Unit 6 Exam

Osseous tissue is a(an) ________ tissue.

Connective

Bones grow in diameter by interstitial growth.

False

Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia?

Removal of the thyroid gland

Which of the following does not put women at risk for hypocalcemia? a. Removal of the thyroid gland b. Lactation c. Lack of exposure to UV radiation d. Pregnancy e. Removal of the parathyroid glands

Removal of the thyroid gland

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone? a. Osseous tissue b. Adipose tissue c. Nervous tissue d. Transitional epithelium e. Cartilage

Transitional epithelium

Hypercalcemia causes depression of the nervous system.

True

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the ________.

articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Bone elongation is a result of ________.

cartilage growth

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of ________ of the metaphysis.

cell proliferation

A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the ________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ________.

endosteum; periosteum

Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of ________.

mechanical stress on bone remodeling

The ________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.

metaphysis

A soft callus forms during ________.

the healing of a fracture

Osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.

true

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?

Yellow bone marrow

The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of ________.

Compact bone

Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except ________. a. DNA synthesis b. muscle contraction c. blood clotting d. exocytosis e. communication among neurons

DNA synthesis

A radiograph (X-ray) of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines.

False

Concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae.

False

Intramembranous ossification is common in children, whereas endochondral ossification is typical in young adults.

False

Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

False

Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.

False

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture? a. Hematoma formation → hard callus formation → soft callus formation → bone remodeling b. Soft callus formation → hard callus formation → hematoma formation → bone remodeling c. Bone remodeling → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → hematoma formation d. Bone remodeling → hard callus formation → soft callus formation → hematoma formation e. Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? a. Glycosaminoglycans b. Collagen c. Proteoglycans d. Glycoproteins e. Hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means ________.

abnormal calcification of a tissue

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ________.

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, ________ is important to the deposition of bone.

calcitriol

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a ________ fracture.

comminuted

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.

true

The hemopoietic tissue in a bone is otherwise known as myeloid tissue.

true

Red bone marrow does not contain ________.

yellow bone marrow

Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except ________. a. DNA b. RNA c. ATP d. phospholipids e. amino acids

Amino acids

Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as ________.

Appositional growth

It is common to find ________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone.

Central canals

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the ________.

Marrow Cavity

Hypocalcemia can cause ________.

Muscle spasms

Bone-forming cells are called ________.

Osteoblasts

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes? a. Stem cells b. Osteoblasts c. Osteoclasts d. Osteocytes e. Osteogenic cells

Osteoclast

Spicules and trabeculae are found in ________.

Spongy bone

Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton? a. Storage of red blood cells b. Providing support for most muscles c. Protecting the spinal cord d. Storage of calcium and phosphate ions e. Protecting the brain

Storage of red blood cells

Which of the following exemplifies a positive feedback process happening in bone mineral deposition? a. Osteoblasts neutralize inhibitors that prevent bone resorption. b. The first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate. c. Collagen is digested by enzymes and hydroxyapatite by hydrochloric acid. d. Osteoclasts secrete acid phosphatase that digests collagen. e. Solubility product is reached in the tissue fluids.

The first few crystals that form attract more calcium and phosphate.

Hypercalcemia is rare, but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of conditions.

True

Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.

True

Osteoid tissue is similar to bone except for a lack of minerals.

True

Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis.

True

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.

True

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the ________.

epiphyseal plate

The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the ________.

epiphysis

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ________, which would otherwise inhibit ________.

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Intramembranous ossification produces the ________.

flat bones of the skull

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is ________, which is replaced by bone.

hyaline cartilage

The hardness of bone comes from ________, whereas ________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called ________, and they contain ________.

lacunae; osteocytes

Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called ________.

open

When ________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called ________.

osteoblasts; osteocytes

The plasma membrane of ________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas ________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes.

osteoclasts; osteocytes

The most common bone disease is ________.

osteoporosis

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates ________ secretion, which leads to ________.

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) ________ fracture.

pathologic

A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the ________, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the ________.

periosteum; endosteum

The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as ________.

resorption

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called ________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called ________.

soft callus; hard callus