Uppers Downers All Arounders Ch 1-10
Teens
1. Earlier a teen starts drinking or smoking, the more likely drinking and smoking addictions will develop later in life 2. The greater the alcohol use, the lower the GPA
Tolerance - 3 aspects
1. How the brain defends itself against the effects of alcohol 2. Indicates tissue dependence as the body attempts a normal physiological balance 3. Allows the body to handle increasingly larger amounts of alcohol.
What percentage of drugs are kept off the U.S. market due to the United States' current supply reduction approach (i.e., the "War on Drugs")?
10-15%
Caffeine was identified in ______.
1819
what is the half-life of caffeine
3 to 7 hours
FAS - 4 factors - 2 of 2
3. CNS damage causing: visual, hearing, balance and behavioral problems; delayed intellectual development 4. Bodily deformities: shortened eyes, flatter face, missing filtrum, heart and limb problems
how long will the high from a typical ORAL/ SNORTED does of AMPHETAMINE generally last
4 to 6 hours
Approximately __ plants contain caffeine.
60
more than__ percent of female addicts suffered sexual abuse or physical abuse as a child or an adult
75%
In recent decades, policy decisions regarding drugs and alcohol have been made based on the political climate rather than on the effects of drugs on the individual and society. A. true B. false
ANSWER: A. True. Pgs. 1.5-1.6
The monetary value of drugs has never been a part of legitimate government's economic plans, but it has often been a part of illegitimate government's economic plans. A. true B. false
ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.31
Alcohol and other psychoactive drugs affect which parts of the brain? #1. primitive brain #2. reasoning center of the new brain #3. neocortex #4. old brain A. options 1 and 2 only B. options 2 and 3 only C. options 1, 2, and 3 only D. options 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANSWER: D options. 1, 2, 3, and 4. The reasoning center of the new brain is also called the neocortex. The primitive part of the brain is also called the old brain. Both the new and old brain are affected by alcohol and other psychoactive drugs. Page 1.7
Glutamate
An amino acid which intensifies the effects of the neurotransmitter, dopamine. Glutamate enhances pleasurable stimulation, thus reinforcing drinking. ( http://neurotransporter.org/glutamate.html )
___________________ are the most common performance enhancing drugs
Anabolic-androgenic steroids
Cocaine
Consuming alcohol when using cocaine results in prolonging the effects of
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914:
Controlled the sale of opium so that it could be monitored by the federal government
Which gene signals a susceptibility to both alcoholism and gambling?
DRD2A1
Breathing and heart rate
Depressants decrease rate of
These 3 are involved with pain, stress control, and euphoria
Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphin
What was the outcome of the Opium Wars?
England was granted greater trade concessions, an unacknowledged right to sell opium, and the territory of Hong Kong.
Harm reduction programs require abstinence from all psychoactive substances. True False
False
In 2002 about twice as many high school students had used MDMA (ecstasy) than LSD. True False
False
Nicotine addiction is found in about half of American over the age of 12. True False
False
There is much evidence that drug information alone causes change in behaviors. True False
False
___________ were targeted to benefit society and the addict.
Harm reduction programs
80%-85% of injection drug users have __________.
Hepatitis C.
Who brought chocolate to Europe?
Hernan Cortes
Gas frolics and ether frolics became popular after ____
Joseph Priestly discovered nitrous oxide and Sir Humphry Davy suggested that others could open nitrous oxide taverns as an alternative to saloons.
What is the key excretory organ?
Kidneys
Example of how drugs can interfere with the storage of NTs
LSD alters the user's perception of messages received from environment
blotter paper
LSD is dropped onto blotter paper and pieces are chewed or swallowed
Indoles
LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, ayahuasca
What is the key metabolic organ?
Liver
hug drug
MDMA
The main drug of raves is ________.
MDMA, or purer form, Molly.
DTI
MRI technique that shows how parts of the brain communicate with one another
Sexual desire
Methamphetamine increases
the illicit manufacture and distribution of meth in the U.S.A today is due to the involvement of
Mexican gangs and drug cartels
Break nicotine addiction
Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To support smoking cessation and
Acceptance of addiction
Necessary for treatment to begin; only after an addict accepts that addiction can they embrace a lifelong continuum of recovery
Social Model Detoxification Programs
Non medical and can be residential or outpatient. Last from 7-28 days, focused on creating safe and sober environment for addicts
Cell body
Nourish the cell
Theriac was a medication made from _____ to help inflammation, diarrhea, madness, melancholy, headaches, pestilence, nosebleeds, and anything involving pain.
Opium
False
Passive transport occurs when water-soluble drugs such as cocaine cross the blood-brain barrier by hitching a ride on molecules that cross the BBB.
Lower prices
Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • Mass production, leading to _______________
Nicotine
Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • ____________, as the addictive compound in tobacco
During ________ cirrhosis of the liver and other alcohol-related diseases declined dramatically, domestic violence fell, violent crime dropped by 2/3, and public drunkenness disappeared.
Prohibition
All Arounders
Psychedelics (e.g., marijuana, LSD, and MDMA) alter sensory input and can cause illusions, delusions, and hallucinations, and can cause some stimulation
Depression Drugs
Raise serotonin levels SSRI's (Prozac, Zoloft) Tricyclic (older)
survival
Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: It releases a surge of pleasure that encourages repetition of behaviors intended primarily for
Who introduced "tobacco smoking for recreation"?
Sir Walter Raleigh
Buprenorphine and naloxone
Suboxone is a combination of
Efavirenz
Sustiva; HIV Medication
High
The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: Craving for the ________
Crash
The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: The desire to avoid the _________
Depression is a major reason some people become compulsive shoppers. True False
True
Naloxone
_____________ is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose
Cocaine epidemics
_________________ occur in cycles every few generations
Hyperalgesia
__________________ is a temporary increase in the sensitivity to painful stimuli that is experienced during the long-term use of opiates/ opioids used to treat pain.
Habituation
a definite pattern of use
Which is a method of using inhalants? A. "balloon and cracker" B. "crunching" C. "aerosoling" D. "lunging"
a. "balloon and cracker"
The group least likely to have an alcohol problem is A. African Americans. B. Hispanics. C. Caucasians of European descent. D. Caucasians of Baltic descent.
a. African Americans.
Which is NOT a screen or diagnostic tool for alcohol or other drug addiction? A. DATOS B. MAST C. CAGE D. DSM-IV-TR
a. DATOS
Which of the following is considered a "date rape" drug? A. Rohypnol® B. alcohol C. Viagra® D. heroin
a. Rohypnol®
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding multiple diagnoses? A. Triple diagnosis refers to a substance use disorder, any medical problem and a psychiatric diagnosis. B. Multiple diagnoses include medical as well as psychiatric diagnoses. C. Polydrug abuse is a multiple diagnosis. D. There is an epidemic growth of hepatitis C and other severe liver diseases in chemically dependent patients.
a. Triple diagnosis refers to a substance use disorder, any medical problem and a psychiatric diagnosis.
Which is NOT a true statement about steroids? A. Many young people use AASs strictly to enhance personal appearance. B. Long-term steroid use by men causes excessive masculinizing effects. C. Heavy use of steroids can cause psychotic episodes. D. There are distinct withdrawal symptoms from heavy steroid use.
b. Long-term steroid use by men causes excessive masculinizing effects.
which of the following is a personality disorder
borderline
which of the following are examples of be comprehensive addiction treatment systems best suited or treating people with duel diagnosis
both substance use disorder and mental illness must be treated simultaneously use of out diagnosis in the initial assessment of someone with dual diagnosis recognition that both disorders are chronic and persistent requiring both short-term at long-range treatment strategies and treat both in a single program with appropriate resources and every door is the right doors strategy
which group of people treated for ADHD are much less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol when later in life
boys under 18
What percent of individuals who have any mental disorder also have a co- occurring substance use disorder? A. 10% B. 25% C. 33% D. 50%
c. 33%
Concerning Internet addiction, which of the following is NOT true? A. Some individuals experience a stimulant- like rush when online. B. Some Internet users log onto sex sites compulsively. C. Almost all Internet addiction is about sex sites on the Net; games and chat rooms are not that attractive to the Internet addict. D. Problems begin when the online relationships draw the Net surfer from his or her real-life relationships.
c. Almost all Internet addiction is about sex sites on the Net; games and chat rooms are not that attractive to the Internet addict.
Which statement is true? A. Substance-related disorders are classified in the DSM-IV-TR as personality disorders. B. Substance use disorders are divided into substance abuse, substance use, and substance abstinence. C. The word "addiction" is not used in DSM- IV-TR. D. Substance-induced disorders include conditions that are treated by use of the specific substances abused.
c. The word "addiction" is not used in DSM-IV-TR.
Which of the following would describe a wife who encourages her husband to continue his addiction so she can maintain control over the relationship? A. ACoA B. enabling C. codependency D. dual diagnosis
c. codependency
Which of the following is a popular nutritional supplement used by many athletes? A. cremoline B. poppy seed paste C. creatine D. vitamin D
c. creatine
The most common mind disorder in the United States is A. schizophrenia B. depression C. drug addiction D. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
c. drug addiction
Which of the following is NOT a component of the public health model? A. environment B. agent C. guest D. host
c. guest
Which is NOT one of the three main types of drugs used by athletes? A. therapeutic drugs B. performance-enhancing drugs C. hypertensive medications D. street drugs
c. hypertensive medications
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of marijuana withdrawal? A. craving B. anger and irritability C. inability to concentrate D. seizures
d. seizures
Physical effects of large doses of downers
dangerously repressed respiration, coma, over-dose
Inhalants
deliriants
4 phases of recovery
detoxification, initial abstinence, long-term abstinence, and continuous recovery
Which neurotransmitter regulates mood, emotional behavior, motor control, and orgasms?
dopamine
Partial agonists
drugs that only partly mimic the effects of NTs
Physical effects of compulsive behaviors
effect the reward pathway, causing compulsions
bromo-dragonFLY
effects can last anywhere from 6 hours to 4 days due to inconsistencies in production
Leonotis Leonurus
effects have been likened to marijuana
Mental/Emotional effects of antidepressants
elevates mood by manipulating serotonin
Old brain controls ______
emotions
2 types of endogenous opioids
endorphins and enkephalins
bipolar disorder is characterized by alternation between periods of mild and deep depression
false
dual diagnosis is a clinical diagnosis that is used when a person is addicted to more than one drug
false
substance-induced disorders are conditions that precede the use of alcohol or other drugs
false
true or false: chewing Khat produces an immediate and intense high
false: it takes time and its a low high
true or false: tolerance is not a sign of physical dependence
false: tolerance is both a physical and psychological dependence
Pathological (compulsive) gamblers are obsessed with which of the following?
figuring out ways to stay in action & gambling
GABA
gamma (γ) - Aminobutyric acid An inhibitory amino, though acts like a neurotransmitter. Alcohol enhances GABA's neurotransmission, which turns off one's emotional inhibitions, and eventually slows down all brain processes.
effects of salvia divinorum
hallucinations, delirium, out-of-body sensations, inability to communicate or physically function
The three main prevention methods used are
harm reduction, supply reduction, and demand reduction
Which disorder is similar to compulsive shopping?
hoarding
Mental/Emotional effects of inhalants
impulsive behavior, excitement, mental confusion, irritability, delirium, hallucinations
which of the following statements is true regarding bipolar affective disorder formerly called manic depression
it is characterized by alternating periods of depression normalcy and Mania
Most interventions consist of
love, a facilitator, and intervention statements
cannabinoids
marijuana
ganja
middle potency
A nerve cell produces ________ neurotransmitter(s), a nerve cell can have receptors for ________ neurotransmitter(s).
only 1; multiple
short term physical effects of marijuana
physical relaxation or sedation, pain control, bloodshot eyes, coughing, increased appetite, loss in muscular coordination, impaired tracking ability, decreased nausea
active ingredients of psychedelic mushrooms
psilocybin and psilocin
Environmental triggers
relationship conflicts, social pressures, lack of support systems, negative life events
Type A alcoholic
similar to Type 1 Type A alcoholism is later onset than Type B, less family history than Type B, and less severe dependence than Type B. Type A/B defined by Dr. T. F. Babor/Univ. of CN 1992
Type B alcoholic
similar to Type II Type B alcoholism is earlier onset than Type A, more co-occuring mental disorders (impulsive behavior, conduct problems, etc.), and more severe dependence than Type A. Type A/B defined by Dr. T. F. Babor/Univ. of CN 1992
Physical effects of small doses of downers
slowed heart-rate, slowed breathing, lower blood pressure, relaxed muscles, decreases coordination, induced sleep, dulled senses, diminished pain, controlled diarrhea
cannabis ruderalis
small amounts of THC
Cigarettes were distributed free to _________.
soldiers during WWII and the Korean War
Physical effects of anticholinergic psychedelics
speed up heart, cause thirst, raised body temperature, hallucinations, separation from reality, 48 hour deep sleep
Mental/Emotional effects of small doses of downers
stimulant like effects; lowered inhibitions
Mental/Emotional effects of steroids
stimulant-like high, increased confidence, increased aggression, roid rage
Uppers
stimulants such as amphetamines that affect the CNS to excite the user
Tribes in South America chewed the coca leaf for ________, ________, and to _________.
stimulation, nutrition, control their appetite
charas
strongest potency
Epigenetics
studies changes in genes
rolling
term for use of ecstasy
Bioavailability
the degree to which a drug is available to the target
Which of the following statements are true about drug courts?
the drugs enhance nitric oxide levels, which support the functioning of erectile tissue
The sensation of a big win for a gambler is the equivalent of
the first intense rush from cocaine
Acetylcholine
the first neurotransmitter discovered
Compulsive shoppers have described the relief from depression and the subsequent high from buying in terms similar to those describing
the high derived from cocaine
the further cocaine gets from its original production source
the less pure it is
First messenger system
the neurotransmitter directly affects the electrical transmission in the receiving neuron
The goals of harm reduction include which of the following?
the reduction of the harm that addicts cause for society through their use of drugs
Dopamine
the reward chemical; crucial to addiction
According to the textbook, the "lag phase" refers to which of the following statements?
the time between initial use of alcohol or other drugs and the development of severe consequences due to the use or abuse of the substance
the high occurrence of ADHD among adolescents in treatment for substance abuse disorders is in part attributed to what
their use of drugs to self-medicate ADHD symptoms
Alcohol or other drugs are involved in 70% of teen suicides.
true
College students have a higher rate of problem/pathological gambling than the general population.
true
Embalming fluid (formaldehyde), used to preserve dead bodies for funerals and burial, can also be used to create a PCP-like high.
true
Excess hair and decreased breast size are found in female steroid users.
true
In the United States, Black Americans with drug problems have a higher rate of incarceration and are likely to receive treatment through the criminal justice system, whereas Whites are more likely to receive probation and treatment from medical and social service programs
true
Inhalant effects resemble those of alcohol and sedative intoxication.
true
Nitrous oxide use can cause hallucinations. True False
true
One reason why abusing pressurized inhalants is dangerous is because inhaling them directly from their containers can freeze lung tissue.
true
People compulsively overeat in response to feelings and emotions, not hunger.
true
Problems handling money in a responsible manner is one of the hallmarks of almost any addict.
true
Regular survey data collection and analysis of alcohol and other drug use provide a benchmark to measure the effectiveness of prevention efforts and policies.
true
Tests for the use of drugs can be conducted using a person's urine, blood, hair, saliva, or sweat.
true
The effects that alcohol and other drugs have on a person's sexuality (drive and experience) are caused by the drugs' disruption of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
true
retrograde amnesia
users forget events that occurred before ingesting the drug
what best describes one of the health benefits of quitting smoking
within just 20 mins of quitting, blood pressure, pulse rate, and temp of hands and feet drop to normal
With regard to love, sex, and drugs, drugs are desirable to a wide range of ages and cultures, particularly when which of the following are present? #1. shyness #2. lack of confidence #3. physical changes that diminish sexual abilities #4. physical changes that diminish sexual desire
1 & 2
Drugs affect sexuality by disrupting which of the following neurotransmitters? #1. serotonin #2. dopamine #3. histamine #4. norepinephrine
1, 2 & 4
Therapeutic Communites
1-3 year self contained residential programs that provide full rehabilitative and social services
Tolerance - 4 types
1. Dispositional/metabolic tolerance 2. Pharmacodynamic tolerance 3. Behaviorial tolerance 4. Acute tolerance
FAS - 4 factors - 1 of 2
1. Prenatal alcohol exposure: determined by blood tests, medical records, treatment history, etc. 2. Retarded growth before/after birth, including height, weight, head circumference, brain size, etc.
Elderly
1. Self-correction or spontaneous remission occurs 2. Liver function declines with age; the aging process decreases tolerance and slows down metabolism 3. Medications often require temperance 4. Alcohol too expensive for fixed incomes
5 Routes of administration (from fastest to slowest):
1. inhalation (5-10 seconds) 2. injection (15-30 seconds) (intramuscular and skin 3 to 5 minutes) 3. snorting (3-5 minutes) 4. oral (20-30 minutes) 5. contact absorption (1-2 days)
The first temperance movement in the United States started around
1785
Snorting (insufflation) takes how long?
3 to 5 minutes
how long will the high from SMOKING a typical does of CRACK cocaine
5 to 20 mins
Governments in general collect _______x more on tobacco taxes than they spend on prevention
500
% of internet users with compulsive use problem
6%
% of inhalent abusers who meet criteria for mood, anxiety or personality disorders
70%
% of elderly who take at least 1 drug per day
83%
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter affected by alcohol by initially elevating mood when released. But, excessive alcohol use over time depletes serotonin, causing depression.
True
A person's level of emotional and physical stress can increase the ability of psychoactive drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier.
The potency of drugs today is due to technological advances in refining, synthesizing, and manufacturing methods. A. true B. false
ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7
The ruling classes, governments, industry, and criminal organizations have controlled the trade of psychoactive drugs. A. true B. false
ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7
In 1937 marijuana became illegal in the United States largely because #1. the chief federal drug regulator wanted a new mission and purpose after alcohol Prohibition was repealed, and he chose marijuana #2. smoking of marijuana by Mexican migrant workers became demonized because the workers were perceived as a social and economic threat #3. scientific researchers found marijuana to be the most addictive and dangerous drug in the United States #4. marijuana was being heavily used by the elderly throughout the United States A. reasons 1 and 2 only B. reasons 2 and 3 only C. reasons 1, 2, and 3 only D. reasons 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANSWER: A. reasons 1 and 2 only. Pgs. 1.25-1.26
Which of the following statements are true about plants and plant byproducts that produce psychedelic effects? #1. Plants with psychedelic properties have been used in religious, magical, and social ceremonies throughout history. #2. There is a type of mold that can infect rye plants and produce an LSD-like experience. #3. The use of psychedelic mushrooms is a relatively new practice first documented in the mid-1900s. #4. Certain types of cactus produce psychedelic experiences when eaten. A. statements 1 and 3 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only D. statements 2, 3, and 4 only
ANSWER: C. Pgs. 1.11, 1.12, 1.13,
Psychiatric medications, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anti-anxiety drugs, are prescribed to A. slow the central nervous system B. speed up the central nervous system C. rebalance irregular brain chemistry D. create hallucinations
ANSWER: C. rebalance irregular brain chemistry. Page 1.4
Which of the following statements are true regarding technology, gaming, and gambling? #1. Rapid-play poker machines have increased the number of problem and pathological gamblers. #2. Online gambling has resulted in an increased number of problem and pathological gamblers. #3. There is no evidence that technology has led to an increase in the number of people with gambling or gaming addictions. #4. Electronic media is a breeding ground for new addictions, such as Internet, video games, texting, and multiplayer games. A. statements 1 and 2 only B. statements 2 and 3 only C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only D. statements 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANSWER: C. statements 1, 2, and 4 only. Pages 1.7, 1.8, 1.31, 1.42
False
Active transport occurs when fat-soluble drugs pass from an area where there is a high concentration of a drug to an area of lower concentration
True
Addictive substances affect how neurons can down-regulate their brain receptors
Depressants
Alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics are the three major classes of
Steady endogenous symptomatic drinkers
Alcoholism is secondary to a major psychiatric disorder One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)
_____________ and ____________ fueled the "summer of love" in 1967.
Amphetamine and methamphetamine
Met-enkephalin
An endogenous opoid neurotransmitter which reduces pain.
Endorphins & Anandamides
Anandamide occurs naturally in brain and in some foods, like chocolate (ānanda in Sanskrit means, "joy, bliss"). Endorphins are the body's "natural morphine."
Which statement about compulsive behaviors is true? A. Compulsive behaviors are triggered by stress, not genetic predisposition as in drug addiction. B. The reasons for compulsive behaviors are identical to those for compulsive drug use. C. Behavioral addictions are easier to overcome than drug addictions. D. Childhood abuse has no impact on behavioral addictions, unlike drug addictions.
B.
True
Because the blood-brain barrier is not formed until a child is one to two years of age, any psychoactive substance used byba pregnant woman can be particularly harmful to a developing fetus.
Two major parts of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
A psychoactive drug can be called it's
Chemical name,trade name, or street name
One of the earliest attempts of temperance occurred in _________
China around 2200 BC
What caused the Opium Wars?
China banned the use and import of opium due to increases of crime, corruption, and addiction. The British fought for their right to sell opium to Chinese traders.
_____ became a favorite alternative to alcohol.
Coffee
Whites and blacks
Compared with whites, studies show severe drinking-related disparity due to blacks having less access to healthcare facilities, insurance, prevention programs, and treatment.
Behavioral Addictions
Compulsive gambling, eating disorders, and compulsive Internet use
Tissue dependence
Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As ________________ on a depressant drug develops, the user also develops dependence on other drugs in the same chemical family
Dependence
Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tissue dependence on a drug develops, the user can also develop ________ on other drugs in a different chemical family
Negative drug reinforcement
Continued smoking to avoid the negative effects of nicotine withdrawal is known as
Inhaling alcohol can cause A. a mild high B. vomiting C. headaches D. all of the above
D.
Which statement is true about cell phone use? A. Nomophobia is the fear of being without ones cell phone. B.Texting while driving is considered six times more dangerous than driving drunk. C. Some people measure their self-esteem by the activity of their cell phone. D. All of the above.
D.
Coma
Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -after the cocaine wears off due to rebound depressant effects on the central nervous system, which slows breathing and heart rate and may cause _________
Stimulatory
Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -during the ____________ phase due to its effects on the central nervous system, heart, and circulatory system
Downers
Depressants, such as barbiturate, that depress the central nervous system
What are "prodrugs"?
Drugs such as Valium are transformed by the liver and the metabolites become even more active as a result
Schedule IV Drugs:
Drugs that have even less abuse potential.
The U.S. _________________ allowed the FDA to regulate the manufacturing, distribution, and marketing of tobacco to protect the public health and keep it away from children.
Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009
in 1804 _______ discovered a way to refine morphine from opium.
Friedrich W. Serturner
Contaminated needles spread which disease(s)?
HIV/AIDS, hepatitis & chlamydia
Which Statement is true regarding IV drug use?
IV drug use is the most dangerous method because it bypasses the body's natural defenses.
Primary/true alcoholics
Immediate liking for alcohol and rapid development of an uncontrollable need One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)
antihistamines muscle relaxants benzodiazepines
In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include: • Over the counter and look alike downers, including ________________ • Skeletal __________________ • Sedative-hypnotics, including ______________
The other psychoactive drug groups can be defined by their purpose; these are
Inhalants, anabolic steroids and other sports drugs, and psychiatric medications
Cross-tolerance
Is when a person develops tolerance to other, similar drugs in the same category
The Internet has an addiction potential because
It can be used to escape feeling & its always available
Aggression and violence
Methamphetamine can increase __________ and ___________
Mixed-drinking cultures - 1 of 2
Mixed-drinking cultures have a higher incidence of violence against women than do dry and wet drinking cultures. Mixed-drinking cultures exhibit combinations of both wet and dry cultures.
Why is it easy for drugs to infiltrate the blood brain barrier?
Most drugs are fat-soluble, and the brain is fatty so it readily absorbs fat-soluble things.
Prescription opioids
Most heroin abusers began by abusing ________________, specifically
Reduce alcoholic cravings
Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To break the addiction to alcohol and
Prevent relapse
Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To break the cycle of addiction to opioids and
Reduce cravings for cocaine
Naltrexone is prescribed for the following uses: • To break the cycle of cocaine addiction and
Significant clinical improvement
Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000 more than 50% showed no _______________________ over older and cheaper drugs already in use
Breast cancer & heavy drinking
One drink per day increases breast cancer risk by 50% Even briefest use (-? "briefest" not defined) can increase risk by 25%
Four categories of downers
Opiates and opioids; sedative-hypnotics; alcohol; others
Substance P
Opioids act like endorphins and opioids can block
________ and ______ are the two all arounders that have dominant physical effects
PCP; ketamine
Marketing strategies
Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • Aggressive __________________________
Which of the following statements are true about the age group(s) that should be targeted for prevention of substance abuse and addictive behaviors?
Psychoactive drugs and addictive behaviors affect peoples lives from conception to birth & prevention programs should be available for every stage of a persons life
Until the ___________________, the manufacturers of the patent medicines were not required to list any ingredients or back up any claims.
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Fidgeting
Regarding ADHD: For children with ADHD, excessive __________ helps them focus on the task at hand
Dopamine and serotonin
Regarding ADHD: Stimulant drugs taken for ADHD reduce symptoms by increasing the release of _________ and _____________
Stimulants
Regarding ADHD: The use of _____________ in small doses helps focus attention and reduces hyperactivity
Sexual activity
Regarding sexual activity for someone under the influence of methamphetamine, the rush from methamphetamine can become a substitute for
Dopamine
Release of dopamine gives a surge of pleasure in the brain's "reward pathway," similar to norepinephrine release
Vicodin
Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Hydrocodone
OxyContin
Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone
Percodan, Percocet
Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone
in 1520, ______ opium became popular because it delivered greater amounts of opium into the brain, intensifying effects.
Smoking
Crack cocaine
Smoking ___________ produces the most intense immediate high
Amphetamine congeners
Stimulant drugs chemically dissimilar but pharmacologically related to amphetamines, producing many of the same effects but not strong are called
Schedule II Drugs:
Substances with a high abuse potential even though they have medical uses.
Schedule III Drugs:
Substances with less abuse potential.
Schedule V Drugs:
Substances with very low abuse potential because of very limited quantities.
True
Synapses are able to change strength and function when a pathway is stressed, overused, or underused, such as by the intake of psychoactive substances.
10% to 70% 10% to 70%
The DEA estimates heroin purity at ___________. Therefore, the purity of heroin at the retail level varies from ______________.
______________ was founded in 1999 to promote, coordinate, and monitor doping in sport in all of its forms.
The World Anti-Doping Agency
What is a psychoactive drug
The author define a psychoactive drug as any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system. This also includes compulsive behaviors such as gambling and electronic games.
Down regulation of a brain cells receptors occur when a person uses drugs and
The cells retract receptor sites to slow down message transmission because there are too many neurotransmitters
Chemistry
The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: Altered brain _______________
Hereditary
The compulsion to use cocaine is due to: _____________ predisposition
True
The compulsive gambler's addiction pathway in the brain becomes hijacked similar to ways the brain becomes rewired from alcohol and other drug addictions.
Mexican gangs Drug cartels
The illicit manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine in the United States today is due to the involvement of ______________ and _______________
Life span
The life span of the chronic heavy drinker is shortened by 15 years.
False
The more rapidly a psychoactive drug reaches its CNS target, the less reward and the lower the reinforcing effect.
Dopamine
The most crucial neurotransmitter involved in behavioral addictions, drug use, and drug abuse
Compulsion
The progression from abuse to addiction is most influenced by_______
Combination Magnifies
The synergistic effect of drugs refers to, the ___________ of two or more depressant drugs, which __________ their effect on the CNS
No limit
Therefore, there is almost ________ to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop
Which statement best describes addictive behaviors?
They alter brain chemistry in similar ways that psychoactive drugs do
______ was used as a medicine for a wide variety of ailments including headache, toothache, snakebite, skin diseases, and stomach and heart pains.
Tobacco
Just a few days
Tolerance to opiates/ opioids develops rapidly, with users being able to tolerate great amounts within
False
Tolerance to the mental effects of drugs always develops at the same rate as tolerance to the drugs physical effects
A fetus is exposed to all of the psychoactive drugs the pregnant mother uses. True False
True
Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disturbances seen in medical offices. True False
True
Coerced treatment is just as effective if not more effective in promoting positive outcomes as voluntary treatment. True False
True
Compulsive gambling can be as problematic as any drug-based addiction. True False
True
Hashish is a potent form of marijuana made from the sticky resins of the Cannabisplant. True False
True
MDMA use can cause body temperature to rise to a point that the extreme heat can coagulate the blood. True False
True
More than 75% of IV drug users test positive for hepatitis B. True False
True
One serious effect of MDMA use is the depletion of serotonin. True False
True
People use drugs not only to enhance their sexuality but also to shield themselves from their sexuality and even from any emotional involvement. True False
True
Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behavioral patterns that lead to substantial distress or functional impairment. True False
True
Psychotic symptoms induced by chronic stimulant abuse can last up to 5 years after cessation of use. True False
True
The best treatment for someone on a bad trip from all arounders is to talk him or her down in a calm manner. True False
True
The liability for physical dependence and addiction to inhalants is less than for other depressants. True False
True
The main difference between impulse control disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorders is whether the behavior is used primarily to reduce anxiety without deriving pleasure from the activity or whether the behavior initially starts out as pleasurable. True False
True
The major danger in "'shroom" harvesting is mistaking poisonous mushrooms for those containing psilocybin. True False
True
Drug can be classified by their effect:
Uppers(stimulants),downers(depressants),and all arounders(psychedelics).
Effects of downers are amplified by _________.
Use of other downers at the same time
CAT scans
Use x-rays to show structural changes in brain tissues due to drugs
Allostatis
When the human body is continually challenged by the use of drugs that alter the body's natural balance, a "new normal" is created
respiratory depression, overdose, and death
Why is it dangerous to combine and opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzos? Because the combination of depressants increases the potential for _________, ___________, and _____________
Muscular pain
Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Bone, joint, and ____________
What is the sinsemilla growing technique?
a way of growing marijuana that increased the concentration of THC
Which of the following are the most effective HIV disease prevention strategies? #1. drug-abuse treatment on demand #2. education on the risks of high-risk sexual activity and AIDS #3. needle-exchange programs that are tied to treatment #4. red ribbon campaigns
all of the above
Physical effects of PCP and ketamine
anesthetic
Which is not a brain imaging technique? A. SPECT B. PET C. MRI D. SAT
d. SA T
The DRD2A1 allele gene has its greatest effect on which neurotransmitter system?
dopamine
which of the following statements are true regarding mental illness
environmental influenced such as extreme stress can unbalanced neurochemistry and increase a person's susceptibility to mental illness drugs can trigger a mental illness when the user is predisposed to depression or schizophrenia physical and sexual abuse in childhood is common among women who have a borderline personality disorder BPD
effects of dextromethorphan
euphoria, mind/body separation, visual hallucinations, dilate pupils, decrease orgasm, upset stomach, rashes, fever, tachycardia
drugs work by influencing
existing neurotransmitters, existing neurological pathways and receptor sites in the central nervous system
Mental/Emotional effects of prolonged use of strong stimulants
extreme anxiety, paranoia, anhedonia, mental confusion, induced psychosis
Peer group therapy
facilitator is there to mitigate conflicts or clarify questions but does not facilitate conversation or lead the process
Impulse Control disorder
failure to resist an impulse that was once pleasurable but has become harmful to the individual. Includes many behavioral addictions. Different from OCD
The phrase "demand reduction" seeks to decrease drug abuse by reducing the availability of drugs.
false
Residential/inpatient treatment
from 1-28 days long; medically monitored or medically managed. clients housed in facility for duration of treatment
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
function as stimulants; epinephrine (energy) norepinephrine (confidence)
CBD
has very small psychoactive effects and was created to proved the medical benefits of pot without the high
Model child
high achievers and are overly responsible, become the chief enablers of addicted parents by taking over parental roles and responsibilities
the neurotransmitter most often involved in the use of strong stimulants is dopamine which triggers feelings of
hunger satisfaction/satiety
Excitatory neurotransmitters _______ cell firings
increase
Sequence of fastest to slowest routes of drug administration
inhaling (smoke), injecting (intravenous), mucous membrane absorption (nasal passage), oral ingestion
LSD
is a semisynthetic form of ergot
which of the following statements are true regarding bipolar disorder
it is the same as manic depression a person with this disorder Cycles through periods of mania depression and normalcy during that people become excessively involved in high-risk pleasurable activities such as drug abuse and gambling
Which is a primary reason for sexual addictions?
low self-worth
bhang
lowest potency
of all the stimulants the strongest physical and mental dependency develops from
nicotine in tobacco
4 Types of withdrawal
non-purposive withdrawal purposive withdrawal protracted withdrawal (environment triggers) post-acute withdrawals (PAWS)
When drugs are used, the _______________(or go switch) becomes stimulated, hijacking its functions.
nucleus accumbens
which of the following is an anxiety disorder
obsessive compulsive
serotonin on psychedelics
often forced to dump reserves of serotonin, causing down regulation
Drugs affect NEW or OLD part of brain
old
The other psychoactive drug appearing early in history
opium
Endogenous Opioids means
originating in the body
Exogenous Opioids examples
outside the body; heroin, morphine, etc
Diathesis-stress theory of addiction
predisposition to addiction... result of genes and environmental influences... when a person becomes stressed or challenged by the use of drugs, neurochemistry and brain function are changed to a point where return to normal use is very difficult
drugs use in the gay community is related to
prejudice, homophobia, and fear of coming out or/and being oneself.
cannabis indica
rarely harvested for fiber, main source of hashish, strong smell
What does the old brain do?
regulates physiological functions, basic emotions, cravings, imprints survival memories, orchestrates euphoric recall that become addiction memories
braid Imaging research has found that Brandon. Beliefs and people with gambling disorder are almost identical to those found in__
substance use disorders s u d s
what is true about sexual activity for someone under the influence of meth
the rush from meth can become a substitute for sexual activity meth increases sexual desire meth lowers inhibitions and increases sexual risk taking
when a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug what occurs
the user becomes exhausted emotional depression sets in
What does the somatic part do?
transmits sensory information from the environment and then sends instructions back to the CNS back to skeletal muscles
Addiction is an equal-opportunity destroyer.
true
to assess mental illness in a substance abuser treatment professionals should use a rule out diagnosis of multiple possible disorders and focus on a single diagnosis from the outset
true
triple diagnosis is defined as dually diagnosed patients with an HIV infection
true
sinsemilla growing technique
way of growing marijuana that increases potency
Treatment saves how much money per dollar spent?
$4-20
Contact absorption takes how long?
1 to 2 days
in _____ the first prohibition law was passed in the United States
1830
Marijuana smoking was not common in the United States until
1910
Which of the following factors have contributed to the spread of HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C? #1. sharing of contaminated needles #2. drug-induced high-risk sexual practices #3. poor hygiene among restaurant workers #4. consistent and regular use of condoms during sex A. factors 1 and 2 only B. factors 3 and 4 only C. factors 1, 2, and 3 only D. factors 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANSWER: A. factors 1 and 2 only PGS. 1.33
The good news is that Illegal methamphetamine superlabs rapidly diminishing in Mexico and the United States A. true B. false
ANSWER: B. False. Pgs. 1.31
_____________ is world's largest producer of opium.
Afghanistan
Gambling includes which of the following? #1. stock speculation such as day trading, commodities, and options #2. selling and trading derivatives and other speculative investment devices #3. state-run lotteries and keno games #4. sports betting
All of the above
False positives, not false negatives, constitute the bulk of urine-testing errors. True False
False
In assessing a client, a good clinician will make a specific psychiatric diagnosis right away so that psychiatric treatment can begin immediately. True False
False
Individual therapy is better for addicts and alcoholics than group therapy, but it is just too expensive and therefore is not used as much. True False
False
PCP or "angel dust" is one of the safer hallucinogenic substances since it is an anesthetic used by physicians and veterinarians. True False
False
Prohibition (the Volstead Act) was totally ineffective from all points of view. True False
False
Schizophrenia is an affective disorder. True False
False
Standard drug testing checks for LSD. True False
False
The danger of generalizing the concept of addiction obscures the distinctive characteristics of a specific addiction that need to be addressed in treatment. True False
False
The primary treatment of severe mental illness is group therapy, not psychopharmacology. True False
False
The use of drugs in sports by athletes is a relatively new phenomenon. True False
False
There is no evidence to suggest that there may be a genetic (hereditary) predisposition to pathological gambling. True False
False
Unless the addict or alcoholic comes to treatment voluntarily, then little can be done and treatment most likely simply will not work. True False
False
With the dually diagnosed patient, it is best to treat the SA first, then after a short period of sobriety begin mental health treatment. True False
False
Withdrawal from LSD is very dangerous due to its characteristic physical withdrawal symptoms. True False
False
Withdrawal from sedative-hypnotics is relatively easy and safe since these are prescription drugs. True False
False
true or false: meth and cocaine are the most widely used stimulant drugs in the world
False: the most used is caffeine and tobacco
LSD illegal
February 1 1966
__________ is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, Canada, Australia, Mexico, and South Africa.
Marijuana
Electrical Chemical Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
Regardless of their degree of strength, all stimulants affect the body by increasing the brains __________ activity, increasing the brains _________ activity, increasing _______________ activity, and increasing __________________ activity
Terminals
Relay the messages to the next cell
Axon
Sends the message to the terminal to be sent out
Major symptoms of PAWS
Sleep disturbances, memory problems, inability to think clearly, anxiety and hypersensitivity to stress, inappropriate emotional reactions and mood swings, and physical coordination difficulties
What is freebase?
Smokable cocaine
Virtually all cocaine is grown in _________.
South America
Stimulant use
Tachycardia, weight loss, blood vessel constriction, and elevated blood pressure are all physical reactions to
True
The CNS is comprised of the spinal cord and the brain
One third of the nations $15.5 billion drug control budget is aimed at demand reduction. True False
True
The chemical structure of psilocybin is similar to LSD. True False
True
Which of the following would NOT be an impulse control disorder? A. compulsive walking B. compulsive gambling C. compulsive eating D. compulsive shopping
a. compulsive walking
marijuana withdrawal symptoms
anger, anxiety, depression, aches, inability to concentrate, sweating, craving, sleep issues, decreased appetite, stomach pain
Which of the following statements is true about anorexia?
anorexics have a distorted perception of their bodys shape and size
Three most common psychiatric medication types
antidepressants, antipsychotics, antianxiety
anticholinergics
belladonna, datura
Anticholinergic psychedelics
belladonna, henbane, mandrake, datura
3 different strengths of marijuana
bhang, ganja, charas
Inverse Tolerance
body becomes more sensitive to drug effects as brain chemistry changes
Which of the following is NOT a general effect of all arounders? A. stimulating the sympathetic nervous system B. overloading the sensory pathways making the user acutely aware of all sensation C. intensifying one's ability to reason so that sensation takes on less importance D. causing the user to experience illusions, delusions, and sometimes hallucinations
c. intensifying one's ability to reason so that sensation takes on less importance
which of the following represent valid clinical diagnosis that can be associated with cannabis use
cannabis induced anxiety disorder cannabis induced psychotic disorder cannabis intoxication delirium
3 distinct marijuana species
cannabis sativa, cannabis indica, cannabis ruderalis
on which part of the body does long term use of stimulants have the most significant impact
cardiovascular system
How long does it take for the body to completely excrete a drug like cocaine? A. about 12 hours B. about a day C. about four days D. about a week
d. about a week
The California Alcohol and Drug Treatment Assessment (CALDATA) study said that A. 6-8 months is the optimum treatment duration B. crime goes down 74% among those in treatment C. each $1 spent on treatment saves $7 D. all of the above
d. all of the above
4 psychedelic hexing herbs from the Middle Ages
datura, henbane, belladonna, mandrake
4 parts of a nerve cell:
dendrites cell body axon terminal
Memories are stored in ____________
dendritic spines
Physical affects of frequent use of strong stimulants _______________________________________.
depletes the body's energy chemicals and exhausts the user
prolonged use of strong stimulants results in
depletion of the body energy resources cellular and organ damage paranoia
Craving overwhelms common sense and causes an addict to do which of the following?
do what feels good at the time, seek immediate gratification & do whatever will provide immediate relief from anxiety and pain
harm reduction
does not require absistence. tries to limit the harm addicts do to themselves and society
Agonists
drugs that mimic the effects of NTs
Behavior/Environmental model
emphasizes the overriding significance of environmental and developmental influences in leading a user to addiction.... environmental factors can change brain chemistry just like genetics
Intervention
employed to challenge denial by confronting an addict and helping them recognize their dependence on drugs
Example of how a drug can inhibit enzymes that metabolize or synthesize NTs
heroin inhibits the release of substance P
Which of the following have been identified as risk factors for substance abuse among veterans and military service members?
herpes
Hyperkatifeia
hypersensitivity to emotional distress
Mental/Emotional effects of large doses of strong stimulants
jitters, anxiety, anger, rapid speech, aggressiveness
LSD and other psychedelic drugs were experimented with as __________ and ______.
mind-control drugs and truth serums
Which is the most compulsive kind of gambler?
pathological gambler
which of the following is a thought or psychotic disorder
schizophrenia
heavy prolonged use of stimulants can induce what kind of psychosis
schizophrenic-like psychosis
3 main types of prevention strategies
supply reduction, demand reduction, harm reduction
When an electrical message arrives at the ______________, it releases ________________, which trigger another electrical signal in the adjoining cell
synaptic gap; neurotransmitters
For every $1 spent on an employee assistance program (EAP), the employer saves up to $16.
true
The inability to resist an impulse that is originally pleasurable but ends up becoming harmful is called an impulse-control disorder.
true
The legality of alcohol and tobacco, coupled with pervasive advertising of these substances, reduces the effectiveness and limits the credibility of many prevention programs.
true
The military has one of the most widespread drug-testing programs in the country.
true
The refinement of carbohydrates has resulted in the same types of effects on obesity that the refinement of cocaine has had on cocaine addiction.Binge-eating disorder is marked by rigid control over ones eating patterns.
true
The use of an addictive substance (such as alcohol and other drugs) at an early age changes vulnerable brain functions and increases a person's likelihood of developing an addiction.
true
When drug use is studied on a regional basis, the facts show that per-capita drug use in rural and small urban areas is equal to, and in some areas more than, that of large urban areas.
true
When used long-term or in large doses, a drug can cause a loss of sexual interest and inability to perform sexually.
true
a person without a pre-existing mental illness May develop a mental health problem due to long term or intense episodic substance abuse
true
amphetamine and cocaine intoxication can appear similar to the manic phase of bipolar disorder
true
borderline personality disorder is a pattern of unstable personal relationships and self-image and marked impulsively
true
drug use can aggravate mask or amplify an underlying risk of mental health problems
true
hallucinations that occur while under the influence of psychedelics including marijuana mimic the behaviors of thought disorders like schizophrenia
true
mental illness can be pre-existing or substance-induced
true
anterograde amnesia
users forget a bad trip after it happens
Lost child
withdrawn, spaced-out, disconnected from their emotions and the life around them, often avoid emotionally confronting issues, unable to form close friendships or intimate bonds with others
death as a result of cocaine use can occur
within 40 mins, or up to five to ten hours of use during the stimulation phase due to its effects on the central nervous system, heart, and circulatory system after the cocaine wears off
withdrawal of marijuana
takes weeks to months before effects are felt
Eyeballing
taking in straight vodka through the eye
A compulsive gambler can also be a problem or pathological gambler.
true
4 phases of gambling
1.) winning 2.) losing (includes chasing losses) 3.) desperation 4.) giving up
It takes ___________ for drugs to get to the BBB after hitting the bloodstream.
10-15 seconds
Injection takes how long? Intramuscular/skin?
15 to 30 seconds; 3 to 5 minutes
How many people in the world use marijuana?
180 million
in the United States approximately_____ percent of people in treatment or substance abuse disorders have post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD
20 to 25%
% of college women with eating disorder
20%
When drugs are taken orally, the effects are delayed for approx.
20- 30 mins
Oral consumption takes how long?
20-30 minutes
Which of the following are common mistakes made by alcohol and other drug prevention and education efforts on college campuses? #1. They often overlook and do not recognize the level of sophistication most college students have regarding most aspects of alcohol and other drugs. #2. They don't emphasize the risks or benefits of alcohol and other drugs. #3. Prevention messages often appear condescending to the average student. #4. They don't recognize the highly effective strategies like Red Ribbon Week.
3 & 4
how long will the high from SNORTING a typical dose of POWDER cocaine generally last
40 to 60 mins
Inhalation takes how long?
5 to 10 seconds
approximately __ percent of people in the United States with severe mental health problems are affected by substance abuse
50%
% of substance abusers who have co-occuring mental health disorder
50-70%
From our nation's early beginnings, the United States strictly regulated alcohol, opium, morphine, cannabis and other psychoactive medications. A. true B. false
ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.22
In the United States, the legal drinking age varies from state to state. A. true B. false
ANSWER: B. False. Pg. 1.24
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classifies drugs into five levels or schedules based on their potential medical benefits and their abuse/addiction potential. Schedule I includes drugs the DEA has classified as having high abuse/addiction potential and no accepted medical use. The DEA includes which of the following drugs in the Schedule I category? #1. marijuana #2. heroin #3. LSD #4. cocaine A. drugs 1 and 2 only B. drugs 3 and 4 only C. drugs 1, 2, and 3 only D. drugs 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANSWER: C. Pgs. 1.24
Which of the following statements most accurately represents the use of plant-based psychoactive substances? A. Plant-based psychoactive drugs are uncommon today and rarely used. B. Today marijuana is the only plant-based psychoactive substance that is still used. C. All plants that yield psychoactive substances are illegal today. D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal.
ANSWER: D. About 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and the vast majority are not illegal. Pgs. 1.8
Compulsive behaviors, including eating disorders, result in the development of which of the following? #1. withdrawal symptoms #2. psychological dependence #3. tolerance #4. neurological and medical problems A. results 1 and 2 only B. results 3 and 4 only C. results 1, 2, and 3 only D. results 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANSWER:D. results 1, 2, 3, and 4 #1. withdrawal symptoms #2. psychological dependence #3. tolerance #4. neurological and medical problems Pg. 1.5
Cyber-addiction and gaming addiction, including MMORPGs (massively multiplayer online role-playing games), are characterized by which of the following actions? #1. using the computer or video games for 40 hours or more per week #2. losing track of time while logged on #3. neglecting responsibilities #4.feeling irritable and anxious when offline
All of the above
Low serotonin levels (which cause depression) are associated with which of the following? #1. compulsive shoppers among women #2. the development of eating disorders among women #3. risk taking among men #4. violence among men
All of the above
Pathological gambling (like behavioral addictions in general) is characterized by which of the following? #1. repeated unsuccessful efforts to cut back or stop the behavior #2. inability to control the behavior #3. craving #4. jeopardizing or losing job, relationship, or educational or career opportunity
All of the above
Which of the following statements are true about prevention programs? #1. Prevention programs need to be tailored to specific age groups. #2. Prevention programs need to be tailored for ethnicity, culture, and gender. #3. A prevention program that has been researched and found to be effective for one particular cultural group can be readily applied to other cultural groups and yield similar results. #4. Prevention programs should span a lifetime.
All of the above
Downers
Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tolerance to a depressant drug develops, the user also develops tolerance to other ___________
Different
Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tolerance to a drug develops, the user can also develop tolerance to other drugs he actually uses from _____________ chemical families
false
Contact absorption through drug saturated patches applied to the skin allow errqcric amounts of drugs to be passively absorbed into the body over an indefinite period of time.
Morning
Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -occasionally the _____________ after use,
40 minutes to 5 hours
Death as a result of cocaine use is likely to occur: -within ________________ of use
Stammisch drinkers
Drinkers in whom alcoholism is precipitated by outside causes, often having started as "social drinkers" One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)
Effects Cocaethylene Violent tendencies
Drinking alcohol before using cocaine will prolong and intensify cocaine's ___________ and create ___________, which increases __________________________
Dry-drinking cultures - 2 of 2
Dry-drinking cultures are characterized by binge-style drinking, particularly by males on weekends. Countries include: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.
Dry-drinking cultures - 1 of 2
Dry-drinking cultures restrict the availability of alcohol, and tax it more heavily. Dry-drinking cultures consume 1.5 times more distilled spirits of wet cultures.
MDMA street names
E, Ecstasy, XTC, X, Adam, Molly
which of the following statements is true regarding eating disorders
Eating Disorders are often found in conjunction with major depression and PTSD
________ and ________ needs of a country often transformed the way a substance was used.
Economic, political
______________ is the measure of time it takes a drug to be inactivated or eliminated from the body.
Half-life
Which of the following diseases in not commonly spread by IV drug use?
Herpes
which of the following are common ideological differences between mental health MH and substance abuse essay treatment programs as noted in the textbook
MH uses case management shepherding clients from one service to another whereas ese programs traditionally emphasized self-reliance and personal responsibility MH treatment providers often believe control of the underlying psychiatric problem and the drug abuse will disappear sa treatment providers and Believe get the patient clean and sober and the mental health problems resolve themselves
_________________ is the body's mechanism for processing, using and inactivating a foreign substance.
Metabolism
Mixed-drinking cultures - 2 of 2
Mixed-drinking cultures include patterns such as binge drinking in social situations, several bottles of wine at dinner, etc. Countries include: Canada, England, Germany, Ireland, Wales, United States.
Poppy seedpod
Morphine and codeine alkaloids are found in the sap of the _________________
which of the following statements is true regarding post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD
PTSD is prevalent among combat veterans
PFAS
Partial fetal alcohol syndrome. Similar to FAS, but lacks the maximum growth deficiency or facial anomalies.
Intermittent endogenous symptomatic drinkers
Periodic "binge drinking," often with a psychiatric disorder One of four types of alcoholics, as defined in 1941 by Karl Bowman (psychiatrist) and E.M. Jellinek (biometrist)
Pinch
Prior to 2000 the increase in tobacco smoking was influenced by: • And the fact that one _________ of chewing tobacco delivers more nicotine than one cigarette
dopamine
Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: Is activated by _________
Sex Eat Drink (water as well as alcohol)
Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: It is largely responsible for drives to have _____, _____, and _____ (________________);
Detoxification Correction Therapy Recovery Community
The combination of all four of these factors is considered the most successful means of sustained recovery for addiction to opiates 1. Physical ___________ 2. Psychological ___________ 3. Medication/ replacement ___________ 4. Participation in a ___________ ___________
Amygdala
The emotional center of the brain that is activated when a person with an addiction sees a person, place or thing, that reminds them of their addiction.
ToughLove approach
The family learns to establish limits for the interaction with the addict, which sometimes includes kicking the addict out of the home and severing all contact until the addict accepts treatment
What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?
The federal government enacted a tax on liquor to help pay off federal debt and Pennsylvania farmers revolted for 3 years until President George Washington sent troops to stop it.
Blood pressure Heart rate
The first cigarette of the day affects a smoker as it increases ____________ and _____________
Addictive Synergistic
The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Ignorance of the _______ and ________ effects of sedative-hypnotics
Safer
The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Misperception that prescription medications are much _______ than street drugs
toxic effects
The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Selective tolerance to some effects of a sedative-hypnotic but not to its __________
hydrocodone and oxycodone
The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2. The availability of prescription opiates like _______________ and _________________
heroin
The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 3. The availability of __________
-traumatic stress
The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 4. Post______________
GBL Seroquel Placidyl
The following substances have been abused for their major effects as a sedative-hypnotic: • _______ (gamma butyllactone) • _______ (quetiapine) • _______ (Ethchlorvynol)
Blood Pressure Pulse Rate Temperature of Hands and Feet
The health benefits of quitting smoking include that within just 20 minutes of quitting, ___________, ___________, and ___________ drop to normal
4 to 6 hours
The high from amphetamine generally last
5 to 20 minutes
The high from smoking a typical dose of crack cocaine (1 rock) generally lasts
Dietary changes Nutritional supplements
The most common alternative therapies to prescription medications for treating ADHD are ________ and ________
False
The most rapid route of administering a drug to The brain is intravenously
DSM
The name of the primary evaluation document used in the U.S. to assess whether a person has a substance- related disorder
If a nervous system is impacted by enough psychoactive drugs, any individual may develop mental/emotional problems but it is the predisposed brain that is more likely to have prolonged or permanent difficulties. True False
True
In cases of sexual assault, the male user already has tendencies towards improper or aggressive behavior and the alcohol or other drug is the final trigger. True False
True
The most common drugs used by pregnant women are over-the-counter drugs and prescribed medications. True False
True
Treatment specifically targeted to different ethnic groups promotes continued abstinence better than general treatment programs True False
True
Wet-drinking cultures
Wet-drinking cultures sanction daily or almost daily use, and integrate social drinking into everyday life. Wet-drinking cultures consume 5 times more wine and beer as do dry cultures. Countries include: Austria, Belgium, France, Italy.
Exhausted Depression
When a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdrawals from the extra energy produced by the drug the user becomes _____________ and emotional ________________ sets in
Tachycardia
Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • High blood pressure, rapid pulse and ___________
Anxiety
Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Insomnia and _________
14 days or more
Withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone can persist for ______________ after detoxification
Stimulants
___________ are the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world
Downers
____________ depress the overall functioning of the central nervous system, causing sedation, muscle relaxation, drowsiness, and, if used to excess, coma
"Nociceptive"
__________________ means pain cause by external stimuli of pain receptors
Methcathinone
___________________ is known on the streets as "plant food", "M-KAT", and "meow"
trauma-focused care
a counseling approach that assumes that clients have suffered deep and significant trauma in their lives
Amphetamine was first marketed as __________.
a decongestant in an inhaler under the name Benzedrine
family systems approach
a drug or drinking problem is seen as an integral part of the functioning of all members of the family; major focus on daily routines, family rituals, and short term problem solving strategies
Second messenger system
a drug will mimic a neurotransmitter and cause biological and chemical changes (ex. heroin- the drug mimics enkephalins and slides into the opioid receptor site and also inhibits substance P so the person feels less pain BUT ALSO is like a first messenger system because it slots directly into substance P receptor sites to inhibit pain)
Hyperalgesia
a magnified reaction to pain caused when excess opioid use over-sensitizes nerve cells and ends up causing much more pain than expected as the drug leaves the body.
delusion
a mistaken idea or belief that is not swayed by reason or other contradictory evidence
illusion
a mistaken perception of an external stimulus
Allodynia:
a painful response to a normally innocuous stimuli
Denial
a refusal to acknowledge the negative impact that drug use has on one's life
hallucination
a sensory experience that does not come from external stimuli
Enablers
a strong tendency to avoid any confrontation of the addictive behavior and a subconscious effort to actively perpetuate the addiction; sometimes the result of misguided efforts to help the addict
Many humans can naturally create all of the sensations and feelings that drugs provide... example?
a terrifying experience forces the release of adrenaline like a cocaine rush
LSD first used as
a therapy for mental illnesses and alcoholism (and) a key to investigating thought processes
The term "sinsemilla" refers to A. a growing technique for increasing the THC content in marijuana. B. the processing of the marijuana leaves to make hemp. C. the Cannabis plants that produce no THC, only hemp fibers. D. none of the above.
a. a growing technique for increasing the THC content in marijuana
Of the homeless, how many have a mental illness? A. about 25% B. about 50% C. about 75% D. about 100%
a. about 25%
Which is a warning sign of organic solvent abuse? A. chemical odor on the body B. blurred vision C. acidosis D. intense hunger
a. chemical odor on the body
Which of the following is a supply reduction technique? A. limiting the supply of precursor chemicals by law B. treatment on demand C. teaching coping skills D. needle exchange program
a. limiting the supply of precursor chemicals by law
The main drug used for the treatment of bipolar disorder over the last 30 years has been A. lithium. B. Prozac®. C. Valium® D. MAO inhibitors.
a. lithium
Which of the following therapy techniques is most likely to be currently used in addictions treatment? A. motivational interviewing with stages of change B. art therapy C. psychoanalysis D. rational emotive therapy
a. motivational interviewing with stages of change
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of MDMA use?" A. shrinking of the stomach B. down regulation of serotonin receptors C. seizure activity D. bruxism (clenching of the teeth)
a. shrinking of the stomach
The crossover or mixing of the senses (e.g., one hears the color blue) is called A. synesthesia. B. paradox. C. metaphor. D. spin.
a. synesthesia
Which of the following is a prevention program that has been tried? A. temperance program B. medical intervention C. genetic correction program D. genetic testing program
a. temperance program
The most abused solvent inhalant is A. toluene. B. amyl nitrite. C. chlorine.. D. kerosene.
a. toluene
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of emotional developmental arrest? A. using language and intellect to express emotional states B. low frustration tolerance C. lying to avoid punishment D. "black and white" thinking
a. using language and intellect to express emotional states
Synaptic Plasticity
ability of the synapse to change in strength and function when the pathway is overused or underused due to constant stress or drug use
Desensitization Program
addict is exposed to progressively stronger environmental cues over 40-50 sessions in a controlled setting until there are no more responses to the cues
White-knuckling
addict stops taking the drug on their own and experience physical and mental withdrawal symptoms
Academic model
addiction occurs when the body adapts to the toxic effects of drugs at the biochemical and cellular levels, marked by tolerance, tissue dependence, withdrawal and psych. dependence
Overriding illness
addiction. lack of control over behavior
Peyote and MDMA are chemically related to..
adrenaline
Secondary prevention
aimed at casual or even habitual users in order to prevent escalation
Psychosocial Therapy
aims to break down residual denial and engage the client in a full recovery process
Type II alcoholic
aka "male-limited," similar to Type B alcoholic Type II alcoholism affects sons of male alcoholics, severe, genetic (only mildly influenced by environmental factors). Type I/II defined by Dr. C. Robert Cloninger of Sweden.
Type 1 alcoholic
aka "milieu-limited," similar to Type A alcoholic Type 1 alcoholism requires presence of both environmental & genetic predisposition, can be moderate or severe, takes years of drinking to trigger. Type 1/II defined by Dr. C. Robert Cloninger of Sweden.
the drug that continues to have the most wide-ranging impact on society
alcohol
Which of the following are important aspects to consider in conducting accurate drug testing? #1. the length of time since the person last took the drug #2. the type of drug test being conducted (e.g., urine, saliva, hair) #3. having a qualified person directly observe the collection of the sample (e.g., urine, saliva, hair) #4. following an established rigid chain of custody to ensure that the sample collected is accurately labeled, secured, stored, and tested
all of the above
GABA
amino acid; brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter
Any-door policy
an addict can receive treatment for multiple addictions or mental health issues no matter where they start
Which statement best describes bulimia nervosa?
an addiction to binge eating followed by weight control techniques like over-exercising
Drug Automatism
an aimless, unconscious, repetitive drug taking behavior... continually taking a substance without being fully aware of the action.... compulsive gambling, sedatives, opiates "zoning out"
"Shake and bake" method refers to:
an easy, at-home method of making methamphetamine
anandamide
an endocannabinoid that fits into the cannabinoid receptor sites
Generally, a gambler who is drawn to a slot machine is
an escape-seeking gambler
a person who has a pre-existing clearly defined mental illness before becoming involved with drug abuse could fit which one of the following assessment profiles
an individual who uses drugs to Salt Medicaid mental health symptoms
"k-hole"
an out-of-body near death encounter with depersonalization, hallucinations, delirium, bizarre mystical experiences
Affective Disorder
any mood or emotional disorder (depression, bipolar)
Psychoactive Drug
any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system
The PNS is broken up into 2 parts:
autonomic and somatic
Which of the following is a method of drug testing? A. GB/LB B. EMIT C. THC D. CTL
b. EMIT
Which of the following is NOT a true statement about marijuana? A. It is difficult to overdose with marijuana since there are few receptors for THC in the brainstem. B. High-concentration THC marijuana is new, not available in the 1960s. C. The receptor sites for THC and the neurotransmitter most like it were discovered in the early 1990s. D. THC is Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the most potent psychoactive substance of Cannabis
b. High-concentration THC marijuana is new, not available in the 1960s.
Which following statement is NOT true regarding dual diagnosis? A. Dual diagnosis is the co-occurrence of an interrelated mental disorder and a substance use disorder. B. If a person does not have a preexisting mental disorder yet presents to treatment with the symptoms of schizophrenia, it is likely that even with abstinence, the schizophrenic symptoms will remain and persist indefinitely. C. It is common for people who are abusing substances to present with symptoms of a personality disorder. D. It is important to distinguish between having symptoms of mental illness and actually having a major psychiatric disorder.
b. If a person does not have a preexisting mental disorder yet presents to treatment with the symptoms of schizophrenia, it is likely that even with abstinence, the schizophrenic symptoms will remain and persist indefinitely.
Which is NOT true of nitrous oxide (laughing gas)? A. When inhaled, it has a rapid onset and rapid dissolution of effects. B. It is classified as a controlled substance. C. To possess nitrous oxide with the intent to use for other than medical, dental or commercial purposes is a misdemeanor in most states. D. Long-term exposure can cause nerve cell damage due to lack of oxygen.
b. It is classified as a controlled substance.
Which of the following statement about peyote is NOT true. A. The active ingredient in peyote is mescaline. B. Mescaline is chemically related to THC. C. Peyote is used by the Native American Church of North America. D. Mescaline takes several hours to reach its peak, longer than LSD.
b. Mescaline is chemically related to THC.
Which statement is NOT true about schizophrenia? A. Schizophrenia usually strikes individuals in their late teens to early adulthood. B. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic illness that affects approximately 10% of the population. C. Schizophrenia is believed to be mostly inherited. D. Schizophrenia is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, an inappropriate affect, ambivalence, poor association, an impaired ability to care for oneself.
b. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic illness that affects approximately 10% of the population.
Which statement is most true regarding anorexics? A. They know how thin they are but want to get thinner. B. They don't know how thin they are and want to get thinner. C. Peer approval of their thin look will slow their weight loss. D. They are generally unruly as young children.
b. They don't know how thin they are and want to get thinner.
ARND stands for A. alcohol-related norepinephrine deficiency. B. alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. C. Alcohol-resistant neurotransmitter defect. D. alcohol retardation and nerve damage.
b. alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder.
Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder? A. agoraphobia B. borderline personality disorder C. PTSD D. obsessive-compulsive disorder
b. borderline personality disorder
Which of the following is NOT a resiliency factor for future drug abuse by adolescents? A. by age 12 have a strong sense of family participation and involvement B. by age 12 to not have been a member of a gang C. by age 12 to have a strong spiritual sense and community involvement D. by age 12 to have an attachment to a clean and sober adult role model
b. by age 12 to not have been a member of a gang
All antipsychotics used to treat schizophrenia reduce the effect of which neurotransmitter? A. serotonin B. dopamine C. norepinephrine D. GABA
b. dopamine
Which is a harm reduction technique? A. treatment B. drug decriminalization C. naltrexone D. "cold turkey"
b. drug decriminalization
The anticholinergic alkaloids found in belladonna and datura are all of the following EXCEPT A. atropine. B. histamine. C. hyoscyamine. D. scopolamine.
b. histamine
Which is NOT a treatment obstacle? A. lack of treatment resources, especially financial B. lack of neurobiological research on new medications C. program dropout by clients D. conflicting goals between the client and the program
b. lack of neurobiological research on new medications
Historically, there have been three methods to achieve prevention goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those methods? A. reduce the supply B. reduce the prison population C. reduce the demand D. reduce the harm
b. reduce the prison population
Which class of psychoactive drugs seems to enhance sexual performance initially? A. Viagra® B. stimulants C. opiates D. psychedelics
b. stimulants
To the compulsive gambler, "to chase" means A. to try and pick up women or men in casinos for recreational sex. B. to continue to gamble in order to recoup previous losses. C. to drink and gamble at the same time. D. none of the above.
b. to continue to gamble in order to recoup previous losses
Which of the following is NOT a primary or supporting goal of treatment? A. to promote motivation towards abstinence B. to make sure the individuals has "hit bottom" C. to create a drug-free lifestyle D. to address other psychiatric and emotional issues
b. to make sure the individuals has "hit bottom"
Which of the following is NOT a long- term effect of smoking marijuana? A. acute and chronic bronchitis B. tones down the natural tendencies of the user C. slows learning and disrupts concentration D. probably depresses the immune system
b. tones down the natural tendencies of the user.
Select Tolerance
body develops tolerance to mental and physical effects at different rates
Dispositional Tolerance
body speeds up the metabolism of the drug to eliminate it
cannabis sativa
both hemp and marijuana, produces 1 to 5 lbs of smokable leaves containing high concentrations of thc
Acute Tolerance
brain and the body begin to adapt almost instantly to the toxic effects of the drug
The recognition of ______________________ spurred the development of psychiatric medications.
brain chemical imbalances as the cause of almost all mental illnesses
Behavioral Tolerance
brain learns to compensate for the drug effects by using the parts of the brain that are not affected
Coca-Cola was originally used as a _____
brain tonic
Which of the following statements is NOT true about MDMA (ecstasy)? A. Tolerance to MDMA's mental effects develops rapidly. B. MDMA can be swallowed or snorted. C. MDMA is a recreational drug and has never been used therapeutically. D. MDMA is a Schedule I drug, therefore an illegal drug with no medical use.
c MDMA is a recreational drug and has never been used therapeutically.
Which of the following is usually NOT an environmental trigger? A. hypodermic needle B. money C. AA meeting D. old neighborhood
c. AA meeting
Which statement is NOT true for inhalants? A. Inhalants are cheap, readily available, and widespread. B. In law enforcement, inhalant abuse has a low status among drug abuse problems. C. Inhalants are slow acting. D. Inhalants have more direct effect on body tissues than most other psychoactive drugs.
c. Inhalants are slow acting
Which of the following statements is NOT true about formal interventions? A. Each intervention team member prepares a statement that he or she will make to the addicted person at the time of the intervention. B. An intervention should always start and end with an expression of love and genuine concern for the well-being of the addicted person. C. Once the actual intervention is over, the facilitator leaves the participants on their own to follow through with the addict's desires. D. Timing, location, and surprise are crucial components of the actual intervention.
c. Once the actual intervention is over, the facilitator needs to continue to process the intervention with the participants.
Which statement is true regarding pathological gamblers? A. Unlike drug addicts and alcoholics, when pathological gamblers quit gambling, they don't experience withdrawal symptoms. B. Most pathological gamblers do not experience other disorders like compulsive eating, compulsive spending, abusive drinking. C. The Gamblers Anonymous (GA) program parallels the 12-step process used by Alcoholics Anonymous. D. Fortunately, nationwide there are many treatment programs for pathological gambling.
c. The Gamblers Anonymous (GA) program parallels the 12-step process used by Alcoholics Anonymous.
The major challenge of prevention efforts today is to provide what? A. better curricula B. more programs for more individuals C. measurement of long-term effectiveness for the strategies involved D. a consensus about what drug abuse is and how to work with it
c. measurement of long-term effectiveness for the strategies involved
Which of the following in high doses does NOT cause psychedelic reactions? A. the spice nutmeg B. the cough suppressant dextromethorphan C. the common weed dandelion D. Salvia divinorum
c. the common weed dandelion
The primary goal of secondary prevention is A. to do interventions so individuals will enter treatment. B. to keep people from experimenting with drugs. C. to halt drug use once it has begun. D. all of the above.
c. to halt drug use once it has begun
endogenous craving
caused by depletion of brain neurotransmitters brought about by drug use
Drugs directly affect the __________
central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Almost half of all teenagers who are very sexually active have had which sexually transmitted disease, often without knowing it?
chlamydia
Which of the following statements are true about the harm reduction approach?
chlamydia
according to researchers a person who smokes cigarettes is 22 times more likely to use what drug
cocaine
Example of how a NT can block or force the release of NTs
cocaine forces the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine
Which of the following statements is true of college students who gamble?
college students have a higher rate of pathological gambling than general public
hashish
comes from sticky resin of cannabis plant
Fasciculus Retroflexus
communicates messages from the new brain to the old brain
The step between abuse and addiction involves _______________
compulsion
short term mental effects of marijuana
confusion, separation from environment, deja vu, drowsiness, aloof feeling, difficulty concentrating, exaggerates mood and personality
facilitated group therapy
consists of 6 or more clients who meet with one or more therapists on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis and facilitator leads discussions
What does the autonomic part do?
controls INVOLUNTARY functions; digestion, respiration (sympathetic and parasympathetic and enteric divisions)
Serotonin
controls mood stability; depression, anxiety, appetite, sleep
Substance P
conveys pain impulses
cocaine epidemics occur in
cycles every few generations
Which of the following is NOT true? A. Physicians have a difficult time identifying alcoholism or drug abuse in the elderly. B. Failure to prevent and then treat chemical abuse among the elderly leads to huge medical costs. C. Many manifestations of drug abuse in the elderly are attributed to other chronic illnesses. D. Addiction is a progressive illness for the young but not for the elderly.
d. Addiction is a progressive illness for the young but not for the elderly.
Which of the following is NOT true about depression and bipolar disorder? A. Almost 15% of Americans will experience a major depressive disorder in their lifetime; 8.6% in any 1 yr. period. B. Excessive alcohol use, stimulant withdrawal (cocaine or amphetamine), and the comedown or resolution phase of a psychedelic (LSD, ecstasy) result in a temporary drug-induced depression. C. If untreated, many bipolar patients have frequent suicide attempts. D. Bipolar affective disorder usually begins in a person's late life, after 40, and affects women more than men.
d. Bipolar affective disorder usually begins in a person's late life, after 40, and affects women more than men.
Concerning behavioral addictions, which of the following statements is false? A. The front line development of resources to address behavioral addictions has been the evolution of self-help and 12-step groups. B. It is thought that behavioral addictions involve the dopamine reward pathways in the brain just like drug addictions. C. There are few specialized treatment programs for most behavioral addictions like pathological gambling or sexual addictions. D. Fortunately, behavioral addictions do not require the same intensity of intervention and treatment as substance abuse disorders.
d. Fortunately behavioral addictions do not require the same intensity of intervention and treatment as substance abuse disorders
Which of the following is NOT a statement that applies to prevention? A. There is no quick fix. B. No single approach has been shown to work consistently. C. Any prevention campaign becomes progressively more difficult. D. Prevention done at the elementary school level has been shown to be effective throughout one's lifetime.
d. Prevention done at the elementary school level has been shown to be effective throughout one's lifetime.
Which of the following is a short-term effect of marijuana use? A. impairment of tracking ability B. distortion of a sense of time C. increased appetite D. all of the above
d. all of the above.
Which of the following drug types are NOT used to treat depression? A. SSRIs B. MAO inhibitors C. amphetamines D. benzodiazepines
d. benzodiazepines
What percent of individuals who present for alcohol and other drug treatment have a co-occurring mental disorder? A. between 4% and 10% B. between 10% and 24% C. between 24% and 44% D. between 44% and 64%
d. between 44% and 64%
Which of the following is NOT an eating disorder as defined by DSM-IV-TR? A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. binge-eating disorder D. compulsive eating disorder
d. compulsive eating disorder
Which of the following is usually NOT a target population for culturally specific treatment services? A. women B. LGBT C. African Americans D. diabetic drug abusers
d. diabetic drug abusers
Which is NOT a psychiatric disorder? A. somatoform disorders B. adjustment disorders C. pathological gambling D. eccentricity
d. eccentricity
Which idea is widely accepted in the mental health community? A. the client should be allowed to hit bottom B. using a recovering client to treat new clients C. using spiritual principals for recovery D. limited recovery is acceptable
d. limited recovery is acceptable
Which behavior is found in sexual compulsivity? A. self-mutilation B. anorexia C. major depression D. masturbation
d. masturbation
4 parts of intervention statement
declaration of love, specific examples of experiences related to user's addiction, statement of awareness that incidents have happened because of drug use, and reassurance of love
Three strategies to address the problems of abuse, addiction, and crime related to drugs.
demand reduction, supply reduction, and harm reduction
Demand reduction vs supply reduction
demand reduction: drug-abuse treatment and prevention supply reduction: interdiction, laws, incarceration; harder to get drugs
What is a major reason why some people become compulsive shoppers (develop oniomania)?
depression
LSD tolerance
develops rapidly
tolerance to marijuana
develops rapidly, can also inverse
Most Islamic religions (encourage OR discourage) alcohol use.
discourage
Kinds of Tolerance:
dispositional pharmacodynamic behavioral reverse acute select inverse cross-tolerance
Inhalant abuse is a very modern form of drug abuse since it started only with the invention of aerosol cans. True False
false
Mephedrone is a popular club drug, especially in Europe. This drug's effects are most similar to those of marijuana.
false
Physicians easily and readily identify alcoholism and drug abuse in the elderly.
false
The majority of the U.S. national drug control budget is allocated to demand reduction.
false
The military is under strict Congressional guidelines and cannot conduct drug testing whenever and wherever it chooses.
false
The pharmacologic effects of inhalants are long lasting.
false
The phrase "supply reduction" refers to prevention programs that prevent people from wanting to use illicit drugs.
false
The rate of heavy drinking is lower among military personnel than among society as a whole.
false
The reasons why people engage in compulsive behaviors are different from the reasons why they use psychoactive drugs.
false
Unlike opiates, steroids do not have distinct withdrawal symptoms.
false
the type of drug a person uses has little impact on the symptoms of his or her co-occurring mental health disorder
false
treatment for people with a mental diagnosis and an addiction is most effective one each diagnosis is treated and a distinct and separate problem
false
when a psychiatric diagnosis is made while a person is in the early stages of treatment for substance abuse the psychiatric diagnosis is most likely to be accurate
false
Purposive withdrawal
false portrayal of severe withdrawal symptoms to manipulate a physician into giving more drugs to manage the false symptoms ex. scamming a doctor using emotional expectation of physical effects
mental effects of MDMA
feelings of happiness, clarity, peace, pleasure, and altered sensory perceptions, increased non-sexual empathy for others, more self-awareness, self-esteem, open-mindedness, acceptance, intimacy
social network approach
focuses primarily on the treatment of the addict and also establishes a concurrent and integrated support network for family members to assist with the problems caused by the addiction
Office-Based Medical Detoxification and Maintenance Treatment
for opiate users, treated provided by qualified private medical practitioners
mental effects of PCP
forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating, aggressive/violent behavior, depersonalization, estrangement, hallucinations
What does the new brain do?
gathers information from the senses and other parts of the brain, deals with speaking, reasoning, logic, rational
Hemp
generally used to describe cannabis plants that are high in fiber content
Problem child
get blamed for everything, have problems at school, exhibit negative behavior, and often develop drug or alcohol problems. behavior demands whatever attention is available from parents and siblings
Group therapy vs individual therapy
group therapy is much more effective
Physical affects of large amounts of stimulants used chronically
heart, blood vessel, and seizure problems
Drugs can turn on and off genes which change the network of cells. The increase in neural alterations results in ________________ sensitivity to a drug which increases the risk of relapse after use stops.
heightened sensitivity
PET scans
help to visualize the effects of naturally occurring neurotransmitters that are affected by drugs
recovery coach
helps addicts obtain abstinence or reduce harm associated with addictive behaviors
The three parts of the public health model used to explain the prevention model are
host, environment, and agent
The Gin Epidemic is an example of:
how unlimited availability of a desirable substance causes excess use.
Down regulation
if the cell senses that there are too many neurotransmitters (occurs in drug use) it retracts many of the receptor sites into the cell, causing a slowdown of the message transmission (this is why people need more drugs to make the few remaining receptor sites fire faster to make up for the fewer receptors available for activation)
Up regulation
if there are too few neurotransmitters available to trigger the message, the receiving neuron will increase the number of receptor sites so that the few remaining neurotransmitters have more receptors to activate
Physical effects of steroids
increased muscle mass and strength, acne, high blood pressure, shrunken testes, masculinization in women
what best descries how the FIRST cigarette of the day affects a smoker
increases blood pressure and heart rate
Anandamide
integrating emotional sensory experience with controlling learning, motor coordination and memory (mimicked by THC in marijuana)
ayahuasca effects
intense vomiting and diarrhea followed by long dreamlike condition
Endogenous triggers
internal triggers; negative emotional and physical states or internally motivated attempts to regain control in order to use
DMT effects
intoxication, visual hallucinations, loss of awareness of surroundings
National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices
inventory of recommended prevention and treatment interventions
which of the following statements are true regarding schizophrenia
it's stretched men and women with equal frequency usually appears in men in their late teens or early twenties that usually appears in women and their late 20s or early 30s and it can be difficult to determine if schizophrenia was a pre-existing condition or if it was substance induced by the abuse of drugs
ibogaine effects
long-lasting psychedelic effects, catatonic effects, illusions, hallucinations
THC
main psychoactive chemical in cannabis
the following constitute the three phases of a psycho therapeutic approach for treatment of dual diagnosis
maintaining abstinence continuing Psychotherapy along with psychiatric medications achieving absence
which of the following is an affective disorder
major depression
Eating Disorders are often found in conjunction with__and __
major depression and PTSD
Oregon's Holy Light of the Queen Church
members legally allowed to drink tea made from harmaline, DMT, and ayahuasca called Daime tea
Native American Church of North America
members legally allowed to use peyote ceremonially (based on belief that it builds spirituality and community)
The use of psychoactive drugs spread through ____________.
migration
synesthesia
mixing of the senses (seeing auditory stimuli etc)
American Society of Addiction Medicine Patient Placement Criteria
most widely used and most practical too used to diagnose addiction and match clients to treatment interventions
Codependents
mutually dependent on the addict to fulfill some need of their own
Drugs have an affinity for ____________ mechanisms.
natural survival; old brain
Morning glory seeds effects
nausea, sensory disturbances, vomiting, drowsiness, headache, chills, flashbacks
What started the first big cocaine epidemic?
new ways to use and prepare the drug
Non-purposive withdrawal
objective physical signs that are a direct result of tissue dependence and are observable upon drug use by an addict ex. seizures, sweating, goose bumps, vomiting, diarrhea
The reward/control pathway is located within the _____________
old brain
amanita mushrooms
one of the few psychedelic drugs sold legally
When a drug activates the reward circuit, the "go" switch becomes ___________ and the "stop" switch becomes ______________
overactive; dysfunctional
__________________ saturated the health consciousness of the public from the 1870s to the 1930s.
patent medicines
which of the following statements are true regarding substance-induced mental disorders
people who abuse alcohol often demonstrate impulse control problems such as violence and safe sex and suicide
drug abuse often results in the arrest of emotional development because
people who use drugs avoided dealing with emotional difficulties people who use drugs do not develop appropriate emotional coping skills people who use drugs have not gone through the process of maturation
trauma-informed care
permeates the entire treatment environment, including staff to create a stress-neutral environment for clients; opposite of confrontational rigidly structured programs
Post-Acute withdrawal symptoms (PAWS)
persistence of subtle, yet significant, emotional and physical problems that can last for 3 to 6 months into recovery ex. memory problems, emotional over-reaction, cognitive impairment
post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by which of the following symptoms
persistent really experiencing of a traumatic event persistent avoidance of situations or stimuli associated with the trauma continuous state of hyper-vigilance sleep disorders
when a person who has developed tolerance to caffeine subsequently withdraws from the caffeine it results in
physical pain, extreme fatigue, and degression
Allostasis
process of maintaining functionality/balance by behavioral/physiological change through synaptic plasticity and altered NTs
family behavioral approach
provides specific interventions to support and reinforce those behaviors that promote a drug free family system
LSD dependence
psychological only (not physical)
Physical effects of LSD
raised heart rate and blood pressure, higher body temperature, dizziness, dilated pupils, reduced appetite, and sweating
Dendrites
receive signals
Inhibitory neurotransmitters ________ cell firings
reduce
demand reduction
reduces craving and demand for the drugs through primary (**), secondary (**) and tertiary prevention strategies
businessman's special
refers to short duration of effects of DMT; business man could get high during lunch break and be fine for work
Advances in _______, _________, and ________ drugs have increased potency of drugs
refining, synthesizing, manufacturing
long term effects of marijuana
respiratory complications, chronic and acute bronchitis, increased phlegm production, hypermesis, dampened immune system, tumors, breast cancer
Mental effects of LSD
sensory distortions, dreaminess, depersonalization, altered mood, and impaired concentration/motivation
formication the imaginary sensation that hundreds of tiny bugs (coke bugs) are crawling under ones skins is caused by what
sensory hallucinogenic effects
Drugs that stimulate which neurotransmitter have the potential to treat sexual addiction?
serotonin
stimulants force the release of which neurotransmitters to infuse the body with lots of extra energy before the body needs it
serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine
marijuana's effects on learning and memory
severely limits amount of hippocampal short-term memory, less effect on long-term memory
The "stop" part of the reward circuit communicates:
signals when the craving has been satisfied and shuts down the "more" message
which form and method of using cocaine produces the most intense immediate high
smoking crack coaine
When 1 of 5 senses is activated, a signal is sent first to the old brain for an instant reaction, then to the ___________ where it will then get forwarded to the ______________
thalamus; new brain
which of the following statements about dual diagnosis is correct
there is a type of dual diagnosis in which a person begins using drugs and goes on to develop mental illness there is type of dual diagnosing and which a person has agreed to see mental illness then begins using drugs substance abuse psychiatric problems can be temporary substance abuse psychiatric problems can persist and evolve if you contact mental health problems
physical effects of MDMA
tightness in muscles, spasms, jaw muscle spasm (trismus) and clenching of teeth, water toxicity, electrolyte imbalance, pupil dilation, blurred vision, twitching eyelids, headaches, nausea, seizure, stroke, coma
Which condition found in a drug addict is not found in a compulsive gambler?
tissue dependence
Physiological Responses to Drugs include:
tolerance tissue dependence psych. dependence withdrawal the stay-stopped circuit and relapse
Medical Model Detoxification Programs
treatment is supervised and/or managed by medical professionals. Most expensive programs; most comprehensive
which of the following statements is true regarding the use of psychiatric medications
treatment of anxiety depression and other Mental problems with psychiatric medications can relieve many of the underlying causes of drug abuse and behavioral addictions
Mascot child
trivialize things by minimizing serious issues as an avoidance strategy; well liked and easy to befriend but usually superficial in all relationships
"Addiction" is the disease, whereas inhalant abuse, steroid misuse, or compulsive gambling, eating, shopping, or sex are the manifestations of the disease.
true
An important lesson from all primary prevention programs is that to be successful a program must be continual. One-year attempts at inoculating students against alcohol/drug use have not been effective enough.
true
At low doses some drugs can enhance sexual arousal.
true
Children who grow up in a home with a drug-using or alcohol-abusing family member take on distinctive roles that affect their personalities.
true
Drug use in companies that conduct drug testing has tapered down and leveled off after experiencing a significant decline in the 1990s.
true
Drugs affect sexuality by disrupting the neurotransmitters.
true
False-negative results, not false positives, constitute the majority of urine-testing errors.
true
about 75% of those with anxiety disorders experience their first episode by age 21
true
in 2013 the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition DSM-5 classified substance use disorders to substance-related and addictive disorders giving gambling and each substance their own specific diagnosis with a coating of severity from mild to moderate to severe problem
true
schizophrenia is classified as a thought disorder
true
substance abuse treatment facilities often avoid accepting dual diagnosis patients seeing them as too disruptive or inattentive to participate in group therapy
true
substance-induced disorders are mental health problems caused by Alcohol and Other Drug use
true
substance-induced mental illness can be a temporary or permanent problem
true
the majority of people with substance use disorders also have mental health problems
true
SPECT scans
used to show how a brain functions (or does not function) when using drugs
Reverse Tolerance
user becomes more sensitive and less able to handle moderate amounts
MRI
uses the position of magnetic nuclei to produce two-and-three-dimensional images of brain structures, revealing subtle alterations in brain tissues due to drugs
true
when the body speeds up the metabolism and the breakdown of a drug, it is known as dispositions tolerance.
The "mild" cigarette was marketed to _________, ___________, and ___________.
women, young people, and those who wanted to lose weight
Injection consists of 3 methods:
1. intravenous "slamming" (15 to 30 seconds) 2. intramuscular "muscling" (3 to 5 minutes) 3. subcutaneous "skin popping" (3 to 5 minutes)
Morphine is ________ than opium.
10x more potent
The federal government concerned drug use a criminal activity beginning in
1918
The American Revolution was supported by exportation and taxation of tobacco, hemp, rum, and whiskey. A. true B. false
ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1,7
Human brain chemistry can be affected by psychoactive drugs, behavioral addictions, and mental illness, to induce an altered state of consciousness. A. true B. false
ANSWER: A. True. Pg. 1.7
According to the authors of Uppers, Downers, All Arounders, a psychoactive drug is defined as: A. any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system B. any substance that is illicit or illegal C. those substance that cause numbness and drowsiness D. those substances that cause increased energy and alertness
ANSWER: A. any substance that directly alters the normal functioning of the central nervous system Pg. 1.1
A problem gambler is defined as a person whose gambling behavior causes difficulty in which of the following parts of his or her life? #1. psychological #2. physical #3. sociological #4. vocational (professional or educational)
All of the above
False
Dendritic spines or "memory bumps" grown in the synapse when the nerve is stimulated by sensory input.
Schedule I drugs:
Drugs with a high abuse potential and no approved medical use.
______________ is the body's mechanism for eliminating foreign substances and their metabolites.
Excretion
Agonist therapy for opiate addicts must be done, by law, in registered clinics like methadone maintenance programs. True False
False
All psychiatric medications are addicting. True False
False
Because of drug testing, drinking in the military occurs at a lesser rate than in the general population. True False
False
Drug craving in early stages of recovery is a purely psychological issue caused mainly by external cues in the environment. True False
False
coerced treatment
Mandatory participation in treatment mandated by the criminal justice system (just as effective as voluntary treatment)
Topical anesthetic
Medical use of cocaine relies on its effects as a
Synthetic stimulant
Mephedrone is a
Resources Damage Paranoia
Prolonged use of strong stimulants (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) results in depletion of the body's energy __________, cellular and organ _________, and ____________
war and combat
The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 1. The stress of years of ______________
Denial is a refusal to acknowledge the negative impact that the drug use is having on one's life. True False
True
FAS is the third most common birth defect and the leading cause of mental retardation in the United States. True False
True
Frequent and persistent use of LSD is probably due to psychological dependence rather than physical dependence (addiction). True False
True
What is laudanum?
a tincture of opium mixed with alcohol and henbane juice, crushed pearls, coral, amber, musk, and essential oils.
tertiary prevention
aimed at heavy users, abusers, addicts to direct them to recovery
Primary prevention
aimed at those who are drug naive or who have merely experimented with drugs. Aims to keep them from using or occasional social use. Most important but receives the least funding
ketamine
anesthetic used in human and veterinary procedures
the evidence that genetics and heredity problems
anxiety schizophrenia bipolar and depression
The phrase "turn on, tune in, and drop out" was coined by the LSD guru A. Ken Kesey. B. Dr. Timothy Leary. C. Aldous Huxley. D. none of the above.
b. Dr. Timothy Leary
Effects of an LSD "trip" last about A. 15 minutes. B. 1 hour. C. 6-8 hours. D. a full day, 12-24 hours.
c. 6-8 hours
Which is not a sexually transmitted disease? A. chlamydia B. hepatitis C C. lymphoma D. HIV disease and AIDS
c. lymphoma
Human beings have a basic need to _________________ and ____________.
cope with their environment and enhance existence
Purple Drank
cough syrup with codeine and promethazine mixed with sprite and jolly ranchers
effects of amanita mushrooms
dreamy intoxication, hallucinations, delirious excitement, dangerous toxicity
False
drugs promote a homeopathic condition in the central nervous system
Inverse agonists
drugs that bind to receptors and stabilize the receptor in its inactive state by hyperpolarizing it so that it can't react
Binge-eating disorder is marked by rigid control over ones eating patterns.
false
Recovery from sexual addiction requires lifelong abstinence from sex.
false
true or false: tolerance of stimulant drugs is caused by the brain's creation of more dopamine and more dopamine receptors
false: it causes the dopamine to be stuck in the receptors not create more of both
Protracted withdrawal (environment triggers and cues)
flashback or recurrence of withdrawal symptoms and a triggering of heavy craving for the drug long after an addict has detoxed ... most dangerous for recovering addicts can last up to 6 months .. often causes addicts to slip
controlled drinking
harm-reduction technique; attempts to allow drinking to an alcoholic but limiting the amounts; studies show it does not work
when a stimulant drug wears off and the body withdraws from the extra energy produced by the drug, what occurs
increase the brain's electrical activity increase the brain's chemical activity increase central nervous system activity increase peripheral nervous systems activity
Mental/Emotional effects of antianxiety medications
inhibits anxiety-producing thoughts by manipulating GABA
supply reduction
limits amount of drugs available to the user through interdiction, legal penalities and incarceration
Partial hospitalization and day treatment
outpatient medical programs where clients participate in therapeutic activities for 4-6 hours a day while living at home - minimum of 20 hours/week
Halfway Houses
permit addicts to keep their jobs and outside contacts while participating in a residential treatment program
phenylalkylamines
peyote, MDMA
drinking alcohol before using cocaine will
prolong and intensify cocaine effects create cocaethykene, which increases violent tendencies
Iowa Practice Improvement Collaborative
provides a 13-point criteria metric to evaluate new and existing treatment practices
fMRI
provides information about the metabolism of the brain; provides functional and structural information
Psychological Dependence
relying on drugs physically and emotionally; an important factor in the development of addiction... drugs alter ones state of consciousness and distort perceptions and change emotions
Which of the following are warning signs that someone may be abusing inhalants?
reoccurring or frequent headaches, chemical odor on the body & inflammation of the nasal lining
When does a compulsive shopper experience the highest level of excitement?
right before deciding to purchase an item
Tissue Dependence
the biological adaptation of the body due to chronic drug use... tissues and organs come to depend on the drug to function
Withdrawal
the body's attempt to rebalance itself after prolonged use
Abuse
the continued use of a drug despite negative consequences
Addictive disease model
the disease is a chronic, progressive, relapsing, incurable potentially fatal condition that is a consequence of mainly genes and irregularities in brain chemistry
which of the following statements is true regarding conducts disorder and Oppositional defiant disorder among children and adolescents
they are strong predators alcohol and drug use problems
he term chasing in problem gambling means
to try to recoup gambling losses by continuing to gamble
Mental/emotional effects of compulsive behaviors
tolerance, psychological dependence, withdrawal
Alcoholics Anonymous was founded by
two alcoholics; Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith
the factors that determine High susceptibility to develop both a mental illness and or an addiction consists of which of the following
use of psychoactive drugs morals and character and hereditary
stages of change model
used in individual therapy as a non-confrontational way to involve clients in their own recovery process by guiding a client through the stages of change by helping them reach decisions for themselves.
Eveidence-based practices
used to ensure that treatment consistently provides the best potential for positive outcomes
Factors that determine drugs' effects and abuse potential include (3 things):
1. route of administration 2. speed of transit to the brain 3. affinity for nerve cells and neurotransmitters
The "go" part of the reward circuit communicates:
1. the action is necessary for survival 2. remember how the action was achieved 3. do it again and again
4 types of gamblers
1.) recreational / social 2.) professional 3.) antisocial 4.) pathological (action seeking and escape seeking)
among those who try a cigarette what % will become daily smokers
25%
Limiting the places where tobacco smoking is permitted has not reduced the use of tobacco in the United States or other countries where such policies have been implemented. A. true B. false
ANSWER: B. False. Pgs. 1.31
What did the Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 1914 do?
Encouraged gradual reduction in the worldwide opium production and eventually banned smoking the drug.
_________ is a plant with a high-fiber content that is low in psychoactive components.
Hemp or Cannabis sativa
Cardiovascular
Long-term use of stimulants (e.g., nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine) has the most significant impact on the body's ______________ system
3 to 7 hours
The half-life of caffeine is
The neurotransmitters affected by psychoactive drugs are the same ones involved in mental illness. True False
True
The proliferation of fast-food restaurants is an example of an environmental factor that could influence compulsive eating. True False
True
Treatment for different ethnic groups is more effective with culture specific treatment protocols. True False
True
25%
_________ % of those who try a cigarette will become daily habitual smokers
Dual-Diagnoses
a substance use disorder and a serious mental illness
PCP and Ketamine
are anestethics that deaden physical sensations
family functioning approach
classifies the family system into one of four types and uses the therapeutic intervention that is best suited to the functioning of that family system
Dual Diagnosis
co-occurrence of an interrelated mental disorder and substance use disorder. Decreasing inpatient mental health treatment resources has magnified co-occuring disorders (often use drugs to self medicate).
Albert Niemann isolated the alkaloid ____ from the coca leaf.
cocaine
Compulsive shoppers describe the same relief of bad feelings and the subsequent high as someone describing the use of
cocaine
Which is a reason people use inhalants? A. They are cheaper. B. The high comes and goes quickly. C. They temporarily elevate mood and reduce inhibitions. D. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
Mental/Emotional effects of all arounders
distorted sensory messages to and from the brain stem, causing illusions, hallucinations, and delusions
Physical effects of inhalants
dizziness, slurred speech, unsteady gait, drowsiness, lowered blood pressure (fainting), stupor, coma, asphyxiation.
Which of the following statements are true about Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933?
dopamine
stimulant drugs including cocaine and meth force the release of
dopamine. this surge is causes paranoia and hyper-reactivity
"k-land"
dreamlike intoxication, mind/body separation sensations, dizziness, slurred speech
3 ways drugs are psychologically reinforced
drug automatism positive and negative reinforcement social reinforcement
Antagonists
drugs that bind to receptors but do not activate them and BLOCK neurotransmitters
Medications used to treat addiction include
drugs to lessen withdrawal, lessen craving, substitute illegal drugs, nutritional supplements, and antidepressants
Compulsive behaviors include
eating disorders, compulsive gambling, sexual compulsion, internet addiction, compulsive shopping, codependency
______________ memories are more deeply ingrained, and lead to euphoric recall
emotionally-charged memories
Physical affects of a small to moderate dose of a stimulant
energized muscles, increased alertness, insomnia, increased heart-rate and blood pressure, decreased appetite
Carriers of a DRD2A1 allele gene have an excess of dopamine receptors.
false
Pathological gamblers rarely have other addictions.
false
Marijuana
generally used to describe cannabis plants that are high in psychoactive resins
amygdala
judges the emotional significance and the possible danger of objects and ideas
Peyote effects
last 12 hours, powerful colorful visions and hallucinations, nausea, vomitting
Addiction treatment
leads to recovery in 50% of cases. results in 75% reduction in crime for those who engage
effects of sustiva
lightheadedness, dizziness, vivid dreams, hallucination, depersonalization, relaxation, forgetfulness
Physical effects of mushrooms
nausea, visceral sensations, altered states of consciousness
Which of the following statements is true concerning the U.S. prison population?
nearly 50% of the inmates in federal prison were sentenced for drug offenses
continued smoking to AVOID the negative effects of nicotine withdrawl is known as
negative drug reinforcement
Pharmacodynamic Tolerance
nerve cells become less sensitive to drug effects
What are some theories as to ways drugs disrupt the on/off switches of the reward pathway?
no satiation point on/off switches are ignored or overridden communication between both old and new brains are disrupted the fasciculus retroflexus which communicates from the new brain to the old brain gets damaged preventing stop messages from arriving to the old brain
Cross-Tolerance
once a person develops a tolerance to one drug, a tolerance to a similar drug occurs
Cross-Dependence
once tissue dependence to a specific drug occurs, the body will develop a dependence to similar drugs
% of obese americans
one third -- twice as many as 1980 66% are overweight
% of adults with mental disorder that have co-occuring substance use
one third.
Stimulation of brainstem
overloads sensory pathways (making user acutely aware of all sensations)
Hyperpathia
pain that can persist after the nociceptive pain stimulus is removed or healed
which of the following statements is true regarding panic attacks
panic attacks are experienced both physically and psychologically
Treatment most effective when
patients are treated continuously for 6-8 months
Social Reinforcement
peer pressure, the desire or need for social inclusion
Which statement best describes binge eating?
regularly eating large amounts of food at one sitting, without vomiting
Mental/Emotional effects of large doses of downers
relaxed and dulled mind, diminished anxiety, induced sleep, diminished pain (some can cause euphoria)
Which level(s) of prevention is/are most likely to include intervention?
secondary and tertiary prevention
Explain the Gin Epidemic.
Lasted from 1710-1750; English Parliament encouraged the production, consumption, and taxation of gin. This caused alcoholism and mortality.
Historically, cannabis was prized as
a source of oil and fiber, edible seeds, medicine, psychedelic
The most popular psychoactive substance
alcohol
Almost all of the patent medicines contained _____, _____, ______, _______, and/or _______.
alcohol, opium, morphine, cocaine, cannabis
Mental/Emotional effects of antipsychotics
controlled schizophrenic mood swings and hallucinations by manipulating dopamine
Technical advances in _______ and _______ of alcohol made a difference in consumption.
cultivation, distillation
Physical effects of excessive use of downers
disrupted physical coordination, slurred speech, digestive problems, sexual dysfunction, tissue dependence
Symptoms of Ergot Poisoning:
hallucinations, convulsions, possibly permanent insanity, burning sensation in feet and hands, and gangrene
Five classifications of all arounders
indoles; phenylalkylamines; anticholinergics; cannabinoids; others
The market for cigarettes was vastly expanded due to:
lower-prices (due to automation), cultivation of a milder strain, plentiful supply of new leaf, widespread advertising
Inhalants can be directly toxic to cells in the ___________.
lungs, brain, liver, kidney tissues, and blood
Most psychoactive drugs follow this pattern: ____ at a low dose, ______ at a moderate dose, and _____ at a high dose.
medicine, psychoactive drug, deadly poison
Mental/Emotional effects of small to moderate dose of strong stimulants
more confidence, excitability, more outgoing, eagerness to preform; rush or high
Higher potency of Morphine caused
more rapid-development of tolerance and tissue dependence
Physical effects of other all arounders include
nausea, dizziness, increased appetite, bloodshot eyes, raised blood pressure, sweating, stimulant effects
Ergot is also known as _______.
psychedelic mold and Saint Anthony's Fire
All Arounders are also called _______.
psychedelics
Mental/Emotional effects of prolonged use of downers
psychological/physical dependence and addiction
in 1855 the ___________ was invented and drugs could be easily delivered directly into the bloodstream, causing more intense effects and overloading the brain.
reusable hypodermic needle
Historically, the _____________, ______________, and ___________, along with ____________, have been involved in growing, manufacturing, distributing, taxing, and prohibiting drugs
ruling classes, governments, industry, criminal organizations
The Industrial Revolution brought forth _________, ___________, _______________, and ___________, spreading the use of opiates that often escalated into abuse and addiction.
scientific advancements, changes in methods of drug use, aggressive economic policies, political expediency
Why has prohibition of cigarettes not been effective?
the craving for tobacco fueled by the addictive qualities of nicotine has overwhelmed most calls for prohibition
Physical effects of psychiatric medications
wide variety involving heart, blood, and musculoskeletal systems (page 1.5)
