Unit 4 Preliminary Knowledge

How did sugar transform Brazil and the Caribbean?

Sugar made Brazil and the Caribbean in to societies soley focused on sugar production for export. Because of the large amount of plantations, a very large amount of male slaves were brought to these colonies to work the land. This created a major gender imbalance.

Silver Drain

Term often used to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually, the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China.

The Great Dying

Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas; in many cases, up to 90 percent of the pre-Columbian population died

Margaret Cavendish

educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists

Matteo Richi

famous Jesuit missionary

Maize and Manioc (Cassava)

food introduced from the Americas to African diets

Samurai

Japanese warriors who were loyal to the daimyo that paid them

Siege of Vienna

(1683) Ottoman Empire attempted to invade Vienna but they were stopped by Leopold I

Transatlantic Slave System

Between 1500 and 1866, this trade in human beings took an estimated 12.5 million people from African societies, shipped them across the Atlantic in the Middle Passage, and deposited some 10.7 million of them in the Americas as slaves; approximately 1.8 million died during the transatlantic crossing.

What factors led to the greater success for European missionaries in Spanish America and the Philippines than in Africa and Asia?

"Missionaries had their greatest success in Spanish America and in the Philippines, areas that shared two critical elements beyond their colonization by Spain. Most importantly was an overwhelming European presence, experienced variously as military conquest, colonial settlement, missionary activity, forced labor, social disruption, and disease. Secondly, those that practiced small-scale oral religions converted more easily than those that practiced established religions that had been written down."

What differences can you identify among the spice, silver, and fur trades?

(Aurora's answer) The spice trade was predominant in the Indian Ocean, developing relationships with Asian societies. The silver was obtained from mines in Spanish America, and enriched Western Europe. This allowed Europeans to participate in the rich commerce of East Asia. Also, furs from North America and Siberia found a market in Europe and China. The hunting of these fur-bearing animals transformed both the natural environments and the respectful societies.

What were the long-term and short-term causes of the Protestant Reformation?

-short-term: Martin Luther, 95 Theses, 30 years war, -long-term: corrupt papacy, indulgences

Mary Wollstonecraft

A British writer who argued that women should have the same rights as men.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Fur trade

A global industry in which French, British, and Dutch traders exported fur from North America to Europe, using Native American labor and with great environmental cost to the Americas. A parallel commerce in furs operated under Russian control in Siberia.

Cartaz

A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean.

Little Ice Age

A period of unusually cool temperatures for the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere

Mestizo

A term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas, most prominently the product of unions between Spanish men and Native American women

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Galileo Galilei

An Italian scientist who developed an improved telescope in 1609, with which he made many observations that undermined established understandings of the cosmos. (pron. gal-uh-LAY-oh)

Counter Reformation

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century stimulated in part by the Protestant Reformation; at the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Thirty Years War

Catholic-Protestant struggle (1618-1648) that was the culmination of European religious conflict, brought to an end by the Peace of Westphalia and an agreement that each state was sovereign, authorized to control religious affairs within its own territory.

Council of Trent

Catholics clarified and reaffirmed their unique doctrines, sacraments, and practices, such as the authority of the pope, priestly celibacy, the veneration of saints and relics, and the importance of church tradition and good works, all of which protestants rejected.

What motivated European political and economic expansion in the late 15th century?

Christianity. "The resolutely Catholic Spanish and Portuguese both viewed their movement overseas as a continuation of a long crusading tradition that only recently had completed the liberation of their countries from Muslim control."

Cofradias

Church-based associations of laypeople

Potosi

City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.

Johannes Kepler

German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer

Martin Luther

German priest who issued the Ninety-Five Theses and began the Protestant Reformation with his public criticism of the Catholic Church's theology and practice.

Daimyo

Japanese feudal lords

Shogun

Japanese military commander

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty from Tokugawa

John Locke

English philosopher who offered principles for constructing a constitutional government, a contract between rules and ruled that was created by human ingenuity rather than divinely prescribed

Sir Isaac Newton

English scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution.

British Royal Africa Company

English trading company

Why was Europe just beginning to participate in global commerce during the sixteenth century?

Europe was just beginning to participate in Asian trade during the 16th century because before this they had nothing to trade. Europeans had no luxury or speciality goods to trade for Chinese silk and precious spices. When they started colonizing the Americas, they brought in large amount of gold and silver that they could trade with. This started their involvement in the global trade system.

European Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the principles of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society.

How did European trade goods impact native societies?

European trade made native societies dependent of imported European goods. To trade for the goods, they kept killing more animals and nearly made some animal extinct.

What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce?

Europeans were drawn to the Asian world of commerce to acquire spices from the spice islands, silk from China, and cotton from India. They also wanted to receive some of the economic benefits of controlling trade in the Indian Ocean, such as charging taxes on merchant ships.

Trading Post Empire

Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade through military power rather than on control of people or territories

Maroon Societies

Free communities of former slaves in remote regions of South America and the Caribbean; the largest such settlement was Palmares in Brazil, which housed 10,000 or more people for most of the seventeenth century.

Palmares

Free communities of former slaves in remote regions of South America and the Caribbean; the largest such settlement was Palmares in Brazil, which housed 10,000 or more people for most of the seventeenth century.

Huguenots

French Protestants

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician

Describe the impact of the fur trade on North American native societies?

Fur trade had both negative effects on native societies. Because of the fur trade, native Americans were exposed to the deadly European diseases that most Europeans had built up an immune system to defend. It also cause breakouts of warfare over who would control the trade and production.

Settler Colonies

Imperial territories in which Europeans settled permanently in substantial numbers. Used in reference to the European empires in the Americas generally and particularly to the British colonies of North America.

Taki Ongoy

Literally, "dancing sickness"; a religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans and the restoration of an imagined Andean golden age.

Huacas

Local gods of the Andes

Protestant Reformation

Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to church authority and its endorsement of salvation by faith alone, and also came to express a variety of political, economic, and social tensions.

Philippines

Named after the Spanish king Philip II; archipelago of islands occupied by culturally diverse peoples and organized in small and highly competitive chiefdoms

Soft gold

Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly valued for their warmth and as symbols of elite status.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue in 1543 for the existence of a sun-centered, helping to spark the Scientific Revolution.

Mombasa-Hormuz-Goa-Macao

Portuguese fortified bases at several key locations within the Indian Ocean world; obtained through bribery and negotiations with Chinese authorities

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese mariner; first European to sail to India

British East India Company

Private trading company chartered by the English around 1600, mainly focused on India; it was given a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples

Dutch East India Company

Private trading company chartered by the Netherlands around 1600, mainly focused on Indonesia; it was given a monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.

Manila

The capital of the colonial Philippines which by 1600 had become a flourishing and culturally diverse city; the site of violent clashes between the Spanish and the Chinese

Adam Smith

Scottish professor who formulated laws that accounted for the operation of the economy that would generate inevitable favorable results for society

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Jesuits in China

Series of Jesuit missionaries from 1550 to 1800 who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, sought to understand and become integrated into Chinese culture as part of their efforts to convert the Chinese elite, although with limited success.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain

Creole

Spaniards born in the Americas

Hernan Cortez

Spanish conquistador who lead the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico

In what ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies?

The Atlantic slave trade greatly transformed African societies. What began as selling prisoners of war turned into people of one society stealing capable men of other tribes. This turned into increased warfare in Africa and negative effects of the economy because of so many capable men being taken.

What was distinctive about the Atlantic slave trade as compared to other systems of forced labor?

The Atlantic slave trade took mainly males because they need strong individuals to work the plantations in America. In the the Islamic world, slaves were preferably female because they worked as domestic slaves in homes.

What distinguished the British settler colonies of North America from their counterparts in Latin America?

The British colonies were settler colonies, made up of English people straight from Europe. Their counterparts in Latin America were a diverse combination of Europeans, natives, and mixed offspring. The English also did not emphasize converting native people to Christianity as much as the Spanish and Portuguese did.

In what ways did European empires in the Americas resemble their Russian, Chinese, and Ottoman counterparts?

The European empires resembled their Russian, Chinese, and Ottoman counterparts is the facts that all the empires traded between continents. The Russian, Chinese, and Ottoman empires traded across multiple continents including: Asia, Europe, and Africa. The European empires traded across the North America, South America, and Europe continents. Also, the Russian, Chinese, and Ottoman empires had a main strong religion which the European empires also had. European empires also oppressed the native people in the regions.

Emperor Kangxi

The Kangxi Emperor was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty; prohibited Westerners from spreading Christian doctrine in his kingdom

Marquis de Condorcet

The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher who argued that society was moving into an era of near-infinite improvability and could be perfected by human reason.

How did European nations differ in their colonization of the Western Hemisphere?

The Spanish and Portuguese colonies were determined to spread Catholicism; the English colonies spread Protestantism. The Spanish also married many local women and brought them to elite status in the Americas versus the English colonies where the English did not marry the natives.

How was the role of religion different in the colonization of Latin America than in the colonization of North America?

The Spanish and Portuguese colonized Latin America with the goal of converting as many people as possible to Christianity. The sent missionaries to convert the native people as soon as the first explorers arrives. The English and French colonists were less interested in this goal.

Mercantilism

The economic theory that governments served their countries' economic interest best by encouraging exports and accumulation bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold); helped fuel European colonialism

Columbian Exchange

The enormous network of transatlantic communication, migration, trade, and the transfer of diseases, plants, and animals that began in the period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas

African Diaspora

The global spread of African peoples via the slave trade.

What historical developments enabled Europeans to carve out huge empires an ocean away from their homelands?

The historical developments of new understanding of wind currents and Chinese and Islamic naval technology newly available to Europe enabled Europeans to create new empires across the Atlantic Ocean.

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual and cultural transformation that shaped a new conception of the material world between the mid-sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries in Europe; instead of relying on the authority of religion or tradition, its leading figures believed that knowledge was acquired through rational inquiry based on evidence, the product of human minds alone.

Indian Ocean Commercial Network

The massive, interconnected web of commerce in premodern times between the lands that bordered the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was transformed as Europeans entered it in the centuries following 1500.

General crisis

The near-record cold winters experience in much of China, Europe, and North America in the mid-seventeenth century, sparked by the Little Ice Age; extreme weather conditions led to famines, uprisings, and wars

Voltaire

The pen name of François-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), a French writer whose work is often taken as a model of the Enlightenment's outlook; noted for his deism and his criticism of traditional religion.

Analyze the impact of the printing press on the spread of Protestantism and the divisions within it?

The printing press allowed for Luther's ideas to be spread quickly across Europe. He also published pamphlets and the German translation of the New Testament, which were spread through the printing press, also spread Protestantism.

What explains the rise of the Atlantic slave trade?

The rise of the Atlantic slave trade is linear relationship with the size of plantations. As plantation size grew, more slaves were needed. On top of this, many slaves died with crossing the Middle Passage and to replace those lives, more slaves were taken from Africa.

What was the significance of the silver trade in the early modern era of world history?

The silver trade in early modern era of world history is significant because it marks the beginning of the relationship between Europe and the Americas. It also brought major wealth in the form of silver to Spain and Japan.

Signares

The small number of African women who were able to exercise power and accumulate wealth through marriage to European traders.

Pieces of Eight

The standard Spanish silver coin used by merchants in North America, Europe, India, Russia, West Africa, and China.

What large-scale transformations did European empires generate?

Through their new colonies, European empires generated the large scale transformations of ranching economies and precious metal mines in the Americas. When Europeans arrived in the Americas they began to teach natives how to domesticate cattle and use horses, which created local economies based on ranching. Because of their mercantilist policies, Europeans were desperate for gold and silver so they transformed their colonies into locations of new silver and gold mines.

To what extent did the Portuguese realize their goals in the Indian Ocean?

When the Portuguese entered the Indian Ocean, they had one major goal: control the spice trade. Unfortunately for them, the Portuguese never fully controlled this prosperous sect of Indian Ocean trade and soon began to greatly decline. Eventually the British took over.

How did ethnic composition differ within Latin America?

When the Spanish conquered Latin America, the Spanish began to blend with society to create three groups of people: the Spanish, the Mestizos, and the Natives.

Corporation

a collective group of people that was treated as a unit, a legal person, with certain rights to regulate and control its own members

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

a dedicated brotherhood of priests committed to the renewal of the Catholic Church and its extension abroad

Prestor John

a mysterious Christian monarch who ruled somewhere in Asia or Africa

Fiscal

leader of the church staff

Hacienda

private owners of large estates who directly employed native workers

Cowrie Shell

the protective outer covering of a small sea creature, once used as money in Asia and Africa

Mulattoes

term commonly used of people of mixed African and European blood

Tenochtitlan

the capital of the Aztec empire

Encomienda

the legal system that forced native people into coerced labor

Pantheists

those who believed that God and nature were identical

Bombay-Calcutta-Madrasa

three major trading settlements created by the British during the 17th century because they had no access to the Dutch's monopoly on the Spice Islands

Castas

translates to castes; mixed race people were divided into these based on their precise racial heritage and skin color

Peon

worked for private owners on large estates; low wages, high taxes, and large debts to the landowner; little control over their lives or their livelihood

How did the goals and actions of the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, and British in Asia differ?

• The Portuguese sought to set up a trading post empire that controlled the trade routes of the Indian Ocean.• The Spanish established colonial rule over the Philippine Islands. In doing so, they drew on their experience in the Americas, converting most of the population to Christianity, ruling over the islands directly, and setting up large landed estates owned by Spanish settlers.• The Dutch and British organized their Indian Ocean ventures through private trading companies, which were able to raise money and share risks among a substantial number of merchant investors. These trading companies obtained government charters granting them trading monopolies, the power to make war, and the right to govern conquered peoples. They established their own parallel and competing trading post empires; the Dutch seized control of some of the Spice Islands, while the British set up trading centers in India by securing the support of the Mughal Empire or of local authorities.