Unit One Nutrition

Which of the following does the mnemonic device CRAAPP stand for

Currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose, process

Which DRI value is the amount of a nutrient that meets the requirements of 50 percent of people within a group of the same life stage and sex

EAR

Which of the DRI values is the amount of a nutrient that meets the requirements of 50 percent of people within a group of the same life stage and sex

EAR

Which of the following are common causes of peptic ulcers? (Select all that apply.)

H. pylori infection and overuse of NSAID meds

Select the correct order of the hierarchy of evidence, from bottom to top of the pyramid

In-vitro and animal studies, observational studies, intervention studies, and meta-analyses and systematic reviews

The symptoms of lactose intolerance are caused by

Inadequate production of the enzyme lactase

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are both types of

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Where is the sun's energy stored when it is captured through photosynthesis

in the bonds of glucose

Where does photosynthesis take place

in the leaves of plants

A 2017 study tested sugars found in human breast milk on monkey kidney epithelial cells infected with rotavirus (a viral infection that causes serious diarrhea in infants and young children). The sugars reduced the infectivity of rotavirus, leading to speculation that they might be a beneficial addition to infant formula. What type of study is this

in-vitro study

Which of the following may help with IBS symptoms

increasing physical activity, Adopting a low FODMAP diet, increasing fiber intake

A study randomized 4,011 women in early pregnancy to receive either an iron + folic acid supplement or a more comprehensive supplement containing essential fatty acids and 22 vitamins and minerals. There were no differences in pregnancy or childbirth outcomes. What type of study is this

intervention study

What causes the release of energy from a chemical bond

it breaks

Which of the following is not a part of the plant meant for storing starch

leaves

Which of the following characteristics helps increase the surface area of the small intestine

villi, microvilli, muscular folds

Which of the following can not be used as a fuel source for cellular respiration

vitamins

Which of the following are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine

water soluble vitamins, single sugars, amino acids

When Carrie consumes wheat, she always develops an itchy rash and her lips swell. Of the conditions discussed on this page, which is the most likely explanation for her symptoms

wheat allergy

Which of the following website domains are more likely to promote a specific agenda or sell a service or good

.com and .org

The first shell of an atom is considered full when it contains

2 atoms

How many classes of nutrients are there

6

Who is responsible for developing the DRI values

A committee of scientists representing the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

True or false

A gluten-free diet is not inherently more healthful than a diet containing wheat or other sources of gluten: true

Which of the DRI values is a "best guess" of how much of a nutrient is needed, when there isn't enough evidence to establish a more precise recommended amount

AI values

Which DRI, expressed as percent of total energy intake, defines the recommended intake range for the macronutrients

AMDR

True or false

According to the AMDR, protein should make up the largest proportion of a healthy person's energy intake: false

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines

All of your grains should be whole grains and Consume less than 15 percent of calories per day from added sugars.

Which is set whenever scientific data are insufficient to allow establishment of an RDA

Allowed Intake

Celiac disease is caused by

An autoimmune response, triggered by gluten, in which the immune system attacks cells of the small intestine.

Photosynthesis uses

Carbon dioxide, water, sun's energy

Which of the following are required steps to becoming a registered dietitian

Completion of a dietetics internship, completion of masters or bachelors, passing a national exam

True or false

Minerals maintain their chemical structure and are not broken down during digestion: true

True or false

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite reactions that form a cycle: true

these are set to meet the needs of the vast majority (97 to 98 percent) of the target healthy population

RDA values

Based on the following ingredients list from a jar of hazelnut cocoa spread, which ingredient is most prevalent (by weight)? Ingredients

SUGAR, PALM OIL, HAZELNUTS, SKIM MILK, COCOA, SOY LECITHIN AS EMULSIFIER, VANILLIN: AN ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR: sugar

The World Health Organization does not define health as the absence of disease

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

When reading a news article highlighting nutrition research, you should look for all of the following characteristics except

The article should disseminate new findings without any consideration of previous research related to the findings.

True or false

The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the blood: true

True or false

The inside of the small intestine is smooth and straight like a garden hose, allowing for rapid transit time of food material: false

True false Food manufacturers are not required to list allergens contained in a product

false

True false The nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons

false

Which of the following is/are TRUE of the Dietary Guidelines

They are based on current scientific and medical evidence in nutrition, They aim to prevent chronic disease, The public has opportunities to get involved in their development.

Lauren feels a cold coming on, and her friend recommends taking a high dose vitamin C supplement. But Lauren isn't just taking her friend's word for it. Before she takes a supplement, she wants to at least be sure it's safe. Which of the following DRI values would assist Lauren in determining the highest amount of the supplement that would be safe for her to consume

UL

Your brother tells you that he's taking a high-dose zinc supplement, because he's heard it might help prevent the common cold. You want to be sure the supplement is safe and doesn't contain excessive levels of zinc. Which DRI value would be most helpful to you in answering this question

UL

Which of the following dairy foods are low in lactose and often well-tolerated by people with lactose intolerance? Mark all that apply

Yogurt, Lactose-free milk, buttermilk, aged cheese

True false There is both an RDA and AI established for each nutrient

false

Jack is a college athlete who requires 2,800 kilocalories per day to support his total energy needs. Jack likes many different foods and follows MyPlate to ensure that he's including foods from each food group in his diet, but he consumes only approximately 1,600 kilocalories a day. Which one of the characteristics of a healthy diet is Jack missing

adequacy

Worldwide, about 65% of ______ are lactose intolerant

adults

Making a food purchase after seeing a commercial that make a food look really appealing

advertising factor

An allotted intake (AI) is established when

an RDA can not be set

A disease in which the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the body's own tissues is called

an autoimmune disease

A chemical bond is the attractive force between

atoms

Which term of the CRAAPP test emphasizes examining the author's credentials and affiliations with organizations

authority

Eating a combination of foods from the different food groups, which together provide appropriate amounts of nutrients

balanced diet

The Estimated Energy Requirement represents a ___________ estimate for how many calories a person should consume each day

ballpark

On food labels, the ingredients are listed in which order

by prevalence/weight

True or false The World Health Organization defines health as the absence of disease

false

According to the AMDR, which macronutrient should make up the largest proportion of a healthy person's energy intake

carbohydrates, 40-65%

The four elements that make up the bulk of all living things are

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

the body system responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products is the

cardiovascular system

After experiencing years of digestive upset, Sasha's doctor runs some tests and figures out what is wrong. The doctor tells Sasha that if she strictly avoids eating any wheat, rye, or barley, her symptoms of frequent stools, abdominal pain, and fatigue should improve. She says those symptoms are caused by Sasha's own immune system attacking the cells lining her small intestine. What do you think was Sasha's diagnosis

celiac disease

True or false

cells in different parts of the body contain different DNA: false

In the Journal of Nutrition study, other factors such as physical activity, sleep, socioeconomic status, or stress might also explain the observed results. What are these factors called

confounding factors

A study in which researchers compare the prevalence of processed foods and obesity in different countries is an example of what type of study

cross-sectional

Baby Marco has been breastfed until 6 months of age. At that time, his parents start offering him some solid foods. When they give him some yogurt, he develops a severe rash all over his body. Of the options below, what do you think is the most likely cause of these symptoms

dairy allergy

The enterocytes of the intestines are replaced every few

days

T/F When Coindet's iodine treatment was successful in treating patients with goiter, researchers accepted that iodine was an effective treatment for goiter

false

T/F You can be certain that a nutritionist is qualified to give nutrition advice because the term "nutritionist" is legally protected and regulated

false

True false Every vitamin and mineral has a UL established for it

false

What nutrient does bile help to digest

fat

Having a dislike for broccoli because a parent always overcooked it until it was mushy

early food experiences

Access to healthy, affordable food is limited due to living in a remote location

economic factor

Which of the following foods would fall into the Protein group

eggs and beans

The function of bile is to

emulsify fats

Glands are a part of which organ system

endocrine

The body system responsible for regulating nutrient levels is the

endocrine system

A chemical bond is the attractive force between atoms and contains

energy

Which of the following chemical(s) help speed up or facilitate chemical reactions in the body, including reactions that break macronutrients into their chemical building blocks

enzymes

How should anaphylaxis be treated

epipherine injection

Which type of tissue lines and protects organs

epithelial

After a researcher has formulated a hypothesis, the next step in the scientific method is to conduct an

experiment

T/F Most physicians receive extensive nutrition education during medical school

false

Which of the following pieces of information is NOT required by the FDA on food packaging

food group that it fits into

Which of the following is NOT caused by an abnormal immune response

food intolerance

What is the main energy source that animals and humans use to power the synthesis of ATP

glucose

Photosynthesis produces

glucose, oxygen

Better nutrition is associated with ALL of the following outcomes except

greater risk of pregnancy complications

Based on the USDA's MyPlate, about ________ of your plate should be filled with fruits and vegetables

half

"Low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors." is an example of a

health claim

What information do you need to know to calculate the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for a person

height age sex weight and physical activity level

In the small intestine large, fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into

lymph vessels

Which organelle within a cell breaks down macromolecules and destroys foreign invaders

lysosomes

Which of the following is NOT a food group in MyPlate

meat

Among the types of research studies covered in this class, which type of study is considered to give the strongest, highest-quality evidence

meta analysis

Which of the following nutrients are categorized as micronutrients

minerals and vitamins

If you dropped your hot dog into the campfire and it burned up into ash, which of the 6 classes of nutrients would this ash be composed of

minerals because all of the organic materials would be burned up for energy

Not eating to the extremes, neither too much nor too little of any one food or nutrient

moderate diet

Bianca eats her breakfast, and her GI tract will now begin the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from this meal. What is the order in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Which organ system is responsible for appetite control

nervous system

Which 4 elements are most abundant in biological macromolecules/macronutrients

nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon

Which organelle within a cell houses genetic material (DNA)

nucleus

"Good source of fiber" is an example of a

nutrient claim

Damage to the small intestine caused by celiac disease can result in

nutrient malabsorption, weight loss, failure to grow and thrive in children, and anemia

Which of the following are chemical molecules found in foods and required by our bodies to maintain life and support growth and health

nutrients

72,337 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. Their diets were tracked over 18 years, and at the end of this time period, the researchers found that women who consumed the highest levels (at least 6,600 IU a day) of vitamin A from supplements and food had nearly double the risk of hip fracture compared with women who consumed the lowest level (less than 1,600 IU day). What type of study was this

observational

A study published in the Journal of Nutrition analyzed data collected from more than 50,000 people aged 30 years and up. The study found that people who snacked less, avoided eating in the evening, and made breakfast their biggest meal had - on average - a lower body mass index than those who snacked more, ate later in the day, and ate big dinners. What type of study is this

observational study

Malnutrition includes which of the following

overeating and undereating

Which of the following is not a process of life performed by cells of the human body

photosynthesis

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test whether consuming fish oil supplements would improve students' scores on a math puzzle. The intervention group took capsules 1000 mg of fish oil per day, while the control group took capsules containing an equal amount of vegetable oil. The students' performance on the math puzzle was tested at baseline (before beginning the supplements) and two weeks later. After two weeks, both groups demonstrated improved scores on the math puzzle, regardless of treatment group. This demonstrates the __________ effect

placebo

Gastroesophageal reflux is more common in which of the following scenarios

pregnancy, obesity, exposure to tobacco smoke

A study in which researchers track a group of people over time, looking at how much processed foods they're eating and how their body weight changes, is an example of what type of study

prospective cohort study

Which of the following nutrients are categorized as both organic and energy-yielding

protein, carbohydrates, fats

The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons and

protons

Which term of the CRAAPP test emphasizes evaluating the intended audience, the viewpoint of the source, and whether or not the source aims to sell something

purpose

What is the common cause of gastroesophageal reflux

relaxed lower esophageal sphincter

Which organelle within a cell assembles proteins based on genetic code

ribosomes

Which of the following are accessory organs to the GI tract

salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas, liver

The organized process of inquiry used in nutrition science is called the

scientific method

Which of the following are examples of mechanical digestion

segmentation, peristalsys, chewing

Which of the following foods would be considered the most nutrient-dense

skim milk

Wherre does most digestion and absorption occur in the GI tract

small intestine

Making food choices based on what a friend is eating

social factors

Eating different foods within each of the food groups

varied diet

What is the storage form of glucose in a plant

starch

Of the following types of claims made on food labels, which one does not have to be approved by the FDA

structure function

"Supports digestive health" is an example of a

structure-function claim

In a recent peer-reviewed study, researchers searched the literature for studies of dietary patterns and incidence of diabetes. The authors found 48 relevant studies. Combining the results, they found that following the Mediterranean diet and DASH diet were associated with a lower incidence of diabetes. Eating more vegetables, legumes, fruits, poultry, and fish was associated with lower risk of diabetes. What type of study is this

systemic review

The Dietary Guidelines are published and revised every five years jointly by

the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Health and Human Services (HHS).

A double-blind trial is one in which neither the researchers nor participants know which group is assigned to which treatment

true

ATP is the energy-containing molecule found in the cells of all animals and humans

true

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration

true

T/F A randomized controlled trial can provide evidence that one factor caused another (ex. The study showed that eating more processed foods caused weight gain)

true

T/F It is important to understand the methods used by the researchers, such as how many people were in the study and how long the study lasted, in order to assess how valid the study results are

true

T/F Most scientists present their research in peer-reviewed manuscripts that are published in scientific journals

true