Uppers Downers All Arounders Ch 1-10

Teens

1. Earlier a teen starts drinking or smoking, the more likely drinking and smoking addictions will develop later in life 2. The greater the alcohol use, the lower the GPA

Tolerance - 3 aspects

1. How the brain defends itself against the effects of alcohol 2. Indicates tissue dependence as the body attempts a normal physiological balance 3. Allows the body to handle increasingly larger amounts of alcohol.

What percentage of drugs are kept off the U.S. market due to the United States' current supply reduction approach (i.e., the "War on Drugs")?

10-15%

Caffeine was identified in ______.

1819

what is the half-life of caffeine

3 to 7 hours

FAS - 4 factors - 2 of 2

3. CNS damage causing: visual, hearing, balance and behavioral problems; delayed intellectual development 4. Bodily deformities: shortened eyes, flatter face, missing filtrum, heart and limb problems

how long will the high from a typical ORAL/ SNORTED does of AMPHETAMINE generally last

4 to 6 hours

Approximately __ plants contain caffeine.

60

more than__ percent of female addicts suffered sexual abuse or physical abuse as a child or an adult

75%

In recent decades, policy decisions regarding drugs and alcohol have been made based on the political climate rather than on the effects of drugs on the individual and society. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pgs. 1.5-1.6

The monetary value of drugs has never been a part of legitimate government's economic plans, but it has often been a part of illegitimate government's economic plans. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.31

Alcohol and other psychoactive drugs affect which parts of the brain? #1. primitive brain #2. reasoning center of the new brain #3. neocortex #4. old brain A. options 1 and 2 only B. options 2 and 3 only C. options 1, 2, and 3 only D. options 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: D options. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The reasoning center of the new brain is also called the neocortex. The primitive part of the brain is also called the old brain. Both the new and old brain are affected by alcohol and other psychoactive drugs. Page 1.7

Glutamate

An amino acid which intensifies the effects of the neurotransmitter, dopamine. Glutamate enhances pleasurable stimulation, thus reinforcing drinking. ( http://neurotransporter.org/glutamate.html )

___________________ are the most common performance enhancing drugs

Anabolic-androgenic steroids

Cocaine

Consuming alcohol when using cocaine results in prolonging the effects of

Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914:

Controlled the sale of opium so that it could be monitored by the federal government

Which gene signals a susceptibility to both alcoholism and gambling?

DRD2A1

Breathing and heart rate

Depressants decrease rate of

These 3 are involved with pain, stress control, and euphoria

Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphin

What was the outcome of the Opium Wars?

England was granted greater trade concessions, an unacknowledged right to sell opium, and the territory of Hong Kong.

Harm reduction programs require abstinence from all psychoactive substances. True False

False

In 2002 about twice as many high school students had used MDMA (ecstasy) than LSD. True False

False

Nicotine addiction is found in about half of American over the age of 12. True False

False

There is much evidence that drug information alone causes change in behaviors. True False

False

___________ were targeted to benefit society and the addict.

Harm reduction programs

80%-85% of injection drug users have __________.

Hepatitis C.

Who brought chocolate to Europe?

Hernan Cortes

Gas frolics and ether frolics became popular after ____

Joseph Priestly discovered nitrous oxide and Sir Humphry Davy suggested that others could open nitrous oxide taverns as an alternative to saloons.

What is the key excretory organ?

Kidneys

Example of how drugs can interfere with the storage of NTs

LSD alters the user's perception of messages received from environment

blotter paper

LSD is dropped onto blotter paper and pieces are chewed or swallowed

Indoles

LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, ayahuasca

What is the key metabolic organ?

Liver

hug drug

MDMA

The main drug of raves is ________.

MDMA, or purer form, Molly.

DTI

MRI technique that shows how parts of the brain communicate with one another

Sexual desire

Methamphetamine increases

the illicit manufacture and distribution of meth in the U.S.A today is due to the involvement of

Mexican gangs and drug cartels

Break nicotine addiction

Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To support smoking cessation and

Acceptance of addiction

Necessary for treatment to begin; only after an addict accepts that addiction can they embrace a lifelong continuum of recovery

Social Model Detoxification Programs

Non medical and can be residential or outpatient. Last from 7-28 days, focused on creating safe and sober environment for addicts

Cell body

Nourish the cell

Theriac was a medication made from _____ to help inflammation, diarrhea, madness, melancholy, headaches, pestilence, nosebleeds, and anything involving pain.

Opium

False

Passive transport occurs when water-soluble drugs such as cocaine cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on molecules that cross the BBB.

Lower prices

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • Mass production, leading to _______________

Nicotine

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • ____________, as the addictive compound in tobacco

During ________ cirrhosis of the liver and other alcohol-related diseases declined dramatically, domestic violence fell, violent crime dropped by 2/3, and public drunkenness disappeared.

Prohibition

All Arounders

Psychedelics (e.g., marijuana, LSD, and MDMA) alter sensory input and can cause illusions, delusions, and hallucinations, and can cause some stimulation

Depression Drugs

Raise serotonin levels SSRI's (Prozac, Zoloft) Tricyclic (older)

survival

Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: It releases a surge of pleasure that encourages repetition of behaviors intended primarily for

Who introduced "tobacco smoking for recreation"?

Sir Walter Raleigh

Buprenorphine and naloxone

Suboxone is a combination of

Efavirenz

Sustiva; HIV Medication

High

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: Craving for the ________

Crash

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: The desire to avoid the _________

Depression is a major reason some people become compulsive shoppers. True False

True

Naloxone

_____________ is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose

Cocaine epidemics

_________________ occur in cycles every few generations

Hyperalgesia

__________________ is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to painful stimuli that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/ opioids used to treat pain.

Habituation

a definite pattern of use

Which is a method of using inhalants? A. "balloon and cracker" B. "crunching" C. "aerosoling" D. "lunging"

a. "balloon and cracker"

The group least likely to have an alcohol problem is A. African Americans. B. Hispanics. C. Caucasians of European descent. D. Caucasians of Baltic descent.

a. African Americans.

Which is NOT a screen or diagnostic tool for alcohol or other drug addiction? A. DATOS B. MAST C. CAGE D. DSM-IV-TR

a. DATOS

Which of the following is considered a "date rape" drug? A. Rohypnol® B. alcohol C. Viagra® D. heroin

a. Rohypnol®

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding multiple diagnoses? A. Triple diagnosis refers to a substance use disorder, any medical problem and a psychiatric diagnosis. B. Multiple diagnoses include medical as well as psychiatric diagnoses. C. Polydrug abuse is a multiple diagnosis. D. There is an epidemic growth of hepatitis C and other severe liver diseases in chemically dependent patients.

a. Triple diagnosis refers to a substance use disorder, any medical problem and a psychiatric diagnosis.

Which is NOT a true statement about steroids? A. Many young people use AASs strictly to enhance personal appearance. B. Long-term steroid use by men causes excessive masculinizing effects. C. Heavy use of steroids can cause psychotic episodes. D. There are distinct withdrawal symptoms from heavy steroid use.

b. Long-term steroid use by men causes excessive masculinizing effects.

which of the following is a personality disorder

borderline

which of the following are examples of be comprehensive addiction treatment systems best suited or treating people with duel diagnosis

both substance use disorder and mental illness must be treated simultaneously use of out diagnosis in the initial assessment of someone with dual diagnosis recognition that both disorders are chronic and persistent requiring both short-term at long-range treatment strategies and treat both in a single program with appropriate resources and every door is the right doors strategy

which group of people treated for ADHD are much less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol when later in life

boys under 18

What percent of individuals who have any mental disorder also have a co- occurring substance use disorder? A. 10% B. 25% C. 33% D. 50%

c. 33%

Concerning Internet addiction, which of the following is NOT true? A. Some individuals experience a stimulant- like rush when online. B. Some Internet users log onto sex sites compulsively. C. Almost all Internet addiction is about sex sites on the Net; games and chat rooms are not that attractive to the Internet addict. D. Problems begin when the online relationships draw the Net surfer from his or her real-life relationships.

c. Almost all Internet addiction is about sex sites on the Net; games and chat rooms are not that attractive to the Internet addict.

Which statement is true? A. Substance-related disorders are classified in the DSM-IV-TR as personality disorders. B. Substance use disorders are divided into substance abuse, substance use, and substance abstinence. C. The word "addiction" is not used in DSM- IV-TR. D. Substance-induced disorders include conditions that are treated by use of the specific substances abused.

c. The word "addiction" is not used in DSM-IV-TR.

Which of the following would describe a wife who encourages her husband to continue his addiction so she can maintain control over the relationship? A. ACoA B. enabling C. codependency D. dual diagnosis

c. codependency

Which of the following is a popular nutritional supplement used by many athletes? A. cremoline B. poppy seed paste C. creatine D. vitamin D

c. creatine

The most common mind disorder in the United States is A. schizophrenia B. depression C. drug addiction D. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

c. drug addiction

Which of the following is NOT a component of the public health model? A. environment B. agent C. guest D. host

c. guest

Which is NOT one of the three main types of drugs used by athletes? A. therapeutic drugs B. performance-enhancing drugs C. hypertensive medications D. street drugs

c. hypertensive medications

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of marijuana withdrawal? A. craving B. anger and irritability C. inability to concentrate D. seizures

d. seizures

Physical effects of large doses of downers

dangerously repressed respiration, coma, over-dose

Inhalants

deliriants

4 phases of recovery

detoxification, initial abstinence, long-term abstinence, and continuous recovery

Which neurotransmitter regulates mood, emotional behavior, motor control, and orgasms?

dopamine

Partial agonists

drugs that only partly mimic the effects of NTs

Physical effects of compulsive behaviors

effect the reward pathway, causing compulsions

bromo-dragonFLY

effects can last anywhere from 6 hours to 4 days due to inconsistencies in production

Leonotis Leonurus

effects have been likened to marijuana

Mental/Emotional effects of antidepressants

elevates mood by manipulating serotonin

Old brain controls ______

emotions

2 types of endogenous opioids

endorphins and enkephalins

bipolar disorder is characterized by alternation between periods of mild and deep depression

false

dual diagnosis is a clinical diagnosis that is used when a person is addicted to more than one drug

false

substance-induced disorders are conditions that precede the use of alcohol or other drugs

false

true or false: chewing Khat produces an immediate and intense high

false: it takes time and its a low high

true or false: tolerance is not a sign of physical dependence

false: tolerance is both a physical and psychological dependence

Pathological (compulsive) gamblers are obsessed with which of the following?

figuring out ways to stay in action & gambling

GABA

gamma (γ) - Aminobutyric acid An inhibitory amino, though acts like a neurotransmitter. Alcohol enhances GABA's neurotransmission, which turns off one's emotional inhibitions, and eventually slows down all brain processes.

effects of salvia divinorum

hallucinations, delirium, out-of-body sensations, inability to communicate or physically function

The three main prevention methods used are

harm reduction, supply reduction, and demand reduction

Which disorder is similar to compulsive shopping?

hoarding

Mental/Emotional effects of inhalants

impulsive behavior, excitement, mental confusion, irritability, delirium, hallucinations

which of the following statements is true regarding bipolar affective disorder formerly called manic depression

it is characterized by alternating periods of depression normalcy and Mania

Most interventions consist of

love, a facilitator, and intervention statements

cannabinoids

marijuana

ganja

middle potency

A nerve cell produces ________ neurotransmitter(s), a nerve cell can have receptors for ________ neurotransmitter(s).

only 1; multiple

short term physical effects of marijuana

physical relaxation or sedation, pain control, bloodshot eyes, coughing, increased appetite, loss in muscular coordination, impaired tracking ability, decreased nausea

active ingredients of psychedelic mushrooms

psilocybin and psilocin

Environmental triggers

relationship conflicts, social pressures, lack of support systems, negative life events

Type A alcoholic

similar to Type 1 Type A alcoholism is later onset than Type B, less family history than Type B, and less severe dependence than Type B. Type A/B defined by Dr. T. F. Babor/Univ. of CN 1992

Type B alcoholic

similar to Type II Type B alcoholism is earlier onset than Type A, more co-occuring mental disorders (impulsive behavior, conduct problems, etc.), and more severe dependence than Type A. Type A/B defined by Dr. T. F. Babor/Univ. of CN 1992

Physical effects of small doses of downers

slowed heart-rate, slowed breathing, lower blood pressure, relaxed muscles, decreases coordination, induced sleep, dulled senses, diminished pain, controlled diarrhea

cannabis ruderalis

small amounts of THC

Cigarettes were distributed free to _________.

soldiers during WWII and the Korean War

Physical effects of anticholinergic psychedelics

speed up heart, cause thirst, raised body temperature, hallucinations, separation from reality, 48 hour deep sleep

Mental/Emotional effects of small doses of downers

stimulant like effects; lowered inhibitions

Mental/Emotional effects of steroids

stimulant-like high, increased confidence, increased aggression, roid rage

Uppers

stimulants such as amphetamines that affect the CNS to excite the user

Tribes in South America chewed the coca leaf for ________, ________, and to _________.

stimulation, nutrition, control their appetite

charas

strongest potency

Epigenetics

studies changes in genes

rolling

term for use of ecstasy

Bioavailability

the degree to which a drug is available to the target

Which of the following statements are true about drug courts?

the drugs enhance nitric oxide levels, which support the functioning of erectile tissue

The sensation of a big win for a gambler is the equivalent of

the first intense rush from cocaine

Acetylcholine

the first neurotransmitter discovered

Compulsive shoppers have described the relief from depression and the subsequent high from buying in terms similar to those describing

the high derived from cocaine

the further cocaine gets from its original production source

the less pure it is

First messenger system

the neurotransmitter directly affects the electrical transmission in the receiving neuron

The goals of harm reduction include which of the following?

the reduction of the harm that addicts cause for society through their use of drugs

Dopamine

the reward chemical; crucial to addiction

According to the textbook, the "lag phase" refers to which of the following statements?

the time between initial use of alcohol or other drugs and the development of severe consequences due to the use or abuse of the substance

the high occurrence of ADHD among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse disorders is in part attributed to what

their use of drugs to self-medicate ADHD symptoms

Alcohol or other drugs are involved in 70% of teen suicides.

true

College students have a higher rate of problem/pathological gambling than the general population.

true

Embalming fluid (formaldehyde), used to preserve dead bodies for funerals and burial, can also be used to create a PCP-like high.

true

Excess hair and decreased breast size are found in female steroid users.

true

In the United States, Black Americans with drug problems have a higher rate of incarceration and are likely to receive treatment through the criminal justice system, whereas Whites are more likely to receive probation and treatment from medical and social service programs

true

Inhalant effects resemble those of alcohol and sedative intoxication.

true

Nitrous oxide use can cause hallucinations. True False

true

One reason why abusing pressurized inhalants is dangerous is because inhaling them directly from their containers can freeze lung tissue.

true

People compulsively overeat in response to feelings and emotions, not hunger.

true

Problems handling money in a responsible manner is one of the hallmarks of almost any addict.

true

Regular survey data collection and analysis of alcohol and other drug use provide a benchmark to measure the effectiveness of prevention efforts and policies.

true

Tests for the use of drugs can be conducted using a person's urine, blood, hair, saliva, or sweat.

true

The effects that alcohol and other drugs have on a person's sexuality (drive and experience) are caused by the drugs' disruption of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

true

retrograde amnesia

users forget events that occurred before ingesting the drug

what best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking

within just 20 mins of quitting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and temp of hands and feet drop to normal

With regard to love, sex, and drugs, drugs are desirable to a wide range of ages and cultures, particularly when which of the following are present? #1. shyness #2. lack of confidence #3. physical changes that diminish sexual abilities #4. physical changes that diminish sexual desire

1 & 2

Drugs affect sexuality by disrupting which of the following neurotransmitters? #1. serotonin #2. dopamine #3. histamine #4. norepinephrine

1, 2 & 4

Therapeutic Communites

1-3 year self contained residential programs that provide full rehabilitative and social services

Tolerance - 4 types

1. Dispositional/metabolic tolerance 2. Pharmacodynamic tolerance 3. Behaviorial tolerance 4. Acute tolerance

FAS - 4 factors - 1 of 2

1. Prenatal alcohol exposure: determined by blood tests, medical records, treatment history, etc. 2. Retarded growth before/after birth, including height, weight, head circumference, brain size, etc.

Elderly

1. Self-correction or spontaneous remission occurs 2. Liver function declines with age; the aging process decreases tolerance and slows down metabolism 3. Medications often require temperance 4. Alcohol too expensive for fixed incomes

5 Routes of administration (from fastest to slowest):

1. inhalation (5-10 seconds) 2. injection (15-30 seconds) (intramuscular and skin 3 to 5 minutes) 3. snorting (3-5 minutes) 4. oral (20-30 minutes) 5. contact absorption (1-2 days)

The first temperance movement in the United States started around

1785

Snorting (insufflation) takes how long?

3 to 5 minutes

how long will the high from SMOKING a typical does of CRACK cocaine

5 to 20 mins

Governments in general collect _______x more on tobacco taxes than they spend on prevention

500

% of internet users with compulsive use problem

6%

% of inhalent abusers who meet criteria for mood, anxiety or personality disorders

70%

% of elderly who take at least 1 drug per day

83%

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter affected by alcohol by initially elevating mood when released. But, excessive alcohol use over time depletes serotonin, causing depression.

True

A person's level of emotional and physical stress can increase the ability of psychoactive drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier.

The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7

The ruling classes, governments, industry, and criminal organizations have controlled the trade of psychoactive drugs. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7

In 1937 marijuana became illegal in the United States largely because #1. the chief federal drug regulator wanted a new mission and purpose after alcohol Prohibition was repealed, and he chose marijuana #2. smoking of marijuana by Mexican migrant workers became demonized because the workers were perceived as a social and economic threat #3. scientific researchers found marijuana to be the most addictive and dangerous drug in the United States #4. marijuana was being heavily used by the elderly throughout the United States A. reasons 1 and 2 only B. reasons 2 and 3 only C. reasons 1, 2, and 3 only D. reasons 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: A. reasons 1 and 2 only. Pgs. 1.25-1.26

Which of the following statements are true about plants and plant byproducts that produce psychedelic effects? #1. Plants with psychedelic properties have been used in religious, magical, and social ceremonies throughout history. #2. There is a type of mold that can infect rye plants and produce an LSD-like experience. #3. The use of psychedelic mushrooms is a relatively new practice first documented in the mid-1900s. #4. Certain types of cactus produce psychedelic experiences when eaten. A. statements 1 and 3 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only D. statements 2, 3, and 4 only

ANSWER: C. Pgs. 1.11, 1.12, 1.13,

Psychiatric medications, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anti-anxiety drugs, are prescribed to A. slow the central nervous system B. speed up the central nervous system C. rebalance irregular brain chemistry D. create hallucinations

ANSWER: C. rebalance irregular brain chemistry. Page 1.4

Which of the following statements are true regarding technology, gaming, and gambling? #1. Rapid-play poker machines have increased the number of problem and pathological gamblers. #2. Online gambling has resulted in an increased number of problem and pathological gamblers. #3. There is no evidence that technology has led to an increase in the number of people with gambling or gaming addictions. #4. Electronic media is a breeding ground for new addictions, such as Internet, video games, texting, and multiplayer games. A. statements 1 and 2 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only D. statements 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only. Pages 1.7, 1.8, 1.31, 1.42

False

Active transport occurs when fat-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a high concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration

True

Addictive substances affect how neurons can down-regulate their brain receptors

Depressants

Alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics are the three major classes of

Steady endogenous symptomatic drinkers

Alcoholism is secondary to a major psychiatric disorder One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)

_____________ and ____________ fueled the "summer of love" in 1967.

Amphetamine and methamphetamine

Met-enkephalin

An endogenous opoid neurotransmitter which reduces pain.

Endorphins & Anandamides

Anandamide occurs naturally in brain and in some foods, like chocolate (ānanda in Sanskrit means, "joy, bliss"). Endorphins are the body's "natural morphine."

Which statement about compulsive behaviors is true? A. Compulsive behaviors are triggered by stress, not genetic predisposition as in drug addiction. B. The reasons for compulsive behaviors are identical to those for compulsive drug use. C. Behavioral addictions are easier to overcome than drug addictions. D. Childhood abuse has no impact on behavioral addictions, unlike drug addictions.

B.

True

Because the blood-brain barrier is not formed until a child is one to two years of age, any psychoactive substance used byba pregnant woman can be particularly harmful to a developing fetus.

Two major parts of the nervous system

CNS and PNS

A psychoactive drug can be called it's

Chemical name,trade name, or street name

One of the earliest attempts of temperance occurred in _________

China around 2200 BC

What caused the Opium Wars?

China banned the use and import of opium due to increases of crime, corruption, and addiction. The British fought for their right to sell opium to Chinese traders.

_____ became a favorite alternative to alcohol.

Coffee

Whites and blacks

Compared with whites, studies show severe drinking-related disparity due to blacks having less access to healthcare facilities, insurance, prevention programs, and treatment.

Behavioral Addictions

Compulsive gambling, eating disorders, and compulsive Internet use

Tissue dependence

Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As ________________ on a depressant drug develops, the user also develops dependence on other drugs in the same chemical family

Dependence

Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tissue dependence on a drug develops, the user can also develop ________ on other drugs in a different chemical family

Negative drug reinforcement

Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as

Inhaling alcohol can cause A. a mild high B. vomiting C. headaches D. all of the above

D.

Which statement is true about cell phone use? A. Nomophobia is the fear of being without ones cell phone. B.Texting while driving is considered six times more dangerous than driving drunk. C. Some people measure their self-esteem by the activity of their cell phone. D. All of the above.

D.

Coma

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -after the cocaine wears off due to rebound depressant effects on the central nervous system, which slows breathing and heart rate and may cause _________

Stimulatory

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -during the ____________ phase due to its effects on the central nervous system, heart, and circulatory system

Downers

Depressants, such as barbiturate, that depress the central nervous system

What are "prodrugs"?

Drugs such as Valium are transformed by the liver and the metabolites become even more active as a result

Schedule IV Drugs:

Drugs that have even less abuse potential.

The U.S. _________________ allowed the FDA to regulate the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of tobacco to protect the public health and keep it away from children.

Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009

in 1804 _______ discovered a way to refine morphine from opium.

Friedrich W. Serturner

Contaminated needles spread which disease(s)?

HIV/AIDS, hepatitis & chlamydia

Which Statement is true regarding IV drug use?

IV drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses.

Primary/true alcoholics

Immediate liking for alcohol and rapid development of an uncontrollable need One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)

antihistamines muscle relaxants benzodiazepines

In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include: • Over the counter and look alike downers, including ________________ • Skeletal __________________ • Sedative-hypnotics, including ______________

The other psychoactive drug groups can be defined by their purpose; these are

Inhalants, anabolic steroids and other sports drugs, and psychiatric medications

Cross-tolerance

Is when a person develops tolerance to other, similar drugs in the same category

The Internet has an addiction potential because

It can be used to escape feeling & its always available

Aggression and violence

Methamphetamine can increase __________ and ___________

Mixed-drinking cultures - 1 of 2

Mixed-drinking cultures have a higher incidence of violence against women than do dry and wet drinking cultures. Mixed-drinking cultures exhibit combinations of both wet and dry cultures.

Why is it easy for drugs to infiltrate the blood brain barrier?

Most drugs are fat-soluble, and the brain is fatty so it readily absorbs fat-soluble things.

Prescription opioids

Most heroin abusers began by abusing ________________, specifically

Reduce alcoholic cravings

Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To break the addiction to alcohol and

Prevent relapse

Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To break the cycle of addiction to opioids and

Reduce cravings for cocaine

Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To break the cycle of cocaine addiction and

Significant clinical improvement

Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000 more than 50% showed no _______________________ over older and cheaper drugs already in use

Breast cancer & heavy drinking

One drink per day increases breast cancer risk by 50% Even briefest use (-? "briefest" not defined) can increase risk by 25%

Four categories of downers

Opiates and opioids; sedative-hypnotics; alcohol; others

Substance P

Opioids act like endorphins and opioids can block

________ and ______ are the two all arounders that have dominant physical effects

PCP; ketamine

Marketing strategies

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • Aggressive __________________________

Which of the following statements are true about the age group(s) that should be targeted for prevention of substance abuse and addictive behaviors?

Psychoactive drugs and addictive behaviors affect peoples lives from conception to birth & prevention programs should be available for every stage of a persons life

Until the ___________________, the manufacturers of the patent medicines were not required to list any ingredients or back up any claims.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Fidgeting

Regarding ADHD: For children with ADHD, excessive __________ helps them focus on the task at hand

Dopamine and serotonin

Regarding ADHD: Stimulant drugs taken for ADHD reduce symptoms by increasing the release of _________ and _____________

Stimulants

Regarding ADHD: The use of _____________ in small doses helps focus attention and reduces hyperactivity

Sexual activity

Regarding sexual activity for someone under the influence of methamphetamine, the rush from methamphetamine can become a substitute for

Dopamine

Release of dopamine gives a surge of pleasure in the brain's "reward pathway," similar to norepinephrine release

Vicodin

Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Hydrocodone

OxyContin

Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone

Percodan, Percocet

Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone

in 1520, ______ opium became popular because it delivered greater amounts of opium into the brain, intensifying effects.

Smoking

Crack cocaine

Smoking ___________ produces the most intense immediate high

Amphetamine congeners

Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not strong are called

Schedule II Drugs:

Substances with a high abuse potential even though they have medical uses.

Schedule III Drugs:

Substances with less abuse potential.

Schedule V Drugs:

Substances with very low abuse potential because of very limited quantities.

True

Synapses are able to change strength and function when a pathway is stressed, overused, or underused, such as by the intake of psychoactive substances.

10% to 70% 10% to 70%

The DEA estimates heroin purity at ___________. Therefore, the purity of heroin at the retail level varies from ______________.

______________ was founded in 1999 to promote, coordinate, and monitor doping in sport in all of its forms.

The World Anti-Doping Agency

What is a psychoactive drug

The author define a psychoactive drug as any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system. This also includes compulsive behaviors such as gambling and electronic games.

Down regulation of a brain cells receptors occur when a person uses drugs and

The cells retract receptor sites to slow down message transmission because there are too many neurotransmitters

Chemistry

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: Altered brain _______________

Hereditary

The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: _____________ predisposition

True

The compulsive gambler's addiction pathway in the brain becomes hijacked similar to ways the brain becomes rewired from alcohol and other drug addictions.

Mexican gangs Drug cartels

The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to the involvement of ______________ and _______________

Life span

The life span of the chronic heavy drinker is shortened by 15 years.

False

The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its CNS target, the less reward and the lower the reinforcing effect.

Dopamine

The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse

Compulsion

The progression from abuse to addiction is most influenced by_______

Combination Magnifies

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to, the ___________ of two or more depressant drugs, which __________ their effect on the CNS

No limit

Therefore, there is almost ________ to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop

Which statement best describes addictive behaviors?

They alter brain chemistry in similar ways that psychoactive drugs do

______ was used as a medicine for a wide variety of ailments including headache, toothache, snakebite, skin diseases, and stomach and heart pains.

Tobacco

Just a few days

Tolerance to opiates/ opioids develops rapidly, with users being able to tolerate great amounts within

False

Tolerance to the mental effects of drugs always develops at the same rate as tolerance to the drugs physical effects

A fetus is exposed to all of the psychoactive drugs the pregnant mother uses. True False

True

Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disturbances seen in medical offices. True False

True

Coerced treatment is just as effective if not more effective in promoting positive outcomes as voluntary treatment. True False

True

Compulsive gambling can be as problematic as any drug-based addiction. True False

True

Hashish is a potent form of marijuana made from the sticky resins of the Cannabisplant. True False

True

MDMA use can cause body temperature to rise to a point that the extreme heat can coagulate the blood. True False

True

More than 75% of IV drug users test positive for hepatitis B. True False

True

One serious effect of MDMA use is the depletion of serotonin. True False

True

People use drugs not only to enhance their sexuality but also to shield themselves from their sexuality and even from any emotional involvement. True False

True

Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behavioral patterns that lead to substantial distress or functional impairment. True False

True

Psychotic symptoms induced by chronic stimulant abuse can last up to 5 years after cessation of use. True False

True

The best treatment for someone on a bad trip from all arounders is to talk him or her down in a calm manner. True False

True

The liability for physical dependence and addiction to inhalants is less than for other depressants. True False

True

The main difference between impulse control disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders is whether the behavior is used primarily to reduce anxiety without deriving pleasure from the activity or whether the behavior initially starts out as pleasurable. True False

True

The major danger in "'shroom" harvesting is mistaking poisonous mushrooms for those containing psilocybin. True False

True

Drug can be classified by their effect:

Uppers(stimulants),downers(depressants),and all arounders(psychedelics).

Effects of downers are amplified by _________.

Use of other downers at the same time

CAT scans

Use x-rays to show structural changes in brain tissues due to drugs

Allostatis

When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a "new normal" is created

respiratory depression, overdose, and death

Why is it dangerous to combine and opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzos? Because the combination of depressants increases the potential for _________, ___________, and _____________

Muscular pain

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Bone, joint, and ____________

What is the sinsemilla growing technique?

a way of growing marijuana that increased the concentration of THC

Which of the following are the most effective HIV disease prevention strategies? #1. drug-abuse treatment on demand #2. education on the risks of high-risk sexual activity and AIDS #3. needle-exchange programs that are tied to treatment #4. red ribbon campaigns

all of the above

Physical effects of PCP and ketamine

anesthetic

Which is not a brain imaging technique? A. SPECT B. PET C. MRI D. SAT

d. SA T

The DRD2A1 allele gene has its greatest effect on which neurotransmitter system?

dopamine

which of the following statements are true regarding mental illness

environmental influenced such as extreme stress can unbalanced neurochemistry and increase a person's susceptibility to mental illness drugs can trigger a mental illness when the user is predisposed to depression or schizophrenia physical and sexual abuse in childhood is common among women who have a borderline personality disorder BPD

effects of dextromethorphan

euphoria, mind/body separation, visual hallucinations, dilate pupils, decrease orgasm, upset stomach, rashes, fever, tachycardia

drugs work by influencing

existing neurotransmitters, existing neurological pathways and receptor sites in the central nervous system

Mental/Emotional effects of prolonged use of strong stimulants

extreme anxiety, paranoia, anhedonia, mental confusion, induced psychosis

Peer group therapy

facilitator is there to mitigate conflicts or clarify questions but does not facilitate conversation or lead the process

Impulse Control disorder

failure to resist an impulse that was once pleasurable but has become harmful to the individual. Includes many behavioral addictions. Different from OCD

The phrase "demand reduction" seeks to decrease drug abuse by reducing the availability of drugs.

false

Residential/inpatient treatment

from 1-28 days long; medically monitored or medically managed. clients housed in facility for duration of treatment

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

function as stimulants; epinephrine (energy) norepinephrine (confidence)

CBD

has very small psychoactive effects and was created to proved the medical benefits of pot without the high

Model child

high achievers and are overly responsible, become the chief enablers of addicted parents by taking over parental roles and responsibilities

the neurotransmitter most often involved in the use of strong stimulants is dopamine which triggers feelings of

hunger satisfaction/satiety

Excitatory neurotransmitters _______ cell firings

increase

Sequence of fastest to slowest routes of drug administration

inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion

LSD

is a semisynthetic form of ergot

which of the following statements are true regarding bipolar disorder

it is the same as manic depression a person with this disorder Cycles through periods of mania depression and normalcy during that people become excessively involved in high-risk pleasurable activities such as drug abuse and gambling

Which is a primary reason for sexual addictions?

low self-worth

bhang

lowest potency

of all the stimulants the strongest physical and mental dependency develops from

nicotine in tobacco

4 Types of withdrawal

non-purposive withdrawal purposive withdrawal protracted withdrawal (environment triggers) post-acute withdrawals (PAWS)

When drugs are used, the _______________(or go switch) becomes stimulated, hijacking its functions.

nucleus accumbens

which of the following is an anxiety disorder

obsessive compulsive

serotonin on psychedelics

often forced to dump reserves of serotonin, causing down regulation

Drugs affect NEW or OLD part of brain

old

The other psychoactive drug appearing early in history

opium

Endogenous Opioids means

originating in the body

Exogenous Opioids examples

outside the body; heroin, morphine, etc

Diathesis-stress theory of addiction

predisposition to addiction... result of genes and environmental influences... when a person becomes stressed or challenged by the use of drugs, neurochemistry and brain function are changed to a point where return to normal use is very difficult

drugs use in the gay community is related to

prejudice, homophobia, and fear of coming out or/and being oneself.

cannabis indica

rarely harvested for fiber, main source of hashish, strong smell

What does the old brain do?

regulates physiological functions, basic emotions, cravings, imprints survival memories, orchestrates euphoric recall that become addiction memories

braid Imaging research has found that Brandon. Beliefs and people with gambling disorder are almost identical to those found in__

substance use disorders s u d s

what is true about sexual activity for someone under the influence of meth

the rush from meth can become a substitute for sexual activity meth increases sexual desire meth lowers inhibitions and increases sexual risk taking

when a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug what occurs

the user becomes exhausted emotional depression sets in

What does the somatic part do?

transmits sensory information from the environment and then sends instructions back to the CNS back to skeletal muscles

Addiction is an equal-opportunity destroyer.

true

to assess mental illness in a substance abuser treatment professionals should use a rule out diagnosis of multiple possible disorders and focus on a single diagnosis from the outset

true

triple diagnosis is defined as dually diagnosed patients with an HIV infection

true

sinsemilla growing technique

way of growing marijuana that increases potency

Treatment saves how much money per dollar spent?

$4-20

Contact absorption takes how long?

1 to 2 days

in _____ the first prohibition law was passed in the United States

1830

Marijuana smoking was not common in the United States until

1910

Which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C? #1. sharing of contaminated needles #2. drug-induced high-risk sexual practices #3. poor hygiene among restaurant workers #4. consistent and regular use of condoms during sex A. factors 1 and 2 only B. factors 3 and 4 only C. factors 1, 2, and 3 only D. factors 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: A. factors 1 and 2 only PGS. 1.33

The good news is that Illegal methamphetamine superlabs rapidly diminishing in Mexico and the United States A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pgs. 1.31

_____________ is world's largest producer of opium.

Afghanistan

Gambling includes which of the following? #1. stock speculation such as day trading, commodities, and options #2. selling and trading derivatives and other speculative investment devices #3. state-run lotteries and keno games #4. sports betting

All of the above

False positives, not false negatives, constitute the bulk of urine-testing errors. True False

False

In assessing a client, a good clinician will make a specific psychiatric diagnosis right away so that psychiatric treatment can begin immediately. True False

False

Individual therapy is better for addicts and alcoholics than group therapy, but it is just too expensive and therefore is not used as much. True False

False

PCP or "angel dust" is one of the safer hallucinogenic substances since it is an anesthetic used by physicians and veterinarians. True False

False

Prohibition (the Volstead Act) was totally ineffective from all points of view. True False

False

Schizophrenia is an affective disorder. True False

False

Standard drug testing checks for LSD. True False

False

The danger of generalizing the concept of addiction obscures the distinctive characteristics of a specific addiction that need to be addressed in treatment. True False

False

The primary treatment of severe mental illness is group therapy, not psychopharmacology. True False

False

The use of drugs in sports by athletes is a relatively new phenomenon. True False

False

There is no evidence to suggest that there may be a genetic (hereditary) predisposition to pathological gambling. True False

False

Unless the addict or alcoholic comes to treatment voluntarily, then little can be done and treatment most likely simply will not work. True False

False

With the dually diagnosed patient, it is best to treat the SA first, then after a short period of sobriety begin mental health treatment. True False

False

Withdrawal from LSD is very dangerous due to its characteristic physical withdrawal symptoms. True False

False

Withdrawal from sedative-hypnotics is relatively easy and safe since these are prescription drugs. True False

False

true or false: meth and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world

False: the most used is caffeine and tobacco

LSD illegal

February 1 1966

__________ is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, and South Africa.

Marijuana

Electrical Chemical Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system

Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body by increasing the brains __________ activity, increasing the brains _________ activity, increasing _______________ activity, and increasing __________________ activity

Terminals

Relay the messages to the next cell

Axon

Sends the message to the terminal to be sent out

Major symptoms of PAWS

Sleep disturbances, memory problems, inability to think clearly, anxiety and hypersensitivity to stress, inappropriate emotional reactions and mood swings, and physical coordination difficulties

What is freebase?

Smokable cocaine

Virtually all cocaine is grown in _________.

South America

Stimulant use

Tachycardia, weight loss, blood vessel constriction, and elevated blood pressure are all physical reactions to

True

The CNS is comprised of the spinal cord and the brain

One third of the nations $15.5 billion drug control budget is aimed at demand reduction. True False

True

The chemical structure of psilocybin is similar to LSD. True False

True

Which of the following would NOT be an impulse control disorder? A. compulsive walking B. compulsive gambling C. compulsive eating D. compulsive shopping

a. compulsive walking

marijuana withdrawal symptoms

anger, anxiety, depression, aches, inability to concentrate, sweating, craving, sleep issues, decreased appetite, stomach pain

Which of the following statements is true about anorexia?

anorexics have a distorted perception of their bodys shape and size

Three most common psychiatric medication types

antidepressants, antipsychotics, antianxiety

anticholinergics

belladonna, datura

Anticholinergic psychedelics

belladonna, henbane, mandrake, datura

3 different strengths of marijuana

bhang, ganja, charas

Inverse Tolerance

body becomes more sensitive to drug effects as brain chemistry changes

Which of the following is NOT a general effect of all arounders? A. stimulating the sympathetic nervous system B. overloading the sensory pathways making the user acutely aware of all sensation C. intensifying one's ability to reason so that sensation takes on less importance D. causing the user to experience illusions, delusions, and sometimes hallucinations

c. intensifying one's ability to reason so that sensation takes on less importance

which of the following represent valid clinical diagnosis that can be associated with cannabis use

cannabis induced anxiety disorder cannabis induced psychotic disorder cannabis intoxication delirium

3 distinct marijuana species

cannabis sativa, cannabis indica, cannabis ruderalis

on which part of the body does long term use of stimulants have the most significant impact

cardiovascular system

How long does it take for the body to completely excrete a drug like cocaine? A. about 12 hours B. about a day C. about four days D. about a week

d. about a week

The California Alcohol and Drug Treatment Assessment (CALDATA) study said that A. 6-8 months is the optimum treatment duration B. crime goes down 74% among those in treatment C. each $1 spent on treatment saves $7 D. all of the above

d. all of the above

4 psychedelic hexing herbs from the Middle Ages

datura, henbane, belladonna, mandrake

4 parts of a nerve cell:

dendrites cell body axon terminal

Memories are stored in ____________

dendritic spines

Physical affects of frequent use of strong stimulants _______________________________________.

depletes the body's energy chemicals and exhausts the user

prolonged use of strong stimulants results in

depletion of the body energy resources cellular and organ damage paranoia

Craving overwhelms common sense and causes an addict to do which of the following?

do what feels good at the time, seek immediate gratification & do whatever will provide immediate relief from anxiety and pain

harm reduction

does not require absistence. tries to limit the harm addicts do to themselves and society

Agonists

drugs that mimic the effects of NTs

Behavior/Environmental model

emphasizes the overriding significance of environmental and developmental influences in leading a user to addiction.... environmental factors can change brain chemistry just like genetics

Intervention

employed to challenge denial by confronting an addict and helping them recognize their dependence on drugs

Example of how a drug can inhibit enzymes that metabolize or synthesize NTs

heroin inhibits the release of substance P

Which of the following have been identified as risk factors for substance abuse among veterans and military service members?

herpes

Hyperkatifeia

hypersensitivity to emotional distress

Mental/Emotional effects of large doses of strong stimulants

jitters, anxiety, anger, rapid speech, aggressiveness

LSD and other psychedelic drugs were experimented with as __________ and ______.

mind-control drugs and truth serums

Which is the most compulsive kind of gambler?

pathological gambler

which of the following is a thought or psychotic disorder

schizophrenia

heavy prolonged use of stimulants can induce what kind of psychosis

schizophrenic-like psychosis

3 main types of prevention strategies

supply reduction, demand reduction, harm reduction

When an electrical message arrives at the ______________, it releases ________________, which trigger another electrical signal in the adjoining cell

synaptic gap; neurotransmitters

For every $1 spent on an employee assistance program (EAP), the employer saves up to $16.

true

The inability to resist an impulse that is originally pleasurable but ends up becoming harmful is called an impulse-control disorder.

true

The legality of alcohol and tobacco, coupled with pervasive advertising of these substances, reduces the effectiveness and limits the credibility of many prevention programs.

true

The military has one of the most widespread drug-testing programs in the country.

true

The refinement of carbohydrates has resulted in the same types of effects on obesity that the refinement of cocaine has had on cocaine addiction.Binge-eating disorder is marked by rigid control over ones eating patterns.

true

The use of an addictive substance (such as alcohol and other drugs) at an early age changes vulnerable brain functions and increases a person's likelihood of developing an addiction.

true

When drug use is studied on a regional basis, the facts show that per-capita drug use in rural and small urban areas is equal to, and in some areas more than, that of large urban areas.

true

When used long-term or in large doses, a drug can cause a loss of sexual interest and inability to perform sexually.

true

a person without a pre-existing mental illness May develop a mental health problem due to long term or intense episodic substance abuse

true

amphetamine and cocaine intoxication can appear similar to the manic phase of bipolar disorder

true

borderline personality disorder is a pattern of unstable personal relationships and self-image and marked impulsively

true

drug use can aggravate mask or amplify an underlying risk of mental health problems

true

hallucinations that occur while under the influence of psychedelics including marijuana mimic the behaviors of thought disorders like schizophrenia

true

mental illness can be pre-existing or substance-induced

true

anterograde amnesia

users forget a bad trip after it happens

Lost child

withdrawn, spaced-out, disconnected from their emotions and the life around them, often avoid emotionally confronting issues, unable to form close friendships or intimate bonds with others

death as a result of cocaine use can occur

within 40 mins, or up to five to ten hours of use during the stimulation phase due to its effects on the central nervous system, heart, and circulatory system after the cocaine wears off

withdrawal of marijuana

takes weeks to months before effects are felt

Eyeballing

taking in straight vodka through the eye

A compulsive gambler can also be a problem or pathological gambler.

true

4 phases of gambling

1.) winning 2.) losing (includes chasing losses) 3.) desperation 4.) giving up

It takes ___________ for drugs to get to the BBB after hitting the bloodstream.

10-15 seconds

Injection takes how long? Intramuscular/skin?

15 to 30 seconds; 3 to 5 minutes

How many people in the world use marijuana?

180 million

in the United States approximately_____ percent of people in treatment or substance abuse disorders have post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD

20 to 25%

% of college women with eating disorder

20%

When drugs are taken orally, the effects are delayed for approx.

20- 30 mins

Oral consumption takes how long?

20-30 minutes

Which of the following are common mistakes made by alcohol and other drug prevention and education efforts on college campuses? #1. They often overlook and do not recognize the level of sophistication most college students have regarding most aspects of alcohol and other drugs. #2. They don't emphasize the risks or benefits of alcohol and other drugs. #3. Prevention messages often appear condescending to the average student. #4. They don't recognize the highly effective strategies like Red Ribbon Week.

3 & 4

how long will the high from SNORTING a typical dose of POWDER cocaine generally last

40 to 60 mins

Inhalation takes how long?

5 to 10 seconds

approximately __ percent of people in the United States with severe mental health problems are affected by substance abuse

50%

% of substance abusers who have co-occuring mental health disorder

50-70%

From our nation's early beginnings, the United States strictly regulated alcohol, opium, morphine, cannabis and other psychoactive medications. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.22

In the United States, the legal drinking age varies from state to state. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.24

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies drugs into five levels or schedules based on their potential medical benefits and their abuse/addiction potential. Schedule I includes drugs the DEA has classified as having high abuse/addiction potential and no accepted medical use. The DEA includes which of the following drugs in the Schedule I category? #1. marijuana #2. heroin #3. LSD #4. cocaine A. drugs 1 and 2 only B. drugs 3 and 4 only C. drugs 1, 2, and 3 only D. drugs 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER: C. Pgs. 1.24

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances? A. Plant-based psychoactive drugs are uncommon today and rarely used. B. Today marijuana is the only plant-based psychoactive substance that is still used. C. All plants that yield psychoactive substances are illegal today. D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.

ANSWER: D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal. Pgs. 1.8

Compulsive behaviors, including eating disorders, result in the development of which of the following? #1. withdrawal symptoms #2. psychological dependence #3. tolerance #4. neurological and medical problems A. results 1 and 2 only B. results 3 and 4 only C. results 1, 2, and 3 only D. results 1, 2, 3, and 4

ANSWER:D. results 1, 2, 3, and 4 #1. withdrawal symptoms #2. psychological dependence #3. tolerance #4. neurological and medical problems Pg. 1.5

Cyber-addiction and gaming addiction, including MMORPGs (massively multiplayer online role-playing games), are characterized by which of the following actions? #1. using the computer or video games for 40 hours or more per week #2. losing track of time while logged on #3. neglecting responsibilities #4.feeling irritable and anxious when offline

All of the above

Low serotonin levels (which cause depression) are associated with which of the following? #1. compulsive shoppers among women #2. the development of eating disorders among women #3. risk taking among men #4. violence among men

All of the above

Pathological gambling (like behavioral addictions in general) is characterized by which of the following? #1. repeated unsuccessful efforts to cut back or stop the behavior #2. inability to control the behavior #3. craving #4. jeopardizing or losing job, relationship, or educational or career opportunity

All of the above

Which of the following statements are true about prevention programs? #1. Prevention programs need to be tailored to specific age groups. #2. Prevention programs need to be tailored for ethnicity, culture, and gender. #3. A prevention program that has been researched and found to be effective for one particular cultural group can be readily applied to other cultural groups and yield similar results. #4. Prevention programs should span a lifetime.

All of the above

Downers

Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tolerance to a depressant drug develops, the user also develops tolerance to other ___________

Different

Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tolerance to a drug develops, the user can also develop tolerance to other drugs he actually uses from _____________ chemical families

false

Contact absorption through drug saturated patches applied to the skin allow errqcric amounts of drugs to be passively absorbed into the body over an indefinite period of time.

Morning

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -occasionally the _____________ after use,

40 minutes to 5 hours

Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -within ________________ of use

Stammisch drinkers

Drinkers in whom alcoholism is precipitated by outside causes, often having started as "social drinkers" One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)

Effects Cocaethylene Violent tendencies

Drinking alcohol before using cocaine will prolong and intensify cocaine's ___________ and create ___________, which increases __________________________

Dry-drinking cultures - 2 of 2

Dry-drinking cultures are characterized by binge-style drinking, particularly by males on weekends. Countries include: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

Dry-drinking cultures - 1 of 2

Dry-drinking cultures restrict the availability of alcohol, and tax it more heavily. Dry-drinking cultures consume 1.5 times more distilled spirits of wet cultures.

MDMA street names

E, Ecstasy, XTC, X, Adam, Molly

which of the following statements is true regarding eating disorders

Eating Disorders are often found in conjunction with major depression and PTSD

________ and ________ needs of a country often transformed the way a substance was used.

Economic, political

______________ is the measure of time it takes a drug to be inactivated or eliminated from the body.

Half-life

Which of the following diseases in not commonly spread by IV drug use?

Herpes

which of the following are common ideological differences between mental health MH and substance abuse essay treatment programs as noted in the textbook

MH uses case management shepherding clients from one service to another whereas ese programs traditionally emphasized self-reliance and personal responsibility MH treatment providers often believe control of the underlying psychiatric problem and the drug abuse will disappear sa treatment providers and Believe get the patient clean and sober and the mental health problems resolve themselves

_________________ is the body's mechanism for processing, using and inactivating a foreign substance.

Metabolism

Mixed-drinking cultures - 2 of 2

Mixed-drinking cultures include patterns such as binge drinking in social situations, several bottles of wine at dinner, etc. Countries include: Canada, England, Germany, Ireland, Wales, United States.

Poppy seedpod

Morphine and codeine alkaloids are found in the sap of the _________________

which of the following statements is true regarding post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD

PTSD is prevalent among combat veterans

PFAS

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome. Similar to FAS, but lacks the maximum growth deficiency or facial anomalies.

Intermittent endogenous symptomatic drinkers

Periodic "binge drinking," often with a psychiatric disorder One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)

Pinch

Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • And the fact that one _________ of chewing tobacco delivers more nicotine than one cigarette

dopamine

Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: Is activated by _________

Sex Eat Drink (water as well as alcohol)

Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: It is largely responsible for drives to have _____, _____, and _____ (________________);

Detoxification Correction Therapy Recovery Community

The combination of all four of these factors is considered the most successful means of sustained recovery for addiction to opiates 1. Physical ___________ 2. Psychological ___________ 3. Medication/ replacement ___________ 4. Participation in a ___________ ___________

Amygdala

The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place or thing, that reminds them of their addiction.

ToughLove approach

The family learns to establish limits for the interaction with the addict, which sometimes includes kicking the addict out of the home and severing all contact until the addict accepts treatment

What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?

The federal government enacted a tax on liquor to help pay off federal debt and Pennsylvania farmers revolted for 3 years until President George Washington sent troops to stop it.

Blood pressure Heart rate

The first cigarette of the day affects a smoker as it increases ____________ and _____________

Addictive Synergistic

The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Ignorance of the _______ and ________ effects of sedative-hypnotics

Safer

The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Misperception that prescription medications are much _______ than street drugs

toxic effects

The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Selective tolerance to some effects of a sedative-hypnotic but not to its __________

hydrocodone and oxycodone

The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2. The availability of prescription opiates like _______________ and _________________

heroin

The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 3. The availability of __________

-traumatic stress

The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 4. Post______________

GBL Seroquel Placidyl

The following substances have been abused for their major effects as a sedative-hypnotic: • _______ (gamma butyllactone) • _______ (quetiapine) • _______ (Ethchlorvynol)

Blood Pressure Pulse Rate Temperature of Hands and Feet

The health benefits of quitting smoking include that within just 20 minutes of quitting, ___________, ___________, and ___________ drop to normal

4 to 6 hours

The high from amphetamine generally last

5 to 20 minutes

The high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally lasts

Dietary changes Nutritional supplements

The most common alternative therapies to prescription medications for treating ADHD are ________ and ________

False

The most rapid route of administering a drug to The brain is intravenously

DSM

The name of the primary evaluation document used in the U.S. to assess whether a person has a substance- related disorder

If a nervous system is impacted by enough psychoactive drugs, any individual may develop mental/emotional problems but it is the predisposed brain that is more likely to have prolonged or permanent difficulties. True False

True

In cases of sexual assault, the male user already has tendencies towards improper or aggressive behavior and the alcohol or other drug is the final trigger. True False

True

The most common drugs used by pregnant women are over-the-counter drugs and prescribed medications. True False

True

Treatment specifically targeted to different ethnic groups promotes continued abstinence better than general treatment programs True False

True

Wet-drinking cultures

Wet-drinking cultures sanction daily or almost daily use, and integrate social drinking into everyday life. Wet-drinking cultures consume 5 times more wine and beer as do dry cultures. Countries include: Austria, Belgium, France, Italy.

Exhausted Depression

When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdrawals from the extra energy produced by the drug the user becomes _____________ and emotional ________________ sets in

Tachycardia

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • High blood pressure, rapid pulse and ___________

Anxiety

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Insomnia and _________

14 days or more

Withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone can persist for ______________ after detoxification

Stimulants

___________ are the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world

Downers

____________ depress the overall functioning of the central nervous system, causing sedation, muscle relaxation, drowsiness, and, if used to excess, coma

"Nociceptive"

__________________ means pain cause by external stimuli of pain receptors

Methcathinone

___________________ is known on the streets as "plant food", "M-KAT", and "meow"

trauma-focused care

a counseling approach that assumes that clients have suffered deep and significant trauma in their lives

Amphetamine was first marketed as __________.

a decongestant in an inhaler under the name Benzedrine

family systems approach

a drug or drinking problem is seen as an integral part of the functioning of all members of the family; major focus on daily routines, family rituals, and short term problem solving strategies

Second messenger system

a drug will mimic a neurotransmitter and cause biological and chemical changes (ex. heroin- the drug mimics enkephalins and slides into the opioid receptor site and also inhibits substance P so the person feels less pain BUT ALSO is like a first messenger system because it slots directly into substance P receptor sites to inhibit pain)

Hyperalgesia

a magnified reaction to pain caused when excess opioid use over-sensitizes nerve cells and ends up causing much more pain than expected as the drug leaves the body.

delusion

a mistaken idea or belief that is not swayed by reason or other contradictory evidence

illusion

a mistaken perception of an external stimulus

Allodynia:

a painful response to a normally innocuous stimuli

Denial

a refusal to acknowledge the negative impact that drug use has on one's life

hallucination

a sensory experience that does not come from external stimuli

Enablers

a strong tendency to avoid any confrontation of the addictive behavior and a subconscious effort to actively perpetuate the addiction; sometimes the result of misguided efforts to help the addict

Many humans can naturally create all of the sensations and feelings that drugs provide... example?

a terrifying experience forces the release of adrenaline like a cocaine rush

LSD first used as

a therapy for mental illnesses and alcoholism (and) a key to investigating thought processes

The term "sinsemilla" refers to A. a growing technique for increasing the THC content in marijuana. B. the processing of the marijuana leaves to make hemp. C. the Cannabis plants that produce no THC, only hemp fibers. D. none of the above.

a. a growing technique for increasing the THC content in marijuana

Of the homeless, how many have a mental illness? A. about 25% B. about 50% C. about 75% D. about 100%

a. about 25%

Which is a warning sign of organic solvent abuse? A. chemical odor on the body B. blurred vision C. acidosis D. intense hunger

a. chemical odor on the body

Which of the following is a supply reduction technique? A. limiting the supply of precursor chemicals by law B. treatment on demand C. teaching coping skills D. needle exchange program

a. limiting the supply of precursor chemicals by law

The main drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder over the last 30 years has been A. lithium. B. Prozac®. C. Valium® D. MAO inhibitors.

a. lithium

Which of the following therapy techniques is most likely to be currently used in addictions treatment? A. motivational interviewing with stages of change B. art therapy C. psychoanalysis D. rational emotive therapy

a. motivational interviewing with stages of change

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of MDMA use?" A. shrinking of the stomach B. down regulation of serotonin receptors C. seizure activity D. bruxism (clenching of the teeth)

a. shrinking of the stomach

The crossover or mixing of the senses (e.g., one hears the color blue) is called A. synesthesia. B. paradox. C. metaphor. D. spin.

a. synesthesia

Which of the following is a prevention program that has been tried? A. temperance program B. medical intervention C. genetic correction program D. genetic testing program

a. temperance program

The most abused solvent inhalant is A. toluene. B. amyl nitrite. C. chlorine.. D. kerosene.

a. toluene

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of emotional developmental arrest? A. using language and intellect to express emotional states B. low frustration tolerance C. lying to avoid punishment D. "black and white" thinking

a. using language and intellect to express emotional states

Synaptic Plasticity

ability of the synapse to change in strength and function when the pathway is overused or underused due to constant stress or drug use

Desensitization Program

addict is exposed to progressively stronger environmental cues over 40-50 sessions in a controlled setting until there are no more responses to the cues

White-knuckling

addict stops taking the drug on their own and experience physical and mental withdrawal symptoms

Academic model

addiction occurs when the body adapts to the toxic effects of drugs at the biochemical and cellular levels, marked by tolerance, tissue dependence, withdrawal and psych. dependence

Overriding illness

addiction. lack of control over behavior

Peyote and MDMA are chemically related to..

adrenaline

Secondary prevention

aimed at casual or even habitual users in order to prevent escalation

Psychosocial Therapy

aims to break down residual denial and engage the client in a full recovery process

Type II alcoholic

aka "male-limited," similar to Type B alcoholic Type II alcoholism affects sons of male alcoholics, severe, genetic (only mildly influenced by environmental factors). Type I/II defined by Dr. C. Robert Cloninger of Sweden.

Type 1 alcoholic

aka "milieu-limited," similar to Type A alcoholic Type 1 alcoholism requires presence of both environmental & genetic predisposition, can be moderate or severe, takes years of drinking to trigger. Type 1/II defined by Dr. C. Robert Cloninger of Sweden.

the drug that continues to have the most wide-ranging impact on society

alcohol

Which of the following are important aspects to consider in conducting accurate drug testing? #1. the length of time since the person last took the drug #2. the type of drug test being conducted (e.g., urine, saliva, hair) #3. having a qualified person directly observe the collection of the sample (e.g., urine, saliva, hair) #4. following an established rigid chain of custody to ensure that the sample collected is accurately labeled, secured, stored, and tested

all of the above

GABA

amino acid; brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter

Any-door policy

an addict can receive treatment for multiple addictions or mental health issues no matter where they start

Which statement best describes bulimia nervosa?

an addiction to binge eating followed by weight control techniques like over-exercising

Drug Automatism

an aimless, unconscious, repetitive drug taking behavior... continually taking a substance without being fully aware of the action.... compulsive gambling, sedatives, opiates "zoning out"

"Shake and bake" method refers to:

an easy, at-home method of making methamphetamine

anandamide

an endocannabinoid that fits into the cannabinoid receptor sites

Generally, a gambler who is drawn to a slot machine is

an escape-seeking gambler

a person who has a pre-existing clearly defined mental illness before becoming involved with drug abuse could fit which one of the following assessment profiles

an individual who uses drugs to Salt Medicaid mental health symptoms

"k-hole"

an out-of-body near death encounter with depersonalization, hallucinations, delirium, bizarre mystical experiences

Affective Disorder

any mood or emotional disorder (depression, bipolar)

Psychoactive Drug

any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system

The PNS is broken up into 2 parts:

autonomic and somatic

Which of the following is a method of drug testing? A. GB/LB B. EMIT C. THC D. CTL

b. EMIT

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about marijuana? A. It is difficult to overdose with marijuana since there are few receptors for THC in the brainstem. B. High-concentration THC marijuana is new, not available in the 1960s. C. The receptor sites for THC and the neurotransmitter most like it were discovered in the early 1990s. D. THC is Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the most potent psychoactive substance of Cannabis

b. High-concentration THC marijuana is new, not available in the 1960s.

Which following statement is NOT true regarding dual diagnosis? A. Dual diagnosis is the co-occurrence of an interrelated mental disorder and a substance use disorder. B. If a person does not have a preexisting mental disorder yet presents to treatment with the symptoms of schizophrenia, it is likely that even with abstinence, the schizophrenic symptoms will remain and persist indefinitely. C. It is common for people who are abusing substances to present with symptoms of a personality disorder. D. It is important to distinguish between having symptoms of mental illness and actually having a major psychiatric disorder.

b. If a person does not have a preexisting mental disorder yet presents to treatment with the symptoms of schizophrenia, it is likely that even with abstinence, the schizophrenic symptoms will remain and persist indefinitely.

Which is NOT true of nitrous oxide (laughing gas)? A. When inhaled, it has a rapid onset and rapid dissolution of effects. B. It is classified as a controlled substance. C. To possess nitrous oxide with the intent to use for other than medical, dental or commercial purposes is a misdemeanor in most states. D. Long-term exposure can cause nerve cell damage due to lack of oxygen.

b. It is classified as a controlled substance.

Which of the following statement about peyote is NOT true. A. The active ingredient in peyote is mescaline. B. Mescaline is chemically related to THC. C. Peyote is used by the Native American Church of North America. D. Mescaline takes several hours to reach its peak, longer than LSD.

b. Mescaline is chemically related to THC.

Which statement is NOT true about schizophrenia? A. Schizophrenia usually strikes individuals in their late teens to early adulthood. B. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic illness that affects approximately 10% of the population. C. Schizophrenia is believed to be mostly inherited. D. Schizophrenia is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, an inappropriate affect, ambivalence, poor association, an impaired ability to care for oneself.

b. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic illness that affects approximately 10% of the population.

Which statement is most true regarding anorexics? A. They know how thin they are but want to get thinner. B. They don't know how thin they are and want to get thinner. C. Peer approval of their thin look will slow their weight loss. D. They are generally unruly as young children.

b. They don't know how thin they are and want to get thinner.

ARND stands for A. alcohol-related norepinephrine deficiency. B. alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. C. Alcohol-resistant neurotransmitter defect. D. alcohol retardation and nerve damage.

b. alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder.

Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder? A. agoraphobia B. borderline personality disorder C. PTSD D. obsessive-compulsive disorder

b. borderline personality disorder

Which of the following is NOT a resiliency factor for future drug abuse by adolescents? A. by age 12 have a strong sense of family participation and involvement B. by age 12 to not have been a member of a gang C. by age 12 to have a strong spiritual sense and community involvement D. by age 12 to have an attachment to a clean and sober adult role model

b. by age 12 to not have been a member of a gang

All antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia reduce the effect of which neurotransmitter? A. serotonin B. dopamine C. norepinephrine D. GABA

b. dopamine

Which is a harm reduction technique? A. treatment B. drug decriminalization C. naltrexone D. "cold turkey"

b. drug decriminalization

The anticholinergic alkaloids found in belladonna and datura are all of the following EXCEPT A. atropine. B. histamine. C. hyoscyamine. D. scopolamine.

b. histamine

Which is NOT a treatment obstacle? A. lack of treatment resources, especially financial B. lack of neurobiological research on new medications C. program dropout by clients D. conflicting goals between the client and the program

b. lack of neurobiological research on new medications

Historically, there have been three methods to achieve prevention goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those methods? A. reduce the supply B. reduce the prison population C. reduce the demand D. reduce the harm

b. reduce the prison population

Which class of psychoactive drugs seems to enhance sexual performance initially? A. Viagra® B. stimulants C. opiates D. psychedelics

b. stimulants

To the compulsive gambler, "to chase" means A. to try and pick up women or men in casinos for recreational sex. B. to continue to gamble in order to recoup previous losses. C. to drink and gamble at the same time. D. none of the above.

b. to continue to gamble in order to recoup previous losses

Which of the following is NOT a primary or supporting goal of treatment? A. to promote motivation towards abstinence B. to make sure the individuals has "hit bottom" C. to create a drug-free lifestyle D. to address other psychiatric and emotional issues

b. to make sure the individuals has "hit bottom"

Which of the following is NOT a long- term effect of smoking marijuana? A. acute and chronic bronchitis B. tones down the natural tendencies of the user C. slows learning and disrupts concentration D. probably depresses the immune system

b. tones down the natural tendencies of the user.

Select Tolerance

body develops tolerance to mental and physical effects at different rates

Dispositional Tolerance

body speeds up the metabolism of the drug to eliminate it

cannabis sativa

both hemp and marijuana, produces 1 to 5 lbs of smokable leaves containing high concentrations of thc

Acute Tolerance

brain and the body begin to adapt almost instantly to the toxic effects of the drug

The recognition of ______________________ spurred the development of psychiatric medications.

brain chemical imbalances as the cause of almost all mental illnesses

Behavioral Tolerance

brain learns to compensate for the drug effects by using the parts of the brain that are not affected

Coca-Cola was originally used as a _____

brain tonic

Which of the following statements is NOT true about MDMA (ecstasy)? A. Tolerance to MDMA's mental effects develops rapidly. B. MDMA can be swallowed or snorted. C. MDMA is a recreational drug and has never been used therapeutically. D. MDMA is a Schedule I drug, therefore an illegal drug with no medical use.

c MDMA is a recreational drug and has never been used therapeutically.

Which of the following is usually NOT an environmental trigger? A. hypodermic needle B. money C. AA meeting D. old neighborhood

c. AA meeting

Which statement is NOT true for inhalants? A. Inhalants are cheap, readily available, and widespread. B. In law enforcement, inhalant abuse has a low status among drug abuse problems. C. Inhalants are slow acting. D. Inhalants have more direct effect on body tissues than most other psychoactive drugs.

c. Inhalants are slow acting

Which of the following statements is NOT true about formal interventions? A. Each intervention team member prepares a statement that he or she will make to the addicted person at the time of the intervention. B. An intervention should always start and end with an expression of love and genuine concern for the well-being of the addicted person. C. Once the actual intervention is over, the facilitator leaves the participants on their own to follow through with the addict's desires. D. Timing, location, and surprise are crucial components of the actual intervention.

c. Once the actual intervention is over, the facilitator needs to continue to process the intervention with the participants.

Which statement is true regarding pathological gamblers? A. Unlike drug addicts and alcoholics, when pathological gamblers quit gambling, they don't experience withdrawal symptoms. B. Most pathological gamblers do not experience other disorders like compulsive eating, compulsive spending, abusive drinking. C. The Gamblers Anonymous (GA) program parallels the 12-step process used by Alcoholics Anonymous. D. Fortunately, nationwide there are many treatment programs for pathological gambling.

c. The Gamblers Anonymous (GA) program parallels the 12-step process used by Alcoholics Anonymous.

The major challenge of prevention efforts today is to provide what? A. better curricula B. more programs for more individuals C. measurement of long-term effectiveness for the strategies involved D. a consensus about what drug abuse is and how to work with it

c. measurement of long-term effectiveness for the strategies involved

Which of the following in high doses does NOT cause psychedelic reactions? A. the spice nutmeg B. the cough suppressant dextromethorphan C. the common weed dandelion D. Salvia divinorum

c. the common weed dandelion

The primary goal of secondary prevention is A. to do interventions so individuals will enter treatment. B. to keep people from experimenting with drugs. C. to halt drug use once it has begun. D. all of the above.

c. to halt drug use once it has begun

endogenous craving

caused by depletion of brain neurotransmitters brought about by drug use

Drugs directly affect the __________

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

Almost half of all teenagers who are very sexually active have had which sexually transmitted disease, often without knowing it?

chlamydia

Which of the following statements are true about the harm reduction approach?

chlamydia

according to researchers a person who smokes cigarettes is 22 times more likely to use what drug

cocaine

Example of how a NT can block or force the release of NTs

cocaine forces the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

Which of the following statements is true of college students who gamble?

college students have a higher rate of pathological gambling than general public

hashish

comes from sticky resin of cannabis plant

Fasciculus Retroflexus

communicates messages from the new brain to the old brain

The step between abuse and addiction involves _______________

compulsion

short term mental effects of marijuana

confusion, separation from environment, deja vu, drowsiness, aloof feeling, difficulty concentrating, exaggerates mood and personality

facilitated group therapy

consists of 6 or more clients who meet with one or more therapists on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis and facilitator leads discussions

What does the autonomic part do?

controls INVOLUNTARY functions; digestion, respiration (sympathetic and parasympathetic and enteric divisions)

Serotonin

controls mood stability; depression, anxiety, appetite, sleep

Substance P

conveys pain impulses

cocaine epidemics occur in

cycles every few generations

Which of the following is NOT true? A. Physicians have a difficult time identifying alcoholism or drug abuse in the elderly. B. Failure to prevent and then treat chemical abuse among the elderly leads to huge medical costs. C. Many manifestations of drug abuse in the elderly are attributed to other chronic illnesses. D. Addiction is a progressive illness for the young but not for the elderly.

d. Addiction is a progressive illness for the young but not for the elderly.

Which of the following is NOT true about depression and bipolar disorder? A. Almost 15% of Americans will experience a major depressive disorder in their lifetime; 8.6% in any 1 yr. period. B. Excessive alcohol use, stimulant withdrawal (cocaine or amphetamine), and the comedown or resolution phase of a psychedelic (LSD, ecstasy) result in a temporary drug-induced depression. C. If untreated, many bipolar patients have frequent suicide attempts. D. Bipolar affective disorder usually begins in a person's late life, after 40, and affects women more than men.

d. Bipolar affective disorder usually begins in a person's late life, after 40, and affects women more than men.

Concerning behavioral addictions, which of the following statements is false? A. The front line development of resources to address behavioral addictions has been the evolution of self-help and 12-step groups. B. It is thought that behavioral addictions involve the dopamine reward pathways in the brain just like drug addictions. C. There are few specialized treatment programs for most behavioral addictions like pathological gambling or sexual addictions. D. Fortunately, behavioral addictions do not require the same intensity of intervention and treatment as substance abuse disorders.

d. Fortunately behavioral addictions do not require the same intensity of intervention and treatment as substance abuse disorders

Which of the following is NOT a statement that applies to prevention? A. There is no quick fix. B. No single approach has been shown to work consistently. C. Any prevention campaign becomes progressively more difficult. D. Prevention done at the elementary school level has been shown to be effective throughout one's lifetime.

d. Prevention done at the elementary school level has been shown to be effective throughout one's lifetime.

Which of the following is a short-term effect of marijuana use? A. impairment of tracking ability B. distortion of a sense of time C. increased appetite D. all of the above

d. all of the above.

Which of the following drug types are NOT used to treat depression? A. SSRIs B. MAO inhibitors C. amphetamines D. benzodiazepines

d. benzodiazepines

What percent of individuals who present for alcohol and other drug treatment have a co-occurring mental disorder? A. between 4% and 10% B. between 10% and 24% C. between 24% and 44% D. between 44% and 64%

d. between 44% and 64%

Which of the following is NOT an eating disorder as defined by DSM-IV-TR? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. binge-eating disorder D. compulsive eating disorder

d. compulsive eating disorder

Which of the following is usually NOT a target population for culturally specific treatment services? A. women B. LGBT C. African Americans D. diabetic drug abusers

d. diabetic drug abusers

Which is NOT a psychiatric disorder? A. somatoform disorders B. adjustment disorders C. pathological gambling D. eccentricity

d. eccentricity

Which idea is widely accepted in the mental health community? A. the client should be allowed to hit bottom B. using a recovering client to treat new clients C. using spiritual principals for recovery D. limited recovery is acceptable

d. limited recovery is acceptable

Which behavior is found in sexual compulsivity? A. self-mutilation B. anorexia C. major depression D. masturbation

d. masturbation

4 parts of intervention statement

declaration of love, specific examples of experiences related to user's addiction, statement of awareness that incidents have happened because of drug use, and reassurance of love

Three strategies to address the problems of abuse, addiction, and crime related to drugs.

demand reduction, supply reduction, and harm reduction

Demand reduction vs supply reduction

demand reduction: drug-abuse treatment and prevention supply reduction: interdiction, laws, incarceration; harder to get drugs

What is a major reason why some people become compulsive shoppers (develop oniomania)?

depression

LSD tolerance

develops rapidly

tolerance to marijuana

develops rapidly, can also inverse

Most Islamic religions (encourage OR discourage) alcohol use.

discourage

Kinds of Tolerance:

dispositional pharmacodynamic behavioral reverse acute select inverse cross-tolerance

Inhalant abuse is a very modern form of drug abuse since it started only with the invention of aerosol cans. True False

false

Mephedrone is a popular club drug, especially in Europe. This drug's effects are most similar to those of marijuana.

false

Physicians easily and readily identify alcoholism and drug abuse in the elderly.

false

The majority of the U.S. national drug control budget is allocated to demand reduction.

false

The military is under strict Congressional guidelines and cannot conduct drug testing whenever and wherever it chooses.

false

The pharmacologic effects of inhalants are long lasting.

false

The phrase "supply reduction" refers to prevention programs that prevent people from wanting to use illicit drugs.

false

The rate of heavy drinking is lower among military personnel than among society as a whole.

false

The reasons why people engage in compulsive behaviors are different from the reasons why they use psychoactive drugs.

false

Unlike opiates, steroids do not have distinct withdrawal symptoms.

false

the type of drug a person uses has little impact on the symptoms of his or her co-occurring mental health disorder

false

treatment for people with a mental diagnosis and an addiction is most effective one each diagnosis is treated and a distinct and separate problem

false

when a psychiatric diagnosis is made while a person is in the early stages of treatment for substance abuse the psychiatric diagnosis is most likely to be accurate

false

Purposive withdrawal

false portrayal of severe withdrawal symptoms to manipulate a physician into giving more drugs to manage the false symptoms ex. scamming a doctor using emotional expectation of physical effects

mental effects of MDMA

feelings of happiness, clarity, peace, pleasure, and altered sensory perceptions, increased non-sexual empathy for others, more self-awareness, self-esteem, open-mindedness, acceptance, intimacy

social network approach

focuses primarily on the treatment of the addict and also establishes a concurrent and integrated support network for family members to assist with the problems caused by the addiction

Office-Based Medical Detoxification and Maintenance Treatment

for opiate users, treated provided by qualified private medical practitioners

mental effects of PCP

forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating, aggressive/violent behavior, depersonalization, estrangement, hallucinations

What does the new brain do?

gathers information from the senses and other parts of the brain, deals with speaking, reasoning, logic, rational

Hemp

generally used to describe cannabis plants that are high in fiber content

Problem child

get blamed for everything, have problems at school, exhibit negative behavior, and often develop drug or alcohol problems. behavior demands whatever attention is available from parents and siblings

Group therapy vs individual therapy

group therapy is much more effective

Physical affects of large amounts of stimulants used chronically

heart, blood vessel, and seizure problems

Drugs can turn on and off genes which change the network of cells. The increase in neural alterations results in ________________ sensitivity to a drug which increases the risk of relapse after use stops.

heightened sensitivity

PET scans

help to visualize the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters that are affected by drugs

recovery coach

helps addicts obtain abstinence or reduce harm associated with addictive behaviors

The three parts of the public health model used to explain the prevention model are

host, environment, and agent

The Gin Epidemic is an example of:

how unlimited availability of a desirable substance causes excess use.

Down regulation

if the cell senses that there are too many neurotransmitters (occurs in drug use) it retracts many of the receptor sites into the cell, causing a slowdown of the message transmission (this is why people need more drugs to make the few remaining receptor sites fire faster to make up for the fewer receptors available for activation)

Up regulation

if there are too few neurotransmitters available to trigger the message, the receiving neuron will increase the number of receptor sites so that the few remaining neurotransmitters have more receptors to activate

Physical effects of steroids

increased muscle mass and strength, acne, high blood pressure, shrunken testes, masculinization in women

what best descries how the FIRST cigarette of the day affects a smoker

increases blood pressure and heart rate

Anandamide

integrating emotional sensory experience with controlling learning, motor coordination and memory (mimicked by THC in marijuana)

ayahuasca effects

intense vomiting and diarrhea followed by long dreamlike condition

Endogenous triggers

internal triggers; negative emotional and physical states or internally motivated attempts to regain control in order to use

DMT effects

intoxication, visual hallucinations, loss of awareness of surroundings

National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices

inventory of recommended prevention and treatment interventions

which of the following statements are true regarding schizophrenia

it's stretched men and women with equal frequency usually appears in men in their late teens or early twenties that usually appears in women and their late 20s or early 30s and it can be difficult to determine if schizophrenia was a pre-existing condition or if it was substance induced by the abuse of drugs

ibogaine effects

long-lasting psychedelic effects, catatonic effects, illusions, hallucinations

THC

main psychoactive chemical in cannabis

the following constitute the three phases of a psycho therapeutic approach for treatment of dual diagnosis

maintaining abstinence continuing Psychotherapy along with psychiatric medications achieving absence

which of the following is an affective disorder

major depression

Eating Disorders are often found in conjunction with__and __

major depression and PTSD

Oregon's Holy Light of the Queen Church

members legally allowed to drink tea made from harmaline, DMT, and ayahuasca called Daime tea

Native American Church of North America

members legally allowed to use peyote ceremonially (based on belief that it builds spirituality and community)

The use of psychoactive drugs spread through ____________.

migration

synesthesia

mixing of the senses (seeing auditory stimuli etc)

American Society of Addiction Medicine Patient Placement Criteria

most widely used and most practical too used to diagnose addiction and match clients to treatment interventions

Codependents

mutually dependent on the addict to fulfill some need of their own

Drugs have an affinity for ____________ mechanisms.

natural survival; old brain

Morning glory seeds effects

nausea, sensory disturbances, vomiting, drowsiness, headache, chills, flashbacks

What started the first big cocaine epidemic?

new ways to use and prepare the drug

Non-purposive withdrawal

objective physical signs that are a direct result of tissue dependence and are observable upon drug use by an addict ex. seizures, sweating, goose bumps, vomiting, diarrhea

The reward/control pathway is located within the _____________

old brain

amanita mushrooms

one of the few psychedelic drugs sold legally

When a drug activates the reward circuit, the "go" switch becomes ___________ and the "stop" switch becomes ______________

overactive; dysfunctional

__________________ saturated the health consciousness of the public from the 1870s to the 1930s.

patent medicines

which of the following statements are true regarding substance-induced mental disorders

people who abuse alcohol often demonstrate impulse control problems such as violence and safe sex and suicide

drug abuse often results in the arrest of emotional development because

people who use drugs avoided dealing with emotional difficulties people who use drugs do not develop appropriate emotional coping skills people who use drugs have not gone through the process of maturation

trauma-informed care

permeates the entire treatment environment, including staff to create a stress-neutral environment for clients; opposite of confrontational rigidly structured programs

Post-Acute withdrawal symptoms (PAWS)

persistence of subtle, yet significant, emotional and physical problems that can last for 3 to 6 months into recovery ex. memory problems, emotional over-reaction, cognitive impairment

post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by which of the following symptoms

persistent really experiencing of a traumatic event persistent avoidance of situations or stimuli associated with the trauma continuous state of hyper-vigilance sleep disorders

when a person who has developed tolerance to caffeine subsequently withdraws from the caffeine it results in

physical pain, extreme fatigue, and degression

Allostasis

process of maintaining functionality/balance by behavioral/physiological change through synaptic plasticity and altered NTs

family behavioral approach

provides specific interventions to support and reinforce those behaviors that promote a drug free family system

LSD dependence

psychological only (not physical)

Physical effects of LSD

raised heart rate and blood pressure, higher body temperature, dizziness, dilated pupils, reduced appetite, and sweating

Dendrites

receive signals

Inhibitory neurotransmitters ________ cell firings

reduce

demand reduction

reduces craving and demand for the drugs through primary (**), secondary (**) and tertiary prevention strategies

businessman's special

refers to short duration of effects of DMT; business man could get high during lunch break and be fine for work

Advances in _______, _________, and ________ drugs have increased potency of drugs

refining, synthesizing, manufacturing

long term effects of marijuana

respiratory complications, chronic and acute bronchitis, increased phlegm production, hypermesis, dampened immune system, tumors, breast cancer

Mental effects of LSD

sensory distortions, dreaminess, depersonalization, altered mood, and impaired concentration/motivation

formication the imaginary sensation that hundreds of tiny bugs (coke bugs) are crawling under ones skins is caused by what

sensory hallucinogenic effects

Drugs that stimulate which neurotransmitter have the potential to treat sexual addiction?

serotonin

stimulants force the release of which neurotransmitters to infuse the body with lots of extra energy before the body needs it

serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine

marijuana's effects on learning and memory

severely limits amount of hippocampal short-term memory, less effect on long-term memory

The "stop" part of the reward circuit communicates:

signals when the craving has been satisfied and shuts down the "more" message

which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high

smoking crack coaine

When 1 of 5 senses is activated, a signal is sent first to the old brain for an instant reaction, then to the ___________ where it will then get forwarded to the ______________

thalamus; new brain

which of the following statements about dual diagnosis is correct

there is a type of dual diagnosis in which a person begins using drugs and goes on to develop mental illness there is type of dual diagnosing and which a person has agreed to see mental illness then begins using drugs substance abuse psychiatric problems can be temporary substance abuse psychiatric problems can persist and evolve if you contact mental health problems

physical effects of MDMA

tightness in muscles, spasms, jaw muscle spasm (trismus) and clenching of teeth, water toxicity, electrolyte imbalance, pupil dilation, blurred vision, twitching eyelids, headaches, nausea, seizure, stroke, coma

Which condition found in a drug addict is not found in a compulsive gambler?

tissue dependence

Physiological Responses to Drugs include:

tolerance tissue dependence psych. dependence withdrawal the stay-stopped circuit and relapse

Medical Model Detoxification Programs

treatment is supervised and/or managed by medical professionals. Most expensive programs; most comprehensive

which of the following statements is true regarding the use of psychiatric medications

treatment of anxiety depression and other Mental problems with psychiatric medications can relieve many of the underlying causes of drug abuse and behavioral addictions

Mascot child

trivialize things by minimizing serious issues as an avoidance strategy; well liked and easy to befriend but usually superficial in all relationships

"Addiction" is the disease, whereas inhalant abuse, steroid misuse, or compulsive gambling, eating, shopping, or sex are the manifestations of the disease.

true

An important lesson from all primary prevention programs is that to be successful a program must be continual. One-year attempts at inoculating students against alcohol/drug use have not been effective enough.

true

At low doses some drugs can enhance sexual arousal.

true

Children who grow up in a home with a drug-using or alcohol-abusing family member take on distinctive roles that affect their personalities.

true

Drug use in companies that conduct drug testing has tapered down and leveled off after experiencing a significant decline in the 1990s.

true

Drugs affect sexuality by disrupting the neurotransmitters.

true

False-negative results, not false positives, constitute the majority of urine-testing errors.

true

about 75% of those with anxiety disorders experience their first episode by age 21

true

in 2013 the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition DSM-5 classified substance use disorders to substance-related and addictive disorders giving gambling and each substance their own specific diagnosis with a coating of severity from mild to moderate to severe problem

true

schizophrenia is classified as a thought disorder

true

substance abuse treatment facilities often avoid accepting dual diagnosis patients seeing them as too disruptive or inattentive to participate in group therapy

true

substance-induced disorders are mental health problems caused by Alcohol and Other Drug use

true

substance-induced mental illness can be a temporary or permanent problem

true

the majority of people with substance use disorders also have mental health problems

true

SPECT scans

used to show how a brain functions (or does not function) when using drugs

Reverse Tolerance

user becomes more sensitive and less able to handle moderate amounts

MRI

uses the position of magnetic nuclei to produce two-and-three-dimensional images of brain structures, revealing subtle alterations in brain tissues due to drugs

true

when the body speeds up the metabolism and the breakdown of a drug, it is known as dispositions tolerance.

The "mild" cigarette was marketed to _________, ___________, and ___________.

women, young people, and those who wanted to lose weight

Injection consists of 3 methods:

1. intravenous "slamming" (15 to 30 seconds) 2. intramuscular "muscling" (3 to 5 minutes) 3. subcutaneous "skin popping" (3 to 5 minutes)

Morphine is ________ than opium.

10x more potent

The federal government concerned drug use a criminal activity beginning in

1918

The American Revolution was supported by exportation and taxation of tobacco, hemp, rum, and whiskey. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1,7

Human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness, to induce an altered state of consciousness. A. true B. false

ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7

According to the authors of Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, a psychoactive drug is defined as: A. any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system B. any substance that is illicit or illegal C. those substance that cause numbness and drowsiness D. those substances that cause increased energy and alertness

ANSWER: A. any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system Pg. 1.1

A problem gambler is defined as a person whose gambling behavior causes difficulty in which of the following parts of his or her life? #1. psychological #2. physical #3. sociological #4. vocational (professional or educational)

All of the above

False

Dendritic spines or "memory bumps" grown in the synapse when the nerve is stimulated by sensory input.

Schedule I drugs:

Drugs with a high abuse potential and no approved medical use.

______________ is the body's mechanism for eliminating foreign substances and their metabolites.

Excretion

Agonist therapy for opiate addicts must be done, by law, in registered clinics like methadone maintenance programs. True False

False

All psychiatric medications are addicting. True False

False

Because of drug testing, drinking in the military occurs at a lesser rate than in the general population. True False

False

Drug craving in early stages of recovery is a purely psychological issue caused mainly by external cues in the environment. True False

False

coerced treatment

Mandatory participation in treatment mandated by the criminal justice system (just as effective as voluntary treatment)

Topical anesthetic

Medical use of cocaine relies on its effects as a

Synthetic stimulant

Mephedrone is a

Resources Damage Paranoia

Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) results in depletion of the body's energy __________, cellular and organ _________, and ____________

war and combat

The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 1. The stress of years of ______________

Denial is a refusal to acknowledge the negative impact that the drug use is having on one's life. True False

True

FAS is the third most common birth defect and the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States. True False

True

Frequent and persistent use of LSD is probably due to psychological dependence rather than physical dependence (addiction). True False

True

What is laudanum?

a tincture of opium mixed with alcohol and henbane juice, crushed pearls, coral, amber, musk, and essential oils.

tertiary prevention

aimed at heavy users, abusers, addicts to direct them to recovery

Primary prevention

aimed at those who are drug naive or who have merely experimented with drugs. Aims to keep them from using or occasional social use. Most important but receives the least funding

ketamine

anesthetic used in human and veterinary procedures

the evidence that genetics and heredity problems

anxiety schizophrenia bipolar and depression

The phrase "turn on, tune in, and drop out" was coined by the LSD guru A. Ken Kesey. B. Dr. Timothy Leary. C. Aldous Huxley. D. none of the above.

b. Dr. Timothy Leary

Effects of an LSD "trip" last about A. 15 minutes. B. 1 hour. C. 6-8 hours. D. a full day, 12-24 hours.

c. 6-8 hours

Which is not a sexually transmitted disease? A. chlamydia B. hepatitis C C. lymphoma D. HIV disease and AIDS

c. lymphoma

Human beings have a basic need to _________________ and ____________.

cope with their environment and enhance existence

Purple Drank

cough syrup with codeine and promethazine mixed with sprite and jolly ranchers

effects of amanita mushrooms

dreamy intoxication, hallucinations, delirious excitement, dangerous toxicity

False

drugs promote a homeopathic condition in the central nervous system

Inverse agonists

drugs that bind to receptors and stabilize the receptor in its inactive state by hyperpolarizing it so that it can't react

Binge-eating disorder is marked by rigid control over ones eating patterns.

false

Recovery from sexual addiction requires lifelong abstinence from sex.

false

true or false: tolerance of stimulant drugs is caused by the brain's creation of more dopamine and more dopamine receptors

false: it causes the dopamine to be stuck in the receptors not create more of both

Protracted withdrawal (environment triggers and cues)

flashback or recurrence of withdrawal symptoms and a triggering of heavy craving for the drug long after an addict has detoxed ... most dangerous for recovering addicts can last up to 6 months .. often causes addicts to slip

controlled drinking

harm-reduction technique; attempts to allow drinking to an alcoholic but limiting the amounts; studies show it does not work

when a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, what occurs

increase the brain's electrical activity increase the brain's chemical activity increase central nervous system activity increase peripheral nervous systems activity

Mental/Emotional effects of antianxiety medications

inhibits anxiety-producing thoughts by manipulating GABA

supply reduction

limits amount of drugs available to the user through interdiction, legal penalities and incarceration

Partial hospitalization and day treatment

outpatient medical programs where clients participate in therapeutic activities for 4-6 hours a day while living at home - minimum of 20 hours/week

Halfway Houses

permit addicts to keep their jobs and outside contacts while participating in a residential treatment program

phenylalkylamines

peyote, MDMA

drinking alcohol before using cocaine will

prolong and intensify cocaine effects create cocaethykene, which increases violent tendencies

Iowa Practice Improvement Collaborative

provides a 13-point criteria metric to evaluate new and existing treatment practices

fMRI

provides information about the metabolism of the brain; provides functional and structural information

Psychological Dependence

relying on drugs physically and emotionally; an important factor in the development of addiction... drugs alter ones state of consciousness and distort perceptions and change emotions

Which of the following are warning signs that someone may be abusing inhalants?

reoccurring or frequent headaches, chemical odor on the body & inflammation of the nasal lining

When does a compulsive shopper experience the highest level of excitement?

right before deciding to purchase an item

Tissue Dependence

the biological adaptation of the body due to chronic drug use... tissues and organs come to depend on the drug to function

Withdrawal

the body's attempt to rebalance itself after prolonged use

Abuse

the continued use of a drug despite negative consequences

Addictive disease model

the disease is a chronic, progressive, relapsing, incurable potentially fatal condition that is a consequence of mainly genes and irregularities in brain chemistry

which of the following statements is true regarding conducts disorder and Oppositional defiant disorder among children and adolescents

they are strong predators alcohol and drug use problems

he term chasing in problem gambling means

to try to recoup gambling losses by continuing to gamble

Mental/emotional effects of compulsive behaviors

tolerance, psychological dependence, withdrawal

Alcoholics Anonymous was founded by

two alcoholics; Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith

the factors that determine High susceptibility to develop both a mental illness and or an addiction consists of which of the following

use of psychoactive drugs morals and character and hereditary

stages of change model

used in individual therapy as a non-confrontational way to involve clients in their own recovery process by guiding a client through the stages of change by helping them reach decisions for themselves.

Eveidence-based practices

used to ensure that treatment consistently provides the best potential for positive outcomes

Factors that determine drugs' effects and abuse potential include (3 things):

1. route of administration 2. speed of transit to the brain 3. affinity for nerve cells and neurotransmitters

The "go" part of the reward circuit communicates:

1. the action is necessary for survival 2. remember how the action was achieved 3. do it again and again

4 types of gamblers

1.) recreational / social 2.) professional 3.) antisocial 4.) pathological (action seeking and escape seeking)

among those who try a cigarette what % will become daily smokers

25%

Limiting the places where tobacco smoking is permitted has not reduced the use of tobacco in the United States or other countries where such policies have been implemented. A. true B. false

ANSWER: B. False. Pgs. 1.31

What did the Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 1914 do?

Encouraged gradual reduction in the worldwide opium production and eventually banned smoking the drug.

_________ is a plant with a high-fiber content that is low in psychoactive components.

Hemp or Cannabis sativa

Cardiovascular

Long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) has the most significant impact on the body's ______________ system

3 to 7 hours

The half-life of caffeine is

The neurotransmitters affected by psychoactive drugs are the same ones involved in mental illness. True False

True

The proliferation of fast-food restaurants is an example of an environmental factor that could influence compulsive eating. True False

True

Treatment for different ethnic groups is more effective with culture specific treatment protocols. True False

True

25%

_________ % of those who try a cigarette will become daily habitual smokers

Dual-Diagnoses

a substance use disorder and a serious mental illness

PCP and Ketamine

are anestethics that deaden physical sensations

family functioning approach

classifies the family system into one of four types and uses the therapeutic intervention that is best suited to the functioning of that family system

Dual Diagnosis

co-occurrence of an interrelated mental disorder and substance use disorder. Decreasing inpatient mental health treatment resources has magnified co-occuring disorders (often use drugs to self medicate).

Albert Niemann isolated the alkaloid ____ from the coca leaf.

cocaine

Compulsive shoppers describe the same relief of bad feelings and the subsequent high as someone describing the use of

cocaine

Which is a reason people use inhalants? A. They are cheaper. B. The high comes and goes quickly. C. They temporarily elevate mood and reduce inhibitions. D. All of the above.

d. All of the above.

Mental/Emotional effects of all arounders

distorted sensory messages to and from the brain stem, causing illusions, hallucinations, and delusions

Physical effects of inhalants

dizziness, slurred speech, unsteady gait, drowsiness, lowered blood pressure (fainting), stupor, coma, asphyxiation.

Which of the following statements are true about Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933?

dopamine

stimulant drugs including cocaine and meth force the release of

dopamine. this surge is causes paranoia and hyper-reactivity

"k-land"

dreamlike intoxication, mind/body separation sensations, dizziness, slurred speech

3 ways drugs are psychologically reinforced

drug automatism positive and negative reinforcement social reinforcement

Antagonists

drugs that bind to receptors but do not activate them and BLOCK neurotransmitters

Medications used to treat addiction include

drugs to lessen withdrawal, lessen craving, substitute illegal drugs, nutritional supplements, and antidepressants

Compulsive behaviors include

eating disorders, compulsive gambling, sexual compulsion, internet addiction, compulsive shopping, codependency

______________ memories are more deeply ingrained, and lead to euphoric recall

emotionally-charged memories

Physical affects of a small to moderate dose of a stimulant

energized muscles, increased alertness, insomnia, increased heart-rate and blood pressure, decreased appetite

Carriers of a DRD2A1 allele gene have an excess of dopamine receptors.

false

Pathological gamblers rarely have other addictions.

false

Marijuana

generally used to describe cannabis plants that are high in psychoactive resins

amygdala

judges the emotional significance and the possible danger of objects and ideas

Peyote effects

last 12 hours, powerful colorful visions and hallucinations, nausea, vomitting

Addiction treatment

leads to recovery in 50% of cases. results in 75% reduction in crime for those who engage

effects of sustiva

lightheadedness, dizziness, vivid dreams, hallucination, depersonalization, relaxation, forgetfulness

Physical effects of mushrooms

nausea, visceral sensations, altered states of consciousness

Which of the following statements is true concerning the U.S. prison population?

nearly 50% of the inmates in federal prison were sentenced for drug offenses

continued smoking to AVOID the negative effects of nicotine withdrawl is known as

negative drug reinforcement

Pharmacodynamic Tolerance

nerve cells become less sensitive to drug effects

What are some theories as to ways drugs disrupt the on/off switches of the reward pathway?

no satiation point on/off switches are ignored or overridden communication between both old and new brains are disrupted the fasciculus retroflexus which communicates from the new brain to the old brain gets damaged preventing stop messages from arriving to the old brain

Cross-Tolerance

once a person develops a tolerance to one drug, a tolerance to a similar drug occurs

Cross-Dependence

once tissue dependence to a specific drug occurs, the body will develop a dependence to similar drugs

% of obese americans

one third -- twice as many as 1980 66% are overweight

% of adults with mental disorder that have co-occuring substance use

one third.

Stimulation of brainstem

overloads sensory pathways (making user acutely aware of all sensations)

Hyperpathia

pain that can persist after the nociceptive pain stimulus is removed or healed

which of the following statements is true regarding panic attacks

panic attacks are experienced both physically and psychologically

Treatment most effective when

patients are treated continuously for 6-8 months

Social Reinforcement

peer pressure, the desire or need for social inclusion

Which statement best describes binge eating?

regularly eating large amounts of food at one sitting, without vomiting

Mental/Emotional effects of large doses of downers

relaxed and dulled mind, diminished anxiety, induced sleep, diminished pain (some can cause euphoria)

Which level(s) of prevention is/are most likely to include intervention?

secondary and tertiary prevention

Explain the Gin Epidemic.

Lasted from 1710-1750; English Parliament encouraged the production, consumption, and taxation of gin. This caused alcoholism and mortality.

Historically, cannabis was prized as

a source of oil and fiber, edible seeds, medicine, psychedelic

The most popular psychoactive substance

alcohol

Almost all of the patent medicines contained _____, _____, ______, _______, and/or _______.

alcohol, opium, morphine, cocaine, cannabis

Mental/Emotional effects of antipsychotics

controlled schizophrenic mood swings and hallucinations by manipulating dopamine

Technical advances in _______ and _______ of alcohol made a difference in consumption.

cultivation, distillation

Physical effects of excessive use of downers

disrupted physical coordination, slurred speech, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, tissue dependence

Symptoms of Ergot Poisoning:

hallucinations, convulsions, possibly permanent insanity, burning sensation in feet and hands, and gangrene

Five classifications of all arounders

indoles; phenylalkylamines; anticholinergics; cannabinoids; others

The market for cigarettes was vastly expanded due to:

lower-prices (due to automation), cultivation of a milder strain, plentiful supply of new leaf, widespread advertising

Inhalants can be directly toxic to cells in the ___________.

lungs, brain, liver, kidney tissues, and blood

Most psychoactive drugs follow this pattern: ____ at a low dose, ______ at a moderate dose, and _____ at a high dose.

medicine, psychoactive drug, deadly poison

Mental/Emotional effects of small to moderate dose of strong stimulants

more confidence, excitability, more outgoing, eagerness to preform; rush or high

Higher potency of Morphine caused

more rapid-development of tolerance and tissue dependence

Physical effects of other all arounders include

nausea, dizziness, increased appetite, bloodshot eyes, raised blood pressure, sweating, stimulant effects

Ergot is also known as _______.

psychedelic mold and Saint Anthony's Fire

All Arounders are also called _______.

psychedelics

Mental/Emotional effects of prolonged use of downers

psychological/physical dependence and addiction

in 1855 the ___________ was invented and drugs could be easily delivered directly into the bloodstream, causing more intense effects and overloading the brain.

reusable hypodermic needle

Historically, the _____________, ______________, and ___________, along with ____________, have been involved in growing, manufacturing, distributing, taxing, and prohibiting drugs

ruling classes, governments, industry, criminal organizations

The Industrial Revolution brought forth _________, ___________, _______________, and ___________, spreading the use of opiates that often escalated into abuse and addiction.

scientific advancements, changes in methods of drug use, aggressive economic policies, political expediency

Why has prohibition of cigarettes not been effective?

the craving for tobacco fueled by the addictive qualities of nicotine has overwhelmed most calls for prohibition

Physical effects of psychiatric medications

wide variety involving heart, blood, and musculoskeletal systems (page 1.5)