U.S. History Final Exam Review

Why would many isolationists have argued that the Neutrality Act of 1939 was not actually "neutral"?

They thought material support of the Allies was, indirectly, acting against the Axis Powers.

According to the information in the table, what did Alger Hiss and Julius Rosenberg have in common?

They were both implicated by known Communists.

The decision to intervene in the Balkans and Haiti were two examples of a larger debate over

the role of the American military in a post-Cold War world.

Phyllis Schlafly's views are most likely shared with members of which group?

the silent majority

Approximately how much did the federal government spend on defense in 1945?

$80 billion

According to this graph, which time period saw the largest increase in active personnel in the United States military?

1942 t

According to the information in this graph, in which year did President Bill Clinton succeed in balancing the budget?

1997

What is the best summary of this statement by Martin Luther King, Jr. about the Vietnam War? It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinary high proportions relative to the rest of the population. . . . [W]e have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. --Martin Luther King, Jr, 1967

African Americans are dying in disproportionate numbers to whites and, although blacks and whites die together in war, blacks are still discriminated against at home.

Which of the following was a religious leader known for his revivals?

Billy Graham

In the text you read this about how the Vietnam War divided the nation: Beginning in 1967, Congress—and eventually most of the nation—divided into two camps: hawks and doves. The mostly conservative hawks supported Johnson's war policy. Believing strongly in the containment of communism and the domino theory, they accepted rising troop levels, escalating costs, and increasing numbers of battlefield deaths. For the hawks, Vietnam was a crucial front in the Cold War. Doves, however, broke with Johnson's war policy. A diverse group that included liberal politicians, pacifists, student radicals, and civil rights leaders, doves questioned the war on both moral and strategic grounds. For them, the conflict was a localized civil war, not a vital Cold War battleground. What does the text above tell us about President Johnson's political standing in 1968?

By 1968, Johnson had difficulty maintaining the support of his own party.

After World War II ended, continuing political differences led to civil war in

China.

In the text you read this about globalization: As an economic leader and champion of the free enterprise system, America has had a major role in globalization. Free trade—the guiding principle of globalization—has been hotly debated in American politics. Americans want the lower costs that free trade creates but worry about the loss of American jobs to other countries. Generally, Republicans have supported the interests of big business and free trade agreements. Democrats have been more sympathetic to labor interests and have often opposed legislation that would cost American workers' jobs. Depending on which party has been in power, free trade has either been encouraged or hindered. How were Clinton's Democratic administration's trade policies an exception to this pattern?

Clinton encouraged free trade agreements with other nations.

"First, if you're a business that wants to outsource jobs, you shouldn't get a tax deduction for doing it. That money should be used to cover moving expenses for companies like Master Lock that decide to bring jobs home. Second, no American company should be able to avoid paying its fair share of taxes by moving jobs and profits overseas. From now on, every multinational company should have to pay a basic minimum tax. And every penny should go towards lowering taxes for companies that choose to stay here and hire here in America. Third, if you're an American manufacturer, you should get a bigger tax cut. If you're a high-tech manufacturer, we should double the tax deduction you get for making your products here. And if you want to relocate in a community that was hit hard when a factory left town, you should get help financing a new plant, equipment, or training for new workers."—Barack Obama, State of the Union Address, January 24, 2012 What concern does President Obama address in this text?

Companies are moving their operations to other countries to save money.

"The German armed forces on land, at sea and in the air have been completely defeated and have surrendered unconditionally and Germany, which bears responsibility for the war, is no longer capable of resisting the will of the victorious Powers. The unconditional surrender of Germany has thereby been effected, and Germany has become subject to such requirements as may now or hereafter be imposed upon her." What is the mostly likely title of this declaration?

Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers

The drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was guided by

Eleanor Roosevelt.

Why was the Battle of Stalingrad a turning point in World War II?

The battle ended Hitler's hopes of dominating all of Europe and put Germany on the defensive.

In this political cartoon, the central figure speaking in favor of the Fair Deal is

Harry Truman.

The Missile Gap was in essence a growing perception in the West, especially in the USA, that the Soviet Union was quickly developing an intercontinental range ballistic missile (ICBM) capability earlier, in greater numbers, and with far more capability than that of the United States. Even as that perception was disproved, it became evident that the Soviets were placing their major effort toward developing strategic missiles against which, once launched, there was no defense. The perceived missile gap that ensued was based on a comparison between US ICBM strength as then programmed, and reasonable, although erroneous estimates of prospective Soviet ICBM strength that were generally accepted. —Central Intelligence Agency Library What was President Kennedy's response to the perceived "missile gap" between the U.S. and Soviet Union?

He adopted a "flexible response" policy to prepare the military for any type of conflict.

In the text, you read this about Nixon's campaign strategy: During the campaign for President, Nixon cast himself as the spokesperson for those he called Middle Americans, or the silent majority. As Nixon put it at the 1968 Republican convention, he sought to speak for the "non-shouters, the non-demonstrators," the men and women who "work in America's factories . . . run America's businesses . . . serve in the Government . . . provide most of the soldiers . . . [and] give life to the American dream." What did Nixon hope to achieve by reaching out to this "silent majority" in the 1968 presidential election?

He hoped to attract moderate Democratic voters, particularly in the South.

You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences. What point is President Eisenhower making here with his domino analogy?

If Vietnam were to fall to the communists, it would only be a matter of time before its neighbors followed suit.

What can we infer about immigration trends in the United States since 1900 based on the data in the chart?

Immigration rose dramatically in the late twentieth century.

The chart shows responses to the question: "Do you think the United States made a mistake sending troops to fight in Vietnam?" What is the best summary of the information on the chart?

In March 1966 a majority of Americans polled approved of the war. By April 1968, Americans were more evenly split, with the number of people who disapproved of the war somewhat higher than the number who approved.

One of the outcomes of the Camp David Accords was that

Israel agreed to restore its borders with Egypt to their pre-1967 levels.

Why was the Selective Service System criticized as another example of social injustice?

It resulted in recruitment of people from poor or working-class backgrounds.

What best describes the statement this cartoon is making about the war in Vietnam?

It suggests that the Vietnam War is destroying President Johnson's presidency.

During the Reagan administration, the United States experienced a trade imbalance with

Japan.

"I have here in my hand a list of 205 [individuals] that were known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department." This statement was made by

Joseph McCarthy.

What does this cartoon suggest about the pact between Germany and the Soviet Union?

Neither side trusted the other.

"As an American, I am shocked at the way Republicans and Democrats alike are playing directly into the Communist design of "confuse, divide, and conquer." As an American, I don't want a Democratic Administration "whitewash" or "cover-up" any more than I want a Republican smear or witch hunt. As an American, I condemn a Republican "Fascist" just as much I condemn a Democratic "Communist." I condemn a Democrat "Fascist" just as much as I condemn a Republican "Communist." They are equally dangerous to you and me and to our country. As an American, I want to see our nation recapture the strength and unity it once had when we fought the enemy instead of ourselves." —Senator Margaret Chase Smith, "Declaration of Conscience" In this speech, Senator Smith is discussing the dangers of

McCarthyism.

The "zoot suit riot" that occurred in Los Angeles in 1943 highlighted violence against

Mexican-Americans.

The largest number of migrants to California in the late 1950s were from the

Midwest.

The winner of each state's popular vote generally receives all of its electoral votes. The number of electoral votes determines who wins the presidency. Given its high number of electoral votes and tendency to "swing" in favor of one party or the other, which state most likely had the greatest impact on the 2008 election?

Ohio

This image of a child sleeping safely relates to

President Roosevelt's speech against Nazi and Japanese militarism.

According to the data in the charts, which statement is most likely true about the 1984 election?

Reagan carried a majority of the states with high populations.

"It's morning again in America. In a town not too far from where you live, a young family has just moved into a new home. . . . Right down the street one of the neighbors has just bought himself a new car, with all the options. The factory down the river is working again. . . . Life is better, America is back. And people have a sense of pride they never felt they'd feel again." This text appeared in a political commercial for

Ronald Reagan's reelection campaign.

Which of the following American entrepreneurs was involved in the retail merchandising business?

Sam Walton

What is the most likely reason President Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin are smiling in this image of the two at the Potsdam Conference in 1945?

The Allied Powers had defeated Germany and, despite disagreements, the leaders hoped to project an image of unity.

Which republics in the former Yugoslavia were the first to declare independence?

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia

What were some of the negative consequences of the hippies' free, uninhibited lifestyle?

Some drug abuse and crime were associated with large hippie populations.

In the text, you read this about immigration: The period from the 1990s to the 2000s saw the largest numbers of immigrants in the country's history. During that time, almost one million immigrants arrived in America each year from all over the globe, representing a wide variety of cultures and religions. Today, immigrants account for more than 10 percent of the total American population." What was the main cause of the flux of immigration that occurred in the 1990s to 2000s in the United States?

Strict immigration laws were somewhat relaxed.

"I wish to draw your attention to the development which has taken place since the conference that was arranged through your good offices in October last year between scientists engaged in this work and governmental representatives. Since the outbreak of the war, interest in uranium has intensified in Germany. I have now learned that research there is carried out in great secrecy and that it has been extended to another of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, the Institute of Physics. The latter has been taken over by the government and a group of physicists, under the leadership of C. F. von Weizsäcker, who is now working there on uranium in collaboration with the Institute of Chemistry. The former director was sent away on leave of absence, apparently for the duration of the war." —Letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt from Albert Einstein, March 7, 1940 What concern is Einstein expressing in this letter?

The Axis powers may be developing an atomic weapon.

Which statement appears to be supported by the information in these charts?

The Electoral College has precedence over the popular vote.

In the text you read this about the effects of the Watergate scandal: The Watergate scandal created a crisis in the relationship among the three branches of government. How far would Congress go to investigate the President? Would the courts demand that the President turn over information that might implicate him? And if the courts sided with Congress, would the President comply with its decisions? How did the Watergate scandal eventually play out amongst the three branches of government?

The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon must turn over his tapes while Congress voted to impeach him.

Why did the United States ultimately decide to support the French rather than Ho Chi Minh's forces in the Indochina War?

The U.S. wanted to stop the spread of communism in Asia.

What did the oil embargo of 1973 reveal about the U.S. economy?

The United States was heavily dependent on foreign oil.

How did the President's ability to conduct military operations change following the end of war in Vietnam?

The War Powers Act forced the President to consult with Congress before all military actions.

Which statement best explains why the Republican controlled House of Representatives wanted to repeal the Affordable Care Act in 2010?

The legislation did little to reduce the long-term costs of the healthcare system.

"Over the past seven years, a new Department of Homeland Security has been created. The military, the intelligence community, and the FBI have been transformed. Our nation is equipped with new tools to monitor the terrorists' movements, freeze their finances, and break up their plots. And with strong allies at our side, we have taken the fight to the terrorists and those who support them. Afghanistan has gone from a nation where the Taliban harbored al Qaeda and stoned women in the streets to a young democracy that is fighting terror and encouraging girls to go to school. Iraq has gone from a brutal dictatorship and a sworn enemy of America to an Arab democracy at the heart of the Middle East and a friend of the United States. There is legitimate debate about many of these decisions. But there can be little debate about the results. America has gone more than seven years without another terrorist attack on our soil. This is a tribute to those who toil night and day to keep us safe—law enforcement officers, intelligence analysts, homeland security and diplomatic personnel, and the men and women of the United States Armed Forces."—George W. Bush, farewell address, January 15, 2009 In his farewell address, President Bush wanted Americans to see a link between

U.S. promotion of democracy abroad & security at home.

According to Soviet propaganda, what was to blame for the poverty and inequalities prevalent in Third World countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America?

Western capitalism

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of perestroika, or reform, involved

adopting elements of a free-market economy.

The 38th parallel was the basis of

a cease-fire in the conflict between North and South Korea.

In the text, you read this about the 1980s: Despite Reagan's vision of "morning in America" and Bush's "thousand points of light," in truth a great cultural and economic divide existed in 1980s society—a division only partially defined by race, ethnicity, and gender. The economic recovery of the mid-1980s did not affect all segments of society equally. As the number of poor increased, so did violence and drug use in the nation's inner cities. At the same time, a culture of acquisition intensified among Americans. According to this quote, in the 1980s there was

a contradiction between optimistic political rhetoric and reality.

Defense spending during the Vietnam War had an impact on many Americans in the form of

a high rate of inflation and a weaker dollar.

"We have made tremendous public investments in highways, hydroelectric power projects, soil conservation, and reclamation. We have established a system of social security. We have enacted laws protecting the rights and the welfare of our working people and the income of our farmers. These Federal policies have paid for themselves many times over. They have strengthened the material foundations of our democratic ideals. Without them, our present prosperity would be impossible. Reinforced by these policies, our private enterprise system has reached new heights of production. Since the boom year of 1929, while our population has increased by only 20 percent, our agricultural production has increased by 45 percent, and our industrial production has increased by 75 percent. We are turning out far more goods and more wealth per worker than we have ever done before." —President Harry S. Truman, Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union Which of Truman's Fair Deal reforms is an example of the Federal policies he discusses in his speech?

a higher minimum wage

Study the chart and then choose which cause a liberal would be most likely to support.

a national healthcare system for all citizens

Shelters such as this represented American concern about

a potential nuclear attack during the Cold War.

The Beatniks' attitudes and appearance was

a reaction against postwar conformity and materialism.

What was the main factor that allowed military leaders to assume power in Japan in the 1930s?

a weak economy

"If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer."—Barack Obama President Obama spoke these words

after he was announced as the winner of the 2008 election

The Neutrality Act of 1939 helped the Allies in World War II by

agreeing to sell arms to the Allies if they paid cash and transported them themselves.

In the text you read this about technology: Technology has changed all of our lives in countless ways. It has also created new industries and employment opportunities at home, while increasing the competitiveness of American products in world markets. Our high-tech exports include computers, pharmaceuticals, electrical machinery, and scientific instruments, as well as products for the aerospace industry. In the years to come, America's renewable-energy industry may surpass China's. The United States is now profiting from its solar, wind, and smart-grid technology exports. That's good news for the American economy and for the planet! According to this text, America's manufacturing may surpass China's in the field of

clean energy.

The essential idea of the 2002 No Child Left Behind Act was to

connect federal funding with academic achievement.

In 1992, Bill Clinton campaigned on the idea that government was important but should be more efficient in order to attract both

conservative and liberal voters.

This chart is most likely aimed at disproving the arguments of

corporations that claim that environmental regulations have a negative effect on the economy.

This image of students on the steps of the Pentagon is associated with

disagreement with registering for the draft.

President Obama's nomination of Elena Kagan to the Supreme Court in 2010 indicated his support for

ensuring civil rights are upheld.

"The [leaders] refused even to discuss key elements of the peace agreement. . . . Now they've started moving from village to village, shelling civilians and torching their houses. We've seen innocent people taken from their homes, forced to kneel in the dirt, and sprayed with bullets . . . men dragged from their families, fathers and sons together, lined up and shot in cold blood. This is not war in the traditional sense. It is an attack by tanks and artillery on a largely defenseless people whose leaders already have agreed to peace. Ending this tragedy is a moral imperative. It is also important to America's national interest. . . . All the ingredients for a major war are there: ancient grievances, struggling democracies, and [a dictator] who has done nothing since the cold war ended but start new wars and pour gasoline on the flames of ethnic and religious division."—Bill Clinton, March 24, 1999 In this statement, President Clinton is describing

ethnic cleansing in the Balkans.

"On the first attack, the evidence would be pretty good. On the second one the amount of evidence we have today is less than we had yesterday. This resulted primarily from correlating bits and pieces of information eliminating double counting and mistaken signals. This much seemed certain: There was an attack. How many PT boats were involved, how many torpedoes were fired, etc.-all this was still somewhat uncertain. This matter may be of some importance since Hanoi has denied making the second attack." - National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy, at the White House staff meeting at 8 a.m. on August 5, 1964, discussing the Gulf of Tonkin incident This quote suggests that the decision to escalate the war in Vietnam was possibly based on

flawed, manipulated, or misunderstood intelligence.

According to this map, one part of the British campaign in Western Europe spread

from Sword Beach to Antwerp.

Elements in the Contract with America, such as tax cuts and welfare reform, were based on the premise that

government should be smaller and more efficient.

Which of these best describes the "Americanization" strategy recommended by Robert McNamara and William Westmoreland?

having American forces take on a more active role in the Vietnam War

What does this cartoon suggest about George W. Bush's candidacy in the 2000 presidential race?

he lacks the knowledge and experience to be president.

Which event best shows President Obama's commitment to diversity?

his nomination of Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court

I did not become vice president with Lyndon Johnson to cause him trouble. ?—Hubert H. Humphrey, 1965 As vice president during 1968—arguably the United States' most politically turbulent post-World War II year—Hubert Humphrey faced an excruciating test of statesmanship. During a time of war in Southeast Asia when the stakes for this nation were great, Humphrey confronted an agonizing choice: whether to remain loyal to his president or to the dictates of his conscience. His failure to reconcile these powerful claims cost him the presidency. Yet few men, placed in his position, could have walked so agonizing a tightrope over so polarized a nation. Which of these factors most likely cost Humphrey the election in 1968?

his refusal to defy President Johnson on the Vietnam War

President Reagan's decision to fire federal air traffic controllers who were on strike is an example of

his support of the rights of business over labor.

"A combination of fear and massive propaganda kept Stalin in power. Publicity about Stalin was designed to create an idol, encouraging a cult of personality in which he was credited for all good things. In newspapers, billboards, and schools, the public was fed a constant diet of communist success. Soviet art was censored; only positive images of Stalin and soviet life were permitted. Images showing Stalin as a kindly father figure masked the reality of labor camps and the consequences of any resistance to his rule." Based on the text, what was one significant factor that solidified Stalin's political power in the Soviet Union?

his use of the Soviet media to mold public perception

Which demographic group saw fewer than 50% of eligible voters turning out to vote in the 2012 presidential election?

hispanics and asians

According to the information in this graph, which of the following would most likely have been shipped to Europe in the largest quantities?

iron ore

This cartoon suggests that Ronald Reagan

is more capable of handling problems than his opponents.

How was the Peace Corps different from other foreign aid initiatives such as the Alliance for Progress?

its emphasis on public service and volunteering

"Last Friday, Noriega declared his military dictatorship to be in a state of war with the United States and publicly threatened the lives of Americans. . . The very next day, forces under his command shot and killed an unarmed American serviceman; wounded another; arrested and brutally beat a third American serviceman; and then brutally interrogated his wife, threatening her with sexual abuse. That was enough. General Noriega's reckless threats and attacks upon Americans . . . created an imminent danger to the 35,000 American citizens. . . . As President, I have no higher obligation than to safeguard the lives of American citizens. And that is why I directed our Armed Forces to protect the lives of American citizens . . . and to bring General Noriega to justice in the United States."—George H.W. Bush, December 20, 1989 In this address, President Bush is

justifying the U.S. invasion of Panama.

During the Vietnam War, African American soldiers

made up a disproportionately high number of casualties.

"A potential aggressor must know that he cannot always prescribe battle conditions to suit him. . . . The way to deter aggression is for the free community to be willing and able to respond vigorously at places and with means of his choosing." —John Foster Dulles, 1954

massive retaliation.

The reasoning behind the U.S. military's island-hopping strategy was to

only engage enemy forces on islands that offered a direct route to Japan.

When the Supreme Court ruled in Bush v. Gore to end the recounting of votes in Florida before it had concluded, it effectively

overturned a Florida state law mandating a recount.

"We have a grave problem confronting us in Nasser's reckless adventure with the canal, and I do not differ from you in your estimate of his intentions and purposes. The place where we apparently do not agree is on the probable effects in the Arab world of the various possible reactions by the Western World. You seem to believe that any long, drawn out controversy will inevitably make Nasser an Arab hero. This, I think, is a picture too dark. I believe we can expect the Arabs to rally firmly to Nasser's support if there should be a resort to force without thoroughly exploring and exhausting every possible peaceful means of settling the issue. Nasser thrives on drama. If we let some of the drama go out of the situation and concentrate upon deflating him through slower but sure processes (such as economic pressures, Arab rivalries, a new pipeline to Turkey, more oil for Europe from Venezuela. I assure you we are not blind to the fact that eventually there may be no escape from the use of force. But to resort to military action when the world believes there are other means available would set in motion forces that could lead to the most distressing results." —Letter from Dwight D. Eisenhower to Prime Minister Anthony Eden, September 1956 In this letter to the British Prime Minister, Eisenhower is trying to

persuade the British not to take the Suez Canal back by force.

The rise in the Sunbelt's political power was primarily due to a concurrent rise in

population migration.

The conservative agenda included all of the following except

social programs for the poor.

The first significant postwar target of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was the film industry probably because

some feared that movies might influence people's politics.

In the twenty-first century, consumers worldwide are aware that China has made great advances in

technology

J. William Fulbright (1905-1995) holds the record as the longest-serving chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, from 1959 to 1974. Elected to the Senate in 1944, he sponsored the Fulbright Scholars Act, creating Fulbright scholarships for Americans to study abroad, and for foreign scholars to study in the United States. In 1964, as chair of the Foreign Relations Committee, Fulbright managed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President Lyndon Johnson sweeping powers to respond to military provocation in South Vietnam. Later, troubled over the gradual escalation of the war in Vietnam, Fulbright held nationally televised "educational" hearings on Vietnam, bringing the Arkansas senator to national attention. He publicly challenged the "old myths and new realities" of American foreign policy, and warned against "the arrogance of power." Fulbright's hearings on Vietnam showed how

television was shaping public opinion.

In an expanded sense, however, many American foreign-policy strategists misjudged the spread of communism. They concluded it was a monolithic global movement controlled by Moscow and Beijing. However, as the war's aftermath would attest, communist movements in Southeast Asia were nationalistic and intolerant of outside influences. In 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and installed a pro-Vietnamese government. China supported the ousted Khmer Rouge. For more than ten years that followed, the U.S. supported a coalition of anti-communist Cambodian opposition groups that included the Khmer Rouge. Which idea, one which formed the basis of American foreign policy in the 1960s, was largely discredited by events of the 1970s in the wake of the Vietnam War?

the "domino theory"

"The developments resulting from our assault movements have now assumed a clear definition. All hope of localization of the Korean conflict to enemy forces composed of North Korean troops with alien token elements can now be completely abandoned... No pretext of minor support under the guise of volunteerism or other subterfuge now has the slightest validity. We face an entirely new war." —telegram from General Douglas MacArthur to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, November 28, 1950 General MacArthur sees recent developments as creating "an entirely new war" because

the Chinese entered the Korean War.

The idea that federal government programs should address social problems is best seen in

the Clinton administration's efforts to reform healthcare.

Which agreement was established as a response to the European Union?

the North American Free Trade Agreement

"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." —President Harry S. Truman, Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, March 12, 1947 In this speech, Truman was advocating

the Truman Doctrine.

"If history teaches anything, it teaches self-delusion in the face of unpleasant facts is folly. We see around us today the marks of our terrible dilemma—predictions of doomsday, antinuclear demonstrations, an arms race in which the West must, for its own protection, be an unwilling participant. At the same time we see totalitarian forces in the world who seek subversion and conflict around the globe to further their barbarous assault on the human spirit. What, then, is our course? Must civilization perish in a hail of fiery atoms? Must freedom wither in a quiet, deadening accommodation with totalitarian evil?"—Ronald Reagan, June 8, 1982 The purpose of this excerpt from President Reagan's famous "Evil Empire" speech is to urge that

the United States must stand up to the brutal regime in the U.S.S.R

What feature on the map best explains why the United States was unwilling to commit to a full-scale ground war in North Vietnam?

the country's close proximity to China

"After I noticed the flash, white clouds spread over the blue sky. It was amazing. It was as if blue morning-glories had suddenly bloomed up in the sky. . . . Then came the heat wave. It was very, very hot. Even though there was a window glass in front of me, I felt really hot. It was as if I was looking directly into a kitchen oven." —Isao Kita In this text, Isao Kita is describing

the attack on Hiroshima.

"Your generation is living in one of the most exciting times in [history]. It is a time when the first breath of freedom stirs the air and the heart beats to the accelerated rhythm of hope, when the accumulated spiritual energies of a long silence yearn to break free. . . . We do not know what the conclusion of this journey will be, but we're hopeful that the promise of reform will be fulfilled . . . leading to a new world of reconciliation, friendship, and peace."—Ronald Reagan, May 31, 1988 The language that Ronald Reagan used in this speech to students from the Soviet Union makes it clear that he's talking about

the end of totalitarian repression in the U.S.S.R.

"For the families of the seven, we cannot bear, as you do, the full impact of this tragedy. But we feel the loss, and we're thinking about you so very much. Your loved ones were daring and brave, and they had that special grace, that special spirit that says, 'give me a challenge and I'll meet it with joy.' They had a hunger to explore the universe and discover its truths. They wished to serve, and they did. They served all of us."—Ronald Reagan, January 28, 1986 In this speech, President Reagan was most likely speaking about which tragic event?

the explosion of the Challenger

The Hungarian revolt of 1956 was encouraged partly by

the hope that Khrushchev would be less repressive than Stalin.

The decision in United States v. Windsor, in which part of a law that banned federal recognition of same-sex marriages was struck down, reflects

the public's growing acceptance of equal rights for the LGBT community.

The kind of new living arrangement this photo represents was a reaction agains

the suburban nuclear family ideal of the 1950s.

This image of Spanish government troops shows

their ill-equipped military would struggle against Franco's fascist-supported Nationalist forces.

"Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. . . . The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory." —President Franklin Roosevelt, December 8, 1941 What was President Roosevelt's purpose in this speech?

to ask for a declaration of war on Japan

The National Organization for Women (NOW) was originally formed in order to achieve what goal?

to bring about passage of the Equal Rights Amendment

"Many claim to be the founders of [the Tea Party] movement; however, it was the brave souls of the men and women in 1773, known today as the Boston Tea Party, who dared to defy the greatest military might on earth. We are the beneficiaries of their courage. The Tea Party includes those who possess a strong belief in the foundational Judeo-Christian values embedded in our great founding documents. We believe the responsibility of our beloved nation is etched upon the hearts of true American Patriots from every race, religion, national origin, and walk of life sharing a common belief in the values which made and keep our beloved nation great. This belief led to the creation of the modern-day Tea Party."—The Tea Party, Teaparty.org In this text from their website, the Tea Party movement stresses its dedication to

traditional values

According to the line graph, what was the relationship between inflation and unemployment during the recession beginning in 2008?

unemployment rose significantly as inflation fell