Unit One Nutrition
Which of the following does the mnemonic device CRAAPP stand for
Currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, purpose, process
Which DRI value is the amount of a nutrient that meets the requirements of 50 percent of people within a group of the same life stage and sex
EAR
Which of the DRI values is the amount of a nutrient that meets the requirements of 50 percent of people within a group of the same life stage and sex
EAR
Which of the following are common causes of peptic ulcers? (Select all that apply.)
H. pylori infection and overuse of NSAID meds
Select the correct order of the hierarchy of evidence, from bottom to top of the pyramid
In-vitro and animal studies, observational studies, intervention studies, and meta-analyses and systematic reviews
The symptoms of lactose intolerance are caused by
Inadequate production of the enzyme lactase
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are both types of
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Where is the sun's energy stored when it is captured through photosynthesis
in the bonds of glucose
Where does photosynthesis take place
in the leaves of plants
A 2017 study tested sugars found in human breast milk on monkey kidney epithelial cells infected with rotavirus (a viral infection that causes serious diarrhea in infants and young children). The sugars reduced the infectivity of rotavirus, leading to speculation that they might be a beneficial addition to infant formula. What type of study is this
in-vitro study
Which of the following may help with IBS symptoms
increasing physical activity, Adopting a low FODMAP diet, increasing fiber intake
A study randomized 4,011 women in early pregnancy to receive either an iron + folic acid supplement or a more comprehensive supplement containing essential fatty acids and 22 vitamins and minerals. There were no differences in pregnancy or childbirth outcomes. What type of study is this
intervention study
What causes the release of energy from a chemical bond
it breaks
Which of the following is not a part of the plant meant for storing starch
leaves
Which of the following characteristics helps increase the surface area of the small intestine
villi, microvilli, muscular folds
Which of the following can not be used as a fuel source for cellular respiration
vitamins
Which of the following are absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the small intestine
water soluble vitamins, single sugars, amino acids
When Carrie consumes wheat, she always develops an itchy rash and her lips swell. Of the conditions discussed on this page, which is the most likely explanation for her symptoms
wheat allergy
Which of the following website domains are more likely to promote a specific agenda or sell a service or good
.com and .org
The first shell of an atom is considered full when it contains
2 atoms
How many classes of nutrients are there
6
Who is responsible for developing the DRI values
A committee of scientists representing the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
True or false
A gluten-free diet is not inherently more healthful than a diet containing wheat or other sources of gluten: true
Which of the DRI values is a "best guess" of how much of a nutrient is needed, when there isn't enough evidence to establish a more precise recommended amount
AI values
Which DRI, expressed as percent of total energy intake, defines the recommended intake range for the macronutrients
AMDR
True or false
According to the AMDR, protein should make up the largest proportion of a healthy person's energy intake: false
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation of the Dietary Guidelines
All of your grains should be whole grains and Consume less than 15 percent of calories per day from added sugars.
Which is set whenever scientific data are insufficient to allow establishment of an RDA
Allowed Intake
Celiac disease is caused by
An autoimmune response, triggered by gluten, in which the immune system attacks cells of the small intestine.
Photosynthesis uses
Carbon dioxide, water, sun's energy
Which of the following are required steps to becoming a registered dietitian
Completion of a dietetics internship, completion of masters or bachelors, passing a national exam
True or false
Minerals maintain their chemical structure and are not broken down during digestion: true
True or false
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite reactions that form a cycle: true
these are set to meet the needs of the vast majority (97 to 98 percent) of the target healthy population
RDA values
Based on the following ingredients list from a jar of hazelnut cocoa spread, which ingredient is most prevalent (by weight)? Ingredients
SUGAR, PALM OIL, HAZELNUTS, SKIM MILK, COCOA, SOY LECITHIN AS EMULSIFIER, VANILLIN: AN ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR: sugar
The World Health Organization does not define health as the absence of disease
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
When reading a news article highlighting nutrition research, you should look for all of the following characteristics except
The article should disseminate new findings without any consideration of previous research related to the findings.
True or false
The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the blood: true
True or false
The inside of the small intestine is smooth and straight like a garden hose, allowing for rapid transit time of food material: false
True false Food manufacturers are not required to list allergens contained in a product
false
True false The nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons
false
Which of the following is/are TRUE of the Dietary Guidelines
They are based on current scientific and medical evidence in nutrition, They aim to prevent chronic disease, The public has opportunities to get involved in their development.
Lauren feels a cold coming on, and her friend recommends taking a high dose vitamin C supplement. But Lauren isn't just taking her friend's word for it. Before she takes a supplement, she wants to at least be sure it's safe. Which of the following DRI values would assist Lauren in determining the highest amount of the supplement that would be safe for her to consume
UL
Your brother tells you that he's taking a high-dose zinc supplement, because he's heard it might help prevent the common cold. You want to be sure the supplement is safe and doesn't contain excessive levels of zinc. Which DRI value would be most helpful to you in answering this question
UL
Which of the following dairy foods are low in lactose and often well-tolerated by people with lactose intolerance? Mark all that apply
Yogurt, Lactose-free milk, buttermilk, aged cheese
True false There is both an RDA and AI established for each nutrient
false
Jack is a college athlete who requires 2,800 kilocalories per day to support his total energy needs. Jack likes many different foods and follows MyPlate to ensure that he's including foods from each food group in his diet, but he consumes only approximately 1,600 kilocalories a day. Which one of the characteristics of a healthy diet is Jack missing
adequacy
Worldwide, about 65% of ______ are lactose intolerant
adults
Making a food purchase after seeing a commercial that make a food look really appealing
advertising factor
An allotted intake (AI) is established when
an RDA can not be set
A disease in which the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the body's own tissues is called
an autoimmune disease
A chemical bond is the attractive force between
atoms
Which term of the CRAAPP test emphasizes examining the author's credentials and affiliations with organizations
authority
Eating a combination of foods from the different food groups, which together provide appropriate amounts of nutrients
balanced diet
The Estimated Energy Requirement represents a ___________ estimate for how many calories a person should consume each day
ballpark
On food labels, the ingredients are listed in which order
by prevalence/weight
True or false The World Health Organization defines health as the absence of disease
false
According to the AMDR, which macronutrient should make up the largest proportion of a healthy person's energy intake
carbohydrates, 40-65%
The four elements that make up the bulk of all living things are
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
the body system responsible for transporting nutrients and waste products is the
cardiovascular system
After experiencing years of digestive upset, Sasha's doctor runs some tests and figures out what is wrong. The doctor tells Sasha that if she strictly avoids eating any wheat, rye, or barley, her symptoms of frequent stools, abdominal pain, and fatigue should improve. She says those symptoms are caused by Sasha's own immune system attacking the cells lining her small intestine. What do you think was Sasha's diagnosis
celiac disease
True or false
cells in different parts of the body contain different DNA: false
In the Journal of Nutrition study, other factors such as physical activity, sleep, socioeconomic status, or stress might also explain the observed results. What are these factors called
confounding factors
A study in which researchers compare the prevalence of processed foods and obesity in different countries is an example of what type of study
cross-sectional
Baby Marco has been breastfed until 6 months of age. At that time, his parents start offering him some solid foods. When they give him some yogurt, he develops a severe rash all over his body. Of the options below, what do you think is the most likely cause of these symptoms
dairy allergy
The enterocytes of the intestines are replaced every few
days
T/F When Coindet's iodine treatment was successful in treating patients with goiter, researchers accepted that iodine was an effective treatment for goiter
false
T/F You can be certain that a nutritionist is qualified to give nutrition advice because the term "nutritionist" is legally protected and regulated
false
True false Every vitamin and mineral has a UL established for it
false
What nutrient does bile help to digest
fat
Having a dislike for broccoli because a parent always overcooked it until it was mushy
early food experiences
Access to healthy, affordable food is limited due to living in a remote location
economic factor
Which of the following foods would fall into the Protein group
eggs and beans
The function of bile is to
emulsify fats
Glands are a part of which organ system
endocrine
The body system responsible for regulating nutrient levels is the
endocrine system
A chemical bond is the attractive force between atoms and contains
energy
Which of the following chemical(s) help speed up or facilitate chemical reactions in the body, including reactions that break macronutrients into their chemical building blocks
enzymes
How should anaphylaxis be treated
epipherine injection
Which type of tissue lines and protects organs
epithelial
After a researcher has formulated a hypothesis, the next step in the scientific method is to conduct an
experiment
T/F Most physicians receive extensive nutrition education during medical school
false
Which of the following pieces of information is NOT required by the FDA on food packaging
food group that it fits into
Which of the following is NOT caused by an abnormal immune response
food intolerance
What is the main energy source that animals and humans use to power the synthesis of ATP
glucose
Photosynthesis produces
glucose, oxygen
Better nutrition is associated with ALL of the following outcomes except
greater risk of pregnancy complications
Based on the USDA's MyPlate, about ________ of your plate should be filled with fruits and vegetables
half
"Low fat diets rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may reduce the risk of some types of cancer, a disease associated with many factors." is an example of a
health claim
What information do you need to know to calculate the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for a person
height age sex weight and physical activity level
In the small intestine large, fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into
lymph vessels
Which organelle within a cell breaks down macromolecules and destroys foreign invaders
lysosomes
Which of the following is NOT a food group in MyPlate
meat
Among the types of research studies covered in this class, which type of study is considered to give the strongest, highest-quality evidence
meta analysis
Which of the following nutrients are categorized as micronutrients
minerals and vitamins
If you dropped your hot dog into the campfire and it burned up into ash, which of the 6 classes of nutrients would this ash be composed of
minerals because all of the organic materials would be burned up for energy
Not eating to the extremes, neither too much nor too little of any one food or nutrient
moderate diet
Bianca eats her breakfast, and her GI tract will now begin the process of digesting and absorbing the nutrients from this meal. What is the order in which each of the organs of the GI tract will work to achieve this process
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Which organ system is responsible for appetite control
nervous system
Which 4 elements are most abundant in biological macromolecules/macronutrients
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon
Which organelle within a cell houses genetic material (DNA)
nucleus
"Good source of fiber" is an example of a
nutrient claim
Damage to the small intestine caused by celiac disease can result in
nutrient malabsorption, weight loss, failure to grow and thrive in children, and anemia
Which of the following are chemical molecules found in foods and required by our bodies to maintain life and support growth and health
nutrients
72,337 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study. Their diets were tracked over 18 years, and at the end of this time period, the researchers found that women who consumed the highest levels (at least 6,600 IU a day) of vitamin A from supplements and food had nearly double the risk of hip fracture compared with women who consumed the lowest level (less than 1,600 IU day). What type of study was this
observational
A study published in the Journal of Nutrition analyzed data collected from more than 50,000 people aged 30 years and up. The study found that people who snacked less, avoided eating in the evening, and made breakfast their biggest meal had - on average - a lower body mass index than those who snacked more, ate later in the day, and ate big dinners. What type of study is this
observational study
Malnutrition includes which of the following
overeating and undereating
Which of the following is not a process of life performed by cells of the human body
photosynthesis
A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test whether consuming fish oil supplements would improve students' scores on a math puzzle. The intervention group took capsules 1000 mg of fish oil per day, while the control group took capsules containing an equal amount of vegetable oil. The students' performance on the math puzzle was tested at baseline (before beginning the supplements) and two weeks later. After two weeks, both groups demonstrated improved scores on the math puzzle, regardless of treatment group. This demonstrates the __________ effect
placebo
Gastroesophageal reflux is more common in which of the following scenarios
pregnancy, obesity, exposure to tobacco smoke
A study in which researchers track a group of people over time, looking at how much processed foods they're eating and how their body weight changes, is an example of what type of study
prospective cohort study
Which of the following nutrients are categorized as both organic and energy-yielding
protein, carbohydrates, fats
The nucleus of an atom contains neutrons and
protons
Which term of the CRAAPP test emphasizes evaluating the intended audience, the viewpoint of the source, and whether or not the source aims to sell something
purpose
What is the common cause of gastroesophageal reflux
relaxed lower esophageal sphincter
Which organelle within a cell assembles proteins based on genetic code
ribosomes
Which of the following are accessory organs to the GI tract
salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas, liver
The organized process of inquiry used in nutrition science is called the
scientific method
Which of the following are examples of mechanical digestion
segmentation, peristalsys, chewing
Which of the following foods would be considered the most nutrient-dense
skim milk
Wherre does most digestion and absorption occur in the GI tract
small intestine
Making food choices based on what a friend is eating
social factors
Eating different foods within each of the food groups
varied diet
What is the storage form of glucose in a plant
starch
Of the following types of claims made on food labels, which one does not have to be approved by the FDA
structure function
"Supports digestive health" is an example of a
structure-function claim
In a recent peer-reviewed study, researchers searched the literature for studies of dietary patterns and incidence of diabetes. The authors found 48 relevant studies. Combining the results, they found that following the Mediterranean diet and DASH diet were associated with a lower incidence of diabetes. Eating more vegetables, legumes, fruits, poultry, and fish was associated with lower risk of diabetes. What type of study is this
systemic review
The Dietary Guidelines are published and revised every five years jointly by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Health and Human Services (HHS).
A double-blind trial is one in which neither the researchers nor participants know which group is assigned to which treatment
true
ATP is the energy-containing molecule found in the cells of all animals and humans
true
Oxygen is required for cellular respiration
true
T/F A randomized controlled trial can provide evidence that one factor caused another (ex. The study showed that eating more processed foods caused weight gain)
true
T/F It is important to understand the methods used by the researchers, such as how many people were in the study and how long the study lasted, in order to assess how valid the study results are
true
T/F Most scientists present their research in peer-reviewed manuscripts that are published in scientific journals
true