historically popular fish for catching - Overfished, collapsed in the 1990s - 1992 - moratorium on Atlantic Cod declared in Grand Banks Newfoundland - Slowly making a comeback

solutions to improving the issue with eating seafood sustainably

polyculture in farms where species interact to provide services for each other and reduce environmental issues. sablefish farm place filter feeders like oysters and mussels downstream where feed on and filter out waste from the sablefish. Next to the filter feeders, sugar kelp grown to further filter water and convert nutrients like into plant tissue. below the sablefish on the seafloor, sea cucumbers can take up organic waste that other organisms miss. organisms help clean and filter the water and are seafood that can be harvested and sold. only have to feed the sablefish. eating lower down in the food chain to eat more sustainably. Shellfish, such as oysters, are primary consumers and help filter the water of excess nutrients. Oyster farming not require to feed aquatic animals at all. lower on the food chain is kelp, a producer that can grow up to 5 inches per day, are very nutritious, and can be raised without arable land, fresh water, fertilizer, or pesticides.

benefits and limitations of fish farming and aquaculture

prevents overfishing of wild populations particularly vulnerable ones less resources than land-based farming for cows, chickens, and pigs help feed the growing poop by raising sources of food in more controlled settings. oysters and mussels which are filter feeders can also help filter out contaminants in the water that they are raised in. limitations: many farmed fish are carnivorous and 5 kilos of caught wild fish are needed to feed 1 kilo of farmed salmon, fish that escape can alter the gene pool of native fish and outcompete native species for resources, overpopulating farms and irresponsible practices lead to excess nutrients and pollution that contaminate waterways and lead to eutrophication and dead zones, fish farms can transfer diseases and parasites to wild fish populations.

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA)

primary law governing marine fisheries management in U.S. federal waters includes: prevent overfishing Rebuild overfished stocks Inc long-term economic and social benefits Ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood Protect habitat that fish need to spawn, breed, feed, and grow to maturity. make sure managing fisheries sustainably, following rules, updating practices, science based manage process all part of act lot of standards and processes that help guide through management process, lot of flexibility for decision makers to thinking about current science and factor that into decisions made, give a lot of guidelines for management fisheries current push to update to include climate change, shifts in location of fish stocks moving northern cause need to be colder and climate change

Eutrophication + hypoxia, runoff, succession, oligotrophic eutrophic

refers to the excessive richness of nutrients (NO3,PO4) in a body of water Often due to runoff from land; sources include: - Fertilizers in agriculture/stormwater runoff and sewage - Water carries harmful substances into the ocean when it rains Causes a dense growth of plant life and ultimately death of animal life from hypoxia (little or no oxygen availability) from decomposition by bacteria anoxic - no ocygen, hypocix - low oxygen 1. fertilizer runoff from nutrient rich pollution 2. moves into water - often tributary into ocean 3. producers take advantage of nutrients - algal bloom 4. block sunlight, dec dissolved oxyge, inc biological ocygen demand (based on no. organism present, ocygen needed by decomposers) 5. bacteria decompostion, break down, use ocygen, dec do, inc bod (demand inc organis. fight over resources) 6. dead zones or anoxic regions - suffocate ecosystem can revive through succession, sediment fills up at bottom of lake and create bay/marsh and plants regrow over it oligotrophic - high do and low bod, healthy, biodivers, sunlight, clean clear water, less productive and low nutrients but sustainable eutrophic - few fish, sediment fill bottom, low do and high bod, opaque, too many nutrients

Why would the formation and use of dams impact the survival and sustainability of salmon populations? Why would a community depend on dams?

salmon live upstream in freshwater rivers but as mature go out to ocean then come out and that important to spawn feed grow and barriers to that cause decline significantly in last couple decades, or provide passage over dams Dams hydropower source - provide power source to community not all do but some do

Clupeoid fishes

small, plankton-feeding fish that form huge schools - Herring, Anchovies, Sardines (sometimes known as pilchards) Location: Usually concentrated over the continental shelf, but can be found offshore in upwelling areas Caught with large purse-seines that surround and trap the school Industrial Uses: Eaten - fresh, canned, or pickled 90% is ground into feed for farmed fish, poultry, or livestock Pressed to obtain fish oil (manufacture products like margarine, cosmetics, paint, and Omega-3 fatty acid supplements) undergo dramatic population cycles and espec vulnerable to overfishing

Overfished + factors that cause

stock having a population size that is too low and that jeopardizes the stock's ability to produce its MSY. result of overfishing, habitat degradation, pollution disease climate change also factors

Overfishing

stock that has annual catch rate that is too high

Aquaculture pens

structures meant to hold farmed fish in open water where they can grow. They are made of wooden, mesh, or net screens that let water flow through them. Net pens are used to farm fish like salmon and trout in marine water, and tilapia and trout in freshwater. Some negative environmental impacts are that they can be breeding grounds for disease and parasites that can spread to surrounding wildlife. Excess fish waste from the fish in the pens can also pollute the water.

Aquaculture

the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of animals and plants in all types of water environments—is one of the most resource-efficient ways to produce protein.

problems that the Blue Revolution has caused

the intensification of ancient fish farming practices has led to issues like water pollution, habitat destruction, food-safety scares aquaculture results in excess levels of nutrients that kill fish. some Asian farms use pesticides and antibiotics that are banned in the US in order to keep fish alive in densely packed environments and carcinogens have been found in aquaculture shipments from Asia. farmers disturb natural environments, like mangroves, to convert them into farms. salmon industry aquaculture infested previously clean fbodies of water with pollution, parasites and disease. - in 2012, Scottish salmon farms lost almost 10% of their fish from amoebic gill disease - anemia killed an estimated 2 billion dollars worth of salmon in Chile - disease outbreak essentially wiped out the shrimp industry in Mozambique.

Indirect Impacts

undergo construction at site and activity ultimatley makes way into body of water after construction initiated, remove nursery ground that dec pop development Tend to be long term and over larger areas Unplanned Including - Destruction of nursery grounds - Pollution -Poorly planned coastal development

Purse seining

used to catch schooling fish like tunas, salmon, and anchovies. Purse seines encircle a school of fish in a large wall of netting and the bottom of the net is drawn shut and raised into the vessel. These fish are often attracted by fish aggregating devices (FADs). Purse seines often catch juvenile fish, sharks, and other vulnerable animals also attracted to the FADs.

Artificial ponds

used to raise most farmed shrimp. Ponds enclose fish and crustaceans in relatively shallow and small bodies of water. They are constructed along natural water sources like rivers or estuaries where farmers can pipe in water to fill ponds then stock them with shrimp, feed, and sometimes fertilizer and antibiotics. Ponds with open systems flush wastewater into nearby waterways, resulting in uneaten feed, chemicals, and shrimp waste escaping with the discharge and polluting the water. This discharge has contributed to the destruction of natural environments like mangrove forests.

Gillnets

walls of stationary or drifting netting designed to entangle and trap fish, such as cod, perch, salmon, sardines, and trout, that swim into the nets. Negative impacts of these nets are that they can catch other animals, such as marine mammals, sharks, and sea turtles, which are vulnerable species.

Stock assessment

way of assessing health of stock, process of collecting analyzing and reporting demographic info to determine changes in abundance of fish stocks in response to fishing and to the extent possible, predict future trends of stock, Current status well and predict future impacts abundance may have from fishing Stock assessments base on model of fish pop