Unit 8: Motivation and Emotion

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reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

emotion

A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience, and subjective feelings of emotion itself.

glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

thalamus

A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.

facial expressions

Fear, surprise, joy, sadness, anger, disgust, etc., are conveyed through brow, eye, and mouth configurations

emotional intelligence (EI)

Goleman's term for the ability to know and manage one's emotions, empathize with others, and maintain satisfying relationships. this explains why people of lower IQ's are often more successful than those of high IQ's. can be achieved through classical/operant conditioning.

compassionate/consummate love

In Sternberg's Love Triangle, this type of love consists of passion and intimacy with commitment. It is physical attraction with an emotional bond.

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's theory that inner motives (ex. physiological and safety needs) must be met before higher needs (belonging and self-actualization)

prefrontal cortex

Part of the limbic system, involved in conscious regulation of emotional states. responsible for thinking, planning, and language.

Two-Factor Theory

Schacter and Singer's theory that emotion depends on two factors: 1. physiological arousal 2.cognitive labeling of that arousal. we look to external rather than internal cues to label our emotions

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Selye's three-stage (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) reaction to chronic stress

immune system

The cells and tissues that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body

sympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

cerebral cortex

The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

TAT (thematic apperception test)

a projective psychological test. responses reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people

fight, flight, or freeze

a sequence of internal processes that prepares the organism for struggle or escape

Duchenne smile

a smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye

self-actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction towards numbers of either one's own or the other gender. is more stable and less fluid in men than women; has biological and genetic components.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

anxiety disorder following exposure to a life-threatening or other extreme event that evoked a great horror or helplessness, characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and impaired functioning

secondary apprasial

assessing one's resources and choosing a coping method

needs

basic requirements for human survival

drive

biologically instigated motivation

HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical) axis

body's delayed stress response, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal cortex. shuts down immune response under stress to prepare for fight, flight, or freeze. the release of cortisol inhibits immune response and promotes emotional memory formation.

SAM (sympatho-adrenal-medullary) system

body's initial, rapid-acting stress response, involving the sympathetic NS and the adrenal medulla

homeostasis

body's tendency to maintain a relatively balanced and stable internal state, such as constant internal temperature

sadness

brow's inner corner raised, mouth corners down

anger

brows drawn together and downward, eyes fixed, mouth squarish.

fear

brows level, drawn in and up, eyelids lifted, mouth corners retracted.

surprise

brows raised, eyes widened, mouth rounded in oval shape

interest

brows raised, mouth softly rounded, lips may be pursed.

resilience

capacity to adapt, achieve well-being, and cope with stress, in spite of serious threats

automatic action

characterized by automatic motor responses and changes in the autonomic nervous system. Conscious response to the external environment is minimal

Type A personality

chronically on edge, feel intense time urgency, and are preoccupied with responsibilities

orgasm

climax of sexual stimulation

empty love

commitment

secondary drive

conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli (wealth, success)

Alfred Kinsey

confidential interviews with 18,000 people (early 1950s). studies sexual behavior in human males and females; created a scale of sexuality from 0-6 (0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 is exclusively homosexual, 7 is asexual)

emotion wheel

core "universal" emotions are towards the center, other emotions are combinations of basic emotions.

display rules

cultural rules about how emotions are expressed

parasympathetic nervous system

deactivates or slows down activities of muscles and glands (rest-and-digest response); slowing down of heart rates, pupillary constriction

problem-solving coping

dealing directly with a stressor to decrease or eliminate it

primary apprasial

deciding if a situation is harmful, threatening, or challenging

inverted "U"

describes the relationship between arousal and performance; both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal

achievement motivation

desire to excel, especially in competition with others

brain structures

differences in size of hypothalamus in gay v. straight people

hormones

during pregnancy (a boy with many brothers is likely to be gay)

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by severe weight loss resulting from self-imposed starvation and an obsessive fear of obesity

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food (bingeing), followed by vomiting, extreme exercise use, and/or laxative use (purging)

amygdala

emotional memory

Cannon-Bard Theory

emotions and physiological changes occur simultaneously (ex. "I'm crying and feeling bad at the same time"); in this view emotions are all physiologically similar.

instinct theory (biological determinism)

emphasizes inborn, genetic factors in motivation

norepinephrine

fight, flight or freeze response

instincts

fixed response pattern that is unlearned and found in almost all members of a species

phsyiological needs

food, water, warmth, rest

approach-approach conflict

forced choice between 2 options both of which have equally desirable characteristics

avoidance-avoidance conflict

forced choice between 2 options both of which have equally undesirable characteristics

conflict

forced choice between 2+ incompatible goals or impulses

role conflict

forced choice between two or more different and incompatible role demands

avoidance-approach conflict

forced choice within one option, which has equally undesirable and desirable characteristics

joy

forming smile, cheeks lifted, twinkle in eye.

plateau

full sexual arousal

unconscious motivation

having a desire to engage in an activity but not being consciously aware of the desire

cognitive consistency

having a logical connection between existing knowledge and a new stimulus

conscious motivation

having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire

dopamine

high->euphoria, pleasure

serotonin

high->serenity low->depression

genetics

homosexuality runs in families and is strong in twins

Masters and Johnson study

in the 1960s William Masters and Virginia Johnson explored the physiology of sex with 382 females and 312 males. discovered sex occurs in 4 phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

polygraph

instrument that measures sympathetic arousal (heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductivity) to detect emotional arousal, which in turn supposedly reflects lying vs. truthfulness

psychoneuroimmunology

interdisciplinary field that studies the the effects of psychology and other factors on the immune system

motive

internal mechanism that directs behavior (used to describe motivation that is learned rather than biologically based)

liking

intimacy

companionate love

intimacy + commitment

belonging and love needs

intimate relationships and friends

cognitive theory

involve attributions and expectancies

Type B personality

laid-back, calm, relaxed attitude toward life

emotion-focused coping

managing one's emotional responses to a stressful situation

need for achievement (n Ach)

mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal

extrinsic motivation

motivation based on external rewards or threats of punishment

drive-reduction theory

motivation begins with a physiological need (a lack/deficiency) that elicits a drive toward behavior that will satisfy the original need; once the need is met, a state of balance (homeostasis) is restored and motivation decreases

intrinsic motivation

motivation resulting from internal, personal satisfaction from a task or activity

incentive theory

motivation results from external stimulus that "pull" the organism in certain directions

Facial-Feedback Hypothesis

movements of the facial muscles produce and/or intensify our subjective experience of emotion. automatic matching responses occur without attention or conscious awareness

multiple approach avoidance conflict

multiple choices, each with good and bad features

complex tasks

new or unfamiliar tasks

stress

nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it; the arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging

disgust

nose wrinkled, upper lip raised, tongue pushed outward

cognitive dissonance

occurs when an individual experiences some degree of discomfort resulting from an inconsistency between two cognitions: their views on the world around them and their own personal feelings/actions. therefore something must change to eliminate the dissonance.

optimal-arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of a task.

infatuation

passion

fatuous love

passion + commitment

romantic love

passion + intimacy

learned helplessness

pattern of not responding to certain stimuli after an organism learns that its behavior has no effect

external locus of control

person believes that he/she has no power to act in a situation

internal locus of control

person believes that the power to act lies within him/her

eustress

pleasant, desirable stress

resolution

post-orgasm

esteem needs

prestige and feeling of accomplishment

projection

processes by which people attribute their own conscious motives to other people or objects

hardiness

resilient personality with a strong commitment to personal goals, control over life, and viewing change as a challenge rather than a threat

safety needs

security and safety

motivation

set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually towards a goal. -connects observable behavior to internal state -accounts for variability in behavior and learning -explains perseverance despite adversity -relates biology to behavior

excitement

sexual arousal

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

hassles

small problems of daily living that accumulate and sometimes become a major source of stress

sexual scripts

socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations. cultural norms and attitudes affect sex.

psychic numbness

state of being shocked after traumatic event

chronic stressors

state of ongoing arousal in which the parasympathetic system cannot activate the relaxation response

burnout

state of physiological and physical exhaustion resulting from chronic exposure to high levels of stress and little personal control

cortisol

stress hormone

tend and befriend model

stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support

cataclysmic event/traumatic stressor

stressful occurrences that occur suddenly and generally affect many people simultaneously. steps: 1. psychic numbness 2. automatic action 3. anhedonia 4. shutting down 5. recovery

health psychology

studies how biological, psychological, and social factors interact in health and illness

James-Langue Theory

subjective experiences of emotion results from physiological changes, rather than being their cause (ex. "I feel sad because I'm crying"); in this view each emotion is physiologically different. Fails to acknowledge arousal without emotional experience

limbic system

system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

simple tasks

tasks that are routine or standardized

acute stress

temporary stress

set-point (metabolism)

tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight

exhaustion

the body depletes its resources

alarm

the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor

resistance

the body seems to adapt to the presence of the stressor

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

obesity

the condition of being grossly overweight/having body fat 15% or more above the ideal for one's height and age

hunger

the natural physical drive to eat, prompted by the body's need for food. steps within the body: blood glucose level drops, sends message to liver, sends message to lateral hypothalamus, envrionmental cues activate, eating occurs

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Lazarus' Cognitive Appraisal Theory

theory that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event based on perception of the event

dissonance theory

there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among cognitions (ex. beliefs and opinions)

stressor

trigger or stimulus that prompts a stressful reaction

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

types of love can be described by 3 different states: intimacy, passion, and commitment. each scale can be used in combination to explain different types of love; the relative emphasis of each component changes over time as an adult romantic relationship develops. if a marital relationship is rooted in consummate love, it is more likely to improve after all the kids have left for college.

primary drive

unconditioned response to UCS (hunger, thirst)

frustration

unpleasant tension, anxiety, and heightened sympathetic activity resulting from a blocked goal

distress

unpleasant, threatening stress

individualism

view that places high value on individual achievement and distinction

collectivism

view that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction

ventromedial hypothalamus

when stimulated it makes you feel full; when destroyed it makes you hungry forever

lateral hypothalamus

when stimulated it makes you hungry; when destroyed it makes you full forever

cultural conditioning

when/what/how you eat

job stressors

work-related stress, including unemployment, role conflict, and burnout


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