Unit 4 AP

Depolarization of a neuron plasma membrane will shift the membrane potential toward

0 mV

Functions of the hypothalamus include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Adjusts postural muscles to maintain balance and equilibrium

Which statement is true regarding action potential propagation?

In salutatory conduction, the myelin is composed of fat, which insulates the axon membrane against sodium ion flow across the membrane.

Which statement regarding sensory reception is correct?

The CNS interprets the nature of sensory information entirely on the basis of the area of the brain stimulated.

Your young child has a middle ear infection: otitis media. There is a build-up of fluid, bacteria, and white blood cells, or pus, inside of the middle ear chamber. Why has this affected the child's hearing?

The auditory ossicles cannot vibrate freely.

Changing the shape of the lens to keep the focal length constant is a process called

accommodation.

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?

acetylcholine

The all-or-none principle states that

all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.

Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation?

arachnoid granulations

During an EEG, alpha waves

are characteristic of normal resting adults.

Monosynaptic reflexes

are exemplified by the stretch reflex.

Interneurons

are found only in the central nervous system.

You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the

ascending and/or descending tracts.

Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are

association areas.

The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the

astrocytes.

Which of the following receptors play a major role in regulating cardiac function and blood pressure?

baroreceptors

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

baroreceptors.

Humans are most sensitive to which taste?

bitter

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Ascending pathways

carry sensory information to the brain.

The brain and spinal cord comprise the

central nervous system.

The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the

cerebellum

The ventricles in the brain are filled with

cerebrospinal fluid

The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the

cerebrum.

What type of receptor sends afferent fibers from the carotid and aortic bodies to the respiratory centers in the CNS?

chemoreceptor

Neurons in the respiratory centers of the brain that respond to pH are examples of

chemoreceptors.

Olfactory receptors are examples of

chemoreceptors.

Which of the following characteristics apply to the ANS? (Select all that apply)

consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions controls cardiac muscle controls glandular secretions

A mixed nerve

contains both sensory and motor neurons.

The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called

dendrites.

Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in

depolarization.

The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands.

diencephalon

Proprioceptors

do not adapt to constant stimulation.

Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which of the following is the most sensitive body region?

face

Temperature senses use two types of

free nerve endings.

Lateral gray horns are visceral motor nuclei found the spinal cord that control (select all that apply)

glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle.

Saltatory propagation occurs faster than continuous propagation due to

myelinated axons

Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter

norepinephrine

The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the

number of sensory receptors in the region of the body.

The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the

olfactory.

The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by

oligodendrocytes.

Temperature sensations are relayed along the same pathways that carry sensations of

pain

The conscious awareness of a sensation is called

perception.

The movement of the stapes at the oval window establishes pressure waves in the

perilymph of the scala vestibuli.

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic

The ________ is the layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the surface of the brain.

pia matter

The daily day/night cycle known as a circadian rhythm involves the

pineal gland.

Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions?

prefrontal cortex

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to a different color wavelength of light. These cones are designated

red, blue, and green.

What term is used to describe sensations of visceral organs felt at the body surface?

referred pain

The perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated is called

referred pain.

The frequency of a sound is indicated to the nervous system by the

region of the basilar membrane of the spiral organ that is stimulated.

Which of these functions is NOT affected by parasympathetic stimulation?

secretion of sweat

Which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

sending signals to muscles

The effector organ for the somatic motor nervous system is

skeletal muscle.

Taste receptors are

specialized epithelial cells.

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

sweet

Regulation by the nervous system provides

swift but brief responses to stimuli

Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)?

sympathetic postganglionic

Lamellated corpuscles (Pacinian corpuscles) are

tactile receptors.

Ruffini corpuscles are examples of

tactile receptors.

Gustation refers to the special sense of

taste

Which structures are related to Parkinson's disease?

the basal nuclei and the midbrain

Head injuries that damage cerebral blood vessels are serious conditions because

the blood could compress and distort the relatively soft tissues of the brain.

Why can polysynaptic reflexes produce more involved responses than monosynaptic reflexes?

they include interneurons that may control several muscle groups simultaneously

All the motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are

multipolar neurons

The resting potential of a neuron is

-70mV

Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the cell body are called

multipolar.

The tympanic membrane vibrates to frequencies between

20-20,000 Hz.

Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels

3,1,2,4

Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine. 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. 4. Axon terminal depolarizes.

4,1,3,2

Given these parts of a reflex arc: 1.afferent neuron 2.interneuron 3.effector cell 4.efferent neuron 5.sensory receptor Choose the correct order an action potential travels through them from a stimulus to the resulting action.

5,1,2,4,3

Which of the following is abnormal in the adult?

Babinski sign

________ deafness results from conditions in the middle ear that block the normal transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Conduction

Which of the following concerning olfaction is true?

Olfactory receptors are highly modified neurons.

Your grandmother who lives in an assisted living facility is always complaining about how bad the food is. You eat there with her often and find the food to be cooked well and interesting, even though the food is not what you would really prefer. What is the most reasonable explanation for this?

She has fewer gustatory cells in her taste bud receptors.

Motor innervation of the muscles of facial expression is transmitted through which cranial nerve?

VII

Nociceptors

have large receptive fields.

As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the

hippocampus.

You notice that your father holds his book farther from his face than he used to. Since you are taking an anatomy and physiology course, you realize that this is due to

his lens being unable to accommodate for close objects.

A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following?

hyperpolarization

The sympathetic division (select all that apply)

increases the metabolic rate. increases awareness and prepares the body to deal with emergencies.

Saltatory conduction

is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon.

Another name for the patellar reflex is the

knee-jerk reflex.

Establishment of emotional states and behavioral drives are function of the

limbic system

The ________ establishes emotional states.

limbic system

The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry information regulating skeletal muscle tone is/are the

medial and lateral pathways.

A major center concerned with autonomic function, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration is the

medulla oblongata.

Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called

microglia.

Which of the following arrives at the primary sensory cortex?

touch sensations

Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane.

Damage to the ________ nerve, which is vital for the autonomic control of visceral function, could result in death.

vagus

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

vagus nerve.

Receptors in the ________ provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration.

vestibule

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains

why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis.

Pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of a(n) ________ reflex.

withdrawal